DOCSLIB.ORG

Printed Scholarly Books and E-Book Reading Devices: a Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Book Options

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Printed Scholarly Books and E-Book Reading Devices: a Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Book Options Report No. CSS03-04 August 24, 2003 Printed Scholarly Books and E-book Reading Devices: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Book Options Greg Kozak Printed Scholarly Books and E-book Reading Devices: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Book Options By: Greg Kozak A project submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Resource Policy and Behavior) School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan Ann Arbor August 23 , 2003 Faculty Advisors: Associate Research Scientist Gregory A. Keoleian, Chair Professor Jonathan Bulkley A report of the Center for Sustainable Systems Report No. CSS03-04 Document Description PRINTED SCHOLARLY BOOKS AND E-BOOK READING DEVICES: A COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF TWO BOOK OPTIONS Greg Kozak Center for Sustainable Systems, Report No. CSS03-04 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan August 23, 2003 248 pp., tables, figures, 23 appendices This document is available online at: http://css.snre.umich.edu Center for Sustainable Systems School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan 440 Church Street, Dana Building Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041 Phone: 734-764-1412 Fax: 734-647-5841 Email: [email protected] Web: http://css.snre.umich.edu © Copyright 2003 by the Regents of the University of Michigan ABSTRACT Books have endured because they are remarkably well engineered; they are easy to use, portable, relatively cost-effective, and they require no instructions or manuals for their use. Despite their utility, however, conventional books published on paper have numerous limitations. Traditional, print-based books can be extremely costly to produce, store, ship, and sell. Less evident, however, are the environmental burdens associated with the infrastructure and activities necessary to produce and deliver the conventional book. With the advantage of being able to store thousands of pages of text and graphics in a single portable device, dedicated electronic reading devices (e-readers), on the other hand, are gaining in popularity. Several of these e-readers are now on the market and hold promise for the future of electronic publications in history, science and technology. This paper presents the findings of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of two different book options – electronic and print. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) to investigate the life cycle environmental aspects of e-publishing of scholarly books and e-book reading devices (i.e. e- readers); and (2) to apply the life cycle models to a variety of scholarly e-book applications and compare LCA results for traditional print based counterparts. This study compared the life-cycle burdens and impacts of a college student reading 40 scholarly books and the equivalent amount of digitized information (53.6-MB) using a dedicated e-book reading device. Total primary energy, material and water requirements, air and water pollutant emissions, and solid wastes for each system were evaluated. By comparing these two book options, this study provides industry, consumers, and policy makers with valuable information necessary to make environmentally informed decisions regarding e-book technologies. E-reader critics have rightfully argued that e-readers are not conducive to long sessions of reading text from a screen, lack the tactile appeal and “atmosphere” of conventional books, and are inconvenient in the sense that they represent yet another device that the user must purchase and learn to use. However, from an environmental standpoint, it is difficult to argue against the integration of e-readers into a school’s curriculum, especially if the original user chooses to retain rather than resell the book or if the utility of owning the book expires (i.e. the book is discarded). The most notable observations gleaned from this study are as follows: • Environmental burdens associated with electronic book storage (i.e. server storage) are small when compared to the physical storage of books (i.e. bookstore). • E-readers eliminate personal transportation-related burdens since they allow for instant accessibility to digitized texts (i.e. anywhere there is Internet access). • E-readers are more compact and are less material intensive than the equivalent number of printed books. • Although the most significant contributor to the e-reader’s LCA results, electricity generation for e-reader use had less of an environmental impact than did paper production for the conventional book system. The intention of this study is not discourage the use of the printed book. Rather, this paper provides industry, consumers, and policy makers with a better understanding of the potential environmental impacts associated with traditional and electronic book systems. Further, this study also provides another case study examining the relationship between information technology and the environment that can contribute to product design improvements and the development of more sustainable technologies. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to Brad Allenby and others at the AT & T Industrial Ecology Fellowship Program, whose generous financial support made this thesis possible. Thank you to the people at Edwards Brothers, Inc., particularly Steve Schultz, for your participation and co-operation in this study. Many thanks also to the industry representatives and other interested parties who participated in this study. Thank you to the University of Michigan faculty/staff members who have assisted in the course of this work. In particular, Frank Filisko, professor – Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, and Frannie Skomurski, PhD student – Department of Geological Sciences provided invaluable assistance and technical support. Thank you to staff at the Center for Sustainable Systems, especially David Gard and Marc Melaina, who generously donated their time and expertise in the form of several peer reviews during the course of this project. Thanks to all of my friends an family for your unending love and patience. Most importantly, I thank my committee advisor, Gregory Keoleian, for his continuous guidance, inspiration, and enthusiasm. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 ORIGINS OF STUDY_____________________________________________________________ 1 1.1.1 Electronic Publishing, E-books, and Their Impacts _______________________________ 1 1.1.2 Focus on E-readers ________________________________________________________ 2 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF TOPIC _________________________________________________________ 2 1.2.1 Impact of Disruptive Technologies ____________________________________________ 2 1.2.2 Growth in Interest over E-books ______________________________________________ 3 1.3 METHOD OF INQUIRY ___________________________________________________________ 4 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT ______________________________________________________ 4 2 AN OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AND E-BOOKS_____________________ 5 2.1 WHAT IS ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING? _______________________________________________ 5 2.2 WHAT ARE E-BOOKS? __________________________________________________________ 5 2.3 E-BOOK NICHES _______________________________________________________________ 5 2.4 GENERAL BENEFITS OF E-BOOKS __________________________________________________ 6 2.5 E-READER ADVANTAGES ________________________________________________________ 7 2.6 GENERAL LIMITATIONS OF E-BOOKS _______________________________________________ 7 2.7 E-READER LIMITATIONS_________________________________________________________ 8 3 METHODOLOGY _______________________________________________________________ 9 3.1 LCA COMPONENTS ___________________________________________________________ 10 3.1.1 Goal Definition and Scope__________________________________________________ 10 3.1.2 Inventory Analysis ________________________________________________________ 10 3.1.3 Impact Assessment________________________________________________________ 10 3.1.4 Life Cycle Interpretation ___________________________________________________ 11 3.2 LCA BENEFITS_______________________________________________________________ 11 3.3 LCA LIMITATIONS ____________________________________________________________ 11 4 GOAL DEFINITION AND SCOPE ________________________________________________ 12 4.1 INTRODUCTION_______________________________________________________________ 12 4.1.1 Purpose of Study _________________________________________________________ 12 4.1.2 Previous Research ________________________________________________________ 12 4.1.3 Intended Audience and Use of Study __________________________________________ 13 4.2 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES _________________________________________________________ 13 4.3 GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS _______________________________________________________ 14 4.4 FUNCTIONAL UNIT ____________________________________________________________ 14 4.5 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS ________________________________________________________ 16 4.5.1 Traditional Book System ___________________________________________________ 17 4.5.1.1 Material Production Stage ________________________________________________________ 17 4.5.1.2 Manufacturing Stage ____________________________________________________________ 17 4.5.1.3 Distribution Stage______________________________________________________________ 17 4.5.1.4 Use Stage_____________________________________________________________________ 17 4.5.1.5 End of Life Stage _______________________________________________________________ 17 4.5.2
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Exploring New Frontiers of Electronic Publishing in Biomedical Science
    Distinguished Editors Series Singapore Med J 2009; 50 (3) : 230 50 years of publication Exploring new frontiers of electronic publishing in biomedical science Ng K H ABSTRACT • Fully searchable, navigable, retrievable, impact- Publishing is a hallmark of good scientific rankable research papers. research. The aim of publishing is to disseminate • Access to research data. new research knowledge and findings as widely • For free, for all, forever. as possible in a timely and efficient manner. Scientific publishing has evolved over the years EVOLUTION OF ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING with the advent of new technologies and demands. The term, “Electronic Publishing”, is primarily used This paper presents a brief discussion on the today to refer to the current practice of online and web- evolution and status of electronic publishing. based publishing. However, it is also used to describe the The Open Access Initiative was created with the development of new forms of production, distribution, and aim of overcoming various limitations faced by user interaction with regard to computer-based production traditional publishing access models. Innovations of text and other interactive media. Electronic publishing have opened up possibilities for electronic also includes the publication of ebooks and electronic publishing to increase the accessibility, visibility, articles, as well as the development of digital libraries and interactivity and usability of research. A glimpse catalogues.(4,5) of the future publishing landscape has revealed Electronic publishing has become common in scholarly that scientific communication and research will publications where it has been argued that this mode of not remain the same. The internet and advances in publishing is in the process of replacing peer reviewed information technology will have an impact on the scientific journals.
    [Show full text]
  • Electronic Reading Devices: Are They Hurting Or Helping the Print Publishing Industry?
    Electronic Reading Devices: Are They Hurting or Helping the Print Publishing Industry? by Savannah Nikkole Wesley B.A., Middle Tennessee State University, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Mass Communications Department of Mass Communications In the Graduate School Middle Tennessee State University March, 2014 DEDICATION I’d like to dedicate this paper to my son Jeremiah Eden Wesley. Jeremiah you are my inspiration and the reason I keep going and working hard to better myself. I hope that gaining my Master’s degree not only opens doors in my life, but in yours also. It is my sincerest hope that every moment spent away from you in writing this thesis only shows you how sacrifice and dedication to improving yourself can give you a brighter future. I love you my son. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank Dr. Reineke for hours of invaluable assistance during the arduous research and writing portion of this paper. Additionally I sincerely appreciate all of my committee members for taking the time to give me your insights and feedback throughout this process. Finally, I’d like to thank Howard Books for three years of invaluable work and insight into many aspects of the publishing industry, which ultimately inspired the topic of this research thesis. iii Abstract With ever-evolving and emerging technology making an impact on today’s society, examining how this technology affects mass media is essential. This study attempts to delve into an emerging media - electronic reading devices - and research how they are changing the publishing industry by looking into the arenas of newspaper, magazine, and book publishing as well as at consumers of print media on a larger scale.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Books: Understanding the Basics June 2009 by Jane Lee, California Digital Library
    E-books: Understanding the Basics June 2009 by Jane Lee, California Digital Library What exactly is an e-book anyway? Before we can talk about ebooks and the issues surrounding them, we must define what an e- book is. This is not as easy as one may think. Although e-books appear in headlines with regular frequency these days, there is still confusion about what exactly an e-book is that makes it difficult to focus on the real issues. For many people, especially in the last few years, an e-book is a handheld device whose main purpose is to look and act like a book. For others, an e-book is a book that one can read on one’s computer. And for a growing number of people, an e-book is something that you can read on your PDA, smartphone, iPod, etc. E-books made their first big splash on the market a decade ago, but they didn’t quite catch on with the general public. PDAs were taking a foothold, and companies began developing software that allowed people to read books on them. Subscription services for e-books – NetLibrary, for example – have been available to library patrons who have access to the required platform. The first dedicated, handheld electronic reading device, the Rocket ebook, made its appearance in 19981, but it wasn’t until the release of the Sony Reader and Amazon’s Kindle that e-book readers seemed commercially viable2. The arguments and questions about e-books – about their past, present, and future – that people formulate are shaped by how they define e-books for themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Interoperability of Ebook Formats
    It is widely seen as a serious problem that European as well as international customers who have bought an ebook from one of the international ebook retailers implicitly subscribe to this retailer as their sole future ebook On the Interoperability supplier, i.e. in effect, they forego buying future ebooks from any other supplier. This is a threat to the qualified European book distribution infrastructure and hence the European book culture, since subscribers to one of these of eBook Formats ebook ecosystems cannot buy future ebooks from privately owned community-located bricks & mortar booksellers engaging in ebook retailing. This view is completely in line with the Digital Agenda of the European Commission calling in Pillar II for “an effective interoperability Prof. Christoph Bläsi between IT products and services to build a truly digital society. Europe must ensure that new IT devices, applications, data repositories and services interact seamlessly anywhere – just like the Internet.” Prof. Franz Rothlauf This report was commissioned from Johannes Gutenberg University Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz – Germany Mainz by the European and International Booksellers Federation. EIBF is very grateful to its sponsors, namely the Booksellers Association of Denmark, the Booksellers Association of the Netherlands and the Booksellers Association of the UK & Ireland, whose financial contribution made this project possible. April 2013 European and International Booksellers Federation rue de la Science 10 – 1000 Brussels – Belgium – [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • The Electronic Book As a Disruptive Technology." Disrupting Society from Tablet to Tablet
    Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU History of the Book: Disrupting Society from Student Scholarship Tablet to Tablet 6-2015 Chapter 14 - The lecE tronic Book as a Disruptive Technology Janel Chandler Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/history_of_book Part of the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Chandler, Janel. "The Electronic Book as a Disruptive Technology." Disrupting Society from Tablet to Tablet. 2015. CC BY-NC. This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in History of the Book: Disrupting Society from Tablet to Tablet by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 14 The Electronic Book as a Disruptive Technology -Janel Chandler- In 2011, the United States made $90.3 million in the ebook market1. The electronic book, or ebook, is a book that is read on a computer or other electronic device2. Ebooks were invented in 1971 with Michael Hart’s “Project Gutenberg,” and Electronic books like the Nook and the Kindle have later took the world by storm in revolutionized the reading market1. 1998 with the invention of the ereader by Peanut Press2,3. Ebooks were originally just digital copies of books that someone typed up and put on the Internet. This new technology was a disruptive innovation because it granted instant availability, allowed for easier storage, was more convenient, and completely revolutionized the book market1.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Books on the Mobile E-Reader
    Mobile Information Systems 9 (2013) 55–68 55 DOI 10.3233/MIS-2012-0148 IOS Press E-books on the mobile e-reader Chulyun Kim, Ok-Ran Jeong∗, Jaehyuk Choi and Won Kim Department of Software Design and Management, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea Abstract. The market for e-books has been established during the past several years. Many e-book readers are commercially available, and millions of e-book titles are available for purchase or free download. E-paper technology has matured enough to be used as the screen for dedicated e-book readers which make reading possible with the familiar feel of reading printed books. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the status of the e-book, including the architecture and features of e-book readers, market adoption and e-book industry ecosystem. Keywords: E-book, e-paper technology, e-book reader, e-book industry ecosystem 1. Introduction A book organizes texts and images. As texts and images can be stored and retrieved from computers in digital form, the emergence of e-books is only natural. An e-book (electronic book) is a book that is stored in digital form and read on a mobile e-book reader. There are two types of e-book reader: a dedicated e-book reader (such as Amazon’s Kindle, Sony’s PRS Reader), and a multi-function computing device (such as a PC, a tablet computer, a PDA, a smart phone). (Henceforth, we will use the term “e-book reader” to mean either type where a distinction is not necessary.) Figure 1 shows an Amazon Kindle e-book reader.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Books - Electronic and Portable Tihomir Stefanov1, Milena Stefanova2
    The New Books - Electronic and Portable Tihomir Stefanov1, Milena Stefanova2 Abstract –The report presents the status and prospects of A. Advantages: development of the book. A research study on current formats and devices for publishing, reading and exchange of electronic - Lower contents price: no printable technologies required books has been carried out. for its production; - Space economy – small size and weight irrespective of the Keywords – Books, Electronic Books, Digital Rights book volume; Management, Tablet. - Unlimited quantity –- the reader can carry about 17 000 headings at a time; I. INTRODUCTION - Unlimited circulation – no extra charges on additional issues, no old stock quantities of printed books; The electronic book is an electronic version of the - The electronic books are not liable to natural wear and traditional printed books. It can be read on a personal tear; computer, a mobile device or a specialized electronic reading - Nature conservation – it is a lot nicer to read an electronic device. The e-Book (electronic book) as a concept is also used book under the shade of a tree, rather than have it printed out to signify an electronic reading device for books in an of wood-fibre. electronic format. - Interactive approach – the possibility of combining text 1965 is considered to be the year when the development of with graphics, animation, sound, as well as book search; electronic publishing took off, and Theodor Nelson laid the - Possible content update without the need of replacing the foundations of the hypertext, which was later on established book. as a basic format for online text saving. Launched in 1963, In reference to e-Book advantages, the analysis specialist Theodor Nelson developed a model for creation, and by using Michael Ashley published an article in Gizmodo, where he the linked content he coined the terms "hypertext" and pointed out the five most important reasons why authors will "hypermedia" (first published reference 1965[2]).
    [Show full text]
  • Transferring Ebscohost Ebooks Onto Ereaders
    Nook, Sony, Kobo, and other Android Devices Adobe DRM-compatible readers —What you need— —What you need— Aldiko Book Reader on your device (free app in Adobe Digital Editions on your computer Android Market) —How it works— —How it works— 1. Make sure pop-ups are enabled on your browser. 1. Search the Android Market for the Aldiko Book Reader app. Download & install the FREE version. 2. Access the EBSCOhost eBooks collection from the library homepage. 2. Launch Aldiko. 3. Sign into your EBSCOhost account. 3. To authorize your device for EBSCOhost books, Press the phone or tablet’s options button and se- 4. Search for an eBook. Once you find one you want, lect Settings. Next, select Adobe DRM and login click on Download (offline). Click download. with your Adobe ID and password (see “Before You 5. In the next pop-up, choose whether you want to Start”). open or save. “Open” will immediately start Adobe 4. Access the EBSCOhost eBooks collection from the Transferring Digital Editions and access the file. “Save” will save library homepage. the file to your computer so you can open it later. 5. Sign into your EBSCOhost account. EBSCOhost 6. You can read the book on your computer, or go to the next step for how to transfer it to your device. 6. Search for an eBook. Once you find one you want, click on Download (offline). Click download. 7. Click on the icon in the upper left to Go to Library eBooks onto View. The icon looks like a row of books. 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Electronic Books: How Digital Devices and Supplementary New Technologies Are Changing the Face of the Publishing Industry
    Pub Res Q (2010) 26:219–235 DOI 10.1007/s12109-010-9178-z Electronic Books: How Digital Devices and Supplementary New Technologies are Changing the Face of the Publishing Industry Erin Carreiro Published online: 26 October 2010 Ó Safe Creative 2010 Abstract This paper explores the topic of electronic books (e-books) and the effect that these digital devices and other new technologies has on the publishing industry. Contemporary society often claims that the publishing industry is dying and that the innovation of the e-book will eventually sentence the printed book to death. But this study will show that such is not the case. While it is true that the world is undergoing a digital revolution, publishers today have not been left in the dust, because these firms have embraced electronic publishing (e-publishing). The invention of e-books opens a world of opportunities and since the e-book market is still in its growth stage, there is much work left to be done. As with any new venture, the industry faces certain challenges, such as piracy, but with tools like encryption, digital asset management (DAM), digital rights management (DRM), and digital object identifiers (DOI), publishers are well on the way to a solution. While it is safe to say that the digital revolution has forever changed the face of publishing, e-books could actually revitalize the industry. No one knows what the future of e-publishing will hold, but developments affect publishing houses, authors, and consumers alike. And while the ultimate fate of the printed book is yet unknown, for now, it is here to stay.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Resources Public Domain: Works First Published Before
    eBook Resources Public Domain: Works first published before January 1, 1923 with proper copyright notice entered the public domain no later than 75 years from the date copyright was first secured. Hence, all works whose copyrights were secured in the US before 1923 are now in the public domain, regardless of where they were published. Creative Commons License: Every license helps creators retain copyright while allowing others to copy, distribute, and make some uses of their work — at least non-commercially. Every Creative Commons license also ensures licensors get the credit for their work they deserve. Ideal for # of eBook Content/ public or Equipment Copyright Titles Provider Genres academi required to view offered c Android, BeBook, Blackberry, eBookman, iPhone/iPod Touch, iPod, iRex, iLiad, Fiction and Public Domain Public or Kindle , Manybooks Non-Fiction and 26,021 Academic Nokia770/N800/N81 Creative Commons 0, Nook, Palm, 62 categories Pocket PC, PSP, Sony Reader, Symbian, Windows Mobile, Zaurus. Children's Bookshelf, Countries Bookshelf, Crime Bookshelf, The Nook, public domain books whose Periodicals Kindle, Project copyright has expired in the Bookshelf, Sony Ereader, Gutenberg United States, and Religion copyrighted books whose 30,000 Bookshelf, Public MP3 players, Gutenberg author gave Project Science gaming systems, License Gutenberg permission to Bookshelf, eBook readers, distribute them. Wars, mobile phones (Those 7 QiOO format. Subcategorie s are further broken down into 77 categories) Essays, Fiction, No area of terms and Non-Fiction, Readable on your conditions listed. Site just Readprint 8,000+ Poetry, Public computer only, states "Free" books to read Plays, not downloadable. on your computer.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Neue Medialität Des Lesens: Ebooks Und Ebook- Reader“
    DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Die neue Medialität des Lesens: eBooks und eBook- Reader“ Verfasserin Daniela Drobna, Bakk.a phil Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Februar 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 332 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Deutsche Philologie Betreuer: Assoz. Prof. Dr. Günther Stocker Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................... 1 2. Medientheoretische Einleitung ............................................................................................... 5 2.1. Definition Buch, eBook und eBook-Reader ...................................................................... 5 2.2. Medienevolution und Paradigmenwandel ....................................................................... 11 2.3. Medium und Medialität ................................................................................................... 18 2.4. Entwicklung von eBooks und eBook-Readern ............................................................... 22 2.5. Trends .............................................................................................................................. 26 3. Theorie der neuen Medialität des Lesens ............................................................................. 31 3.1. Paratexte .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1. Typotopographie
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond%20Your%20Book%20Pdf
    Beyond Your Book Discover the Many Ways You Can Use Your Book to Skyrocket Your Success! ©2013 by Viki Winterton Expert Insights Publishing 1001 East WT Harris Blvd #247 Charlotte, NC 28213 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission other than “fair use” as brief quotations embodied in articles and reviews. Author: Viki Winterton Cover Design: Terry Z Edited by: Pam Murphy 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 A portion of the profits from this book will be donated to Books For Africa, an organization with the simple mission to collect, sort, ship, and distribute books to students of all ages in Africa. The goal: to end the book famine in Africa. —Dedication— “There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.” ― Maya Angelou Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Page 5 1. 21 ways to make it big with your book before you write it! Page 6 2. 9 tips to ensure the right topic will make you THE EXPERT to expand your sought-after service offerings and products! Page 9 3. 9 book title and cover musts to create biz and buzz before your launch! Page 14 4. 7 ways to make you and your book irresistible to the press and the media! Page 20 5. 17 DOs and DON’Ts so your book chapter previews can make you a blog and article-writing superstar! Page 25 6.
    [Show full text]