DOCSLIB.ORG

Member States' Energy Dependence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Member States' Energy Dependence ISSN 1725-3209 EUROPEAN ECONOMY Occasional Papers 145 | April 2013 Member States’ Energy Dependence: An Indicator-Based Assessment Economic and Financial Aff airs Occasional Papers are written by the Staff of the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, or by experts working in association with them. The “Papers” are intended to increase awareness of the technical work being done by the staff and cover a wide spectrum of subjects. Views expressed do not necessarily reflect the official views of the European Commission. Comments and enquiries should be addressed to: European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications B-1049 Brussels Belgium E-mail: mailto:[email protected] Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained in this publication, or for any errors which, despite careful preparation and checking, may appear. This paper exists in English only and can be downloaded from the website ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications A great deal of additional information is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (ec.europa.eu ) KC-AH-13-145-EN-N ISBN 978-92-79-28559-2 doi: 10.2765/41957 © European Union, 2013 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Member States' Energy Dependence: An Indicator-Based Assessment EUROPEAN ECONOMY Occasional Papers 145 ABBREVIATIONS COUNTRIES AT Austria BE Belgium BG Bulgaria CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic CIS Commonwealth of Independent States DE Germany DK Denmark EE Estonia EL Greece ES Spain FI Finland FR France HU Hungary IE Ireland IT Italy LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg LV Latvia MT Malta NL Netherlands NO Norway PL Poland PT Portugal RO Romania RU Russia SE Sweden SI Slovenia SK Slovakia TR Turkey UA Ukraine UK United Kingdom US United States OTHERS AAU Assigned Amount Units bn Billion CA Current account CER Commission for Energy Regulation CHP Combined heat and power DG ENER Directorate-General for Energy DSO Distribution system operator EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EDI Energy dependence indicators EEPR European Energy Programme for Recovery EC European Commission EEA European Economic Area ERGEG European Regulators' Group for Gas and Electricity ESO Electricity system operator ii ETS Emission Trading Scheme EU European Union EUR Euro Euratom European Atomic Energy Community FEC Final energy consumption GDP Gross domestic product GIC Gross inland consumption GIS Green Investment Scheme GHG Greenhouse gas GME Gestore Mercati Elettrici GVA Gross value added GWh Gigawatt hour HHI Herfindahl-Hirschman index HICP Harmonized index of consumer prices IEA International Energy Agency ILUC Indirect land use change ITO Independent transmission system operator JRC Joint Research Center LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas LTC Long-term gas contract LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry kcal Kilocalories kg Kilogram km Kilometre ktoe Kilo tonnes of oil equivalent kV Kilo volt kWh Kilowatt hour MS Member State Mt Million tonnes Mtoe Million tonnes of oil equivalent MW Megawatt MWe Megawatt electrical NEEAP National Energy Efficiency Action Plan NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan NTC Net transfer capacity OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries PJ Petajoule PPS Purchasing power standard p.p. Percentage points PSO Public sector obligation PV Photovoltaic REFIT Renewable energy feed-in tariff RES Renewable energy sources SEAI Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland SEM Single electricity market tCO2-eq Tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent TSO Transmission system operator TJ Terajoule tU Tonnes uranium TLT Lithuanian litai TWh Terawatt hour iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared in the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs under the direction of Marco Buti, Director-General, Servaas Deroose, Deputy Director-General, and Anne Bucher, Director of the Directorate for Structural Reforms and Competitiveness. Nathalie Darnaut (Head of Unit, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs) coordinated and supervised the production of the report. The main contributors were Joan Canton, Mirco Tomasi, Paul Arnoldus, Jerzy Pienkowski, Nathalie Darnaut, Emmanuelle Maincent, Andras Rezessy, Magdalena Spooner and Arthika Sripathy. Statistical support was provided by Andras Rezessy and Vittorio Gargaro. George Alexakis and Vittorio Gargaro were responsible for the lay-out of the report. Comments and suggestions by colleagues in the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs and the Directorate-General for Energy as well as by members of the Economic Policy Committee (EPC) Working Group on Energy and Climate Change are gratefully acknowledged. Comments on the report would be gratefully received and should be sent to: Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Unit B4: Economic Analysis of Energy, Transport, Climate Change and Cohesion Policies European Commission BE-1049 Brussels or by e-mail to [email protected] The cut-off date for this report was 30 November 2012. iv CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Part I: 3 1. Energy dependence: Concept and relevance 5 2. Literature review 7 3. Member States' performance in terms of security of energy supply 11 3.1. Energy security and its indicators 11 3.2. Oil 13 3.3. Gas 14 3.4. Solid fuels 18 3.5. Nuclear energy 18 3.6. Renewable energy 21 3.7. Electricity 23 3.8. Aggregated ranking of Member States for security of energy supply 26 4. Member States' performance in terms of energy and carbon intensity 29 4.1. Energy intensity 31 4.2. Carbon intensity 35 4.3. Aggregated ranking of Member States for energy and carbon intensity 36 5. member States' performance in terms of the contribution of energy products to trade 39 5.1. Net energy trade balance 42 5.2. Factors underlying the net energy trade balance 44 5.3. Overall ranking of Member States as regards the external dimesion of energy dependency 45 6. Conclusions 49 7. Recommendations 51 A.1. Definition of indicators used in the EDI 53 A1.1. Security of Energy Supply 53 A1.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity of the Economy 55 A1.3. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade Balance 59 A.2. Composite Indicator to assess Member States 63 A.3. Energy dependence indicators for 2006 and 2010 67 References 75 Part II: Individual Country Files 79 Introduction to the Country Fiches 81 1. Bulgaria 83 1.1. Security of Energy Supply 83 1.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 88 1.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 91 1.4. References 93 2. Czech Republic 95 2.1. Security of Energy Supply 95 v 2.2. Secondary Energy Sources 99 2.3. Energy and Carbon Intensity 100 2.4. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade 103 2.5. References 104 3. Estonia 107 3.1. Security of Energy Supply 107 3.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 111 3.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 115 3.4. References 116 4. Greece 117 4.1. Security of Energy Supply 117 4.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 123 4.3. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade 125 4.4. References 126 5. Ireland 127 5.1. Security of Energy Supply 127 5.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 131 5.3. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade 134 5.4. References 135 6. Italy 137 6.1. Security of energy supply 137 6.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 142 6.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 145 6.4. References 146 7. Cyprus 147 7.1. Security of Energy Supply 147 7.2. Energy and Carbon intensity 150 7.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 154 7.4. References 155 8. Latvia 157 8.1. Security of Energy supply 157 8.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 161 8.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 164 8.4. References 165 9. Lithuania 167 9.1. Security of energy supply 167 9.2. Energy and Carbon intensity 172 9.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 175 9.4. References 176 10. Luxembourg 177 10.1. Security of Energy Supply 177 10.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 180 10.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 184 10.4. References 185 11. Hungary 187 11.1. Security of Energy Supply 187 11.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 191 11.3. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade 194 vi 11.4. References 195 12. Malta 197 12.1. Security of Energy Supply 197 12.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 200 12.3. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade 203 12.4. References 203 13. Poland 205 13.1. Security of energy supply 205 13.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 210 13.3. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade 213 13.4. References 214 14. Portugal 215 14.1. Security of Energy Supply 215 14.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 219 14.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 222 14.4. References 223 15. Romania 225 15.1. Security of Energy Supply 225 15.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 230 15.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 232 15.4. References 233 16. Slovenia 235 16.1. Security of Energy Supply 235 16.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 239 16.3. Contribution of Energy Products to Trade 242 16.4. References 243 17. Slovakia 245 17.1. Security of energy supply 245 17.2. Energy and Carbon Intensity 250 17.3. Contribution of energy products to trade 254 17.4. References 255 LIST OF TABLES I.3.1. Energy dependence indicators related to the security of energy supply dimension 12 I.3.2. Electricity mix in the EU 24 I.4.1. Energy dependence indicators related to the energy and carbon intensity dimension 31 I.4.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seventy-Ninth Annual Pulaski Day Parade Sunday, October 2, 2016 Fifth Avenue, New York City
    Preliminary LONG version As of 10/1/16 SEVENTY-NINTH ANNUAL PULASKI DAY PARADE SUNDAY, OCTOBER 2, 2016 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY MARCH 4, OCTOBER 11, 1745 1779 2016 PULASKI PARADE GRAND MARSHAL HON. DR. DONNA KOCH-KAPTURSKI Specializes in Family Medicine and Internal Medicine in Garfield, NJ. HONORARY MARSHALS ANNA MARIA ANDERS DAUGHTER OF GENERAL WLADYSLAW ANDERS POLISH SENATOR AND PROCURATOR OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS FOR INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE STANISLAW KARCZEWSKI MARSHAL OF THE SENATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND BILL SHIBILSKI RADIO HOST, BROADCASTER AND PAST MC OF THE PULASKI DAY PARADE PRESIDENT RICHARD ZAWISNY GENERAL PULASKI MEMORIAL PARADE COMMITTEE, INC. Page 1 of 57 Preliminary LONG version As of 10/1/16 ASSEMBLY STREETS 39A 6TH 5TH AVE. AVE. M A 38 FLOATS 21-30 38C FLOATS 11-20 38B 38A FLOATS 1 - 10 D I S O N 37 37C 37B 37A A V E 36 36C 36B 36A 6TH 5TH AVE. AVE. Page 2 of 57 Preliminary LONG version As of 10/1/16 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE THE 79TH ANNUAL PULASKI DAY PARADE COMMEMORATING THE SACRIFICE OF OUR HERO, GENERAL CASIMIR PULASKI, FATHER OF THE AMERICAN CAVALRY, IN THE WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE BEGINS ON FIFTH AVENUE AT 12:30 PM ON SUNDAY, OCTOBER 2, 2016. THIS YEAR WE ARE CELEBRATING “POLISH- AMERICAN YOUTH, IN HONOR OF WORLD YOUTH DAY, KRAKOW, POLAND” IN 2016. THE ‘GREATEST MANIFESTATION OF POLISH PRIDE IN AMERICA’ THE PULASKI PARADE, WILL BE LED BY THE HONORABLE DR. DONNA KOCH- KAPTURSKI, A PROMINENT PHYSICIAN FROM THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy
    bailes_hb.qxd 21/3/06 2:14 pm Page 1 Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom) is A special feature of Europe’s Nordic region the Director of SIPRI. She has served in the is that only one of its states has joined both British Diplomatic Service, most recently as the European Union and NATO. Nordic British Ambassador to Finland. She spent countries also share a certain distrust of several periods on detachment outside the B Recent and forthcoming SIPRI books from Oxford University Press A approaches to security that rely too much service, including two academic sabbaticals, A N on force or that may disrupt the logic and I a two-year period with the British Ministry of D SIPRI Yearbook 2005: L liberties of civil society. Impacting on this Defence, and assignments to the European E Armaments, Disarmament and International Security S environment, the EU’s decision in 1999 to S Union and the Western European Union. U THE NORDIC develop its own military capacities for crisis , She has published extensively in international N Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: H management—taken together with other journals on politico-military affairs, European D The Processes and Mechanisms of Control E integration and Central European affairs as E ongoing shifts in Western security agendas Edited by Wuyi Omitoogun and Eboe Hutchful R L and in USA–Europe relations—has created well as on Chinese foreign policy. Her most O I COUNTRIES AND U complex challenges for Nordic policy recent SIPRI publication is The European Europe and Iran: Perspectives on Non-proliferation L S Security Strategy: An Evolutionary History, Edited by Shannon N.
    [Show full text]
  • Tour De France | 1994 Procyclingstats.Com 02/07/1994 - 24/07/1994 | 3979 Km | 117 Starting
    Tour de France | 1994 procyclingstats.com 02/07/1994 - 24/07/1994 | 3979 km | 117 starting 1 Banesto 2 Mapei - Clas 3 GB-MG Maglificio - Bianchi 4 Motorola 1. INDURAIN Miguel 11. ROMINGER Tony 21. MUSEEUW Johan 31. ARMSTRONG Lance 2. ALONSO Marino 12. BORTOLAMI Gianluca 22. BOMANS Carlo 32. ALCALÁ Raúl 3. APARICIO Vicente 13. ECHAVE Federico 23. CASSANI Davide 33. ANDERSON Phil 4. BERNARD Jean-François 14. EMONDS Nico 24. ELLI Alberto 34. ANDREU Frankie 5. GONZÁLEZ José Ramón 15. ESCARTÍN Fernando 25. JÄRMANN Rolf 35. BAUER Steve 6. MAURI Melchor 16. GONZALEZ Arsenio 26. PEETERS Wilfried 36. DERNIES Michel 7. NIJBOER Erwin 17. MULLER Jörg 27. SØRENSEN Rolf 37. MEJIA Alvaro 8. RUE Gerard 18. OLANO Abraham 28. VANZELLA Flavio 38. SWART Steve 9. URIARTE José Ramón 19. UNZAGA Jon 29. VONA Franco 39. YATES Sean 5 Gewiss - Ballan 6 Carrera Jeans - Tassoni 7 O.N.C.E. - Look - Mavic 8 Lampre-Panaria 41. RIIS Bjarne 51. CHIAPPUCCI Claudio 61. ZÜLLE Alex 71. TONKOV Pavel 42. BOBRIK Vladislav 52. ARTUNGHI Marco 62. BREUKINK Erik 72. CONTI Roberto 43. BONTEMPI Guido 53. BERTOLINI Alessandro 63. DÍAZ ZABALA Herminio 73. FARESIN Gianni 44. BOTTARO Dario 54. CHIESA Mario 64. DUFAUX Laurent 74. GALLETTI Alessio 45. CENGHIALTA Bruno 55. MANTOVAN Mario 65. JALABERT Laurent 75. GONTCHENKOV Alexander 46. FURLAN Giorgio 56. PANTANI Marco 66. LEANIZBARRUTIA Alberto 76. LIETTI Marco 47. MINALI Nicola 57. PULNIKOV Vladimir 67. RINCÓN Oliverio 77. SERPELLINI Marco 48. UGRUMOV Piotr 58. ROSSI Remo 68. SIERRA José Roberto 78. SVORADA Ján 49. ZAINA Enrico 59. ZBERG Beat 69.
    [Show full text]
  • Organizational Forms in Professional Cycling – Efficiency Issues of the UCI Pro Tour
    Organizational Forms in Professional Cycling – Efficiency Issues of the UCI Pro Tour Luca Rebeggiani§ * Davide Tondani DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 345 First Version: August 2006 This Version: July 2007 ISSN: 0949–9962 ABSTRACT: This paper gives a first economic approach to pro cycling and analyses the changes induced by the newly introduced UCI Pro Tour on the racing teams’ behaviour. We develop an oligopolistic model starting from the well known Cournot framework to analyse if the actual setting of the UCI Pro Tour leads to a partially unmeant behaviour of the racing teams. In particular, we show that the blamed regional concentration of their race participation depends on a lack of incentives stemming from the licence assignation procedure. Our theo- retical results are supported by empirical data concerning the performance of the racing teams in 2005 and 2006. As a recommendation for future improvements, we derive from the model the need for a relegation system for racing teams. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Aufsatz stellt die erste ökonomische Analyse des professionellen Radsports dar. Er analysiert insbesondere die Anreizwirkungen der neuen UCI Pro Tour auf Teams und Fahrer. Ausgehend von dem bekannten Cournot-Ansatz entwickeln wir ein einfaches Oligopol-Modell, um zu untersuchen, ob die der- zeitige Pro Tour-Organisation zu einem unerwünschten Verhalten der Teilnehmer führt. Wir zeigen, dass insbe- sondere das Problem der geographischen Konzentration der Rennteilnahmen der Teams von den mangelnden Anreizen abhängt, die vom jetzigen Lizenzvergabesystem ausgehen. Unsere theoretischen Ergebnisse werden durch empirische Daten aus der Pro Tour 2005 und 2006 gestützt. Als Empfehlung für zukünftige Entwicklun- gen leiten wir aus dem Modell die Notwendigkeit einer Öffnung der Pro Tour ab, mit Auf- und Abstiegsmög- lichkeiten für Rennteams.
    [Show full text]
  • A Genealogy of Top Level Cycling Teams 1984-2016
    This is a work in progress. Any feedback or corrections A GENEALOGY OF TOP LEVEL CYCLING TEAMS 1984-2016 Contact me on twitter @dimspace or email [email protected] This graphic attempts to trace the lineage of top level cycling teams that have competed in a Grand Tour since 1985. Teams are grouped by country, and then linked Based on movement of sponsors or team management. Will also include non-gt teams where they are “related” to GT participants. Note: Due to the large amount of conflicting information their will be errors. If you can contribute in any way, please contact me. Notes: 1986 saw a Polish National, and Soviet National team in the Vuelta Espana, and 1985 a Soviet Team in the Vuelta Graphics by DIM @dimspace Web, Updates and Sources: Velorooms.com/index.php?page=cyclinggenealogy REV 2.1.7 1984 added. Fagor (Spain) Mercier (France) Samoanotta Campagnolo (Italy) 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Le Groupement Formed in January 1995, the team folded before the Tour de France, Their spot being given to AKI. Mosoca Agrigel-La Creuse-Fenioux Agrigel only existed for one season riding the 1996 Tour de France Eurocar ITAS Gilles Mas and several of the riders including Jacky Durant went to Casino Chazal Raider Mosoca Ag2r-La Mondiale Eurocar Chazal-Vetta-MBK Petit Casino Casino-AG2R Ag2r Vincent Lavenu created the Chazal team.
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Displacement – Global Trends in 2015
    GLObaL LEADER ON StatISTICS ON REfugEES Trends at a Glance 2015 IN REVIEW Global forced displacement has increased in 2015, with record-high numbers. By the end of the year, 65.3 million individuals were forcibly displaced worldwide as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or human rights violations. This is 5.8 million more than the previous year (59.5 million). MILLION FORCIBLY DISPLACED If these 65.3 million persons 65.3 WORLDWIDE were a nation, they would make up the 21st largest in the world. 21.3 million persons were refugees 16.1 million under UNHCR’s mandate 5.2 million Palestinian refugees registered by UNRWA 40.8 million internally displaced persons1 3.2 million asylum-seekers 12.4 24 86 MILLION PER CENT An estimated 12.4 million people were newly displaced Developing regions hosted 86 per due to conflict or persecution in cent of the world’s refugees under 2015. This included 8.6 million UNHCR’s mandate. At 13.9 million individuals displaced2 within people, this was the highest the borders of their own country figure in more than two decades. and 1.8 million newly displaced The Least Developed Countries refugees.3 The others were new provided asylum to 4.2 million applicants for asylum. refugees or about 26 per cent of the global total. 3.7 PERSONS MILLION EVERY MINUTE 183/1000 UNHCR estimates that REFUGEES / at least 10 million people On average 24 people INHABITANTS globally were stateless at the worldwide were displaced from end of 2015. However, data their homes every minute of Lebanon hosted the largest recorded by governments and every day during 2015 – some number of refugees in relation communicated to UNHCR were 34,000 people per day.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union V. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Estonia's Conflicting Interests As a Party to the International Criminal Court, 27 Hastings Int'l & Comp
    Hastings International and Comparative Law Review Volume 27 Article 5 Number 1 Fall 2003 1-1-2003 The urE opean Union v. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Estonia's Conflicting Interests as a Party to the International Criminal Court Barbi Appelquist Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_international_comparative_law_review Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Barbi Appelquist, The European Union v. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Estonia's Conflicting Interests as a Party to the International Criminal Court, 27 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 77 (2003). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol27/iss1/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The European Union v. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Estonia's Conflicting Interests as a Party to the International Criminal Court By BARBI APPELQUIST* Introduction Estonia, the United States and all current members of the European Union have signed the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.' This body of public international law protects the following human rights of alleged criminals: "the protection against arbitrary arrest, detention, or invasions of privacy; a presumption of innocence; and a promise of 'full equality' at a fair, public trial, before a neutral arbiter, with 'all the guarantees necessary' for the defense."2 The International Criminal Court (ICC) was created to provide a fair trial for those accused of certain particularly serious crimes in an objective international setting.3 Estonia became a party to the ICC when its President signed the * J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Report 2009 | Petrobras
    200 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2009 | PETROBRAS Sustainability Report Profile Founded in 1953 and the leader of the Brazilian oil sector, Petrobras is a publicly traded corporation which closed 2009 as the world’s fourth biggest energy company in market value, according to a PFC Energy ranking. In the oil, gas and energy industry, it operates in an integrated manner in exploration and production, refining, trade, transportation, petrochemicals, derivatives distribution, natural gas, electric energy, and biofuels. 2800 Mission Operate in a safe, profitable manner, with social and environmental responsibility, in Brazil Sustainability and abroad, providing products and services that meet the client’s needs and contribute to the Report development of Brazil and of the countries in which the company operates. 3400 Vision for 2020 We will be one of the top five integrated energy companies in the world, and the preferred choice among our stakeholders. 3900 Attributes of the Vision for 2020 Our operations will stand out for: 4800 • Their strong international presence • Being a global reference in biofuels Sustainability Report • Excellence in operations, management, energetic efficiency, human resources, and in technology. • Their profitability • Being a benchmark in social and environmental responsibility • Their commitment to sustainable development 6800 www.pETroBras.com 7200 Performance schedule Acknowledgments, Awards, and Certifications CONSOLIdated FINANCIAL INFORMatION 2008 2009 OperatIONAL SUMMARY 2008 2009 gross operating revenue (r$ million)
    [Show full text]
  • The 56Th Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey to Be Inaugurated on Sunday
    THE 56TH PRESIDENTIAL CYCLING TOUR OF TURKEY TO BE INAUGURATED ON SUNDAY 25 TEAMS AND 175 RIDERS JOIN THE EVENT THIS YEAR THE RACE TO TAKE PLACE ON A TRACK OF 1.344 KM IN TOTAL KICKS OFF ON SUNDAY IN NEVŞEHİR -CAPPADOCIA LEG THE LEGS OF THE RACE RESPECTIVELY INCLUDE KONYA- KONYA, BEYŞEHİR - ALANYA, ALANYA - KEMER, KEMER - ELMALI (GÖĞÜBELİ CLIMB SPRINT), FETHİYE - MARMARİS, MARMARİS - TURGUTREİS, BODRUM-KUŞADASI EROL KUCUKBAKIRCI, HEAD OF CYCLING FEDERATION, SAID, “3 BILLION WILL WATCH THE RACE” NEVSEHIR MAYOR INCI SEZER BECEL SAID, “THIS CITY DESERVES IT ALL” PRESIDENT RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN, MAKING A SPEECH IN THIS GREAT ORGANIZATION, THE ONLY RACE ORGANIZED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF A STATE PRESIDENT, SAID “WE GIVE ALL KINDS OF SUPPORT TO PROMOTE SPORTS. I WISH SUCCESS TO ALL RIDERS JOINING THE RACE THAT HAS BEEN CONDUCTED FOR 56 YEARS.” Preparations are ready for the 56th Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey. The race to kick off in the Nevşehir-Cappadoccia leg on Sunday will be finalized with the finishing split in Kusadasi on the 18th of April. The race, witnessing the participation of 25 teams and 175 riders, will take place on a track of 1.344 km in total. The press release of the race was held in Nevsehir Crowne Plaza with the participation of local and foreign press members and a large number of guests. THE MAYOR BECEL SAID, “WE ARE EXTREMELY HAPPY” Making a speech in the press release, Nevsehir Mayor said, “Nevsehir which is located at the center of Anatolia is an important touristic center with its gorgeous nature and underground cities.
    [Show full text]
  • For Pedal Power in 2016
    ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF ABCC GOES “BOGOF” FOR PEDAL POWER IN 2016 Britain’s best cycle coaching conference just got even better! Earlier in the year we asked our members for feedback on previous annual Pedal Power conferences. They told us they really value this event as it provides a great opportunity to update their coaching knowledge and to gain greater insights from across the cycling world. 90% of past attendees said the meeting was “great value” and considered Pedal Power as “time well spent”. However they also said they wanted more opportunity to meet and interact with other coaches. So for 2016 we will run a series of workshops on the Saturday afternoon, alongside the usual stellar line-up of expert speakers for the Sunday event. And just to help smooth the transition from our previous one-day event, for 2016 ABCC will meet the costs of the workshops. So buy a ticket for the Sunday and get two free workshops to help develop your coaching! Take a look at the outline program below, put the dates in your diary, and make your booking choices online in the ABCC Members section of the website, or print and fill out the lower portion of this flyer and post along with a cheque made payable to ABCC. Proposed Workshops, Saturday 12th November (afternoon only) Workshop 1: Annual Training Plans covering training to succeed vs training to ride and how to develop an effective training plan Workshop 2: The Latest on Indoor Training to include an update on training with the current generation of turbos, the benefits of training apps and virtual training environments Workshop 3: Time-Efficient Training covering how to generate an effective training program for the time-crunched athlete; Effective Training in 6-hours per Week Speakers, Sunday 13th November 2016 Lionel Reynaud lives in Toulouse, France and has previously worked with the Great Britain Cycling Team, the Cofidis Professional Cycling Team and is currently coaching the French Para Olympic Team.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialized 289
    SPECIALIZED 289 In 1976, Specialized sold its first self-made product, a tyre designed for the touring market. A young Mike Sinyard them dry. Penniless and carless, he then built the and only a handful of his most dedicated dealers “I wanted to have a with a Specialized parts into bikes that he rode around local cycle were willing to sell his stock. However, the connection to that Touring Tyre, which outperformed imported dealers to pitch for sales. “In Italy the artisans feedback was positive, and the tyre outperformed European passion models. who craft lugs, frames, and tubing are considered the imported models from Europe. Suddenly and quality.” specialists,” Sinyard said in 2008. “I named the Sinyard was on to another winner, and the tyre Released in 1981, company Specialized Bicycle Components after was a breakthrough for his company’s brand. Full MIKE SINYARD the Stumpjumper was the first mass-produced them because I wanted to have a connection to bikes would come some time later. mountain bike in the that European passion and quality, something Some people have credited Sinyard and world. that would distinguish my products from the Specialized with the first ever mountain bike, but mainstream bikes popular at the time.” that distinction is the subject of long-running Business boomed. Banks that months earlier debate. One thing is certain: a small troupe had scoffed at his business plan now agreed of biking bohemians were using Sinyard’s to loan him thousands of dollars. Sinyard also components to build bikes that could handle began to branch out.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Doesn't the United States Have a European-Style Welfare State?
    0332-04-Alesina 1/3/02 15:31 Page 187 ALBERTO ALESINA Harvard University EDWARD GLAESER Harvard University BRUCE SACERDOTE Dartmouth College Why Doesn’t the United States Have a European-Style Welfare State? EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS REDISTRIBUTE income among their citizens on a much larger scale than does the U.S. government. European social pro- grams are more generous and reach a larger share of citizens. European tax systems are more progressive. European regulations designed to protect the poor are more intrusive. In this paper we try to understand why. The literature on the size of government is rich and varied. However, here we do not focus on the size of government as such, but rather on the redistributive side of government policies. Thus our goal is in one sense narrower than answering the question, “What explains the size of govern- ment?” since we focus on a single, but increasingly important, role of fis- cal policy. Yet in another sense our focus is broader, because redistributive policies go beyond the government budget—think, for instance, of labor market policies. We consider economic, political, and behavioral explanations for these differences between the United States and Europe. Economic explanations focus on the variance of income and the skewness of the income distribu- tion before taxes and transfers, the social costs of taxation, the volatility of income, and expected changes in income for the median voter. We con- clude that most of these theories cannot explain the observed differences. We are grateful to our discussants for very useful suggestions. We also thank William Easterly, Benjamin Friedman, Michael Mandler, Casey Mulligan, Roberto Perotti, Andrei Shleifer, Theda Skocpol, and a large number of conference participants for very useful com- ments.
    [Show full text]