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Linking Bioclimatic Theory and Environmental Performance in Its Climatic and Cultural Context – an Analysis Into the Tropical Highrises of Ken Yeang

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Linking Bioclimatic Theory and Environmental Performance in Its Climatic and Cultural Context – an Analysis Into the Tropical Highrises of Ken Yeang PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 September 2006 Linking bioclimatic theory and environmental performance in its climatic and cultural context – an analysis into the tropical highrises of Ken Yeang Puteri Shireen Jahnkassim1 and Kenneth Ip2 1 Department of Building Technology and Engineering, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 School of the Environment, University of Brighton, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This paper presents the outcome of an environmental performance analysis and theoretical study into the bioclimatic highrises of Malaysian architect Ken Yeang – with a focus on the tropical climate. By focusing on case studies representing the three main phases of Yeang’s work, the impact of features such as core placement, sky courts, balconies, shading system and vegetation system are evaluated in terms of cooling and total energy use under the Malaysian climate. The climatic performances of the bioclimatic high-rise envelopes are then tested through comparisons with generic highrise forms. The study highlights the link between bioclimatic theories and climatic ‘performances’ and any conflicts between them. A paradox between theories based on critical regionalism and bioclimatic intentions are also described. Yeang’s designs are then evaluated in terms of overall forms rather than separate components. The study then focuses on the debate on critical regionalism and sustainable design, the balance of modernization and traditional values within the context of developing cities, and the significance of bioclimatic and critical regionalist theories in forming the basis of a sustainable architecture appropriate to its cultural and climatic context. Keywords: bioclimatic performance, tropical highrise, energy simulation, critical regionalism, sustainable theory 1. INTRODUCTION Alexander (1964) [4], is linked to an ability to understand ‘…the pattern of the problem (which) is There is, at present, a rising interest in examining comprised of all the interactions between one the theoretical aspects of sustainable architecture – requirements and another ‘. Lawson (1990) [5] also when practiced and applied within a particular climatic observed, in his study on esign methods: ‘It is the and cultural context. There is a need to integrate very interconnectedness of all these factors which is both fields, of the ‘art’ and ‘science’ of sustainable the essence of the design problems rather than the architecture in developing a theoretical framework isolated factors themselves…’ that can govern design decision-making. As Hawkes The aim of analysing Ken Yeang’s theories and (1997)[1] points out: ‘Decisions about technique in designs is to undertake a study and evaluation of a architecture are primarily cultural and aesthetic more ‘integrated’ architectural approach to climate- matters and it is impossible to base these complex interactive design. Yeang’s theories and designs choices solely upon objective technical represent an opportunity to highlight the interaction considerations’. In his essay on green design, between architectural ideas and their implications in Brennan (1997)[2] observes: 'Any inherent meaning a terms of environmental performance under its green building may have is dependent entirely on its particular climatic and cultural context. By analyzing physical content and performance and such meaning the positive and negative outcomes of such aspects, is difficult to express visually’. Burckhardt (1998) [3] the architectural parameters/ constraints and its makes a useful observation: implications in terms of environmental strategies can ‘Ecology's most important problem is that it is be evaluated. It gives the opportunity to study the invisible. You cannot produce the visual sensation of contextual framework of implementing bioclimatic harmony simply by being ecological anymore than the principles and to relay the ideas which underlie reverse... The same is the problem with architecture - passive design and drive the processes of innovation. you cannot see an ecological building..’. Powell (1999) [6] observes on the need to link ‘theory’ and ‘performance’: ‘Yeang is often criticized Generally, there is a lack of rigorous studies on for the apparent disparity between his theoretical the implications of more intuitive approaches by writings and his buildings; it is difficult to juxtapose the architects towards sustainable design in general, and theory alongside the built work….’ Rattenbury (2000) bioclimatic design, in particular. The ability of [7] suggests a more detailed study is necessary: ‘...It architects to solve design problems, according to would have been extremely interesting to see a few PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 September 2006 examples in detail, with successes and failings and model. The data required for APACHE is derived from overall progression in Yeang’s thinking set out’. a 3D data model, which is created by a model Malaysian architect Ken Yeang is well-known for creation tool called MODEL-IT. It provides the the development of theories on the ‘bioclimatic capability of creating a 3D geometry model quickly skyscraper’ applied in a multitude of projects in and without the need for a CAD system. Malaysia and throughout the world. By focusing on 3 Basically the subprograms used in this analysis case studies in Malaysian i.e. the Plaza IBM (1984- is the integrated thermal simulation program 1987), the Mesiniaga (1989-1992) and the Menara APACHE, the building modelling program MODEL-IT UMNO (1996-1998) which represent the three main and the shadow analysis program SUNCAST. These phases of his work (1970s to the 1990s), this study are used to analyse the impact of design features and evaluates climatic and energy performance of key overall envelope in terms of the cooling and envelope ‘bioclimatic features’ and the overall ‘bioclimatic’ energy performances under the Malaysian climate. forms under its climatic context. The aim is to In order to assess the energy impact of the designs, highlight the links or conflicts, if any, between ‘theory’ the bioclimatic forms and features are compared with and ‘performance’. The IES-VE simulation program ‘generic’ options for the purpose of benchmarking. was used to test the sensitivity to features such as These represent the basic shape or form of the core placement, skycourts, balconies, shading and highrises on which the features are applied or the vegetation to cooling and total energy use under the optimisation analysis are performed. Malaysian climate. The overall envelope The ‘bioclimatic’ option refers to the highrise performances of the high-rises are then tested model as designed by Yeang. The ‘generic’ forms through a constrained optimisation to evaluate their are based on the primary shapes underlying the performances under the competing considerations of designs. For Plaza IBM, a rectangular highrise is its solar heat gain and daylight performance in the ‘generic’ counterpart; for the Mesiniaga, a cylindrical tropics. A post-occupancy study was also undertaken tower; and the UMNO, a rectangular tower. In past (Jahnkassim, 2004)[8] to validate the simulation simulation studies, these options are sometimes results – but the discussion is beyond the scope of called ‘base-case’ or ‘typical’ models (Rao, K.R., this paper. The importance between the link, conflicts 1988) [9]. or relationship of Yeang’s theories – including notions of the ‘critical’ vernacular linked to critical regionalism 3. STUDIES ON BIOCLIMATIC FEATURES and the performances of his bioclimatic designs - is also discussed. 3.1 The impact of core-positioning - Plaza IBM Placing cores on the periphery decrease the 2. METHODOLOGY amount of glazed openings – thus limiting solar gain. Figures 2 and 3 show a resultant impact of about 8 - The theories of the ‘bioclimatic skyscraper’ had 10% in terms of reductions in total and cooling energy evolved from the environmental filter ideas in the use. 1970s to theories of bioclimatic/ecological design in the late 1990s. Powell (1999)[6] for example, identifies 3 major phases within the gradual development of the theories. In his ‘Rethinking the Skyscraper’ (1999) [6] he describes these as: • the ‘climatic’ phase - based on intuitive climatic principles and focused on the idea of the environmental filter; • the ‘regionalist’ phase- based on a search for a distinctive regional language within the tropical Asian context; • the ‘bioclimatic/ecological’ phase - directed towards a more ‘global’ context and focused on the environmental agenda. In the following analyses, three highrises are selected which represent an amalgamation of Yeang’s ideas during the evolving periods. They are tested in terms of separate features and overall Figure 1: Plaza IBM (left) and Menara Mesiniaga forms. The performances are then linked with the (right) ideas and intentions underlying their architectural forms.The IES-VE (Integrated Environmental The peripheral service cores tested are single Solutions- Virtual Environment) suite of programmes sided East, West and two double- sided core integrates the thermal simulation program APACHE positions. with various other sub-programs. The philosophy behind the APACHE program is to provide an integrated suit of programs linked by a common data PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy
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