Musealt Islam MAGNUS BERG & KLAS GRINELL Musealt Islam Innehåll

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Musealt Islam MAGNUS BERG & KLAS GRINELL Musealt Islam Innehåll Musealt islam MAGNUS BERG & KLAS GRINELL Musealt islam Innehåll Den här boken 7 Definitionen av ett museum 8 Boken är resultatet av forskning finansierad av Vetenskapsrådet, Rädslan för islam 15 och är tryckt med bidrag från Vetenskapsrådet och Kungliga Vad har vi gjort 25 patriotiska sällskapet. Insamlandet 38 Hur det kan ha sett ut en gång 42 Till inspiration 48 Imperialism 66 Personliga band 76 Islamisk konst 81 Islam introduceras 86 Tid och dynastier på British Museum 99 Victoria and Albert Museum 108 Ashmolean Museum 117 Museum für Islamische Kunst 123 Likheter 131 Islam, väst och någonting annat 137 Islam och någonting annat 142 Den islamiska världen och den västliga 153 Den islamiska världen 169 ISBN 978-91-87515-93-4 Efter besöket, museikaféet 194 © Molin & Sorgenfrei Förlag och författarna Omslag: Pontus Björlin Tack/Thanks 242 Tryck: Bulls Graphics, Halmstad 2018 Referenser 244 7 1. Den här boken Den här boken handlar om hur islam, eller aspekter av islam, gestaltas på museer i Storbritannien och Tyskland. Den är en produkt av ett forskningsprojekt som författarna bedrivit till- sammans med religionsvetaren och islamologen Göran Lars- son. ”Museologiska inramningar av islam i Europa” var namnet som projektet bar. Europa alltså. Men boken handlar endast om två europeiska länder. Varför då, kan man fråga sig. Svaret dröjer, det kommer först mot slutet av det här kapitlet. En cliffhanger är det alltså som vi inledningsvis bjuder läsaren på. Nu vill vi istället teckna en allmän bakgrund till boken. Det är nödvändigt, för dess ämne är inneslutet i en stor och ödesmättad problematik av politisk och ideologisk karaktär. Redan frasen ”islam och Europa” signalerar det. Den manar inte fram bilder av ett harmoniskt förhållande. Det beror för- stås på de senaste årtiondenas politiska utveckling, men den har i sin tur en lång förhistoria. Den, förhistorien, kommer MUSEALT ISLAM 1. DEN HÄR BOKEN 8 att spela en bärande roll genom hela boken. Här ska vi till skapligt sökande efter så sann kunskap som möjligt dels ett 9 att börja med beröra vissa sidor av de samtida skeenden som värde i sig, dels ett generellt värde som en garant för ansvars- fortfarande pågår. Men det ska ske först efter att vi har försökt fulla samtal, av såväl privat som offentlig natur. förklara vad museer har med saken att göra. Vår förhoppning Var görs sådan kunskap tillgänglig för dem som kan behöva är att vi därmed ska kunna visa att bokens ämne inte är så den? Den institution som står i centrum för den här boken, perifert som det kanske i förstone kan framstå som. museet, har mycket tydligt definierat sig själv som en sådan plats. Det har det inte alltid gjort, i alla fall inte i särskilt ut- talade ordalag. Historien om denna relativt unga självbild går Definitionen av ett museum tillbaka till 1972 och Santiago i Chile där museernas inter- Så här kan man säga: på den ena sidan finns en utbredd isla- nationella samarbetsorgan International Council of Museums mofobi av varierande grovhet. Vi ska återkomma till den. På (ICOM) höll ett av sina möten. Det argumenterades då för att den andra finns muslimska tolkningar av islam, som i IS, som museerna skulle bli ”an integral part of societies around them”, ger de självutnämnt rättroende mandat att utplåna allt som vilket ledde till att ICOM:s definition av ett museum kom- strider mot just dessa tolkningar. Sådana tolkningar överens- pletterades med en formulering som sa att museet ska vara stämmer inte med hur majoriteten tolkar och utövar islam, ”an institution in the service of society and its development”.1 men de finns. Det innebar att den fullständiga definitionen av ett muse- Det är en minst sagt polariserad situation och den är far- um kom att lyda så här: lig. Det är uppenbart att kunskapsbrist är en av dess förut- sättningar. Har den bara med kunskapsbrist att göra? Nej, så A museum is a non-profit, permanent institution är det förstås inte. Det finns komplexa skäl av psykologisk, in the service of society and its development, open social, politisk och ekonomisk natur till att islamofober och to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, IS-krigare gör allt för att tränga undan annan kunskap än den communicates and exhibits the tangible and intan- som stärker deras egen sak. Det är de mekanismerna som är gible heritage of humanity and its environment for det stora problemet: uppfattningen att allt annat än det som the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.2 man själv formulerat och tror på härrör från fiendens lögn- fabrik. (Ett museum är en permanent institution utan vinst- Men det betyder inte att den andra typen av kunskap inte intresse som tjänar samhället och dess utveckling, behövs – den kunskap som producerats så förutsättningslöst som är öppen för allmänheten, som förvärvar, beva- och kritiskt som det är möjligt och utan det uppenbara syftet 1 Report of the Working Group on Cross Cultural Issues of the International att staga upp ideologiska byggen. Kanske kan den omvända en Council of Museums (ICOM). Presented at the 89th session of the Executive och annan islamofob, och det är ju bra om så skulle ske, men Council of ICOM on December 1997, http://archives.icom.museum/diversi- ty.html. först och främst kan den täppa till i alla fall några av vägarna 2 ICOM. International council of museums, http://icom.museum/the-vision/ som leder in i islamofobi och jihadism. Och därtill har veten- museum-definition/. MUSEALT ISLAM 1. DEN HÄR BOKEN 10 rar, undersöker, förmedlar och ställer ut – i studie- också har sin bakgrund i ”the search for relevance and new 11 syfte, för utbildning och förnöjelse – materiella och audiences”, och som därför också kan betraktas som ett slags immateriella vittnesbörd om människan och hennes överlevnadsstrategi – som museerna öppnar sig mot de sam- omvärld.) hällen de är en del av, för att medverka i deras utveckling. I alla fall för de museer som vill följa sin internationella orga- Det vore bra om läsaren gjorde en markering i texten här, för nisations rekommendationer. Och för de museer som i offi- denna definition kommer att spela en inte obetydlig roll i res- ciell mening vill vara museer. För att vara samhället till gagn ten av boken. är numera som sagt en del av själva definitionen av vad ett Men alltså: museerna skulle aktivt verka gentemot och med museum är. de samhällen de var en del av för att därigenom bidra till de Vad betyder kulturell förståelse mera i detalj? ICOM:s senares utveckling. Denna nya inriktning medförde, tillsam- dokument är inte särskilt ingående alls på det området. Vem mans med den accelererande globaliseringen, ett behov av att eller vilka är det till exempel som ska förstå vad? Är det in- uppmärksamma och hantera vad man kallade tvärkulturella divider och grupper på ett kulturellt fält – alltså ett fält där frågor (cross-cultural issues). mening, värderingar och världsbilder bor och omvandlas – En arbetsgrupp för tvärkulturella frågor bildades och den som ska förstå varandra? Eller är det just det kulturella fältet presenterade sin rapport 1997. En av de vägledande principer- som ska förstås? Eller är det mellan kulturer som åtskilts av na för museer som arbetsgruppen rekommenderade bar rub- diverse gränsdragningar och ömsesidig brist på förståelse som riken ”kulturell mångfald” (cultural diversity) och den utveck- sådan ska stimuleras? Det mesta i arbetsgruppens rapport ty- lades på detta sätt: ”recognition and affirmation of cultural der – det är alltså någonting man får tolka sig fram till – på diversity at the local, regional and international levels and the att det främst är det tredje och sista alternativet man haft reflection of this diversity in all policies and programs of mu- i tankarna. Det är kulturerna som ska förstå varandra. Om seums across the world.” En central uppgift i detta perspek- den slutsatsen är riktig så har ICOM valt en kulturdefinition tiv är försöken att gynna vad man kallar ”kulturell förståelse” som inom forskningen ganska länge betraktats som mindre (cultural understanding). Rapporten gillades, stadsfästes och analytiskt fruktbar, för att inte rent av säga felaktig. Enkelt koncentrerades senare, 2010, i en ICOM Cultural Diversity uttryckt: idag ser man inte kulturer som avgränsade och själv- Charter.3 Den består av tio principer. En rubriceras, endast, ständiga system vars logik avgränsade grupper av människor ”Diversity” och i den får ”cultural diversity” dela plats med följer. Man ser istället människor som försöker skapa mening ”biological diversity”. I övrigt är formuleringen densamma som och meningsfullhet och som därigenom skapar och omska- för ”cultural diversity” från 1997. par kultur. Man ser kultur mera som en process och mindre Det är bland annat med hjälp av denna uppmärksamhet som ett tillstånd, mera som en produkt av människors försök på kulturell mångfald – som enligt arbetsgruppens rapport att reflektera över och leva i sina samhällen och mindre som en förutbestämd uppsättning regler för människor att följa, 3 ICOM Cultural Diversity Charter, 2010, http://inclusivemuseum.org/wp-con- tent/uploads/2013/04/ICOM_Cultural_Diversity_Charter.pdf. mera som en komplex och motsägelsefull rörelse och mind- MUSEALT ISLAM 1. DEN HÄR BOKEN 12 re som ett stabilt och fastlagt system, mera som flöden och kreta politiken när han beskriver institutet (och alltså inte en- 13 blandningar och mindre som ensartade och välavgränsade dast dess museum): enskildheter. Men med just detta kan det för tillfället få vara som det vill. Its mission is to develop the study and knowledge of Här ska endast det understrykas som redan sagts: museet är Arab culture and civilization and to promote dialogue idag per definition en institution som ska bidra till samhällets and exchanges between France and the Arab world.5 utveckling bland annat genom att gynna det man kallar kul- turell förståelse.
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