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Green Or Grey? the Aesthetics of Tall Building Sustainability 3 ctbuh.org/papers Title: Green or Grey? The Aesthetics of Tall Building Sustainability Author: Antony Wood, Executive Director, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Subject: Sustainability/Green/Energy Keywords: Environment Sustainability Sustainability Certification Publication Date: 2008 Original Publication: CTBUH 2008 8th World Congress, Dubai Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Antony Wood Green or Grey? The Aesthetics of Tall Building Sustainability Antony Wood RIBA Associate Professor / CTBUH Executive Director, College of Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, S. R. Crown Hall, 3360 S State Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA, Tel: +1 312 567 3307, Fax: +1 312 567 5820, Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper outlines the viability of the tall building as a sustainable element in our future urban centres and examines several tall building case studies that have embraced environmental approaches to a lesser or greater degree. In doing this, it suggests a number of design approaches which, collectively and broadly, could be interpreted as a new vernacular for the skyscraper based on sustainability. This vernacular is particularly relevant to developing cities, whose import of western models is contributing to a degradation of local culture and an homogenisation of urban centres globally. The paper concludes with a fledgling set of design principles to encourage this new sustainable vernacular in high rise design. Keywords: Tall Buildings, Design, Environmentalism, Sustainability, Design Principles [email protected] Biography AntonyBackground Wood is Executive Director of the CTBUH, responsible50% for of the all day-to-day climate-change running emissions of the Council globally and (Smith,steering in conjunctionIn terms with of real the Chairmanrecognition and of thethe executiveproblem, committee.if not 2005). His field of specialism is the design, and in particular the sustainableyet global-wide design, radical of tall change,buildings. it seems that the world has finally turned the corner on climate change and the Against this backdrop, the international community Basedneed forat the more Illinois sustainable Institute approaches of Technology, to life Antony generally. is also anis Associate still divided Professor on the in thesustainability College of credentialsArchitecture of at Tall IIT. Prior2006 to will becoming most likely an academic be marked at the as University a watershed of Nottingham,in the Buildings UK in 2001, as an and appropriate IIT in 2006, typology he worked in our in existingarchitectural and practicetipping inof Hong the balanceKong, Bangkok, in favour Kuala of theLumpur world and finally Jakarta. Tallfuture Buildings urban centres. / large projectsThere ar hee thosehas been that involved believe thatin these the countriestaking sustainability include the £120seriously, million, especially 11 No. inmixed the US office where / residential concentration tower project of ofpopulation SV City, Bangkokthrough (completed high-density 1995), thethe £70 campaigning million 4 No.work 44-storey of form ercondominia Vice-President project Al of Gore Kuningan (therefore Persada, reducing Jakarta (1997) transport and costs the prestigious and urban £200/ sub-urban million Kualaand his Lumpur book / Centralfilm ‘An International Inconvenient Railway Truth’ Terminal,(Gore, 2006) Malaysia spread) (completed combined 2001). with the economies of scale of building has galvanised opinion and action from the grass roots tall, make the typology an inherently sustainable option, Heup. is editor of the CTBUH special annual edition of the John Wileywhilst &others Sons believe published that Journal: the embodied ‘The Structural energies involveddesign of Tall andThis Special is not Buildings’ before time. and Latestco-chair figures of the predict CTBUH that Tall Buildingsin constructing and Sustainability at height, combined working group. with theAntony impact is alsoon founderthe impact of the of Tallclimate Buildings change Teaching emissions and will Research result inGroup, a basedthe betweenurban therealm, University make of Nottingham, them UKinherently and the Illinoislikely increaseInstitute ofin Technology,average global Chicago. temperatures The educational between and researchanti-environmental output of this (see group the cansummarised be found atcases www.tallbuild ‘For’ and- ingstarg.com1.1 and 6.4 degrees Centigrade during this century and ‘Against’ tall buildings, table, Figure 1). that the critical level of CO2 concentration in the Heatmosphere is working (currently on research at projectsapproximately in conjunction 400ppm) with could Arup, the UniversityMany owner-developers of Greenwich Fire and Safety professionals Engineering involved Group andreach the 750 Hong – 1000Kong ppmPolytechnic by the latterUniversity part ofDepartment the century of Buildingin the Servicescreation Engineering. of Tall Buildings He is also have Supervisor not helped for theto 3-year(IPCC, PhD 2007). studentship This is, Tall without Building doubt, Technologies. going to haveHe is currentlya convince writing the two international books, entitled community ’Pavements in in thisthe Sky:debate. The Usesignificant of the Skybridge impact inon Tall the Buildings’ planet andwe ‘Theinhabit. History The of theCertainly Council on Tallmost Buildings high-rise and Urbancommercial Habitat’. towers governments of the world are finally waking up to the internationally have followed the standard model – the fact that the international community needs to achieve an rectilinear, air-conditioned ‘box’ – but, also, very few 80% cut in anthropogenic CO2 emissions globally to residential towers have strove to create anything other allow the atmosphere to be stabilised at a level below that than the vertical extrapolation of an efficient floorplan. needed to avoid catastrophic climate disruption. The The ‘transportability’ of these non-site specific models increasing frequency of large-scale, climate-induced allow export across the world, without regard for either extreme events on a global scale (floods, droughts, the impact on environment or the relationship to the hurricanes etc) are a constant reminder of that fact. places in which they are located. This has served to create an alarming homogeneity and monotony across global Tall Buildings: Sustainability Credentials. urban centres – a creation of a ‘one size fits all’ The built environment is recognised as being the skyscraper ‘mush’ – which matches in negativity the largest single contributor to climate change, with the detrimental effect these buildings are having on the planet. creation, running and maintenance of buildings estimated In short, many tall buildings are helping to negate both to account for 50% of all energy usage and more than the local and the global. CTBUH 8th World Congress 2008 1 Green or Grey? The Aesthetics of Tall Building Sustainability Antony Wood RIBA Associate Professor / CTBUH Executive Director, College of Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, S. R. Crown Hall, 3360 S State Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA, Tel: +1 312 567 3307, Fax: +1 312 567 5820, Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper outlines the viability of the tall building as a sustainable element in our future urban centres and examines several tall building case studies that have embraced environmental approaches to a lesser or greater degree. In doing this, it suggests a number of design approaches which, collectively and broadly, could be interpreted as a new vernacular for the skyscraper based on sustainability. This vernacular is particularly relevant to developing cities, whose import of western models is contributing to a degradation of local culture and an homogenisation of urban centres globally. The paper concludes with a fledgling set of design principles to encourage this new sustainable vernacular in high rise design. Keywords: Tall Buildings, Design, Environmentalism, Sustainability, Design Principles Background 50% of all climate-change emissions globally (Smith, In terms of real recognition of the problem, if not 2005). yet global-wide radical change, it seems that the world has finally turned the corner on climate change and the Against this backdrop, the international community need for more sustainable approaches to life generally. is still divided on the sustainability credentials of Tall 2006 will most likely be marked as a watershed in the Buildings as an appropriate typology in our existing and tipping of the balance in favour of the world finally future urban centres. There are those that believe that the taking sustainability seriously, especially in the US where concentration of population through high-density the campaigning work of former Vice-President Al Gore (therefore reducing transport costs and urban / sub-urban and his book / film ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ (Gore, 2006) spread) combined with the economies of scale of building has galvanised opinion and action from the grass roots tall, make the typology an inherently sustainable option, up. whilst others believe that the embodied energies involved This is not before time. Latest figures predict that in constructing at height, combined with the impact on the impact of climate change emissions will result in a the urban realm, make them inherently likely increase in average global temperatures between anti-environmental (see the
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