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breeds failure. Only the paranoid Andrew Stephen survive.” Sept. 2nd Grove (Andras Grof) Born: Sept. 2, 1936; Eric Paul Allman The Carrington Budapest, Hungary Event Died: March 21, 2016 Born: Sept. 2, 1955; Grove was present at Intel’s El Cerrito, California Sept. 1 and 2, 1859 founding, along with Robert Allman created delivermail for Noyce [Dec 12] and Gordon The Carrington Event was a the ARPANET and its successor, Moore [Jan 3], as employee no. 3. sendmail, one of the first Mail massive solar flare observed by He became Intel’s president in English astronomers Richard C. Transfer Agents (MTAs) for the 1979 and CEO in 1987, and Internet. Both tools were Carrington and Richard during his tenure, Intel’s market Hodgson. The mass ejection of distributed as part of the capitalization increased from $4 Berkeley Software Distribution charged particles induced one of billion to $197 billion. the largest geomagnetic storms (BSD) [March 9], which helped on record when it hit the Earth. Grove played a critical role in to make them popular choices. Intel’s decision to refocus from Sendmail became the most Telegraph systems across computer memories to widely used MTA on UNIX Europe and North America microprocessors in the 1980s, systems, despite its somewhat failed, in some cases giving and was behind the deal with complex configuration syntax. telegraph operators electric IBM to use Intel shocks, and pylons were Allman also created syslog, the microprocessors in their PCs de facto standard logging observed to throw sparks. Other [Aug 12]. operators could continue to mechanism used in open send and receive In 1997, he was awarded "Man systems and peripherals. despite having disconnected the of the Year" by Time magazine power supply from their devices. for being “the person most responsible for the amazing Tom A. Hall A solar storm of a similar growth in the power and the magnitude occurred much more innovative potential of Born: Sept. 2, 1964; recently, on July 23, 2012. microchips.” Fortunately, it missed the Earth Wisconsin because a direct impact might Hall co-founded id Software have caused an estimated $2 with John Carmack [Aug 20], trillion of damage. For instance, John Romero [Oct 28], and global positioning systems could Adrian Carmack on [Feb 1] have failed, as well as other 1991. He served as the forms of satellite company's creative director and communications. Power surges designer, working on the might have disabled the electric "Commander Keen" series [Dec grid for months or years. 14], "Wolfenstein 3D" [May 5], Quebec had a small taste of this and Doom [Dec 10]. Following on March 13, 1989 when it was creative disputes over Doom, he hit by a geomagnetic storm left id in 1993. Legend has it that roughly half the size of the he disliked the amount of gore Carrington event; the city and violence in the game, and suffered a blackout for nine the corresponding lack of hours. characterization and back story. Hall was the creator of the Pete Riley, a physicist who has Andy Grove (with a 1970's studied extreme space weather Dopefish, a green, buck-toothed, 'tache and tie). Photo by the dimwitted fish, which first events, says there’s a 12% Intel Free Press. CC BY 2.0. chance that a Carrington-level appeared in Commander Keen storm will hit the Earth in the IV. References to it have since Grove’s office was just 8 by 9 ft., next ten years. popped up in many other video a similar size to those used by games. For more solar flares, see [Aug other employees, as he disliked 16]. “mahogany-paneled corner offices.” He stated, “I’ve been living in cubicles since 1978 — Ultima 1 Released and it hasn’t hurt a whole lot.” Sept. 2, 1980 A quote: “Success breeds complacency. Complacency "Ultima I: The First Age of Darkness" was the first in the

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Ultima series of role-playing used on the Internet, and is the video games (RPG). The aim was default character set for HTML5 Apple Buys Power to find and destroy the "Gem of [Oct 28]. However, it isn't the Sept. 2, 1997 Immortality" before it could fall only Unicode encoding method – into the clutches of the evil UTF-16 is another, which Power Computing (founded by wizard Mondain. represents a character as a Stephen Kahng) was the first string of either two or four company selected by Apple to Richard Garriott developed bytes. create a Mac clone [Dec 16]. The Ultima during his freshman year first one, the Power 80, shipped at the University of Texas with in May 1995, and not only the help of Ken Arnold. It was outperformed its Apple coded in Applesoft BASIC [Nov QMS ColorScript counterpart, but was much 00] on an Apple II [June 5], but cheaper. Arnold wrote the tile-based Laser 1000 graphics system (the first of its Power Computing followed a kind for a RPG) in assembly. The Sept. 2, 1993 direct, build-to-order sales game was completed in less than The release of the QMS model, similar to Dell [May 3], a year. ColorScript Laser 1000 on this and grew rapidly It was the first company to sell $1 million worth Garriott would release Ultima II day made it the first color laser of products on the Internet, and [Aug 24], while still being a printer aimed at the desktop by 1997 had revenues of $400 student. market. It offered 65 built-in Postscript fonts, and had a million a year.

resolution of 300 dots per inch. However, things were about to UTF-8 Placemat Although large and heavy by change. On this day, at the Apple modern standards, it compared Worldwide Developers Sept. 2, 1992 very favorably to its room-sized Conference, Steve Jobs [Feb 24] contemporaries. Also, it was announced that Apple would be Unicode assigns a unique code priced at $12,499, 2 to 3 times buying back Power Computing’s to each character in a similar less than those devices. license to distribute the Mac OS, way to ASCII [June 17], but can However, prices soon dropped, effectively putting an end to its support over a million with the release of the HP Color production of clones. Jobs had characters, more than enough to LaserJet in Sept. 1994 costing previously made no secret of his account for every language, and just $7000. dislike of the clone idea, and was even emojis. now in a position to act; two Initially these printers added weeks later he became Apple's UTF-8 is an encoding system for colored toner to a sheet of paper Interim CEO [Sept 16]. Unicode which maps every in several passes, which meant Unicode character to a unique they were slow, perhaps taking After Power Computing stopped binary string. Hence the 30 seconds to print a page. The selling Mac compatibles, it meaning of UTF: "Unicode first single pass laser printer briefly moved into the x86 clone Transformation Format.” was the HP 4600, introduced in market, but eventually went out of business. Ken Thompson [Feb 4] and Rob May 2002. Pike's [Nov 10] UTF-8 design was outlined on this day on a placemat in a New Jersey diner, Chrome Released and over the next few days they Search the Web implemented it in the Plan 9 OS Sept. 2, 1993 Sept. 2, 2008 [July 16]. The design was 's new Chrome Web officially presented at the W3 Catalog, launched on this browser was promoted with a USENIX conference [May 15] in day, was an early Web search comic explaining its features San Diego in Jan. 1993, and The tool based around a set of Perl written and drawn by famed Internet Engineering Task Force scripts [Dec 18] written by cartoonist Scott McCloud. [Jan 16] adopted it in RFC 2277 Oscar Nierstrasz which extended (Jan. 1998) [April 7]. Tony Sander’s Plexus Web Google CEO [April server, also implemented in Perl. 27] had previously opposed the The first 256 characters in development of a browser Unicode – which includes the W3 Catalog didn’t crawl over the because he didn't want to get ASCII characters – are Web like the "World Wide Web involved in “bruising browser represented as one byte in UTF- Worm" [Sept 00]. Instead it wars.” Co-founders 8. Characters that appear later in periodically downloaded well- [Aug 21] and [March Unicode are encoded as two- known lists of Web resources, 26] persuaded him to change his byte, three-byte, and eventually such as CERN’s WWW Virtual mind, and it proved a wise four-byte binary units. Library [Aug 6]. Its front-end allowed the user to query this decision. Currently, Chrome UTF-8 is the most common information locally. holds a dominant share of the character encoding method now browser market (60-70%), with

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its closest rival Safari [June 23] at just 20%. One of Chrome's Easter Eggs is a dinosaur game, which appears when you try to visit a website while disconnected from the Internet. You make a dinosaur jump over cacti and dodge obstacles, the goal being to avoid hitting anything.

A Chrome Toilet. Photo by Dtobias. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Chrome was initially assembled from 25 different libraries developed by Google and third parties, such as Apple’s WebKit rendering engine [June 23]. In 2013 Google forked WebKit (which is available under a BSD license) to create their own layout engine called . They claimed this would mean 7,000 fewer in the engine, equivalent to some 4.5 million fewer lines of code. Blink’s naming was influenced by the much-disliked blink HTML tag introduced in Netscape Navigator [Sept 8]. Blink was subsequently adopted by Microsoft Edge [Aug 16], Opera [July 14], and several other browsers, and Chrome became the main component of Google's Chrome OS for running Web apps. Google has applied the "chrome" brand name to several other products, including [July 24], [May 11], , , and Chromebase.

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