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EMPA-Libro-Persuasiv TA 46e/2005 Report of the Centre for Technology Assessment The Precautionary Principle in the Information Society Effects of Pervasive Computing on Health and Environment Lorenz Hilty, Siegfried Behrendt, Mathias Binswanger Arend Bruinink, Lorenz Erdmann, Jürg Fröhlich Andreas Köhler, Niels Kuster, Claudia Som Felix Würtenberger www.ta-swiss.ch This study was originally drawn up for TA SWISS and was published in August 2003 (Reference „Das Vorsorgeprinzip in der Informationsgesellschaft - Auswirkungen des Pervasive Computing auf Gesundheit und Umwelt“). Authors: Prof. Dr. Lorenz M. Hilty (Project leader) Siegfried Behrendt (Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung, Berlin) Prof. Dr. Mathias Binswanger (Fachhochschule Solothurn Nordwestschweiz, Olten) Dr. Arend Brunink (EMPA, St. Gallen) Lorenz Erdmann (Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung, Berlin) Dr. Jürg Fröhlich (IT’IS Foundation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich) Andreas Köhler (EMPA, St. Gallen) Prof. Dr. Niels Kuster (IT’IS Foundation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich) Claudia Som (EMPA, St. Gallen) Felix Württemberger (Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung, Berlin) Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Lorenz M. Hilty Technology and Society Lab Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA) Tel: ++41 (0)71 2747-345 Fax: ++41 (0)71 2747-862 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.empa.ch/tsl This study was drawn up on the instructions of TA-SWISS and translated by STOA (Scientific and Technological Options Assessment) at the European Parliament into English. Published in Scientific and Technological Options Assessment Serie STOA 125 EN by the European Parliament, Directoreate-General for internal policies of the Union. TA-SWISS and the authors of the study wish to express their gratitude to the European Parliament for the translation of the report and the kind collaboration. Manuscript completed in August 2004. Luxembourg, European Parliament, 2004. Second revised edition released by EMPA and TA-SWISS in February 2005. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. All rights in this publication continue to be held by TA-SWISS. Editor: TA-SWISS Center for Technology Assessment Birkenweg 61 CH-3003 Berne Phone++41 (0) 31 322 99 63 Fax ++41 (0) 31 323 36 59 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.ta-swiss.ch ISBN-Nr. 3-908174-21-X The Precautionary Principle in the Information Society Effects of Pervasive Computing on Health and Environnement Lorenz Hilty Siegfried Behrendt Mathias Binswanger Arend Bruinink Lorenz Erdmann Jürg Fröhlich Andreas Köhler Niels Kuster Claudia Som Felix Würtenberger February 2005 TA 46e/2005 www.ta-swiss.ch This study was commissioned by TA-SWISS and conducted by the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), St. Gallen, and the Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment (IZT), Berlin, in collaboration with the University of Applied Sciences Solothurn Northwestern Switzerland (FHSO), Olten, and the Institute for Business Ethics at the University of St. Gallen (IWE-HSG). The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH) was entrusted, within the framework of a separate assignment, with preparing the annex on Electromagnetic Field Exposure. Authors: Prof. Dr. Lorenz M. Hilty, EMPA, St. Gallen, Project leader Siegfried Behrendt, IZT, Berlin Prof. Dr. Mathias Binswanger, FHSO, Olten Dr. Arne Bruinink, EMPA, St. Gallen Lorenz Erdmann, IZT, Berlin Dr. Jürg Fröhlich, IT’IS, ETH Zürich Andreas Köhler, EMPA, St. Gallen Prof. Dr. Niels Kuster, IT’IS, ETH Zürich Claudia Som, EMPA, St. Gallen Felix Würtenberger, IZT, Berlin Additional Contributors: Dr. Johannes Gauglhofer, EMPA, St. Gallen Dr. York Lunau, IWE-HSG, St. Gallen Pierre-André Magnin, Communication in Science, Genf Support Group: Prof. Dr. Albert Kündig, Communication Technology Laboratory, ETH Centre Zurich, Chairman of the Support Group, TA-SWISS Steering Committee Dr. Bernard Aebischer, Centre for Energy Policy and Economics, ETH Centre WEC, Zurich Dr. Jürg Baumann, Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forest and Landscape, Bern Carmen Baumeler, Electronics Laboratory, ETH, Zurich Sabine Brenner, Federal Office for Communication, Biel/Bienne Dr. Regula Gysler, Doctors for the Environment, Dürnten Prof. Dr. Peter Leuthold, Communication Technology Laboratory, ETH Centre, Zurich René Longet, Equiterre, Geneva, TA-SWISS Steering Committee Dr. Mirjana Moser, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Bern Prof. Dr. Beat Sitter-Liver, Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bern, TA-SWISS Steering Committee Dr. Walter Steinlin, Swisscom, Bern Project Supervision TA-SWISS: Dr. Sergio Bellucci, Managing Director TA-SWISS Dr. Danielle Bütschi, Project Manager TA-SWISS Table of contents ZUSAMMENFASSUNG............................................................................................................................3 RESUMÉ.....................................................................................................................................................8 SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................................14 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................19 1.1 INITIAL SITUATION: PERVASIVE COMPUTING AS TECHNOLOGICAL VISION .................................20 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF THIS STUDY ......................................................................23 1.3 DEFINITION OF THE OBJECT OF THE STUDY.................................................................................24 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THIS TA STUDY .................................................................................................26 2 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE, SUSTAINABILITY AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY.................................................................................................27 2.1 PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE ......................................................................................................27 2.2 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY............................................32 2.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................34 2.4 SUSTAINABILITY AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY ....................................................................38 2.5 OTHER ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY..........................................................39 2.6 CONCLUSION: A NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THIS TA STUDY ...............................................43 3 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS.....................................................................................45 3.1 MICROELECTRONICS: MORE POWERFUL, SMALLER AND CHEAPER .............................................45 3.2 NETWORKING OF DEVICES AND OBJECTS ...................................................................................47 3.3 USER INTERFACES......................................................................................................................57 3.4 IDENTIFICATION, LOCATION AND CONTEXT SENSITIVITY ...........................................................59 3.5 SOFTWARE AGENTS....................................................................................................................61 3.6 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ...........................................................................................................62 3.7 CONCLUSION: WHAT IS NEW IN PERVASIVE COMPUTING?.........................................................65 4 DEVELOPMENTS IN SELECTED FIELDS OF APPLICATION ...........................................67 4.1 HOUSING ...................................................................................................................................70 4.2 TRANSPORT ...............................................................................................................................75 4.3 WORK........................................................................................................................................83 4.4 HEALTH .....................................................................................................................................89 4.5 WEARABLES ..............................................................................................................................94 4.6 DIGITAL INFORMATION AND HOME ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA....................................................101 4.7 SMART LABELS AND OTHER AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS ........................................106 4.8 INTERIM CONCLUSION: THE PERVASIVE COMPUTING TREND ...................................................112 4.9 THREE SCENARIOS FOR PERVASIVE COMPUTING......................................................................114 5 EFFICIENCY AND REBOUND EFFECTS...............................................................................121 5.1 INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND EFFICIENCY..................................................................121 5.2 EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY..............................................................................................122 5.3
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