The Islamic Movement in Somalia

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The Islamic Movement in Somalia THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN SOMALIA: A Historical Evolution with a Case Study of the Islah Movement (1950-2000) This dissertation is submitted to the Institute of the Islamic Studies, McGill University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Islamic history By Abdurahman Moallim Abdullahi Montreal, May, 2011 ii ABSTRACT Author: Abdurahman M. Abdullahi Title: The Islamic Movement in Somalia: A Historical Evolution with a Case Study of Islah Movement (1950-2000) Department: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University Degree sought: PhD in the Modern History of Islam This research constructs the historical evolution of the Islamic movement in Somalia from 1950 to 2000, focusing on the Islah (Islaax) Movement as a case study. The thesis is divided according to four chronological phases: the Islamic revival, the growth of Islamic consciousness, the Islamic awakening, and the Islamic movements. The first chapter provides background and deals with the revival of the Sufi Brotherhood in the nineteenth century and its encounter with colonialism. The second chapter examines the rise of Islamic consciousness during Somalia‟s struggle for independence after the return of Italy to Somalia to administer the UN trusteeship in 1950. The third chapter, the Islamic awakening, deals with the early formation of Islamic organizations such as Nahdah, Ahal, and Waxdah and their confrontation with the military regime. This chapter also provides a case study of the secular family law adopted by the military regime in 1975 which fragmented and radicalized the Islamic awakening into Islaax, Takfiir, and Itixaad by the 1980s. The fourth chapter looks at the emergence of the Islamic movements starting in 1978 with the foundation of Islaax. In view of the significance of this organization as a symbol of moderation in turbulent war-torn Somalia, this research focuses on it as a case study in two of its historical periods. In examining the first formative period (1978-1990), the nature of Islaax and its challenges, limitations, achievements, and activities are explored in the context of the military regime, armed oppositions and competing Islamic organizations. The second period (1990-2000) examines the interaction of Islaax with the collapsed state and the impact of the civil war on this movement, culminating in its organizational restructuring in 1992. It further explores the political and social strategies that Islaax implemented in the 1990s, most noticeable in the education sector and the National Reconciliation Conference held in Djibouti in 2000. iii RÉSUMÉ Auteur: Abdurahman M. Abdullahi Titre: L'Mouvement islamique en Somalie: Évolution historique avec étude de cas du Mouvement de l'Islah Département: Institut d'études islamiques, Université Mc Gill Diplôme visé: PhD en histoire moderne de l'islam Cette recherche construit l‘évolution historique du Mouvement islamique en Somalie de 1950 à 2000, en se concentrant sur l‘Islah (Islaax) comme étude de cas. Outre le chapitre d'introduction, il est divisé en quatre phases: le renouveau islamique, la conscience islamique, l'éveil islamique, et les mouvements islamiques. La première phase, le renouveau islamique, fournit des renseignements généraux et traite de la renaissance de la Confrérie Sufi dans le XIXe siècle et sa rencontre avec le colonialisme. La deuxième phase porte sur la montée de la conscience islamique pendant la lutte de la Somalie pour l'indépendance après le retour de l'Italie à la Somalie pour administrer la tutelle de l'Onu en 1950. La troisième phase, l'éveil islamique, porte sur la formation des premières organisations islamiques telles que le Nahdah, l‘Ahal et le Waxdah et sur leur confrontation avec le régime militaire. L'étude de cas du Droit laïc de la Famille de 1975 est produit comme un moment historique défini avec son impact sur la fragmentation et la radicalisation de l'éveil islamique. À la suite de la proclamation de cette loi, l‘Islaax, le Takfiir et le Itixaad apparurent sur la scène de la fin des années 1970 et début des années 1980, en plus d'autres petits groupes, avec différents cadres idéologiques et agendas. La quatrième phase, les mouvements islamiques, a commencé en 1978 lorsque le fondement de l‗Islaax a été proclamé. En raison de l'importance de cette organisation comme un symbole de modération dans une Somalie turbulente et déchirée par la guerre, cette recherche se concentre sur l‘Islaax comme étude de cas dans deux périodes historiques. En examinant la première période de formation (1978-1990), la nature de l‘Islaax ainsi que ses enjeux, ses limites, ses réalisations et ses activités sont explorés dans le cadre du régime militaire et de la concurrence des organisations islamiques. La deuxième période iv (1990-2000) examine l'interaction de l‘Islaax avec l'état effondré et l'impact de la guerre civile sur l‘Islaax, qui a abouti par la restructuration de cette organisation en 1992. Depuis lors, l‘Islaax a adopté de nouvelles stratégies politiques et sociales mises en œuvre dans les années 1990, dont les fruits sont visibles dans le secteur en plein essor de l'éducation et de la Conférence de réconciliation nationale à Djibouti en 2000. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract...............................................................................................................................ii Resume...............................................................................................................................iii Table of contents.................................................................................................................v List of tables and figures..................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................viii Note on transliteration.......................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations.........................................................................................................xi Political Map of Somali Republic..................................................................................xiii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Overview.....................................................................……….………….1 1. Introduction: The Paradox of Somalia …......................................................................1 2. Literature Review on State Collapse and Islamism …………………………………….5 3. The Main Argument: Understanding Islam in Somali Politics…..……………………14 4. The Narrative: State – Society Relations in Somalia …………...…………………….16 5. The aftermath of the State Collapse…………………….……………….………...…..32 6. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………..34 7. Research Problem and Questions……………………………………………………...38 8. Research Methodology…………………………………………………………….…..40 9. Organization of the Research …………………………………………………...…….41 CHAPTER TWO: Historical Background......................................................……….….................................44 1. The Revival of Islam in the Nineteenth Century............................................................46 2. The Revival of Sufi Brotherhoods..................................................................................50 3. Militancy and Moderation in the Sufi Brotherhoods......................................................70 4. Colonialism and Somali Encounter: The Role of Islamic Scholars...............................77 5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................84 CHAPTER THREE: The Rise of Islamic Consciousness (1950-1967) ..............................................................86 vi 1. Strengthening Factors of Islamic consciousness............................................................89 2. Stimulating Factors of Islamic consciousness..............................................................108 3. The Emergence of Islamist elites.................................................................................132 4. Islam and the State in Somalia (1960-1969) ...............................................................136 5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................138 CHAPTER FOUR: The Upsurge of the Islamic Awakening (1967-1978) .....................................................141 1. Institutions of the Islamic Awakening: The Proto-Muslim Brotherhood.....................146 2. The Military Regime and the Islamic Awakening.......................................................170 3. The Islamic Awakening and the Regime: A Case Study of the Family Law...............180 4. Conclusion....................................................................................................................192 CHAPTER FIVE: The Emergence of the Islaax Movement in Somalia (1978-1990) .................................194 1. Introducing the Muslim Brotherhood in Somalia (1954-1978) ..................................195 2. The Establishment of Islaax Islamic Society in 1978..................................................203 3. The Formative Period of Islaax (1978-1990) .............................................................220 4. Conclusion...................................................................................................................247 CHAPTER SIX: The Islaax Movement in
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