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Associazione Culturale Diàlexis is a Think Tank founded in 2006 at the occasion of the celebration of the 50 years of the Rome Treaty. It published, at that occasion, with the publishing house Alpina, the Book ―50 Years of Europe, Images and Reflections‖, and organised in the Palace of the Piedmont Region the exhibition ―Immagini e riflessioni per i 50 anni d‘Europa‖. It has the aim of diffusing in Piedmont the knowledge of Europe and in Europe the knowledge of the Piedmont.

Baustellen Europas is a bookseries devoted to Europa as cultural construction, previously published by Alpina, and now by Associazione Culturale Diàlexis

Riccardo Lala, chairman of the Associazione, has participated to the making of Europe in the most diverse capacities: youth movements, trade associations, national and European civil and military public service, trade unionism, management of financial and industrial European multinationals in the areas of fashion, chemistry, energy, high tech, transportation, defense, services and publishing.

He negotiated and drafted the founding documents of ELV, the company manufacturing the Vega Launcher of Arianespace, the 1st stage of Ariane as well the AVUM body of the European reusable space vehicle.

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Copyright 2020 By Riccardo Lala

All rights of paper and digital reproduction or adaptation, partial or total, by whichever means (including microfilms and photocopies) are reserved for all countries.

The publisher may grant, under payment, the authorization to reproduce a part not higher than 1/10 of this volume.

Printed in April 2020 by Micrograf, Via Cottolengo 10, Mappano (TO)

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Riccardo Lala

EUROPEAN AGENCY A Sovereign Digital Ecosystem

With the Proposal of Diàlexis For the Conference on the Future of Europe

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To the Heroes of the Digital Era:

Viaceslav Petrov,Mordechai Vanunu, Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, Edgar Snowden, Maximilian Schrems

―We want to remain what we are‖ (anthem of the Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg)

SUMMARY

RICCARDO LALA : EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY AGENCY, A SOVEREINGN DIGITAL ECOSYSTEM AN OVERDUE CHANGE OF PARADIGM ...... 1 1. The mainstream mythization of the digital world...... 19 2. European Technological Sovereignty ...... 30 3. A Sovereign European Digital Ecosystem ...... 56 I. FROM THE SOCIETY OF INTELLIGENT MACHINES TO A ―POLYHEDRIC CIVILIZATION‖ ...... 81 1.The real questions at stake...... 86 2. A balanced point of view ...... 92 3. Europe‘s mission in the XXI century ...... 96 II. A GRAND DESIGN FOR THE DIGITAL ERA IS BADLY NEEDED...... 101 1. The Up-Skilling of European Society ...... 101 2. Re-starting Adriano Olivetti‘s work ...... 106 3. European Digital Humanism ...... 110 III. WHAT THE WORLD EXPECTS FROM A NEW DIGITAL POLICY OF EUROPE ...... 113 1. The Church ...... 114 2. The High Representative for External and Defense Policy‖ ...... 118 3 .The Commission ...... 124 4. The European Council for Foreign Relations: Digital Sovereignty ..... 127 5. Macron‘s « European Sovereignty » ...... 134 6. Julian Nida-Rümelin: a Technological Humanism ...... 138 7. The ―Alliance des Nations Européennes‖ ...... 139 IV. LEARNING FROM PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES...... 147 1. The need for an Industrial Strategy ...... 149

2. Learning from the US ...... 152 3. Learning from China ...... 155 4. Learning from Russia ...... 159 5. Learning from european experiences ...... 161 6. EADS, Airbus and Galileo ...... 167 V. A EUROPEAN PROACTIVE PUBLIC ICT FOR REVERSING THE CONTINENT‘S DECLINE...... 177 1. The European ICT, the Core of Knowledge-Intensive Industries: ...... 177 2. The European absence from the ―noblest‖ market segments ...... 181 3. Minister Altmaier‘s position ...... 185 VI. SECTORS REQUIRING THE BIRTH OF EUROPEAN CHAMPIONS .... 191 1.Web service providers ...... 192 2. Big Data ...... 197 4.Telecom ...... 199 5. E.Publishing ...... 203 6. Other Cultural Industries...... 207 7. Defence Industries ...... 208 8. Transportation ...... 211 9. Finance ...... 214 10. The territorial localization of European Champions ...... 219 CONCLUSIONS ...... 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 223 PLEADING FOR A EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY AGENCY: FIVE PROPOSALS OF ASSOCIAZIONE CULTURALE DIÀLEXIS TO THE CONFERENCE ON THE FUTURE OF EUROPE ...... 261 I. OUR CONTRIBUTION ABOUT EUROPEAN DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY (―A Europe fit for the Digital Age‖) ...... 263 CATCHING-UP 70 YEARS OF INACTIVITY...... 263 1. Timing ...... 264

2. Europe‘s gaps ...... 266 3. Priority steps...... 267 4. Europe‘s weaknesses ...... 269 5. The Concept for the Agency ...... 271 II. OUR CONTRIBUTION ON TECHNOLOGY IN THE COMMON FOREIGN AND DEFENCE POLICY ...... 285 1. The Force de Frappe ...... 286 2. What a joint command means today ...... 287 3. A joint Rapid Civil-Military Reaction Structure...... 287 4. A shared Common Strategical Culture ...... 289 5. A common geopolitical position ...... 290 6. The relationship to NATO ...... 291 7. The cultural work ...... 293 8. Applying the Subsidiarity Principle to Foreign Common and Defense Policy ...... 293 9. The Evaluation of threats ...... 294 III. OUR CONTRIBUTION TO FACING TECHNOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYMENT ...... 297 1. Made in China 2025 ...... 298 2. The Role of the European Technology Agency ...... 300 IV. OUR CONTRIBUTION TO A POLYHEDRICAL, MULTICULTURAL AND UNIVERSAL DIGITAL-HUMANISTIC CULTURE ...... 305 1. New thoughts for the World ...... 306 2. A universal culture ...... 307 3. The role of ICT within general culture ...... 307 V. OUR CONTRIBUTION TO AN ECOLOGY OF THE SOUL ...... 309 1. Green Deal and Deep Ecology ...... 309 2. Green Deal and AI ...... 311 3. The European Technology Agency and the Green New Deal ...... 311

4. Green New Deal and Pandemics Prevention ...... 312

European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem

AN OVERDUE CHANGE OF PARADIGM

The IX Legislature of the European Parliament has corresponded to a period of deep transformation in world economy and society, where traditional trends of European life (the so-called ―European Way of Life”) have been set aside by a series of emerging events-the last one being Coronavirus-, all that leading to the worsening of the comparative position of Europe and of its citizens, unless a strong countervailing action is undertaken without delay by intellectuals, politics, churches, companies and civil society - last, but not least, the European Union and the European Movement-.

After a difficult negotiation and start-up period, the new Commission of Ursula von der Leyen has started operating, so that both the Commission, and the vast world which operate around the Union, is mobilized for producing new proposals apt to challenge the ongoing decadence of our Continent, which Wolff, the President of the Brueghel think tank, has summarized a ―digital decolonisation, aiming to reduce its dependency on US and Chinese firms‖.

In fact, ―In 2000 the European Union has launched the non-enforceable Lisbon Strategy with the aim of becoming ‗the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world' in ten years. Two decades later, the world has

1 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem changed and Europe is still struggling for technological breathing space. For example, today, the United States and China file 85 percent of patents related to artificial intelligence (AI). The EU now aims to, as the new European Commission puts it, ‗become a global leader in innovation in the data economy and its applications‖‖. Happily, the Institutions are realizing the gravity of the situation: ―There is an urgent need to do so. These challenges are much bigger than those the EU faced in 2000. Europe has, as the Commission affirms, a ―dependency on other parts of the globe for the most crucial ‖. In practice, this is a neo-colonial dependency on US – and, increasingly, Chinese – technology companies. ―

The problem is that Europe has ignored the problem for about 70 years, notwithstanding the warnings of Olivetti, Servan Schreiber, Gleiss, Lutz and Süßmuth1 ―But Europe will have to make a much bigger public and private effort than the US or China if it is to begin to compare itself to its rivals by the end of the current Commission‘s term, in 2025.‖ At the beginning of 2020, following to the worsening of the results of European economy and of the Coronavirus epidemic, there had been a sudden convergence of different sources in realizing that Europe is not working well on all fronts, hidden since a long time by a sort of conspiracy of silence. In fact, the awareness of such situation was impeded by the lack of an adequate cultural, political and management culture in Europe, not casually parallel to the intellectual,

1 Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Le défi américain, Denoël, Parigi, 1967 ; Gleiss, Hirsch, Sueßmuth, Die planlosen Eliten, Versäumt Deutschland die Zukunft ? Dt. Blindenstudienanst., 1996

2 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem political and economic dependence on the US. These negative situations seemed ready to disappear, but we are still very far from a solution, as witnessed by the conservative approach of the programmatic documents of ICT issued by the Commission on February 19, 2020 (the”Package”)2, showing a gap between the positions of the Commission and the ones of the French and German Governments. Moreover, the Package does not constitute a radical innovation as concerns preceding EU documents, and pursue a sort of understatement, in the evident tentative to avoid a clash with the US on crucial items as the CLOUD Act, the Web Tax, the European nuclear force and the unbundling of the OTTs. Similarly to what happens with the Green New Deal and what denounced by Greta Thunberg, the concrete acts of the Union are not corresponding to the gravity of the outstanding problems-. Ms Thunberg has dismissed the law as "empty words", accusing the EU of "pretending" to be a leader on climate change: "When your house is on fire, you don't wait a few more years to start putting it out. And yet this is what the Commission is proposing today." I do not share the view that global warming is the first priority of the EU, because we have the overcoming, by computers and robots, over Mankind, and then also the Nuclear war by mistake induced by the nuclear systems ―Hair Trigger

2 European Commission Brussels, 19.2.2020 Com(2020) 66, Final communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A European Strategy For Data; European Commission Brussels, 19.2.2020 Com(2020) 65, Final, White Paper on Artificial Intelligence -A European Approach To Excellence And Trust

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Alert‖ and ―Miòrtvaja Rukà/Perimetr‖3. However, the attitude of the establishment, to ―buy time‖ with false announcements for avoiding to be overturned, is generalized.

Moreover, even the most correct analyses worked out in the last few months by authorities and intelligentija, while coping with the political, economic and social aspects of the European situation, do not yet address adequately the existential, cultural, political and military ones. does not answer the two fundamental questions of digitization:

-the Empowerment of intelligent systems, whose most eminent expression is the Russian system called ―Miòrtvaya Rukà/Perimetr”, which, in extreme situations, disables control and forces the total nuclear annihilation of the adversary (see below…);

-the CLOUD Act4, which allows the US Authority to have unrestricted access to the files stored by the OTTs worldwide, so rendering useless all the EU digital legislation

3 SIPRI, The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Strategic Stability and Nuclear Risk Volume I Euro-Atlantic Perspectives, edited by Vincent Boulanin,May 2019 4 The Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act or CLOUD Act (H.R. 4943) is a United States federal law enacted in 2018 by the passing of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, PL 115-141, section 105 executive agreements on access to data by foreign governments. Primarily the CLOUD Act amends the Stored Communications Act (SCA) of 1986 to allow federal law enforcement to compel U.S.-based technology companies via warrant or subpoena to provide requested data stored on servers regardless of whether the data are stored in the U.S. or on foreign soil.

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(the DGPR) based upon the privacy of European citizens5, and confirming our status of subjects to a foreign empire. The stagnation which is eroding all economies of Europe starting from the 3nd Semester of 2018, and which has been dramatically increased by the trade wars initiated by the United States, and still worsened by the slowing-down of world trade following to the epidemic of Coronavirus, provides further warnings of an impending civilizational crisis. Industrial production has fallen dramatically also in France and Germany during March 2020, and international organizations are constantly downgrading their forecasts on European countries. From the fall of the Berlin wall, Italy‘s GNP is fallen from 4,2% of world‘s GNP to 1,7%. Something which did not happen since the fall of the Roman Empire. The Coronavirus crisis is bringing Europe‘s GNP much below ―0‖.

The unchallenged development of new technologies, which Europe has been unable to master up to now, is disrupting the traditional cultures, politics and economy of the Europeans, jeopardizing the autonomy of persons, freedom of conscience and of expression, the rights of privacy, family life, democracy. The centre of the web, of finance, of military and of cultural industries remains in the United States; the one of social innovation, of mass production, of transportation industry and of new technologies has shifted to China. The concentration of knowledge and of decision-making power is driving all societies of the world towards ―illiberal

5 Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation) in the current version of the OJ L 119, 04.05.2016; cor. OJ L 127, 23.5.2018

5 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem democracy‖, reducing the attractiveness of the European Model.6 The refusal, by the US senate, to approve the request of impeachment of President Trump has transformed also the American President into a monarch, drastically reducing the powers of parliament. The promise to make Europe, within 2020, the most competitive area of the world, included in the Horizon Program, has not been complied with. On the contrary, China is overcoming the West as the first economic and technological area of the world, and Europe is heading towards a more and more subordinate role, not only within the West. For the above reasons, the purported superiority of a ―European Model‖ is no more credible. For these reasons, Europeans are voting more and more for any type of political movements which are not identifiable with European traditional parties, all considered to be co-responsible of this situation. The Süddeutsche Zeitung has defined this situation “der totaler Verriß”. As Massimiliano Valerii has written in “La note di un Epoca”: ”The secret fear is creeping that earlier or later somebody will bring us down from the pedestal of welfare and will take our place. This is the secret reason of our discontent, against which we have not yet invented a vaccine‖ 7. In reality, most of Europeans have already been brought down from such pedestal, at least in the sense that they have not been in a position to have a reasonable professional and

6 Fareed Zakarya, The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, , Foreign Affairs, November/ December 1997 7 Massimiliano Valerii, La notte di un‘epoca‖, Ponte alle Grazie, Firenze, 2019.

6 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem economic growth , proportional to the efforts deployed for it. Around Europe, the displacement of production, trade and consumption across the world and the dilution of the traditional leading role of the States brings about the pre- eminence, over legitimate authorities, of multinational corporations, financial forces, secret services, terrorist and criminal organizations, to the lack of both equity and effectiveness, to the loss of jobs, to the voiding of legal rights, to the squandering of assets accumulated by families and States over centuries of efforts and of struggles, to the dispersion of cultural and religious traditions. The disproportionate role of anonymous social apparatuses has already destroyed the stamina of young generations, diffusing incompetence, unemployment, drug abuse, indifference to culture and politics, and a lack of identification with society and with Europe. The various religious, academic, political and cultural authorities who have dealt with the matter have issued statements inspired to political wisdom, i.e. mediating among different points of view, but remain unable to address the very roots of the present crisis. ―People without qualities‖8 and ―one-dimensional men‖9 play decisive social roles in society, whilst huge social competences go lost for people and for the country because of an irrational and unequitable organization. Under these conditions, the old rhetorics of affluent society, of the religion of rights, of the protection of freedom,

8 Alfred Musil, Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften 1/5,Rowohlt, Berlin,1930-33. 9 Marcuse, The One-Dimensional Man, Beacon Press, Boston, 1964 .

7 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem sound emptier and emptier. We are free…but free to do what10? According to certain neo-liberal theorists, such as Pinker, at least, ―as AI arrives on our planet, it finds a society that is making progress in terms of life expectancy and the eradication of poverty and famine‖ 11. However, this view may apply only to certain parts of the world, and is, in any case, superficial. It is true that, theoretically, digital society could be a strong element for the improvement of social life. Moreover, digitalization is unavoidable in the same way as such were the transitions to neolithic or to the metallic revolutions. However, it goes without saying that it will be a real improvement for mankind only at the condition that it will not resort to the ―End of Man‖ (the ―Existential Risk‖, as foreseen by Č apek12,

10 Friedrich Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra,Nikol, 2011 11 Steven Pinker, Enlightenment now, Copyright 2018 12 Karel Čapek,R.U.R. (Rossum´s Universal Robots)Kolektivní drama o vstupní komedii a třech dějstvích https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13083/13083-h/13083-h.htm 12Isaac Asimov. Main articles: The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent "history" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished (1957) The Best Mysteries of (1986), Doubleday Collections of Asimov's essays – originally published as monthly columns in the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962)View from a Height (1963)Adding a Dimension (1964)Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965)From Earth to Heaven (1966)Science, Numbers, and I (1968)The Solar System and Back (1970)The Stars in their Courses (1971)The Left Hand of the Electron (1972)The Tragedy of the Moon (1973)Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974)Of Matters Great and Small (1975)Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976)Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976)Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977)The Road to Infinity (1979)The Sun Shines Bright (1981)Counting the Eons (1983)X Stands for Unknown (1984)The Subatomic Monster (1985)Far as Human Eye Could See (1987)The Relativity of Wrong (1988)Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989)Asimov On Science: A 30 Year

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Retrospective 1959–1989 (features the first essay in the introduction) (1989)Out of the Everywhere (1990)The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, (science essay collection) Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974) The World of Carbon (1958) The World of Nitrogen (1958) Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959)The Clock We Live On (1959Breakthroughs in Science (1959) ISBN 978-0-395-06561-7Realm of Numbers (1959) Realm of Measure (1960)The Wellsprings of Life (1960) Life and Energy (1962) The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963) Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964, reprinted by RAND 2007) An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965) The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965) he title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966) The Neutrino (1966) ASIN B002JK525WUnderstanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966) Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966) where he used the term Spome Photosynthesis (1968) Asimov On Physics(1976)The Collapsing Universe (1977),Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979) Visions of the Universe with co-author Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981) Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982The Measure of the Universe (1983) Mysteries of deep space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) The Moon (2003), revised by Richard Hantula The Sun (2003), revised by Richard Hantula Jupiter (2004), revised by Richard Hantula The Earth (2004), revised by Richard Hantula Venus (2004), revised by Richard Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated "Don Juan" (1972)Asimov's Annotated "Paradise Lost" (1974)Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976)Asimov's The Annotated "Gulliver's Travels" (1980)Asimov's Annotated "Gilbert and Sullivan" (1988)Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton MifflinWords from the Exodus (1963), Houghton MifflinAsimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), CrowThe Roving Mind (1983) (collection of essays). New edition published by Prometheus Books, 1997, Past, Present and Future (1987) Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989)Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), second edition adds content thru 1993, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991) ISBIsaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991) In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday)In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday)I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday)It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson AsimovThe Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965)The Roman Republic (1966)The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967)The Near East (1968)The Dark Ages (1968)Words from History (1968)The Shaping of England (1969)Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970)The Land of Canaan (1971)The Shaping of France (1972)The Shaping of North America (1973)The Birth of the United States (1974)Our Federal Union (1975), The Golden Door (1977)Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & CompanyIsaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton MifflinLecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton,A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), CaedmonAsimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollinsAsimov on Science Fiction (1981), DoubledayAsimov's Galaxy (1989), DoubledayOpus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin,Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday

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Asimov13, Kurzweil14, Fukuyama15, Joy, Hawking and Reed). Already the metallic revolution was only to be mastered thanks to the creation of Axial Civilisations16, which, in substance, still constitute the basis of the world where we are living. So, if we still want still to overcome the digital revolution, we have to invent at the same time a new civilization, at a level not inferior to the one of the Axial Age. For this reason, the debate about Techno-enthusiasts and Technophobes is meaningless: the struggle is among different visions of the Digital Society. Already the Copenhague Declaration about European Identity, of 197317, had stressed the humanistic character of the original European Project, which is now completely going lost because of an improper identification of the European Union with technocratic globalization (the so-called ―functionalism‖). The leaders of East European ―Dissent‖ and of the 1989 Revolution (such as Sol‘ženicin, Pope John Paul II, Wałęsa, Havel and Ševardnadze), had promised that they would have created a system ―better than capitalism and socialism‖, but those promises have been completely forgotten, because the complete alignment of Europe alongside US technocracy has worsened, not improved, the life of Europeans.

(revised edition 1972,Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederick Pohl, Tor,

14 Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. New York, NY: Penguin Group 15 Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution is a 2002 book by Francis Fukuyama. 16 Eisenstadt, Axial Age Civilisations, State University of New York Press, 1986 17 Declaration on European Identity (Copenhagen, 14 December 1973

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Now, with the ongoing Digital Transformation (which Europe has not invented), she would have anyhow its occasion for developing a Digital Humanism18 (the “European Digital Way”, a defined by Ursula von der Leyen), as opposed to the “Silicon Valley Ideology”19, to trans-humanism20, as well to the omnipotence of the Chinese digital control system21, but, for this purpose, Europe must act immediately

18 Julian Nida-Rümelin Nathalie Weidenfeld Digitaler Humanismus Eine Ethik für das Zeitalter der Künstlichen Intelligenz Piper Verlag, Munich 2018 4 19 Barbrook, Richard. Andy Cameron. (1996) [1995] "The Californian Ideology". Science as Culture 6.1 (1996): 44-72. 20 Frank A. Tippler, The Physics of Immortality, Anchor Books, New York 21 Mercer, Calvin. Religion and : The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. Praeger. Paul R. Dougherty, H. James Wilson, Human+ Machine., Reimagining work in the age of AI;Bostrom, Nick (2005). "A history of transhumanist thought" (PDF). Journal of Evolution and Technology. Retrieved February 21, 2006. "We May Look Crazy to Them, But They Look Like Zombies to Us: Transhumanism as a Political Challenge". Carvalko, Joseph (2012). The Techno-human Shell-A Jump in the Evolutionary Gap. Sunbury Press;Hughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press Gelles, David (2009). "Immortality 2.0: a Silicon Valley insider looks at California's Transhumanist movement". Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012. Google Ngram Viewer. Retrieved April 25, 2013. "Journal of Posthuman Studies: Philosophy, Technology, Media". "Godwin, William (1756–1836) – Introduction". Gothic Literature. enotes.com. 2008. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2008. Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz (March 2009). "Nietzsche, the Overhuman, and Transhumanism". Jet. 20 (1): 29–42. Blackford, Russell (2010). "Editorial: Nietzsche and European Posthumanisms". Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz (April 24, 2012). "Was Nietzsche a Transhumanist?". IEET News. World Transhumanist Association (2002). "The Transhumanist Declaration". Archived from the original on September 10, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2006. "Art works by Russian cosmism painter XX – XXI ct. Catalogue of exhibition 2013 | Soviet Era Museum". sovieteramuseum.com. Retrieved June 24, 2018. Clarke, Arthur C. (2000). Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds. St Martin's Griffin, New York. Harrison, Peter & Wolyniak, Joseph (2015). "The History of 'Transhumanism'". Notes and Queries. 62 (3): 465–467.:10.1093/notesj/gjv080; Huxley, Julian (1957). "Transhumanism". Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2006; Christopher Hutton. "Google's Glass Castle: The Rise and Fear of a Transhuman Future". Pop Matters. Lin (2010), p. 24; Lin, Zhongjie (2010). Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement: Urban Utopias of Modern Japan. Routledge. pp. 35–36. I.J. Good, "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine" (HTML Archived November 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine), Advances in Computers, vol. 6, 1965. Minsky, Marvin (1960). "Steps toward artificial intelligence": 406–450. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.79.7413. Retrieved December 13, 2006. Moravec, Hans (1998). "When will computer hardware match the human brain?". Journal of Evolution and Technology. 1. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2006. Kurzweil, Raymond (1999). The Age of Spiritual Machines. Viking Adult. FM-

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a New Age heodore Schic Ten Billion Tomorrows: How Science Fiction chnology Became Reality and Shapes the Future, Brian Clegg 2015 Bostrom, Nick & Sandberg, Anders (2007). "The Wisdom of Nature: An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement" (PDF). Retrieved September 18, 2007. Hughes, James (2002). "The politics of transhumanism". Retrieved December 14, 2013. Tennison, Michael (2012). "Moral transhumanism: the next step". 37 (4). J Med Philos: 405–416. McNamee, M. J.; Edwards, S. D. (2006). "Transhumanism, medical technology and slippery slopes". Journal of Medical Ethics. 32 (9): 513–518. doi: World Transhumanist Association (2002–2005). "What currents are there within transhumanism?". Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007. Hughes, James (2002). "Democratic Transhumanism 2.0". Retrieved January 26, 2007. "Immortality Institute". Dvorsky, George (2008). "Postgenderism: Beyond the Gender Binary". Retrieved April 13, 2008. Gayozzo, Piero (September 20, 2018). Extrapolitical Theory and Postpoliticism - A Transhumanist Political Theory. Raël (2002). Oui au clonage humain: La vie éternelle grâce à la science. Quebecor. Hughes, James (2004). "Technologies of Self-perfection: What would the Buddha do with nanotechnology and psychopharmaceuticals?". Archived from the original on May 10, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007. "IEET Cyborg Buddha Project". ieet.org. Evans, Woody (2014). "If You See a Cyborg in the Road, Kill the Buddha: Against Transcendental Transhumanism". Retrieved October 14, 2014. Sandberg, Anders (2000). "Uploading". Retrieved March 4, 2006. Tipler, Frank J. (1994). The Physics of Immortality. Doubleday. Eric Steinhart (December 2008). "Teilhard de Chardin and Transhumanism". Journal of Evolution and Technology. 20 (1): 1–22. Michael S. Burdett (2011). Transhumanism and Transcendence. Georgetown University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-58901-780-1. ...others have made important contributions as well. For example, Freeman Dyson and Frank Tipler in the twentieth century... Pauls, David (2005). "Transhumanism: 2000 Years in the Making". Archived from the original on October 10, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2006.Giesen, Klaus-Gerd (2004). "Transhumanisme et génétique humaine". Retrieved April 26, 2006. Davis, Erik (1999). TechGnosis: Myth, Magic, and Mysticism in the Age of Information. Three Rivers Press Campbell, Heidi; Walker, Mark Alan (2005). "Religion and transhumanism: introducing a conversation". Retrieved March 21, 2006 "TransVision 2004: Faith, Transhumanism and Hope Symposium". Archived from the original on January 4, 2007 Bainbridge, William Sims (2005). "The Transhuman Heresy". Retrieved January 2, 2008. "Mormon Transhumanist Association". YouTube. "CTA Website". Christian Transhumanist Association. "AAR: Transhumanism and Religion Consultations". Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Giulio Prisco (September 9, 2014). "Religion as Protection From Reckless Pursuit of Superintelligence and Other Risky Technologies". Turing Church. Retrieved May 8, 2016. Walker, Mark Alan (March 2002). "Prolegomena to any future philosophy". Journal of Evolution and Technology. 10 (1. Retrieved March 2, 2006. Warwick, K.; Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Andrews, B.; Teddy, P.; Shad, A. (2003). "The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems". Archives of Neurology. 60 (10): 1369–73. Kurzweil, Raymond (1993). The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life. Three Rivers Press. Kurzweil, Raymond (2004). Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever. Viking Adult. Elliott, Carl (2003). "Humanity 2.0". The Wilson Quarterly. 27 (4): 13–20. Naam, Ramez (2005). More Than Human: Embracing the Promise of Biological Enhancement. Broadway Books. Sandberg, Anders (2001). "Morphological freedom – why we not just want it, but need it". Retrieved February 21, 2006. Kaku, Michio (2011). Physics of the Future. United States: Doubleday. p. 389. The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering (2004). "Nanoscience and nanotechnologies (Ch. 6)" (PDF). Retrieved December 5, 2006. Moreno, Jonathan D. (2006). Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense. Dana Press. Goldblatt, Michael

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(2002). "DARPA's programs in enhancing human performance". In Roco, Mihail C.; Bainbridge, William Sims (eds.). Managing Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno Innovations: Converging Technologies in Society (1 ed.). Arlington, VA: Springer. pp. 339–340..; cited in McIntosh, Daniel (December 2008). "Human, Transhuman, Posthuman: Implications of Evolution-by- design for Human Security". Journal of Human Security. 4 (3): 4–20. doi: Sandberg, Anders; Boström, Nick (2008). Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap (PDF). Technical Report #2008‐3. Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University. Retrieved April 5, 2009. The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain.Garreau, Joel (2006). Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies – and What It Means to Be Human. Broadway.Fukuyama, Francis (May 1, 2003). Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 7. Casas, Miquel (2017). El fin del Homo sapiens: La naturaleza y el transhumanismo. Madrid: 2017. p. 112. Dublin, Max (1992). Futurehype: The Tyranny of Prophecy. PlumeStock, Gregory (2002). Redesigning Humans: Choosing our Genes, Changing our Future. Mariner Books. Rifkin, Jeremy (1983). Algeny: A New Word--A New World. Viking Adult. Newman, Stuart A. (2003). "Averting the clone age: prospects and perils of human developmental manipulation" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy. 19: 431. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008. Smolensky, Kirsten Rabe (2006). "Parental liability for germline genetic enhancement: to be or not to be? (Public address, Stanford University)". Retrieved June 18, 2006. International Theological Commission (2002). "Communion and stewardship: human persons created in the image of God". Retrieved April 1, 2006. Mitchell, Ben C. & Kilner, John F. (2003). "Remaking Humans: The New Utopians Versus a Truly Human Future". Dignity. 9 (3): 1, 5. Retrieved December 5, 2006. Barratt, Helen (2006). "Transhumanism". Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2006. Cole-Turner, Ronald (1993). The New Genesis: Theology and the Genetic Revolution. Westminster John Knox PressPeters, Ted (1997). Playing God?: Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415- 91522-9. OCLC 35192269. Bordo, Susan (1993). Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body. University of California Press. Alexander, Brian (2000). "Don't die, stay pretty: introducing the ultrahuman makeover". Wired. Retrieved January 8, 2007 McKibben, Bill (2003). Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age. Times Books. Otchet, Amy (1998). "Jeremy Rifkin: fears of a brave new world". Archived from the original on September 10, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2006. Lee, Keekok (1999). The Natural and the Artefactual. Lexington Books Darnovsky, Marcy (2001). "Health and human rights leaders call for an international ban on species- altering procedures". Retrieved February 21, 2006. Bailey, Ronald (October 2003). "Enough Already". Reason. Retrieved May 31, 2006. Bailey, Ronald (December 12, 2001). "Right-Wing Biological Dread: The Subhumans are coming! The Subhumans are coming!". Reason. Retrieved January 18, 2007. Evans, Woody (2015). "Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds". Teknokultura. Universidad Complutense, Madrid. Retrieved December 5, 2016. Glenn, Linda MacDonald (2003). "Biotechnology at the margins of personhood: an evolving legal paradigm". Retrieved March 3, 2006. Silver, Lee M. (1998). Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World. Harper Perennial Kass, Leon (May 21, 2001). "Preventing a Brave New World: why we must ban human cloning now". The New Republic. Habermas, Jürgen (2004). The Future of Human Nature. Polity Press Platt, Charles (1995). "Superhumanism". Wired.

14 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem in the cultural, technological, political, legal, financial and defense sectors, building up concretely this different European society, of which we do not see, up to now, any trace in the ideas of the European establishments, too much fearful of the reactions of the Big Powers and of the OTTs. Indeed, there is, in the European society, a diffuse trend aiming at organizing a more assertive mood, the one of ―Totaler Verriß‖ (―absolute rupture‖22). A few days after the presentation of the Package, in Vatican, a conference about ―algor-ethics‖ has ended with the signature of a ―Call for an ethical AI‖ sponsored by the OTTs, a conference which dealt with this already old issue in a very

Retrieved December 5, 2006. Bailey, Ronald (August 25, 2004). "Transhumanism: the most dangerous idea?". Reason. Retrieved February 20, 2006. Blackford, Russell (2003). "Who's afraid of the Brave New World?". Archived from the original on August 23, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2006. Abrams, Jerold J. (2004). "Pragmatism, Artificial Intelligence, and Posthuman Bioethics: Shusterman, Rorty, Foucault". Human Studies. 27 (3): 241–258. doi: Black, Edwin (2003). War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race. Four Walls Eight Windows. Annas, George, Andrews, Lori and Isasi, Rosario (2002). "Protecting the endangered human: toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations". 28: 151. Bashford, A. and Levine, P. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of The History of Eugenics. Oxford University Press. p. 545. World Transhumanist Association (2002–2005). "Do transhumanists advocate eugenics?". Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2006. Buchanan, Allen; Brock, Dan W.; Daniels, Norman; Wikler, Daniel (2000). From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. Cambridge University Press. Rees, Martin (2003). Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future In This Century—On Earth and Beyond. Basic Books. Bibcode:2003ofhs.book.....R. Arnall, Alexander Huw (2003). "Future technologies, today's choices: Nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and robotics" (PDF). Greenpeace U.K. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2006. Bostrom, Nick (2009). "The Future of Human Evolution". Bedeutung. 284 (3): 8. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284c...8R.:10.1038/scientificamerican0301-8. "Why are modern men obsessed with self-improvement?". The Spectator. August 11, 2018. 22 22 Hilmar Klute, Totaler Verriß, Süddeutsche Zeitung, nr 38, 15/16 February, pag. 49.

15 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem superficial way, which, in substance, amount to echo the “Three Laws of Robotics“ launched and discussed by Asimov in his works since the Fifties. Unfortunately, at first glance, the Package, although being a step forward in the right direction, is not sufficient for solving the outstanding situation of backwardness and dependence, for at least the two following reasons: -according to a tradition well established within European intellectual establishments, the three documents, not differently from the ―Call‖ suggest to confer the control of ICT on mechanistic“ ethical codes”, the heirs apparent of Asimov‘s ―Three Laws of Robotics‖ (without considering that Asimov had already demonstrated since 70 years that they cannot work), instead of focusing on the task of educating end enhancing humans, as it has always been done for training people to overcome an hostile world. In fact, it is impossible to teach ethics to machines, because ethics is not a set of rules, but a system of positive virtues (in Chinese, “Li” instead of “Fa”; see below); -the new Commission‘s AI philosophy is based upon the false assumption that the European digital system ―is the most ethical‖ because it is founded on the GDPR23, guaranteeing the

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-plan-to-organize-its- whole-society-around-big-data-a-rating-for-everyone/2016/10/20/1cd0dd9c-9516- 11e6-ae9d-0030ac1899cd_story.html;^ https://www.wired.co.uk/article/chinese- government-social-credit-score-privacy- invasion;https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/planning- outline-for-the-construction-of-a-social-credit-system-2014- 2020/;;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/china-social- credit-system-punishments-rewards-explained-a8297486.html Jennifer Pak, How does China‘s social credit system work?, su Marketplace, 13 February2018. ^ (EN) What's Your 'Public Credit Score'? The Shanghai Government Can Tell You,

16 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem respect of the Europeans‘ privacy. On the contrary, the ongoing Schrems case and the adoption of the US CLOUD Act have destroyed the credibility of the GDPR, which was based on the bona fide self-compliance of the US Administration with the European Commission. So, the idea implied in the Package is the one to focus on B2B data, and to subject to a strong limitation of the Europeans privacy in the US, so in practice relinquishing to Americans, without fighting, the personal data of European citizens, and accepting implicitly to submit to the old and new American legislations (such as the Military Postal Code, the Patriot Act and the CLOUD Act24), what amounts, finally, to release for ever to America the cultural, political and military control over Europe. Already the fact of having agreed up to the last minutes the above documents with Sundar Pichai of Google and Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook shows how powerful in Brussels are the American CEOs of ICT (the ―Over The Top‖, ―the OTTs‖), which, a few days thereafter, have signed the ―Call‖ together with high prelates in Rome.

Not surprisingly, no one of the expected actions against the OTTs for the European Digital Sovereignty are provided for in the Package: web tax, order to divest, creation of a European DARPA and of European digital champions. Apart from the Package, the Commission has

in NPR.org. China to bar people with bad 'social credit' from planes, trains Reuters 2018 Rachel Botsman, Big data meets Big Brother as China moves to rate its citizens^ Stephen Johnson, China to give every citizen a ‗social credit score‘ by 2020, in Big Think. China is banning people with bad 'social credit' from using planes and trains, in The Telegraph. ^ Celia Hatton, China sets up huge 'social credit' system, in BBC News, 26 ottobre 2015. 24 Schrems I decision, ECLI:EU:C:2015:650

17 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem launched the Conference about the Future of Europe. The Conference should allow European citizens to speak up their points of view , also and especially when they do not coincide with the ones of the Institutions. The present book tries to explain the content and the function of the synthetic contribution of Associazione Culturale Diàlexis for the Conference, attached hereto as Annex 1. In particular, the Association, coming back on ideas expressed by the European Parliament, by President Macron and by Minister Altmaier, protests for the absence, in the Package, of any trace of the promised “European Digital Sovereignty”, and pleads for the creation of a European Technology Agency – a mix of the US DARPA and of the European Space Agency, without ignoring other experiences, which should guarantee the assertive, high profile, competent and effective pursuit of such sovereignty in all cultural, societal, economic, industrial and military sectors.

We try to summarize and focus the critics and expectations of the qualified European public opinion, which start from the question of the Belgian think thank Egmont, in its Issue n.° 2019, of November 2019: ―How can the EU, notwithstanding is gaps in areas of supercomputing, Big Data, and AI, ensure that ethic-by-design is the silver bullet in the global so-called AI technology ‗race?‖ Moreover, it has also raised the question of how can the Commission tackle the question of the overly power of the OTTs if the High Level Expert Group, in charge of writing the EU‘s AI strategy, is composed mostly by people linked to the OTTS.

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Let‘s describe in more details just some of the most controversial elements of the Package.

1. The mainstream mythization of the digital world.

In the immediate aftermath of WWII, a complex system of values, powers, ideas, institutions and policies had brought about an apparent consolidation of the ―modern‖ way of life, including a balance among the conflicting historical trends of modern European society. ―The European Way of Life‖(one of the Slogans of this Commission), is appropriate for defining European Identity as profoundly different from the ―American way of life‖, not just because of certain (contingent) socio- political differences, but also for what concerns long term habits, culture and identities, as identified very early by Simone Veil, Horkheimer and Adorno. This is particularly true in this moment, when the dominance, over the US, of the OTTs have further displaced the traditional American messianism in the direction of the technocratic imperialism expressed in ―The New Digital Age‖ of Schmidt and Cohen25 and Kurzweil‘s apocalyptic dream of the Technological Singularity26.

Unfortunately, the instable balance inside the ―European Way of Life‖ has never ceased to slowly move

25 Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen The New Digital Age by,Look Inside,The New Digital Age,Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives, Penguin-Random House, London New York, 2014

26 Ray Kurzweil, the Singularity is near, Viking Books New York, 2005

19 European Technology Agency, A Sovereingn Digital Ecosystem towards technocracy, up to this moment, when it is challenged by a multiplicity of new forces. If we want to defend such Way of Life, we must, not only fight hard, but, first of all, we have clear in mind what we mean by that struggle. In fact, there is still the risk that the traditional ―European Way of Life‖ which we defend gets confused with the ―Silicon Valley Ideology (see above). In fact, ―As usual, Europeans have not been slow in copying the latest fad from America. While a recent EU Commission report recommends following the Californian 'free market' model for building the 'information superhighway', cutting-edge artists and academics eagerly imitate the 'post- human' philosophers of the West Coast's Extropian cult. With no obvious rivals, the triumph of the Californian Ideology appears to be complete. The widespread appeal of these West Coast ideologues isn't simply the result of their infectious optimism. Above all, they are passionate advocates of what appears to be an impeccably libertarian form of politics - they want information technologies to be used to create a new 'Jeffersonian democracy' where all individuals will be able to express themselves freely within cyberspace. However, by championing this seemingly admirable ideal, these techno- boosters are at the same time reproducing some of the most atavistic features of American society, especially those derived from the bitter legacy of slavery. Their utopian vision of California depends upon a wilful blindness towards the other - much less positive - features of life on the West Coast: racism, poverty and environmental degradation. Ironically, in the not too distant past, the intellectuals and artists of the Bay Area were passionately concerned about these issues‖.27 putting in

27Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron" THE CALIFORNIAN‖, Researchgate,

20