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Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia: Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics

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Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia: Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297773433 Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia: Movements, networks, and conflict dynamics Book · January 2009 CITATIONS READS 6 1,562 10 authors, including: Farish A. Noor Alexander Horstmann Nanyang Technological University Tallinn University 63 PUBLICATIONS 300 CITATIONS 46 PUBLICATIONS 249 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Dietrich Reetz Animesh Roul Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient Berlin; Berlin Graduate School Muslim Cultures an… Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict, New Delhi 37 PUBLICATIONS 153 CITATIONS 40 PUBLICATIONS 32 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Transnational Deobandi Islam View project Ethnic and religious movements in late Colonial India: the Sikh, Pathan and Non-Brahmin (Tamil) movements View project All content following this page was uploaded by Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid on 14 March 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. the national bureau of asian research nbr project report | april 2009 Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics By Peter Mandaville, Farish A. Noor, Alexander Horstmann, Dietrich Reetz, Ali Riaz, Animesh Roul, Noorhaidi Hasan, Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid, Rommel C. Banlaoi, and Joseph C. Liow cover 2 The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution dedicated to informing and strengthening policy in the Asia-Pacific. NBR’s operations are governed by the Board of Directors, a nationally prominent group of leaders with long-term interests in the Asia- Pacific region. NBR’s research agenda is developed in consultation with the Board of Advisors, which consists of experts from research centers, universities, corporations, and Congress. Funding for NBR’s research and publications comes from foundations, corporations, individuals, the U.S. Government, and from NBR itself. NBR does not conduct proprietary or classified research. The organization undertakes contract work for government and private sector organizations only when NBR can maintain the right to publish findings from such work. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other NBR research associates or institutions that support NBR. This project report may be reproduced for personal use. Otherwise, this report may not be reproduced in full without the written permission of NBR. NBR is a tax-exempt, nonprofit corporation under I.R.C. Sec. 501(c)(3), qualified to receive tax-exempt contributions. © 2009 by The National Bureau of Asian Research. Printed in the United States of America. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROJECT, CONTACT: A. MAHIN KARIM, SENIOR PROJECT DIRECTOR The National Bureau of Asian Research 1215 Fourth Avenue, Suite 1600 Seattle, Washington 98161 206-632-7370 Phone 206-632-7487 Fax [email protected] E-mail http://www.nbr.org nbr project report | april 2009 Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ii A. Mahin Karim Transnational Islam in Asia: Background, Typology, and Conceptual 1Overview Peter Mandaville Islamist Networks and Mainstream Politics in South and Southeast Asia 21 Farish A. Noor Transnational Ideologies and Actors at the Level of Society in South and 35 Southeast Asia Alexander Horstmann Migrants, Mujahidin, Madrassa Students: The Diversity of Transnational 53 Islam in Pakistan Dietrich Reetz Interactions of “Transnational” and “Local” Islam in Bangladesh 79 Ali Riaz Transnational Islam in India: Movements, Networks, and Conflict 101 Dynamics Animesh Roul Transnational Islam in Indonesia 121 Noorhaidi Hasan Transnational Islam in Malaysia 141 Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid Transnational Islam in the Philippines 16 7 Rommel C. Banlaoi Local Networks and Transnational Islam in Thailand 18 9 Joseph C. Liow FOREWORD vents in recent years have drawn considerable attention to the growing importance of transnational Muslim networks in the political and conflict dynamics of South and Southeast Asia. While much analysis has focused on militant groups such as Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah, other radical Islamist groups (e.g., Hizb ut-Tahrir), broad-based ideologies E(e.g., the Muslim Brotherhood movement and Jamaat-i-Islami), and even predominantly quietist networks (e.g., Jama’at al-Tabligh and various Sufi brotherhoods) also exert significant social and political influence. This report represents the culmination of a year-long initiative launched by NBR to explore the landscape of transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia and assess its implications for these regions’ sociopolitical futures. NBR assembled an international team of experts to assess transnational Islam as it manifests in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. The team shared preliminary findings at a workshop co-hosted by NBR and the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) in Singapore in June 2008, inviting audience participation from a cross-section of academic, government, and think-tank communities in Singapore and the region to further inform the project’s research and the papers in this report. Given its considerable policy relevance, exploring emerging trends and developments in Muslim Asia will remain a priority research area for NBR’s Political and Security Affairs Group. NBR studies have found that there are many and varied roles of Islam in Asia that go far beyond the actions of the radical fringes that have drawn much attention in recent years. In addition to its work on Islamist terrorism, the organization has also sought to engage less visible yet no less critical issues, related to other global economic, political, and cultural trends influencing Muslim societies in Asia today, to broaden the debate and better inform policy leaders. We look forward to continued interaction with the policy community on this subject as well as to a wide distribution of this report’s research findings. I would like to recognize and express appreciation to the members of the research team whose work appears in these pages. It has been a true pleasure to work with each of them, and the project has benefited immensely from their expertise and professionalism. In particular, I would like to thank Peter Mandaville for his vision and leadership, which guided the project from its inception. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the NBR project team, fellows, and editors, whose efforts contributed to the success of this initiative. A. Mahin Karim Senior Project Director The National Bureau of Asian Research the national bureau of asian research nbr project report | april 2009 Transnational Islam in Asia: Background, Typology and Conceptual Overview Peter Mandaville PETER MANDAVILLE is Associate Professor in the Department of Public and International Affairs and Co-Director of the Center for Global Studies at George Mason University. His recent publications include Global Political Islam (2007), Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma (2001), and several co-edited volumes and anthologies such as Globalizing Religions (forthcoming). 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper provides an overview of the history of transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia, identifying key vectors of religious transmission and points of continuity between historical and contemporary patterns of cross-regional Islamic discourse. The paper proposes that contemporary manifestations of transnational Islam problematize conventional categorizations of movements and political ideologies through frequent cross-fertilization across political and militant tendencies. The paper further suggests that the emerging geography of globalized Islam calls into question the extent to which political manifestations of Islam can be analyzed with exclusive reference to local circumstances or sources of discontent. MAIN FINDINGS Manifestations of contemporary transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia occur in four primary forms: Sufi brotherhoods, renewalist/pietistic movements, Islamist parties and groups, charitable organizations and da’wa organizations; the primary conduits for the cross-border transmission of Islam today include scholarly exchange and study abroad, labor migration, new media, and ritual obligations (e.g. pilgrimage). Influences from transnational Islam do not involve the subversion or eradication of local religious sensibilities but rather a far more complex dynamic whereby external ideas and beliefs are adapted to and grafted onto existing worldviews and conditions. Transnational Islam is not exclusively about religion but can sometimes represent a vocabulary through which broader global debates about political and socioeconomic disenfranchisement can be engaged. The fluidity of transnational Islam on the ground in specific country contexts is such that the social reality of such movement rarely corresponds exactly to the categories and orientations suggested by conventional analytical typologies (e.g. sharp distinctions between ‘modernist’ and ‘traditionalist’ groups). POLICY IMPLICATIONS • The involvement of transnational Islamic groups in a localized conflict is frequently associated with an escalation dynamic that raises the ideological stakes of the dispute through association with ‘global’ Muslim causes and by introducing new resources (ideational
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