Using AR Technology in Tourism Based on the Example of Maritime Educational Trips—A Conceptual Model

sustainability

Article Using AR Technology in Tourism Based on the Example of Maritime Educational Trips—A Conceptual Model

Rafał Ka´zmierczak 1,* , Agnieszka Szczepa ´nska 2 , Cezary Kowalczyk 1 , Grzegorz Grunwald 3 and Artur Janowski 3

1 Department of Spatial Analysis and Real Estate Market, Institute of Spatial Management and Geography, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawoche´nskiego15, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Socio-Economic Geography, Institute of Spatial Management and Geography, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawoche´nskiego15, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Geodesy, Institute of Geodesy and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Heweliusza 5, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (A.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: Technological progress in augmented reality (AR) creates new application opportunities for different branches of tourism. The application of modern technology is made possible by the widespread use of mobile devices and dedicated tourist applications. Preliminary market research demonstrates that there are no global solutions intended for tourists on sea voyages that make use of augmented reality. This paper analyzes the use of AR technology in water tourism. The proposed Citation: Ka´zmierczak, R.; Maritime Educational Trip (MET) system makes it possible to combine geolocation information with Szczepa´nska,A.; Kowalczyk, C.; the accumulated knowledge of a speciﬁc location and to present it with AR. An example prototypical Grunwald, G.; Janowski, A. Using AR Android application is developed, combining e-navigation with a knowledge base. The developed Technology in Tourism Based on the solutions show how a combination of the real world with a computer-generated world helps to Example of Maritime Educational expand the tourism space. Trips—A Conceptual Model. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172. https:// Keywords: augmented reality; Maritime Educational Trip (MET); GNSS; tourist application doi.org/10.3390/su13137172

Academic Editor: Carmen Hidalgo-Giralt 1. Introduction

Received: 24 April 2021 Global travel has brought about developments in many areas of life—from cultural Accepted: 22 June 2021 to economic. Although links between tourism and economic growth are not always so Published: 25 June 2021 obvious [1–7]), tourism has a beneficial impact on many economies, which confirms the tourism-led growth hypothesis [8–21]. An OECD report shows that the tourism industry Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral generates 4.2% of the GDP in the most developed countries and 6.9% of jobs and it has a with regard to jurisdictional claims in 21.7% share in service export [22,23]. This paper refers to the appeal of the United Nations published maps and institutional affil- World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO): “RESTARTING TOURISM. Work together to build iations. a tourism sector that works for everyone, where sustainability and innovation are part of everything we do” (https://www.unwto.org/, accessed 8 February 2021). The general secretary of the UNWTO, Zurab Pololikashvili, says that the tourism industry is the main source of income for people in many parts of the world. It provides an opportunity for Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. income, dignity, and equality, and jobs in tourism help people to be socially active. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. As our contribution to the discussion, we propose tourism development linked techno- This article is an open access article logically with augmented reality (AR). This innovation affects tourism transformation [24] distributed under the terms and (p. 8) in the sphere of: conditions of the Creative Commons - changing the properties and varieties of the goods and services as they are experienced Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// by the tourists; creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ - forming new destinations; and 4.0/).

Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137172 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 2 of 22

- altering the way of passing information within and across organizational boundaries. Cutting-edge technological achievements in brain–computer interface (BCI) solutions shift the cognition boundaries and open new opportunities for applications in the tourism industry [25,26]. Although it has been pointed out that virtual reality (VR) can sometimes be a threat to traveling tourism—it can be a substitute for conventional traveling—the role of augmented reality (AR) can be complementary to various forms of travel. This is possible because AR enables interaction with a tourist [27], provides him/her with new sensations [28], and allows him/her to feel extra emotions [29]. Location-based augmented reality also has a positive impact on tourists’ satisfaction [30], and it helps one to remember better the content presented in it [31]. The use of new technologies can also promote new attitudes and skills, e.g., related to environment conservation [32]. Cultural and heritage tourism is mentioned as the most frequent method of AR use [33–38]. Up-to-date and instant information (mobile applications) is one of the most important benefits of AR use in tourism. Displaying 3D models makes it possible to provide more information about an object and to update it continuously [39]. To conclude, literature reports stress that AR’s potential for the tourism industry lies in its marketing, epistemic, economic, tourist, and organizational value [40,41]. The common use of AR in tourism is possible owing to technological development and miniaturization of computer hardware (smartphone, tablet, etc.), which creates the possibility to integrate geolocation with augmented reality [42]. Dedicated applications for mobile devices allow tourists to explore new places and, at the same time, help local businesses to optimize their profits and to promote their services and products. It is made possible by displaying interactive advertisements, performing easy positioning, providing map views, and creating touristic routes [43]. Moreover, mobile applications that make use of AR must be easy to use, and the system should be useful and intuitive, with few icons on the screen [44]. Other features of applications for tourists should include a specific purpose, multi-language functionality, easy operation, and personalization capability [45]. All this will make the group of its regular users grow steadily. By using such a tool, one can combine different types of tourism: historical, natural, religious, cultural, etc. Owing to AR’s capabilities for generating virtual objects, it can be used for creating completely new attractions in many sectors of the tourism industry. The proposed approach is consistent with the position presented by the Organization for Eco- nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD): “Digitalization is bringing unprecedented opportunities ... to develop new tourism products and services and the wider tourism sector will need to fully embrace these new technologies to remain competitive, and to take advantage of the innovation, productivity and value creation potential” [22]. In the age of widespread digitization of life, it is becoming increasingly difficult to attract the attention of the public. The offered product must be attractive enough to arouse interest and evoke in tourists the desire to discover the mysteries of the surrounding world. In addition, it must be “mobile” and usable “right away” when something catches their interest. Of course, it is possible to search for interesting information on mobile devices, but it is necessary to know how to formulate a query (which is not always easy) and how to separate information noise. In addition, people increasingly expect a ready-made product that does not require too much involvement. The authors were looking for a solution that would make tourists entertainingly acquire knowledge through a new, attractive technology that would arouse their curiosity. The technology had to be attractive enough to arouse interest and, at the same time, be operated by simple, intuitive tools. This raises the question, What meets these conditions and can be used in marine tourism? This technology is undoubtedly AR. We use it in marine tourism primarily to facilitate navigation [46–49]. However, it is also applied to recreational behavior [50] and understand elements in underwater environments [51,52]. This technology has also been successfully applied in marine education and encourages students to engage in an interactive learning environment that makes learning fun and interesting [53–55]. The functions described above mean that the use of AR in water tourism Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 3 of 22

can be an important complement and development of this form of travel. Increasing interest in the observed environment and deepening knowledge about it can provide a basis to motivate an interest in and empathy for marine conservation and education at a global level [56]. A major area of use of augmented reality in the maritime industry is in ship navigation assistance systems. The integration of vision systems with thermal and conventional cameras is described in a study by Hugues et al. [57]. The second popular area where augmented reality finds its use is in the education of seafarers. Virtual ship bridge conditions are being created [58–60]. The wide possibilities of using new technologies based on virtual and augmented reality for the maritime sector applications are highlighted by von Lukas [61] and Vasiljevićet al. [62]. Von Lukas et al. [63] emphasize that specific AR applications for maritime applications face many technical and economic challenges. The researchers emphasize that each application in practice must have a business case for commercial applications. Closely related to this aspect are the technical conditions that influence feasibility costs. The authors point out the dynamic development of the maritime-transport-related sector and demonstrate the possibility of finding technical solutions that meet business requirements. The literature analysis shows little interest in the use of augmented reality in the education of tourists. Its main area of use is navigation systems. The applications of AR in marine tourism are scattered; hence, the overarching aim of the study was to develop a comprehensive Maritime Educational Trip model, combining the aforementioned application planes. Despite the rapid development of AR, there are still technological limitations that hinder its mass use by end users, such as tourists [64]. Individuals traveling on the water can use a suitable mobile application not only to learn about but also to “see” past events, sunken ships, different flora and fauna species, etc. This application combines technologies for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, mobile devices, and displaying of 3D images created in augmented reality. Images generated by AR will raise traveling to a new level and will make it more attractive. This will ensure that tourists remember their trip not only for the aesthetic and visual experience but also for the newly acquired knowledge about the surrounding world. The proposed solution combines e-navigation with education platforms. Such solutions enjoy increasing popularity, and they can become an indispensable element of a voyage. Every implementation of a new market solution starts with analyses conducted in three areas: user needs and requirements, technological capabilities, and business solutions. In the AR literature, there are few studies combining these three areas. This causes companies implementing AR-based solutions to start from scratch each time. The literature focuses on proposing detailed technological solutions or on describing business models independently. The services described in the manuscript and the solutions adopted will allow users to streamline the process of implementing similar projects. The work is an example of research and development (R&D) work, where it is often difficult to draw the line between industrial research and development. During this type of project, theoretical foundations and assumptions are verified in practice—whether the theoretical assumptions can be implemented in a practical solution is checked. In the case of IT works and the creation of IT systems, innovation is usually the development of a new service and the scheme of its operation. The novelty of this work lies in another implementation of AR technology in a new area—in this case the area of water tourism. It is an example of work verifying the existing state of knowledge and its practical application (verification is done experimentally). Also new are the proposed system solutions in the complex model of the Maritime Educational Trip system, combining different levels of AR applications. Further parts of this paper present the principles of the MET system using new technologies in sea voyages and the effects provided by a prototypical application developed according to those principles. In addition, business assumptions are presented in the form of the Business Model Canvas designed for Maritime Educational Trips. The following sections present the cruise market and a functionality review of some application for Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 4 of 22

tourists. The technical principles of the MET system are described, and a prototype solution is presented. All technical aspects are described against the background of a market analysis of competing solutions and the main risks associated with the implementation of the MET system.

1.1. The Cruise Market Marine tourism comprises traveling on cruise ships, ferries, yachts, and catamarans on the ocean, sea, and inland waters; tourist transport on offshore waters; sailing trips on sea and inland waters; kayaking; etc. Internationally, the cruise industry is the fastest- developing industry. The global cruise market worth was estimated at 45.6 billion USD in 2018. The oceanic cruise industry reported an annual passenger number growth rate of 6.63% starting in 1990 (Figure1). The number of cruise passengers globally amounted to ca. 28 million in 2019 and dropped by 70–80% in Q1 2020.

Figure 1. Cruise market growth. Source: https://cruisemarketwatch.com/growth, accessed on 8 February 2021.

The development strategies for this tourism branch followed so far were based on the construction of larger-capacity vessels and vessel diversiﬁcation, an increase in the number of local ports, and increasing activities on land/on-board that are in line with tourists’ needs. These actions helped to increase the number of tourists using this form of leisure. To make cruises more attractive and, in consequence, to increase this market segment, new, modern technology-based solutions are being sought. These issues are discussed in the report of the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), which predicted consumer trends for the cruise market in 2019. These included achievement over experience—experiential travel evolving into achievement travel and on-board with smart tech—and on-board smart technology continues to become more sophisticated. Another study, the Cruise Industry Overview 2018, drawn up by the Florida–Caribbean Cruise Association, also mentions similar top cruise travel trends: Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 5 of 22

- Transformational cruise travel: The next evolution of experiential travel sees travelers taking a step further and seeking “transformational” experiences, from cultural immersion and voluntourism to extreme adventures. - Smart travel technology: In the coming years, there will be a rise in traveler-friendly on-board technologies. Several cruise lines are introducing wearable technology for cruise guests that provide a personalized and seamless experience while on-board. A review of the state of the art conﬁrmed the lack of an AR-based solution available for mobile devices for water tourism. Based on the Internet analysis and ﬁeld intelligence, seven main competitors were selected. The evaluation was performed in three categories: user reviews (based on comments/opinions published in the Google Play Store), price (5—free, 4 and below—paid), and popularity (number of installations). The ratings were assigned points from 1 to 5, where 1 means the weakest rating and 5 the best one. Table1 presents a summary of the analysis.

Table 1. Overview of applications for mobile devices. Contact Charges Social Media Working Area Form of Earning Language Versions The Range of Impact Services in Technology Registration Is Possible Readiness for Duplication of Technology AR VR Other Other Phone E-Mail Yes/No Twitter Tourism Facebook Education Promotion Competitors Subscription Displaying Ads Internet Assistant low/Medium/High Ordered advertising Local/Regional/International 1 Language/2 Languages/More 1 yes no no free no yes yes - no no yes no no no r low no yes no 1 2 no no yes yes yes yes yes yes no no yes no no no i low yes yes no m 3 yes no no free yes - - - no no yes yes no yes i low yes yes no 1 4 no no no free no yes yes yes yes no yes no yes yes r high yes yes no 1 5 yes yes no free no yes yes yes yes no yes no yes yes i high yes yes no 1 6 no no no free no - - - no no yes no no no i low yes yes no 1 7 yes no no yes yes yes yes yes no no yes no no no i low yes yes no m

Mass use of modern technologies is made possible by the widespread use of mobile devices and dedicated applications for tourists. Augmented reality is one such technology. One of the main problems in using educational applications with AR on mobile devices is the method of displaying objects. In most cases, applications use a solution based on identifying objects in an image. This is inﬂuenced by the rapid development of computational methods related to artiﬁcial intelligence and machine learning. This approach provides a highly accurate display of 3D models. However, the development of Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 6 of 22

GNSS satellite technology and the increasing number of navigation satellites, as well as the improvement of mathematical models for positioning, are continuously improving the positioning accuracy of mobile devices, among others. Positioning with decimeter accuracy will ensure a dynamic growth of applications using augmented reality. The advantage of using the GNSS to display information in AR is simpler computational algorithms, and thus these solutions have lower hardware requirements. Our solution integrates GIS solutions and is based on GNSS technology, which is ideal for educational tourism on water areas.

1.2. A Functionality Review of Some Application for Tourists There are many dedicated applications for tourists on the market. The following application review covers two groups. The first analyzed group includes applications for water users. The second group contains applications that employ AR technology in their operation. Example application solutions with a description of their functions are presented below. The first example is an open CPN navigation application for sailors. This application has several functions: route planning, route and point handling, Automatic Identification System (AIS), handling high and low tides, sea currents, raster and vector maps, remote control connections, man overboard alert, weather forecast, a printout of planned and covered routes, and maintaining the yacht log or switching on a clock. Navionics Boating is another dedicated application for sailors. It ensures access to sailing maps used for cruises, angling, sailing, diving, and other water sports. It contains detailed sea and lake maps and advanced functions, such as the best GPS plotters. One can find here all ports around the world and places known to sailors. With this application, one can determine the current position, plan the exact route, and obtain information about what to see along with it. It can also be used to download dedicated sailing magazines, which can help in critical situations, enrich one’s knowledge, and fill one’s free time. The routes covered are automatically saved in the application memory. While sailing, one can watch photos and films shared by other users. One can also share one’s adventures on Facebook or other social media. Maritime World Ports is another application. It is a database of over 4000 seaports in 191 countries. With this application, one can find a port and obtain useful information about it, e.g., its size and depth. This tool can be useful, especially for those traveling for the first time to an unknown region. The functions available in it include positioning, access to the port website, the port or port area description, size and type, depth, access restrictions, communication types available in the port and/or its immediate vicinity, loading and unloading sites, where normal port operations are conducted, and services available in ports. Another group of applications under analysis is those employing AR technology. One of them is the Arguido APK travel guide, which can be used as a city guide. The application allows a user not only to see elements of real life but also to see virtual objects generated by mobile devices. It offers such functions as a walk along any thematic route using AR-supported visualization, searching for tourist attractions, service points, cash machines, bars, and restaurants in the vicinity. Another application is the World Around Me (WAM)—a tool for tourists who look for information about the surrounding area. When using WAM technology, one points to an object with one’s telephone to obtain all useful information about it. It provides information about restaurants, cash machines, museums, cinemas, parks, petrol stations, metro stations, pharmacies, hotels, gyms, shopping malls, churches, etc. WAM combines modern AR technology with an intuitive, fast interface, which provides useful information about all places in the user’s surroundings. The main area of use of applications based on augmented reality technology in education are solutions dedicated to museums. They use image or model recognition technology to display additional information. Such solutions ensure high accuracy of content display. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 7 of 22

an object with one’s telephone to obtain all useful information about it. It provides information about restaurants, cash machines, museums, cinemas, parks, petrol stations, metro stations, pharmacies, hotels, gyms, shopping malls, churches, etc. WAM combines modern AR technology with an intuitive, fast interface, which provides useful information about all places in the user’s surroundings. The main area of use of applications based on augmented reality technology in education are solutions dedicated to museums. They use image or model recognition technology to display additional information. Such solutions ensure high accuracy of content dis- Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 play. However, these are mainly local solutions dedicated to specific places.7 ofThe 22 use of GNSS technology for display allows the creation of global solutions. However, it has its limitations related to the accuracy of positioning by mobile devices, which oscillate within aHowever, few meters. these This are mainlylimitation local of solutions the technology dedicated does to speciﬁc not allow places. for Thea precise use of display GNSS of the 3Dtechnology model. The for displayuse of GNSS allows technology the creation for of visualization global solutions. of 3D However, models it on has water its limi- is an ideal solutiontations related to meet to the accuracyneeds of oftourists. positioning However, by mobile among devices, the analyzed which oscillate dedicated within solutions a few meters. This limitation of the technology does not allow for a precise display of for tourists, there are none combining water tourism and AR. This opens up the oppor- the 3D model. The use of GNSS technology for visualization of 3D models on water is tunityan ideal for solution developing to meet a new the needs system of tourists.using AR However, that can among be applied the analyzed in water dedicated tourism. solutions for tourists, there are none combining water tourism and AR. This opens up the 2.opportunity Maritime forEducational developing Trips a new system using AR that can be applied in water tourism. 2.1. System Principles 2. Maritime Educational Trips 2.1. SystemPreliminary Principles market research demonstrates that there are no dedicated global solutions for tourists on sea voyages that would make use of augmented reality. Long sea Preliminary market research demonstrates that there are no dedicated global solutions voyagesfor tourists may on be sea boring voyages and that monotonous would make usebecause of augmented they usually reality. last Long quite sea voyageslong. This time canmay be be spent boring learning and monotonous more about because the places they usuallyvisited, last their quite history, long. geography, This time can and be nature. Manyspent learningtravelers more need about current the placesposition visited, data theirso that history, they geography,can link them and to nature. information Many about thetravelers places need they current are passing, position events data so that that theytook can place link in them them, to information etc. Users aboutof the the proposed Maritimeplaces they Educational are passing, eventsTrip (MET) that took system place incan them, link etc. geolocation Users of the information proposed Maritime with the accu- mulatedEducational knowledge Trip (MET) about system a specific can link location geolocation. The information proposed withsystem the pictorial accumulated diagram is shownknowledge in Figure about 2. a speciﬁc location. The proposed system pictorial diagram is shown in Figure2.

FigureFigure 2. Pictorial diagramdiagram of of the the Maritime Maritime Educational Educationa Tripl Trip (MET) (MET) system. system. Source: Source: prepared prepared by by thethe author. author. The system can be used to create personalized tourist routes. Each of the created routesThe should system have can a leadingbe used theme, to create e.g., person fauna andalized flora tourist living routes. at a specific Each location.of the created routesWhen oneshould knows have the a leading routes of theme, individual e.g., cruisefauna ships,and flora detailed living information at a specific about location. the When oneplaces knows one passes the routes can be of displayed individual for cruise defined sh locations.ips, detailed It can information include data about on the the place’s places one passeshistory, can fauna be and displayed flora, unique for defined landscape, locations. trivia, etc. It Suchcan include a solution data offers on multiple the place’s ways history, faunaof spending and flora, free timeunique during landscape, the journey trivia, and ofetc. expanding Such a solution one’s knowledge offers multiple of places ways of spendingalong the route,free time according during to the the journey tourist’s and interests. of expanding Moreover, one’s mobile knowledge application of users’places along thebehavior route, becomes according a source to the of tourist’s statistical interests. information. Moreover, Information mobile about application tourists’ choices users’ behav- concerning the most frequently displayed places will allow the application authors to improve tourist service management. Like most Internet forums, the platform should be a place of exchanging experience and industry information. Technological details of the proposed MET system are presented in Figure3 below with a supplementary description. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 8 of 22

ior becomes a source of statistical information. Information about tourists’ choices concerning the most frequently displayed places will allow the application authors to improve tourist service management. Like most Internet forums, the platform should be a Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 8 of 22 place of exchanging experience and industry information. Technological details of the proposed MET system are presented in Figure 3 below with a supplementary description.

FigureFigure 3. 3. TechnologicalTechnological structure structure of of the Maritime Educational Trip (MET) system. Source: prepared by the author.

TheThe system system assumes assumes the the existence of the following elements: 1. MobileMobile application: application: an application an application used used by a by user, a user, with with the thefollowing following main main tasks: tasks: - Providing- Providing the user the with user access with access to tourist to tourist routes routes stored stored in the in MET the METdatabase database with their with pointstheir of interest points of(POIs) interest (POIs) - Enabling the user to log on to the system, to make payments, and to browse - Enabling the user to log on to the system, to make payments, and to browse through through the contents of the private MET account the contents of the private MET account - User positioning based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technol- - User positioning based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology ogy and device orientation using an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and an elec- and device orientation using an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and an electronic com- tronic compass pass - Projection of a 3D image generated with a mobile camera onto a 2D display - Projection of a 3D image generated with a mobile camera onto a 2D display system system of the smartphone screen with the assumed parameters: of the smartphone screen with the assumed parameters: • Marker• Marker use for use thematic for thematic POIs POIsat a known at a known geographic geographic longitude, longitude, latitude, latitude, and altitude,and presented altitude, presented with pictograms with pictograms with a description with a description • • Use ofUse 3D of visualization 3D visualization for POIs for POIsat a known at a known geographic geographic longitude, longitude, latitude, latitude, and altitude,and presented altitude, presented with a description with a description • • SharingSharing data on data markers on markers and 3D and visualization 3D visualization for a forspecific a speciﬁc user user • Differentiation of the availability level for individual POIs and extra infor- • Differentiation of the availability level for individual POIs and extra information, depending on the user account status mation, depending on the user account status • “Depth” of AR visualization for the user’s current position - Recording video material with a mobile device with an expanded presentation in AR technology - Taking static images with a mobile camera (while using the application) with added POI descriptions and 3D models in the AR technology - Acquiring video images recorded while using the application Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 9 of 22

- Storing one’s images and POIs on the MET server (together with a description) 2. Account Internet interface: a browser application that makes the account management by the user easier and more convenient: - User account registration, modification, suspending, and removal - Payments - A quick review of the proposed standard journeys (set of POIs) intended for a specific type of cruise - The possibility of importing standard routes onto one’s locally saved routes with personalization of their points, the possibility of removing points, and adding one’s own 3. Financial account WWW interface: a browser application with which one can analyze and manage the payment and accounting department in the MET 4. Administrator’s network interface: a browser application responsible for the adminis- trative control of all the server-based MET elements: - Adding new routes with the global access status for MET users - Status changes for individual user groups and MET resource availability - Data update, etc. 5. Network services: part of the MET base responsible for: - MET business logic - data provision within the MET,including user status, account validity,and authorization 6. WWW server: a WWW server (e.g., Internet Information Services (IIS)) with application- hosting capability and content delivery with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol 7. Database server: a relational database server 8. Internet Payments External Operator: an external component with API, which allows for making and documenting safe payments, e.g., PayPal The market analysis was based on the following sources of information: surveys conducted in a group of people taking cruises, questionnaires/consultations among travel agency employees, analysis of available source materials, and consultations with specialists involved in the development of modern mobile applications. Surveys were conducted using forums/blogs devoted to maritime tourism and inland tourism (questionnaire attached at the end). In the first stage, 248 potential tourists were examined, of which almost 40% were working people and about 60% were students. Most tourists said they take part in sea excursions/boats once every few years (about 70%), and only 10% several times a year. Other tourists (20% of respondents) said they participate in cruises on average once a year. To run the MET application, it will be necessary to use the smartphone on board a cruise ship. According to preliminary surveys, respondents (around 93%) use smartphones during tourist cruises and would like to read information about the current surrounding landscape. Only 7% declared not using mobile devices during cruises. One of the MET’s functionalities will be putting the information about the object in the picture. Respondents (78%) are interested in a solution in which the name of the place where it is located in the picture will be added. The declared price that tourists are willing to pay for the described solution is 3 euros (78%), and only 4% of tourists are ready to pay for inserting information in the photo (amount of 10 euros). Surveys were also conducted among travel agency employees offering cruises. De- tailed results are presented in the graphs in the annex. The surveyed companies have on average 5 to 10 customers choosing a cruise on the Atlantic Ocean per year as a form of sight- seeing. In addition, 79% of respondents answered that tourists ask for additional information. Most of the respondents (86%) declared that multimedia presentations or other forms of visualization are not used during cruises. Most of the respondents declared that they mainly use the Internet and radio to advertise their offer. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 10 of 22

All respondents gave positive answers to questions 7–11: 7 Would you use the possibility of advertising in the tourist application? 8 Do you think that the application displaying the name of the tourist attraction when taking a photo would be a nice souvenir? 9 Would you use an application that would allow the use of augmented reality (displaying information about the image from the camera of a mobile device) to expand tourism programs (see the figure below)? 10 Would you recommend such an application to tourists using cruises? 11 Would you be able to pay for such an application? Based on market analyses in the proposed solution, we can distinguish two groups of recipients: - companies: B2B (customers—cruise companies, tourist agencies) - final users: B2C (users—tourists). The first analysis concerned potential buyers—people participating in cruises (group 1). The research was conducted on the awareness of potential buyers regarding new technologies. At the same time, the following were checked: technical requirements for AR applications (working environment of mobile devices), the extent of funds spent on the purchase of mobile applications, and interest in the proposed solution. A survey form was used to check the above-mentioned issues, and surveys were conducted among potential tourists (248 people). The second analysis focused on potential buyers—travel agencies offering boat cruises and other water transport (group 2). This group of buyers includes companies that organize or arrange water cruises and water transport. To find out the preferences of this group regarding the possibility of building a MET system, 14 companies were surveyed. The survey was conducted through direct contact and via the Internet. Table2 presents the proposed products. They are divided into two groups, depending on access, which can be free or paid. The proposed solution allows the client to check for free whether the users’ mobile phones have appropriate technical parameters to support AR application technology.

Table 2. Breakdown of services in the system, taking into account B2B and B2C customer groups.

Access Type Functionality B2B B2C - Registration in service - Company registration - Searching for extra tracks - Downloading the mobile application - Feedback for cruise ship owner with the possibility of displaying maps - Possibility to take 3 pictures with a with interesting places (presenting the 2D/3D information object - Downloading the mobile application basic most entertaining tourist routes in with the possibility of displaying maps

Free access GoogleMaps, for example) - Adding information about a track with interesting places (presenting the most entertaining tourist routes in GoogleMaps, for example)

- Augmented reality (AR) access that - Add attractions (3D models and enables to visualize shipwrecks and information) on ship routes geographical objects in real time - Receive market analysis basic - Taking pictures, together with the - Advertisement on the selected route Paid access description of geographic places and routes

2.2. System Architecture Augmented reality is increasingly often used in various applications. The simplest of them are based on dedicated pictorial markers. They are used on a mass scale in con- temporary mobile applications. In general, they refer to computer vision methods—image Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 11 of 22

- Augmented reality (AR) access that enables to - Add attractions (3D models and infor- visualize shipwrecks and geographical objects mation) on ship routes in real time

basic - Receive market analysis - Taking pictures, together with the description

Paid access access Paid - Advertisement on the selected route of geographic places and routes

2.2. System Architecture Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 11 of 22 Augmented reality is increasingly often used in various applications. The simplest of them are based on dedicated pictorial markers. They are used on a mass scale in contem- porary mobile applications. In general, they refer to computer vision methods—image detectiondetection (mainly (mainly flat ﬂat objects) objects) in ina real a real 3D 3D system system of ofcoordinates coordinates and and their their transformation transformation to theto the coordinate coordinate system system of ofa visualized a visualized 2D 2D scene—on scene—on the the screen screen or ordisplay display plane. plane. The The use use of ofgeolocation geolocation solutions solutions is another is another method method of ofmarking marking and and labeling labeling an anAR AR scene. scene. These These solutionssolutions are are applied applied in inthe the designed designed system system architecture. architecture. In Ina general a general view, view, the the proposed proposed systemsystem architecture architecture is shown is shown in inFigure Figure 4.4 .

Figure 4. Maritime Educational Trip (MET) system architecture diagram. Source: prepared by Figure 4. Maritime Educational Trip (MET) system architecture diagram. Source: prepared by the the author. author. It is assumed that the system architecture includes: It is assumed that the system architecture includes: - The positioning module: responsible for analysis of the real world. Sensors embedded - Thein positioning the device (measurement module: responsible sensors, for camera, analysis GNSS of the receiver) real world. will be Sensors used at embed- this stage. dedThe in the positioning device (measurement process runs sensors, in multiple came stages.ra, GNSS The receiver) ﬁrst stage will involves be used at position this stage.determination The positioning with process one or runs several in multiple sensors. stages. Subsequently, The first informationstage involves about posi- the tionposition determination is sent to with the system.one or several sensors. Subsequently, information about the - positionInteraction is sent module: to the system. a subsystem responsible for the process of communication (appli- - Interactioncation interaction) module: a with subsystem the user. responsible for the process of communication (ap- - plicationPresentation interaction) module: with a the subsystem user. responsible for displaying content with sound, - Presentationimage, feel, module: etc. a subsystem responsible for displaying content with sound, - image,World feel, module: etc. a database with information about the real world, with data on objects - Worldand methodsmodule: a of database their presentation. with information about the real world, with data on ob- - jectsCommunication: and methods of located their presentation. on the part of both the client and the server. This component is responsible for sending/receiving data with information about the presented objects. - Data ﬁltering: a module responsible for selection/adjustment of content to variable information acquired from the user position-tracing module (positioning, video stream) before it is displayed. - Browser: a module responsible for content selection based on queries generated by the system client. Data presentation with augmented reality requires the use of equipment that meets specified technical requirements. They are a consequence of the proposed solution architecture. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 12 of 22

2.3. Technical Service Feasibility 2.3.1. Solutions for Position Tracking and Orientation The following elements were analyzed during the system and its structure examina- tion: solutions for position tracking and orientation, contents of the presented AR scene, use of the mobile platform, and its software. For the proposed functionality, a MET requires GNSS positioning; therefore, the methods for its determination have to be distinguished, and the solution adaptability in the planned system must be evaluated. Currently, information about the user’s location can be obtained in the following manner: - The coordinates can be entered manually with external tools. - The coordinates can be entered actively with the following solutions: mechanically (detecting objects in the space); magnetically, with ultrasound (measurement of the dis- tance from obstacles—building a map of the surroundings and comparing it to saved maps); with a proximity sensor—for measurement of small distances; GNSS (the most popular mobile solution requiring an open space—the accuracy ranges from several to several dozen meters); Wi-Fi (WiPS/WFPS) within an accuracy of several meters; and the Global System for Mobile (GSM) positioning (mobile phone positioning). - Passively with internal sensors, such as a compass (enables simple mobile phone orientation in the Earth’s magnetic ﬁeld), an accelerometer (measures the linear accel- eration of a mobile phone movement), a gyroscope (gives an additional dimension to information provided by the angular velocity), a barometer (it can help the GNSS module to approach quickly the real altitude coordinate), and ComputerVision (mainly based on unique image markers that can be found on images captured by a camera with a possibility of assigning a location in the accepted space). - Hybrid: as a combination of the previously mentioned solutions. Since global positioning (in the general Earth view) and the relatively low computational capacity of mobile devices (computer vision-based solutions also have a low application potential) were adopted as the MET system application functional assumptions, a hybrid approach was adopted. It is a combination of GNSS-based positioning (global positioning) and accelerometer + compass + gyroscope (device orientation during the image acquisition—scene visualization based on an image from the mobile device camera). To fully control the calculation of the location of objects built by AR visualization in relation to the position of the user, a script created in the Unity environment using the C# programming language was used. The local system of rectangular rectilinear coordinates in which Unity describes the Euclidean space was used. It was assumed that the user at the beginning of the scene was located at the beginning of this system Po = (0,0,0), all objects for visualization were placed relatively to this location, and the user’s direction of view coincided with the azimuth of the axis of the camera he/she was using. Knowing the coordinates of the user’s position read from the GNSS receiver (in the WGS84 system) and the recorded locations of the scene objects (recorded in the same system), the average Earth radius for the scene location was determined based on the formula: √ Ro = M × N (1)

where: M = radius of curvature in the meridian

a1 − e2 M = 3 (2) 1 − e2 sin2 j 2

N = radius of curvature in the prime vertical a N = 1 (3) 1 − e2 sin2 j 2 Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 13 of 22

A = ellipsoidal equatorial radius (a = 6 378.137 km for model WGS-84) e = the eccentricity of ellipsoid (e2 = 0.00669437999 for model WGS-84) j− geodetic latitude (positive north)—center of the scene Assuming limited visualization accuracy—not exceeding 0.5 m—it was reasonable to simplify the Earth surface model to a spherical surface with previously calculated Ro. For such a model, azimuths A to all points in the scene from the user’s point of view and distances Dr were calculated (Equations (4) and (5)).

cos dr = sin ϕo sin ϕo + cos ϕo cos ϕ cos (λ − λo) (dr in radians) (4)

sin(λ − λ ) cos φ sin A = o (5) sin d where: λ = longitude of the location of the scene object λo = longitude of the geographical location of the user ϕ = latitude of the location of the scene object ϕo = latitude of your location With these values, objects were placed in the Unity scene (3D rectangular system) using Equations (6)–(8): x = dr × Rosin A (6)

Y = dr × Rocos A (7)

Z = E − Eo (8) where: E and Eo are the ellipsoidal heights of the visualization object and the user’s camera, respectively.

2.3.2. Compliance with the Service Requirements The study (surveys, technical analyses, market competition analysis, and consultations) resulted in two groups of service requirements: necessary and optional. The following requirements were assigned to each group based on what is expected of the MET system and its operating application. Necessary requirements: - The application should be available for various systems (Android, IOS, Windows). - Models displayed in the AR (2D and 3D) should be entered from a device on which an application is run, following its downloading via mobile Internet. The user will indicate the type of information of interest to him/her that should be displayed in AR to choose the suitable models together with the application. - The application should be available in several language versions. Optional requirements: - The possibility to choose a more attractive cruise route and to create one’s educational path. - The possibility to take conventional photos with added augmented reality information and the geographic name. - The application will have a common interface for users to share their experience and knowledge. - The application will have a module to send alerts of any Internet access problems along the user-deﬁned route. - The application will be able to display information about a selected AR object. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 14 of 22 Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 14 of 22

- The possibility to take conventional photos with added augmented reality infor- - The possibility to take conventional photos with added augmented reality information and the geographic name. mation and the geographic name. - The application will have a common interface for users to share their experience and - The application will have a common interface for users to share their experience and knowledge. knowledge. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 - The application will have a module to send alerts of any Internet access problems14 of 22 - The application will have a module to send alerts of any Internet access problems along the user-defined route. along the user-defined route. - The application will be able to display information about a selected AR object. - The application will be able to display information about a selected AR object. 3.3. Presentation Presentation of of a a Test Test Version Version of of the the Application Application for for the the MET MET System System 3. Presentation of a Test Version of the Application for the MET System AnAn exampleexample AndroidAndroid application was develo developedped for for these these assumptions. assumptions. The The test test ap- applicationAn example main screenAndroid is shownapplication in Figure was5 develo. Modelsped displayed for these inassumptions. AR (2D and The 3D) test were application main screen is shown in Figure 5. Models displayed in AR (2D and 3D) were enteredplication from main the screen device is with shown the in application Figure 5. afterModels it was displayed downloaded in AR from (2D theand Internet. 3D) were entered from the device with the application after it was downloaded from the Internet. entered from the device with the application after it was downloaded from the Internet.

Figure 5. Test application main screen. Source: prepared by the author. FigureFigure 5.5.Test Test application application main main screen. screen. Source: Source: preparedprepared by by the the author. author. The user indicates earlier which images/events are of interest to him/her and which TheThe useruser indicatesindicates earlier earlier which which images/events images/events areare ofof interest interest to to him/her him/her andand whichwhich should be displayed in the AR technology, and the application downloads the appropriate shouldshould bebe displayeddisplayed inin thethe ARAR technology,technology, and and thethe applicationapplication downloadsdownloads the the appropriateappropriate models.models. AllAll thethe positionspositions andand descriptions descriptions ofof objects objects visualized visualized in in AR AR scenes scenes in in the the test test models. All the positions and descriptions of objects visualized in AR scenes in the test versionversion were were stored stored on on a a WWW WWW server server and and were were downloaded downloaded from from it it with with the the HTTPS HTTPS version were stored on a WWW server and were downloaded from it with the HTTPS protocolprotocol each each time time thethe METMET mobilemobile applicationapplication waswas run. Currently, the application has has a protocol each time the MET mobile application was run. Currently, the application has a afile ﬁle with with information information about tourist attractions and thingsthings worthworth seeingseeing inin the the analyzed analyzed file with information about tourist attractions and things worth seeing in the analyzed spacespace (Figure (Figure6 ).6). space (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Test application main screen—a frame with historical material [65] displayed in AR. Source: prepared by the author.

The way of data registration for an individual tourist offer, as proposed now, is not final, but it indicates an absence of conflicts when information resources change. The final version will involve data storage in a relational database, from which data can be retrieved by way of queries to be sent as a single data stream to the client application. Apart from these functions, the application can display information about a selected object (Figure7). Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 15 of 23

Figure 6. Test application main screen—a frame with historical material [65] displayed in AR. Source: prepared by the author.

The way of data registration for an individual tourist offer, as proposed now, is not final, but it indicates an absence of conflicts when information resources change. The final Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 version will involve data storage in a relational database, from which data can be retrieved15 of 22 by way of queries to be sent as a single data stream to the client application. Apart from these functions, the application can display information about a selected object (Figure 7).

FigureFigure 7.7.Test Test application application main main screen—text screen—text information information about about a selecteda selected object. object. Source: Source: prepared prepared by theby author.the author.

Moreover,Moreover, a a user user can can take take a conventional a conventional photo photo of the of realthe worldreal world and superimposeand superimpose on it ARon information,it AR information, which will which enable will a dual enable perception a dual of perception the terrain fragment.of the terrain Ultimately, fragment. the applicationUltimately, will the have application a common will interface have fora userscommon to share interface their experience for users andto knowledge.share their experienceThe system and knowledge. concept proposes a prototype solution to verify the basic assumptions of theThe system. system The concept presented proposes version a prototype is created solu for mobiletion to verify devices the based basic on assumptions the Android of system.the system. The The solution presented related version to the is choice create ofd languagefor mobile version devices is based based on on the the Android default languagesystem. The settings solution in the related phone. to Afterthe choice starting of thelanguage application version installation, is based on one the language default versionlanguage will settings be automatically in the phone. installed. After starting Thissolution the application was adopted installation, in order one to language reduce theversion size ofwill the be application automatically and installed. minimize This the solution downloaded was adopted data for in display. order to Taking reduce into the accountsize of the the application implementation and minimize cycle of thethe application,downloaded we data started for display. the tests Taking with ainto minimum account rangethe implementation of functionality. cycle Only of afterthe application, the users accept we started the proposed the tests solutionwith a minimum based on range their requirementsof functionality. collected Only inafter surveys the andusers face-to-face accept the interviews proposed will solution new functionalities based on their be added to the system.

4. Discussion of the MET System Proposal 4.1. Discussion of Technical Solutions The authors are aware of the technical risks associated with implementing the MET project. The risk is defined in three groups. The first one applies to AR technology and the pace of change in it. Problems/limitations of the solution flexibility and their integration with other technologies could emerge during the MET system construction. The technological solutions that use AR could soon become obsolete. Second, this technology is associated with mobile devices. The most popular mobile devices (smartphones) are used mainly as mobile phones. Their other functionalities (positioning, photo/video recording, activity monitoring, etc.) are only supplementary. However, the additional functionality requires large amounts of energy. One should bear in mind that energy demand from an application affects the battery efficiency in popular mobile devices. Another threat is the flexibility of the target application for various devices operating under various operating systems. There is also a human factor. A team of specialists/software developers—experts in AR and its integration, e.g., with the GNSS—is needed to develop the system. The team members have to cooperate effectively and must be aware of the issues they will have to face during the task completion (chance factors, illness, accidents, lack of skills, etc.). The technical risks associated with the MET system development are listed in Table3. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 16 of 22

Table 3. Threats and proposed actions to limit the risks associated with the MET system. Source: prepared by the author.

Risk Identification Description Probability Severity Preventive Measures Filter information, save The AR system must handle useful information, discard Technological solutions huge amounts of Medium High unneeded data, and information. display it conveniently. Test the application on a The diversity of operating different mobile device systems in the mobile device model. market is still an unsolved Implement a dedicated A version of the mobile problem. It affects the Medium High application for a specific operating system potential for problems with mobile device type. the correct running of Publish a list of supported applications on various devices on the project device types (models). website. Medium The application will Prepare data for cheaper Real-time data processing on Mobile device run slowly but will devices—lower resolution cheap devices can be Medium efficiency not be shut down. and lower image detail problematic. Only work comfort level. will decrease. Operation in off-line The application will store mode—due to high transfer data in the external device cost outside one’s GSM or memory—expansion cards, Wi-Fi network—requires that e.g., SD. Their cost is low No internal memory Low High data be downloaded on the (it is not a problem to a mobile device earlier and client)—they can be used when the application is replaced while working used off-line. with the device. Running the Application use near large application on a device obstacles causes problems, Our project is intended for that cannot access the Low High and it can render e-GNSS external use. GNSS because of positioning impossible. terrain obstacles Use of a device uncalibrated against a compass or accelerometer can result in Wrong accelerometer application Medium Mean Calibration. and compass readings maloperation—imprecise detection of the device orientation. Determination of a specific GPS position results in Use of sensors: camera, switching off the receiver, GNSS receiver, and stopping the image Battery discharge accelerometer (especially Medium Mean recording, and switching simultaneous use) may off the camera. Use of discharge the battery. external power sources—power banks.

4.2. Discussion of Business Solutions The business model is deﬁned by the connections between the elements from three areas: market model, products and services model, operating model. The proposed business model is presented in Table4. SustainabilitySustainability 2021 2021, 13, 13, 7172, 7172 1717 of of22 22

Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 4.2. Discussion of Business Solutions 17 of 22 Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 4.2. Discussion of Business Solutions 17 of 22

TheThe business business model model is isdefined defined by by the the connections connections between between the the elements elements from from three three areas:areas: market market model, model, products products and and services services model, model, operating operating model. model. The The proposed proposed busi- busi- ness model is presented in Table 4. 4.2. nessDiscussion4.2. Discussionmodel of is Business presented of Business Solutions in Solutions Table 4. The Thebusiness business model model is defined is defined by the by connectionsthe connections between between the elementsthe elements from from three three TableTable 4. 4.The The Business Business Model Model Canvas Canvas designed designed for for the the Maritime Maritime Educational Educational Trip Trip (MET). (MET). areas:areas: market market model, model, products products and andservices services model, model, operating operating model. model. The Theproposed proposed busi- busi- Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 17 of 22 SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainability 2021 2021 ,2021 13, ,13 7172, 13, 7172, 7172 ness model is presented in Table 4. 17 17of17 of22 of 22 22 ness model is presented in Table 4.

TableTable 4. The 4. BusinessThe Business Model Model Canvas Canvas designed designed for the for Maritime the Maritime Educational Educational Trip Trip(MET). (MET). 4.2.4.2. Discussion Discussion of Businessof Business Solutions Solutions 4.2. 4.2.Discussion Discussion of Business of Business Solutions Solutions

KeyKey Activities Activities TheTheThe Thebusiness business businessbusiness model model modelmodel is isdefined is definedis defineddefined by by the byby the theconnectionsthe connections connectionsconnections between between betweenbetween the the theelementsthe elements elementselements from from fromfrom three three threethree ValueValue Propositions Propositions CustomerCustomer Relationships Relationships CustomerCustomer Segments Segments areas:areas: market market model, model, products products and and services services model, model, operating operating model. model. The The proposed proposed busi- busi- areas:areas: market market model, model, products products and and services services model, model, operating operating model. model. 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server Website/system monitoring Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 18 of 22

A key element in understanding how to complete and interpret the canvas model is to fill it in and read it from right to left. Starting from the segmentation of customers, we can define what kind of relationship we will have with them and what channels we will use to reach them. With the customer profile, we can define what will be the value of our service. The next step is to determine the key activities we need to undertake to implement our project and to identify the key resources necessary to launch it. Then we move on to the key partners necessary for the business idea to work. With the necessary information about customers, resources, and needs, we can determine our costs, and finally, we are able to determine the sources of income. Based on the canvas model, the entire business model is visualized.

5. Summary and Conclusions Each implementation of a new market solution starts with analyses conducted in three areas: users’ needs and requirements, technological possibilities, and business solutions. The final product is a result of combining these three areas and finding an optimal solution that is a combination of them (usually, none of the parts dominates over the others). Especially important is the matching of technical solutions to user needs and business calculations regarding the costs of system implementation and future potential impacts. In the augmented reality literature, few studies combine these three areas, especially concerning the maritime trip. This causes companies implementing augmented-reality- based solutions to start from scratch each time. The literature focuses on proposing detailed technological solutions or on describing business models independently. The services described in the manuscript and the solutions adopted will allow users to streamline the process of implementing similar projects. The development cycle of a given product is linked to technology readiness levels (TRL). The manuscript shows proposed technical solutions, which are based on market and business analyses. The presented system design combines mobile device positioning and image display technologies with additional information (augmented reality). Ultimately, the system will provide a tool for mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) that uses positioning data to display information about a selected object/event at a specified place. Such a solution allows for developing interactive tourist guides, provides options for spending free time during a voyage, and provides options for expanding one’s knowledge. Passengers can get information about what happened at different points of their cruise route, e.g., a sea battle or a sunken ship. Tourists can also get information about the flora and fauna (e.g., a coral reef, cod, dolphin, or whale routes) and geographic data (geological structure, sea currents, high and low tides, weather phenomena, etc.). This information can be provided as a 3D image with AR technology, video clips, sounds, and text information. It creates an opportunity for learning about reality in a deeper and fuller way—for example, a 3D visualization of a shipwreck supplemented with a historical event description or a 3D visualization of a fish shoal, with sound and text information. The proposed model includes several types of feedback—an attractive app attracts the interest of tourists. Using the application, not only do they absorb new information, but they are also more willing to use water excursions. This in turn translates into the operation of water carriers, causing the frequency of use of this form of tourism to increase. In addition to making trips more attractive, a great added value is the increase in knowledge. Apart from predefined routes, the system allows for creating user-defined ones. A user can specify the start and end points before each voyage. This information can be used to download the necessary information about the route to the mobile device, and then (during the voyage) it can be used based on the determined position. There are two potential groups of system users. The first one includes individuals. These are water tourists, looking for new solutions to enrich their voyages and experience and to expand their knowledge about the world. The system can also be used by travelers/bloggers. According to estimates, there are tens of thousands of active travel blogs on the Internet and they can make a sort of a promotional sphere—application users (bloggers) Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 19 of 22

can define their routes and tourists can follow them. The system can be a new tool for them, both for planning and for sharing their travel experience. The other group is institutional users, e.g., travel offices offering cruise ship voyages and water carriers operating those services. This group is interested in reaching wide groups of end customers and in maintaining an attractive and diverse offer. To keep up with technological progress, travel offices have to sell their services via modern mobile applications. This application can complement guide services on passenger ships. Accord- ing to the saying “An image is worth more than a thousand words,” additional visual information will help a user to obtain new knowledge about the reality he/she is watching. The proposed solution also allows for developing interactive tourist guides. All of this has the potential to increase the number of tourists using this form of leisure and, as a result, to increase revenues and develop companies operating in this industry. The proposed solution may bring measurable benefits, especially to small waterborne tourism operators. Short cruises on small water reservoirs are treated by tourists as one-offs. They assume that there is nothing attractive about traveling the same route again. Making a trip more attractive, taking into account the model proposed in the paper, may result in the same people making multiple trips. A trip on a small body of water, which consists of contemplation of the landscape and natural values, even if the route is changed, does not bring anything new to the area of experiences. However, using the proposed solution, even a slight change in the route of the journey will translate into new information provided by the application, and thus the next journey will be different from the previous one. What is important, in the presented model, by combining leisure and education, cruise operators have an impact on shaping the tourist offer by adding new routes—they define the coordinates and the related scope of educational information in the form of text, audio, video, and 3D models. Importantly, tourists can also influence the design of the route according to their needs and interests. These activities result in diversification of the offer, new scope of information, and knowledge. Making the trip more attractive this way seems to be beneficial both for the provider and for the recipient of the services. In conclusion, new technological solutions allow for the development of new tourism products and services [66–70]. Due to the consumption-oriented nature of tourism, it is open to new solutions and adapts them rapidly. Technological progress contributes to enriching the tourist offer. Augmented reality is a manifestation of a new technological trend increasingly often observed in various branches of tourism. A combination of the real world and a computer-generated one helps to expand the tourist space. From a practical point of view of implementing the solution combining R&D work, the next stage of work is a pilot of the solution. The main task of which is to continue the study of users’ opinions on the adopted solutions: technical, visual, and substantive in terms of the presented content and intuitiveness of use. We should also pay attention to the rapid development of technical capabilities in the field of visualization of objects in augmented reality. A particularly important role in this respect will be played by the technical department associated with the issues of digital twins.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.K., A.S., C.K., G.G. and A.J.; methodology, R.K., C.K., G.G. and A.J.; formal analysis, R.K., C.K., G.G. and A.J.; writing—original draft preparation, A.S. and R.K.; writing—review and editing, visualization, R.K.; project administration, R.K. All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the European Space Agency (grant no. 4000125701/18/NL/FGL). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂict of interest. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7172 20 of 22

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