PoS(BHCB2018)024 https://pos.sissa.it/ 1 [email protected] will be evaluated itif is possible to refine the measurement of the accelerated expansion of the It It ofuniverse, detection the waves black through generated gravitational of fusion and by the holes them Ia with type intrinsic the supernovae. luminosity of comparing This work aims to show if it is possible to perform distance measurements, complementing type blackIa with of fusion the holes. supernovae Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons the terms the under the owned Creative of by author(s) Copyright

Speaker 1  4.0). License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives - BHCB2018 2018 12-15 September, Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil International Conference on Black Holes as Cosmic Batteries: UHECRs and Multimessenger Astronomy Astronomy UHECRs on Black as Cosmic Batteries: Holes and Multimessenger International Conference Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Aires, Buenos de Febrero, Universidad de Nacional Tres E-mail: they complement each other in measuring the measuringthe in theycomplementeach other universe?of expansionthe Rafael Girola-Schneider Type and ofDo blackholes:Iasupernovas fusion Type PoS(BHCB2018)024 the distance R. Girola-Schneider responsible for the acceleration in the Ni) synthesized during the supernova 56 2 It could mean that the universe is expanding rapidly. . nd therefore to be one of the ways to know The result is that the combination of both, progressively .The results show that supernovas at a given redshift are less bright building large voids, filaments, supercumuli and galaxy clusters [9] ted in a universe of low density the universe by

From the observations of type Ia supernovae, it was determined that, in effect, the During the last decade, several groups of researchers led by astronomersAlan Riess and According to the sensitivity and quantity of black hole mergers, one can calculate the rate We estimate thatWe the gravitational waves generated by the fusion of black holes could also The evaluation of the diagnosis on the nature of dark energy is necessary to know its The models of the universe with dark energy are characterized by the macroscopic effects Introduction Universe is in accelerated expansion [7]. Subsequently it has been possible to reach the conclusionsame and very similar numbers using otheracoustic techniques,oscillations" suchand theas structurestudying andthe distribution "baryon ofstructure of the Universe. whatgalaxyHowever, would happen if a factorclusters that has not been considered in the large-scale varies the maximum luminosity of a type Ia supernova? From the theoretical point ofthis view, luminosity also depends on the amount of nickel ( Thus, the expansion was slower in the past, so the reach universethe current separation ofmust objects and therefore havethe light of theneeded supernova must have moretaken time to more time to reach us, which implies a brightness. apparent greater apparent distance and consequently a lower only a light source whose intrinsic brightness is known thefact being inable in brightness to rival with the residesof utility the enormous supernovas of and used to measure distances. The group of stars of their galaxy of origin, a of the more distant galaxies than expec at which black holes form in the universe. It is expected between 3 and 90 significant detections of mergers of black holes during a period of observation and 100% for testing. issimulatedblack of theoretical hole mergers population ofMeanwhile, it with a detecting at least one. standard candle is A PerlmutterSaul have[8] been type Iausing supernovas as candles.standard according to type Ia supernovae taking the measured data black fromhole thefusion. observedThen, wesources wonderof if,the by means of awave sources from thetheoretical concrete data ofpopulation certain measured sources, ofin the same gravitational places where the [10]. not or are concordant measurements the occurred, events have type supernova Ia reveal the effects of the expansion and its sufficientgeometric population properties.of gravitationalTherefore wavefor sources notfrom thehaving fusion a of stellar tookblack a holes,population we of type Ia supernovae and we contrasted the results assuming blackthe fusionholes of in the places where they have been observed and measured. The expansion rate structures [12]. footprint in astronomical observations, called cosmological soundings. This is the case of type theuniverse.of and property the geometric expansion of that the effects reveals supernovae Ia 1. in the history of the expansion of the universe and therefore in the formation of large structures. The main characteristic of these scenarios is dark energy, expansion of the universe and gravity. Measuring the expansion the of Measuring universe the PoS(BHCB2018)024 R. Girola-Schneider 3 observations of supernovas in galaxies where we Or, at least, the atleast,the theory so. says Or,

type Ia supernovae with less metal have higher absolute brightness. The data and these drawbacks of type Ia supernovae do not affect cosmological models in out that the non-metallic type Ia supernovae shine on average 0.14 more magnitudes than As How can we demonstrate this? Through Thus, several theoretical studies suggest that, in effect, the maximum brightness of a type type Ia type supernovae. Ia point [5]. Fig.1) metallicsupernovae typeIa(see the more themselves, in particular theaccelerated expansion of the universe by acceleratedthe detection of gravitational waves complemented by expansion model, we propose to measure the had back Thein 2009. motivation of her work was related to the work done by Manuel Moreno- Raya [6], from the University of Granada (Spain), who found the following: based sampleon of a28 galaxiesfinal and despite the dispersion of data and the errors in the measurements, a thebetweenrelationship thatisa there 80% an with that,probability, statistical analysis revealed two measurements, so that type Ia supernovae with less amount of metals have higher absolute brightness, can establish the content in metals. If we can measure on the onegalaxy where a handtype Ia supernova has explodedthe and its distance (using"metallicity" a method independent of of a supernovas for it) we could observe if such dependence exists.This waspredicted the idea that the Madrid) bytheoretical astrophysician Mercedes Mollá (CIEMAT, the theoretical models iron (Fe) of the white dwarf. whitedwarf. of the iron (Fe) Ia supernova is not absolute, but also depends on the chemical composition of the star system. White dwarfs richer in metals will suffer from less metal have content. that dwarfs less bright supernova explosions than white Measuring the expansion the of Measuring universe the explosion, which in turn depends on the amount of carbon (C), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and PoS(BHCB2018)024 R. Girola-Schneider Ia supernovae (vertical axis) as a function of oxygen of type 4 This diagram shows the absolute magnitude

Fig.1: abundance (horizontal axis) given by "empirical calibrations". Oxygen abundance is used to measure themetal content"metallicity" of aor galaxy with star formation. The methods to determine the distance to the galaxies are given by triangles (using the Tully-Fisher relation), luminosity function of planetary nebulae (squares) and combining the results of Cepheid variable Thestars line (circles). relation green withis Tully-Fisher a adjustmentsecond-order to the data. The purple line is an adjustment assuming four averages in Themetallicity. blue and red horizontal linesthe represent mean value at low and [6]. extracted from Figure their with error. respectively, high metallicity, We developed We an algorithm based on the Benchmark model using the data of GW 170814 Preliminary work Preliminary the identification of the host galaxy, a galaxy known as NGC 4993 in the constellation Hydra. of the identification of the host galaxy, indicated host galaxy respectively: 1937C (IC4182), 1895B (NGC 5253), 1972E (NGC 5253), 1981B (NGC 4536), 1960F (NGC 4639) and 1989B (NGC 3627). For this we assume fusion of black holes of equal masses instead of type Ia supernovae and then we obtained For theexample: GW170817 distance. represents the first time that gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the same astrophysical source have been observed. Thishypothesis thatjoint the source observationcomes from thesupports fusion of the two neutron stars, which has also allowed 2. [1], GW 170608 and GW 170817 [4,11] and the following type Ia supernovae located in the Measuring the expansion the of Measuring universe the PoS(BHCB2018)024 0 it is 0 If we know the R. Girola-Schneider of acceleration and mass, and if we know easuring t of host galaxies where type Ia the distances in the different redshift by d , and it allows the m 5 measure ves, we obtain a lis we expansion supernovae have been detected, a source of gravitational waves. Assuming a distribution of binary black hole systems in places where type By Bayesian inference, taking as a reference the host galaxy of the fusion of neutron stars The supernovae have the particularity of their luminosity curves and their absolute This work consists in contrasting the measurements made by type Ia supernovae in The distance obtained has an uncertainty of 15%, resulting from the combination of rough the analysis of the gravitational wave GW170817, we could estimate the distance in and its derivation in gravitational wa Then the gravitational waves could also be supernovae Ia type proofs [4,9]. supernovae type Ia proofs couldalso gravitational bethe waves Then Bayesian 4. inference and geometric properties of the universe and those that reveal the effects of gravitation and the structure of the universe. Hence type Ia supernovae belong to the first category. maximum luminosity of the type Ia supernova, it is possible to convert its the masses of the sources that symmetricoriginate conversiongravitational towaves, estimateit and islimit possibleassuming the in theto places error where performmeasurements the of type Ia supernovae which the event is generated. The difference of apparent luminosity is not more than a simple of distanceeffect that depends on the the effects of Thedark luminosityenergy. of type Ia supernovae allows us to observe hundreds of them distributed from our galaxy in distances greater than 10 billion light-years. There two majorare categories of tests to measure the expansion of the universe: effects of the expansion 3. Gravitational waves: Is its detection possible to be used as cosmological cosmological used probes? possible asbe its to Isdetection waves: Gravitational 3. luminosity at their maximum. Of course, there are error limits depending on the environment in gravitational waves. Ia supernovae have been detected, detecting the simulated gravitational waves: Do distances Do thediffer? calibrations to value H improve? gravitational attraction of other galaxies and galaxy clusters matter) in(and their surroundings. Thealso relative closeness ofby NGC 4993 impliesthe that the invisiblevalue of its dark peculiar velocity is probably a significant part of its measured radial velocity and, therefore, can ignored. benot different redshifts and involves the measurement of the acceleration of the universe with necessary to combine the distance to NGC 4993 obtained by gravitational waves with the radial velocity of the galaxy due to the Hubble expansion. However, we can not simply measure the radial velocity of NGC 1993 since the expansion of the universe is not smooth and uniform in all its points: the granulation of the universe modifies Hubble's expansion in small scales since the galaxies have their own movements (known as "peculiar velocities") caused by the approximately 44 Mpc, based on the hypothesis4993 [10]. coincident NGC with that the position of GW170817 is exactly instrumental noise in the detectors and the fact that we do not know precisely the inclination of the plane of the orbit of the neutron binary star with respect to the Earth. To estimate H Measuring the expansion the of Measuring universe the T PoS(BHCB2018)024 ) is used x f / f R. Girola-Schneider the redshift in the 2.5 log( z - and 0 ) it occurs with electromagnetic Also in the collapse of a white dwarf

depending on the source mass, it is possible to 6 Bayesian reasoning provides a probabilistic approach to and the deceleration parameter q 0 Then we convert we Then of it from we convert in the luminosity equivalent andthere, For example with the data of GW 170608, the source is the fusion of black holes The data that will be imported to perform the calculation are: type of source, time dme to map the universe in terms of the geometric characteristics and referents of the The masses of the binary system are estimated: the mass transformed into energy of the As we know, the characteristic of gravitational waves is that they move at speed of light, out, then its luminosity equivalence and the photometric equation m= gravitational wave is estimated. The propagationmergers are speed taken. An is algorithm c.that contains Referential the datainformationsupernovae estimatingfrom offusions ofa black observed populationholes with ofthe known typedata isIa modeled and performed. The conversion of the energy of the gravitational wave into the corresponding mass is carried gravitational wave energy. wave energy. gravitational thecontrasts [7]. we analyze andit the supernova thedata models withof recreate process Conversion6. estimating a distance of 0.7-1.5 billion light-years with a redshift 0.04-0.1 and a total mass of 18-24 solar mass. This information by means of a Bayesian algorithm allow us to estimate the response of virtual gravitationaltransforming the data waves of gravitational wave insources according to thethe mass transformed in observed the places of type Ia supernovae, Ia supernovae, by means of the hypothetical fusion of black holes in the places where they have theto use to detected, thenthe magnitude been and estimate the to estimate the luminosity mass, relationship of stellar candles inneed athe universe equation inthat We acceleration. relates the luminosity distance with H modulus withdistance– m model compare M. the and Benchmark 5. Gravitational wave source data waveGravitationalsource 5. merger, distance and redshift and the total massequivalent to its brightness and estimate the sincemagnitude: that is, according to the givensources of type the mass we can estimate the expansion of space. Therefore, seewe can that expansion ofthey can space. be approximate dimensions with respect to other distance methods such as type Ia supernovae. there is generation of gravitational waves so that, thedetection gravitational simulateof waves. thesis: Bayes' theorem and the description principle. the minimum thesis: and lengththeorem Bayes' and they are not interfered by the interstellar mediumwaves, as (if which originate in stellarbeacons collapses, supernovae, fusion of black holes, becoming inference. It is based on the assumption that the amount of interest is governed by probability distributions and that optimal decisions can be madetogether bywith reasoningthe aboutdata theseobtained. probabilities This approach is whichbeing we can highlight mobile robotics and usedcomputational vision, both related to the content inof many fields of research, of this thesis. In this section we want to define two of the tools used in the development of this Measuring the expansion the of Measuring universe the supernovae have been registered. PoS(BHCB2018)024 With a

for each and z ≈1 z and f 0 L 9 ) plane. ) L =-0.53. 10 0 W , q x R. Girola-Schneider M W [3]. 0 and the flow z = 78.7 = L 78.7 x distance. That is, simulating a equivalent mass of the energy . the age of the universe in units of the 0 t , the age the of relative universe 0 ) where )L 0 x t

0 7 , with the best-fit 68% and 90% confidence regions 0 = 0.2 we use the Benchmark model z . Given the environment where the fusion of black holes is 11 plane for the primary analysis. Figure extracted of extracted [8]. plane the Figure for primary analysis. 1/2 1 11111 /21/2

) Λ f

–Ω π M Fig.2: Isochrones of constant of H Fig.2: Isochrones . Then the conversions of magnitudes are made and related to the -2 to the Hubble time H in Ω the , and hence the cosmological and , the parameters. cosmological hence = (L/4 0 W m L >1000 Mpc, we use the type Ia supernova method: supernova method: L=4 thetypeIaweuse >1000 Mpc, -8 d L d 10 x , with the best-fit 68% and 90% confidence regions regions confidencein the ( 90%best-fitthe with, and 68% -10 -10 = 2 53 x To To estimate in a first approximation the contrast between distance indicators with type The objective of the work is given a population of gravitational waves, whose origin is f For the assumed mergers with The figure 2 shows the isochrones of constant H luminosity distanceluminosity observed observed and knowing the distance of the environment of the source by some particular method, for example if it is a spiral galaxy by the Tully-Fisher method, we contrast it with supernova themethod and eventuallytype with the gravitationalIa waves. The question is whether there is makes error the results [2,5]. thatof compatible margin a or convergence, wave and estimate according to the equivalent mass, which luminosity would correspond to the equation that relates the absolutepopulation of magnitude "star Mcandles" of with luminosity theequivalentassociated with theto gravitational wave. Then, tothe measure the redshift candel by computing “candles” to evaluate H “candles” Ia supernovae and gravitational waves generated by the fusion of black holes, in the equivalent holeswill of be their black fusion the and there distances, is the where data supernovas of places taken as data (black holes already observed and objective is to measure the mass that associated is with the into energy transformed gravitational gravitational waves recorded). At first, the the fusion of black holes, the result of them is consistent with the graph, using them as luminosity, the absolute magnitude: M = -2.5 logmagnitude: = theabsoluteM-2.5 (L/L luminosity, timeH Hubble Measuring the expansion the of Measuring universe the where PoS(BHCB2018)024 ) we edit., z nd 2 )/2 0 q , Cambridge , it extends to . This work is (1+(1- z

R. Girola-Schneider << 1 and with the 0 z errors given by the Since the data is still ≈c/H L ). , 1998, 504, 935. We understandWe that this is a z . ) 0 ApJ q , Cambridge University Press (2010). Press University , Cambridge Invited lecture at European School of High + 1,089 + (1- 1,089 z 1999, An Introduction to Galaxies andAn Cosmology Introduction 8 /1Mpc) + 25. Narrowing for L , Cambridge University Press (2016). Press University , Cambridge edit, Cambridge (2017). Press University nd 2 ) + 5 ( log10+ ) Type Ia Supernovae, Theory and Cosmology the distance measurement to improve -1 arXiv:hep-ph/0004188. , 2017, 119, 141101. , 2017, 119, , 2005, 629,15. Mpc - - -1 , Odile Jacob, Odile Publie, France (2015). ApJ st it with (Laser InterferometerObservatory) GravitationalWave Relativity Gravitation and Cosmology Astrophysics and Cosmology, Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys. Rev. , 1986, 323, 310. / 68 Km s / 68 0 , 2016, 818, L19. Deconstructing Cosmology ApJ Nature Introduction to Cosmology Introduction Le future du cosmos Le future we try to contra Gravitational waves can resolve the uncertainty in the measurement of extragalactic By means of the simulation of gravitational waves and assuming the fusion of black holes The module distance m - M = 5 log10 (d J. Silk, J. Silk, Contemporany Astrophysics (2010). Astrophysics Contemporany Filippenko, Kirshner &A. S. Perlmutter, R. Nugent, Riess,A. P. Ryden, B. R.H. Sanders, Schutz,B. D.E. Holz & S.A. Holz Hughes,D.E. & M.H. Jones, R.J.A. Lambourne & S. Serjeant, OpenCambridge (2015). University CarneroA. Rosell, I. Vílchez, J.M. A.R. López-Sánchez, L. Galbany, M.E. Moreno-Raya, M. Mollá, Domínguez, J.C. Niemeyer & J.W. Truran, B.P. Abbott al., et B.P. R.J.A. Cambourne, J. García-Bellido, Slovack Republic, Physics, Energy [8] [9] [4] [5] [6] [7] [1] [2] [3] [11] [12] [10] References scarce, It is expected an improvement of the LIGO. measurements with the new data obtained by distances by type Ia supernovae, which can be taken as “candles” controversial issue because of the few data still obtained, but it could further narrow the value of the Hubble constant provided by the data obtained through LIGO. environmental conditions of the white dwarfs that generate supernovae type Ia preliminary where, by means of a Bayesian algorithm with the acquired data of the gravitational waves identified by LIGO a supposed population of gravitational waves of to error type supernovae. Ia the possible redshifts accusing different measure the expansion of the universe in 7. Conclusions 7. in the places where the measured, distance from the source to the observer has been detected and data of the distance module and the distance luminosity to the Great Magellanic Cloud and the Cluster Virgo (18.5; 0.050 Mpc and 30.9; 15 Mpc, withrespectively, d want to contrast the data of the gravitational wave fusions with the following expression: m - M 5 -(H43.23log10 = Measuring the expansion the of Measuring universe the