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Herschel 2500 Observing Logbook!

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The Herschel – 2500 William and Caroline Herschel 1 William Herschel published his deep-sky discoveries as three separate catalogues: Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (1786), Catalogue of a Second Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (1789), Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae ... (1802). Herschel classified his list into eight sub-categories: Class I - Bright Nebulae; Class II - Faint Nebulae; Class III - Very Faint Nebulae; Class IV - Planetary Nebulae; Class V - Very Large Nebulae; Class VI - Very Compressed and Rich Clusters of Stars; Class VII - Compressed Clusters of Small and Large Stars; Class VIII - Coarsely Scattered Clusters of Stars. Class I - Bright Nebulae: This Herschel class tends to be objects of various sizes and shapes, such as galaxies, clusters, and nebula. But the one thing they all have in common is that they are very bright. These are the easiest Herschel Objects to observe. Class II - Faint Nebulae: This Herschel class tends to be objects that are generally faint, such as unresolved clusters and dim galaxies. You’ll need fairly dark skies and a medium to large telescope. Class III - Very Faint Nebulae: This Herschel class tends to be made up of very, very faint objects, mostly galaxies. This class of objects will require a dark sky location, a large telescope, or video / CCD camera, and a bit of luck. Class IV - Planetary Nebulae: This Herschel class tends to be made up of objects that are actually planetary nebula, but you can find some emission nebula and galaxies mixed in. Class V - Very Large Nebulae: This Herschel class tends to consist of very large deep-sky objects. They may not necessarily be very bright. Depending on the object, you may need a dark-sky location, and a wide-field eyepiece. Class VI - Very Compressed and Rich Clusters of Stars: This Herschel class tends to be mostly bright resolvable globular clusters, and large open clusters with numerous members. Class VII - Compressed Clusters of Small and Large Stars: This Herschel class tends to be open clusters containing bright fore-ground stars, or cluster members with widely varying luminosities. Class VIII - Coarsely Scattered Clusters of Stars: This Herschel class tends to be loose, somewhat dim open clusters. Best suited for wide-field eyepieces. Actually only 2482 total objects 2 Name Con Herschel# Type Mag Size R. A. Dec Notes Date NGC 13 And H866-3 Galaxy 13.6 2.7 00:08.8 +33~26 NGC 29 And H853-2 Galaxy 12.6 1.8 00:10.8 +33~21 NGC 39 And H861-3 Galaxy 13.5 1.1 00:12.3 +31~03 NGC 68 And H16-5 Galaxy 13 1.5 00:18.3 +30~04 NGC 108 And H148-3 Galaxy 12.1 2.3 00:25.9 +29~13 NGC 160 And H476-3 Galaxy 12.4 3.2 00:36.1 +23~57 "400" M110 M31 NGC 205 And H18-5 Galaxy 8 17.4 00:40.4 +41~41 group Knot in NGC 206 And H36-5 4.2 00:40.6 +40~44 with M31 galaxy NGC 214 And H209-2 Galaxy 12.2 2.1 00:41.5 +25~30 NGC 233 And H149-3 Galaxy 12.4 2 00:43.4 +30~35 Brightest in NGC 252 And H609-2 Galaxy 12.3 1.7 00:48.0 +27~38 group NGC 280 And H477-3 Galaxy 13.2 1.6 00:52.5 +24~20 distorted NGC 393 And H54-1 Galaxy 12.5 1.7 01:08.6 +39~40 "400" Near Beta NGC 404 And H224-2 Galaxy 10.1 4.4 01:09.4 +35~43 And NGC 477 And H577-3 Galaxy 13 2.3 01:21.3 +40~29 main arms split NGC 513 And H169-3 Galaxy 12.9 0.7 01:23.8 +33~49 NGC 523 And H170-3 Galaxy 12.7 2.9 01:25.3 +34~02 Peculiar SAC?* NGC 536 And H171-3 Galaxy 12.3 3.1 01:26.4 +34~43 NGC 537 And H170-3 Nonexistent 01:26.3 +34~05 NGC 551 And H560-3 Galaxy 12.7 1.8 01:27.6 +37~11 NGC 679 And H175-3 Galaxy 12.4 2.3 01:49.7 +35~47 NGC 687 And H561-3 Galaxy 12.3 1.4 01:50.6 +36~21 NGC 703 And H562-3 Galaxy 13.3 1.2 01:52.8 +36~09 NGC 708 group NGC 704 And H563-3 Galaxy 13.1 01:52.7 +36~06 Double system NGC 705 And H564-3 Galaxy 13.6 1.1 01:52.8 +36~08 NGC 708 group NGC 708 And H565-3 Galaxy 12.7 3 01:52.8 +36~10 NGC 708 group Open NGC 752 And H32-7 5.7 50 01:57.8 +37~41 "400" 70 stars cluster NGC 797 And H566-3 Galaxy 12.2 1.7 02:03.4 +38~07 double nebula NGC 818 And H604-2 Galaxy 12.5 3.2 02:08.7 +38~47 NGC 828 And H605-2 Galaxy 12.2 3.2 02:10.2 +39~12 Peculiar NGC 834 And H567-3 Galaxy 13.1 1.1 02:11.0 +37~40 NGC 845 And H604-3 Galaxy 13.5 1.6 02:12.3 +37~29 "400" NGC 1023 NGC 891 And H19-5 Galaxy 10 13.5 02:22.6 +42~21 group NGC 898 And H570-3 Galaxy 12.9 1.8 02:23.3 +41~57 NGC 910 And H571-3 Galaxy 12.2 2.2 02:25.4 +41~50 NGC 980 And H572-3 Galaxy 13 1.7 02:35.5 +40~54 NGC 982 And H573-3 Galaxy 12.5 1.6 02:35.4 +40~57 NGC 7640 And H600-2 Galaxy 10.9 10.7 23:22.1 +40~51 nearly edge on Planetary "400" Blue NGC 7662 And H18-4 8.3 0.1 23:25.9 +42~33 Neb Snowball Open NGC 7686 And H69-8 5.6 14 23:30.2 +49~08 "400" cluster NGC 7707 And H579-3 Galaxy 13.4 1.2 23:34.8 +44~18 NGC 2997 Ant H50-5 Galaxy 9.3 10 09:45.6 -31~11 NGC 6728 Aql H13-8 Nonexistent 19:00.0 - 8~57 Open NGC 6755 Aql H19-7 7.5 15 19:07.8 + 4~14 "400" cluster 3 Name Con Herschel# Type Mag Size R. A. Dec Notes Date Open NGC 6756 Aql H62-7 10.6 4 19:08.7 + 4~41 "400" cluster Planetary NGC 6772 Aql H14-4 14.2 1 19:14.6 - 2~42 Neb Planetary NGC 6781 Aql H743-3 11.4 1.8 19:18.4 + 6~33 "400" Neb Planetary NGC 6804 Aql H38-6 12 1.1 19:31.6 + 9~13 Neb NGC 6814 Aql H744-3 Galaxy 11.2 3.2 19:42.7 -10~19 NGC 6828 Aql H73-8 Nonexistent 19:50.4 + 7~55 Open Not in NGC 6837 Aql H18-8 19:53.5 +11~41 cluster Uranometria Open Not in NGC 6840 Aql H19-8 19:55.3 +12~06 cluster Uranometria NGC 6926 Aql H142-3 Galaxy 12.4 2.1 20:33.1 - 2~01 with NGC 6962 Aqr H426-2 Galaxy 12 3 20:47.3 + 0~19 6959,61,63,64,67 with NGC 6964 Aqr H427-2 Galaxy 12.7 1.9 20:47.4 + 0~18 6959,61,62,63,67 Planetary "400" Saturn NGC 7009 Aqr H1-4 8.3 1.7 21:04.2 -11~22 Neb Nebula NGC 7081 Aqr H859-3 Galaxy 12.7 1 21:31.4 + 2~30 NGC 7165 Aqr H930-3 Galaxy 13.5 1 21:59.5 -16~31 NGC 7171 Aqr H692-3 Galaxy 12.2 2.1 22:01.0 -13~16 NGC 7180 Aqr H693-3 Galaxy 12.5 1.8 22:02.3 -20~33 NGC 7183 Aqr H595-2 Galaxy 11.9 4.1 22:02.4 -18~56 NGC 7184 Aqr H1-2 Galaxy 11.2 6.5 22:02.7 -20~49 NGC 7218 Aqr H897-2 Galaxy 12 2.8 22:10.2 -16~40 NGC 7230 Aqr H931-3 Galaxy 13.5 1.1 22:14.3 -17~04 NGC 7246 Aqr H932-3 Galaxy 14.6 1.8 22:17.5 -15~32 NGC 7251 Aqr H933-3 Galaxy 11.8 1.8 22:20.4 -15~46 NGC 7252 Aqr H458-3 Galaxy 12.1 2.2 22:20.7 -24~41 NGC 7284 Aqr H469-2 Galaxy 11.9 2.2 22:28.6 -24~51 NGC 7302 Aqr H31-4 Galaxy 12.2 2.1 22:32.4 -14~07 NGC 7309 Aqr H476-2 Galaxy 12.5 1.6 22:34.3 -10~21 NGC 7364 Aqr H442-2 Galaxy 12.6 1.6 22:44.5 - 0~07 NGC 7371 Aqr H477-2 Galaxy 12.1 2.1 22:46.1 -11~00 Faint outer ring NGC 7377 Aqr H598-2 Galaxy 11.6 2.2 22:47.8 -22~19 NGC 7391 Aqr H443-2 Galaxy 12 1.8 22:50.7 - 1~31 NGC 7392 Aqr H702-2 Galaxy 11.9 2 22:51.8 -20~36 NGC 7393 Aqr H453-2 Galaxy 12.6 2 22:51.7 - 5~33 NGC 7443 Aqr H450-2 Galaxy 12.6 1.5 23:00.1 -12~48 with NGC7444 NGC 7444 Aqr H451-2 Galaxy 12.8 1.4 23:00.1 -12~50 with NGC7443 NGC 7492 Aqr H558-3 Globular 11.5 6.2 23:08.4 -15~37 NGC 7526 Aqr H470-3 Asterism 23:13.9 - 9~12 NGC 7576 Aqr H454-2 Galaxy 13 1.5 23:17.4 - 4~44 NGC 7585 Aqr H236-2 Galaxy 11.7 2.3 23:18.0 - 4~39 NGC 7592 Aqr H186-3 Galaxy 14.2 1.1 23:18.4 - 4~25 colliding pair NGC 7600 Aqr H431-2 Galaxy 11.9 3 23:18.9 - 7~35 NGC 7606 Aqr H104-1 Galaxy 10.8 5.8 23:19.1 - 8~29 "400" NGC 7665 Aqr H438-3 Galaxy 12.7 0.9 23:27.2 - 9~24 NGC 7721 Aqr H432-2 Galaxy 11.6 3.3 23:38.8 - 6~31 4 Name Con Herschel# Type Mag Size R.
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  • Rotation Curves of High-Resolution LSB and SPARC Galaxies with Fuzzy and Multistate (Ultralight Boson) Scalar field Dark Matter

    Rotation Curves of High-Resolution LSB and SPARC Galaxies with Fuzzy and Multistate (Ultralight Boson) Scalar field Dark Matter

    MNRAS 475, 1447–1468 (2018) doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3208 Advance Access publication 2017 December 12 Rotation curves of high-resolution LSB and SPARC galaxies with fuzzy and multistate (ultralight boson) scalar field dark matter T. Bernal,1‹† L. M. Fernandez-Hern´ andez,´ 1 T. Matos2‡ andM.A.Rodr´ıguez-Meza1‡ 1Departamento de F´ısica, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, AP 18-1027, Ciudad de Mexico´ 11801, Mexico 2Departamento de F´ısica, Centro de Investigacion´ y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, AP 14-740, Ciudad de Mexico´ 07000, Mexico Accepted 2017 December 8. Received 2017 December 8; in original form 2017 January 4 ABSTRACT Cold dark matter (CDM) has shown to be an excellent candidate for the dark matter (DM) of the Universe at large scales; however, it presents some challenges at the galactic level. The scalar field dark matter (SFDM), also called fuzzy, wave, Bose–Einstein condensate, or ultralight axion DM, is identical to CDM at cosmological scales but different at the galactic ones. SFDM forms core haloes, it has a natural cut-off in its matter power spectrum, and it predicts well-formed galaxies at high redshifts. In this work we reproduce the rotation curves of high- resolution low surface brightness (LSB) and SPARC galaxies with two SFDM profiles: (1) the soliton+NFW profile in the fuzzy DM (FDM) model, arising empirically from cosmological simulations of real, non-interacting scalar field (SF) at zero temperature, and (2) the multistate SFDM (mSFDM) profile, an exact solution to the Einstein–Klein–Gordon equations for a real, self-interacting SF, with finite temperature into the SF potential, introducing several quantum states as a realistic model for an SFDM halo.
  • A Basic Requirement for Studying the Heavens Is Determining Where In

    A Basic Requirement for Studying the Heavens Is Determining Where In

    Abasic requirement for studying the heavens is determining where in the sky things are. To specify sky positions, astronomers have developed several coordinate systems. Each uses a coordinate grid projected on to the celestial sphere, in analogy to the geographic coordinate system used on the surface of the Earth. The coordinate systems differ only in their choice of the fundamental plane, which divides the sky into two equal hemispheres along a great circle (the fundamental plane of the geographic system is the Earth's equator) . Each coordinate system is named for its choice of fundamental plane. The equatorial coordinate system is probably the most widely used celestial coordinate system. It is also the one most closely related to the geographic coordinate system, because they use the same fun­ damental plane and the same poles. The projection of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere is called the celestial equator. Similarly, projecting the geographic poles on to the celest ial sphere defines the north and south celestial poles. However, there is an important difference between the equatorial and geographic coordinate systems: the geographic system is fixed to the Earth; it rotates as the Earth does . The equatorial system is fixed to the stars, so it appears to rotate across the sky with the stars, but of course it's really the Earth rotating under the fixed sky. The latitudinal (latitude-like) angle of the equatorial system is called declination (Dec for short) . It measures the angle of an object above or below the celestial equator. The longitud inal angle is called the right ascension (RA for short).