Analisis Semiotika Peirce Pakaian Jenis Gamis Sebagai Representasi Budaya Arab

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Analisis Semiotika Peirce Pakaian Jenis Gamis Sebagai Representasi Budaya Arab ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA PEIRCE PAKAIAN JENIS GAMIS SEBAGAI REPRESENTASI BUDAYA ARAB Ruzqiyah Ulfa [email protected] Universitas Bunda Mulia ABSTRACT Since at least 170 thousand years ago, humans have begun to use clothes and attaching meanings on it. The dynamics of the contemporary socio-religious phenomena bring back robe among the people in Indonesia, especially men. The author uses the theory of Peirce's triadic semiotic analysis of the robe and clothing to determine whether there has been a shift in the meaning of the robe worn in Arabic with the robe worn in Indonesia. Pictures of the robe of the two cultures were analyzed by looking at the icons, indices, and symbols that make up the meaning of the robe. Culture itself is defined as a system of socially transmitted behavior to the symbol as an element of the highest culture. Images for analysis were taken from internet sources with the aim to sample in order to gain a high diversity of function of the robe. The author managed to collect 11 pictures of the robe worn in the Arab and 14 pictures of the robe worn in Indonesia. From the results of analysis show that the robe in Arabic means: show the practical value of doing business, showing Arab rule over another nation, to build Arab unity, became a patron family, running life casually, simplicity, pattern, religiosity, conformity, social status, and worship. Comparison with the robe worn in Indonesia found that nine out of eleven this meaning has shifted while two meanings: simplicity and worship, still remains the same as in Arabic, even more strengthened. As for the meaning of the robe in Indonesia include leadership race, diversity in dress, understanding of Islam is low, part of the force, covering misconduct, acculturation, identity, religiosity, modesty, sexual strategy, social status, enlightenment, repentance, everyday life in pesantren and tolerance. Factors that cause a shift in the meaning of this form are physical and cultural factors. Keywords: Robe, Semiotics, Arab, Religiosity, Acculturation 401 PENDAHULUAN walaupun tidak ada kewajiban untuk menggunakan gamis dalam aktivitas Semenjak manusia menggunakan hidup sehari-hari. pakaian setidaknya 170 ribu tahun lalu (Toups et al, 2010), pakaian Peneliti memilih menganalisis telah menjadi bagian penting dalam pakaian gamis sebagai representasi kehidupan sehari-hari manusia. budaya Arab karena belakangan Pakaian yang dikenakan dapat penggunaan gamis mengalami menandakan status sosial seseorang, peningkatan di Indonesia pasca termasuk dimana ia tinggal, berapa demonstrasi Bela Islam 212. Dalam penghasilannya, dimana biasanya ia aktivitas ini, kelompok umat Islam bersosialisasi, dimana ia bersekolah, berkumpul di Jakarta dalam jumlah berekreasi, dan bahkan jenis sekitar 400 ribu hingga 1 juta orang makanan apa yang disenangi (Kraus (Ahmad, 2016) hampir seluruhnya et al, 2014) atau profesi apa yang ia mengenakan pakaian muslim, geluti (Petrilli et al, 2015). termasuk koko dan gamis. Liputan media nasional yang intens Salah satu fungsi dari pakaian mendorong melonjaknya jumlah adalah untuk menunjukkan identitas pembelian pakaian gamis di pusat- dan asal usul. Secara global, nilai pusat grosir di Jakarta (JPNN, 6 dari asal usul dan tradisi menjadi Desember 2016). Dengan kata lain, jauh lebih penting sekarang ini ketika isu ini menjadi sebuah isu hangat ketidakpastian dan fleksibilitas yang relevan dengan situasi mode melanda di mana-mana (LMU, pakaian kontemporer di Indonesia. 2008). Karenanya, kita dapat melihat banyak orang memakai pakaian Karena Indonesia berada jauh dari daerah saat ini jauh lebih banyak Arab dan memiliki kebudayaan daripada di masa lalu. berbeda, menjadi menarik untuk melihat pergeseran makna yang Pakaian jenis gamis sering terjadi dari pakaian gamis Arab diidentikkan dengan seorang yang dengan pakaian gamis Indonesia. beragama Islam dari Timur Tengah, Masalah ini dibatasi pada pakaian berbeda dengan pakaian jenis koko gamis yang dikenakan laki-laki. yang mencerminkan seseorang yang Berdasarkan uraian latar belakang di beragama Islam dari Indonesia. atas, maka dapat dirumuskan Pakaian ini sering digunakan untuk permasalahan sebagai berikut: mencerminkan ketaatan seseorang bagaimanakah representasi budaya dalam menjalankan ajaran agamanya Arab dalam pakaian jenis gamis yang dalam tata cara berbusana seperti digunakan muslim laki-laki di umat Islam pada awal pertama Indonesia dan pergeseran makna apa kemunculannya. Atau bagi orang saja yang telah terjadi? keturunan Arab, mencerminkan asal usulnya sebagai orang keturunan TINJAUAN TEORI Arab. Karena banyak penyiar agama Islam di masa lalu adalah orang Arab Semiotika berpakaian gamis, maka gamis Di masa modern ini, semiotika populer di kalangan umat Islam, merupakan ilmu tentang tanda, yang 402 dipelopori oleh karya-karya Saussure pengalaman ruang dan waktu, dan (1916) dan Peirce (1931-1958) (Zhao faktualitas (Martin dan Ringham, dan Belk, 2008). Peirce memelopori 2006::88). Kategori keadaan ini aliran semiotika Amerika yang menghubungkan antara suatu yang terfokus pada logika dan makna pertama dan suatu yang kedua sehingga berkaitan erat dengan (Martin dan Ringham, 2006::88). bidang filosofi (Martin dan Ringham, Artinya, tanda dalam keadaan 2006:2). Sementara itu, Saussure keduaan adalah tanda yang awalnya menjadi bagian dari aliran semiotika berada dalam keadaan kepertamaan Eropa, khususnya mazhab Paris mulai dirasakan atau dipersepsi (Ecole de Paris). Mazhab Paris lebih (Martin dan Ringham, 2006::88). terfokus pada hubungan antara tanda Contohnya adalah suatu tanda merah, dengan cara ia menghasilkan makna yang merupakan kepertamaan, dalam suatu teks atau wacana. menjadi keras, memantul, dan bulat. Mazhab Paris berpendapat bahwa Walau begitu, pada tahap ini belum makna dimunculkan oleh suatu ada sesuatu yang partikular. Ketika struktur universal yang bersifat terjadi partikularitas, tanda dikatakan rentan pada representasi dalam telah masuk ke dalam tahap ketigaan bentuk model-model yang menyandi (Martin dan Ringham, 2006::88). dan menafsir dampaknya pada Disini tanda telah mengalami makna (Martin dan Ringham, mediasi, kebiasaan, dan ingatan, 2006:2). Kajian yang semata terarah sehingga menjadi objek. Contohnya pada upaya memahami struktur ini adalah tanda merah (kepertamaan) disebut sebagai strukturalisme yang bulat dan memantul (keduaan) (Martin dan Ringham, 2006:2). adalah sebuah bola (ketigaan). Proses Tujuan dari semiotika sendiri adalah dari kepertamaan ke ketigaan disebut mengkritisi nilai-nilai yang ada sebagai semiosis, yaitu proses dibalik semua praktik penanda. dimana suatu tanda didefinisikan Tujuan ini yang membuatnya (Martin dan Ringham, 2006:173). menjadi penting dalam kajian atas bidang-bidang praktis seperti Adanya proses abstrak teknologi dan gejala sosio-ekonomi. (kepertamaan), menjadi lebih konkrit (keduaan), dan akhirnya konkrit Teori Triadik Peirce (ketigaan) memungkinkan Perice mengembangkan model tanda yang Peirce membagi tanda ke dalam tiga disebut model triadik. Model ini keadaan yaitu kepertamaan, keduaan, disebut triadik karena terdiri dari tiga dan ketigaan (Martin dan Ringham, elemen penyusun tanda: 2006:87-88). Kepertamaan adalah representamen, objek, dan semata keberadaan tanpa referensi interpretan (Martin dan Ringham, pada hal-hal lainnya, seperti 2006:89). Proses semiosis terjadi misalnya perasaan yang tidak secara siklis. Kepertamaan adalah direfleksikan, suatu kemungkinan, situasi ketika hanya representamen suatu sensasi warna dan bentuk, atau yang ada. Keduaan adalah ketika kualitas (Martin dan Ringham, representamen diperluas oleh 2006::88). Keduaan adalah tanda interpretan. Ketigaan terjadi ketika yang telah memiliki perbandingan, 403 objek akhirnya menjadi jelas. atau simbol. Representamen Hubungan antara ketiganya dikatakan sebagai ikon dari objek ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1 berikut. jika hubungan yang terbangun bersifat perwakilan secara nyata, seperti misalnya potret yang menjadi representamen dari, katakanlah, sebuah keluarga yang ada di potret tersebut. Representamen dikatakan sebagai indeks dari objek jika ia berhubungan kausal atau sekuensial dengan objek, misalnya suatu instrumen pengukuran. Tanda derajat Gambar 1 Model Triadik Peirce pada termometer misalnya, adalah (Martin dan Ringham, 2006:177) suatu representamen dari suhu udara. Representamen adalah suatu Representamen dikatakan sebagai kendaraan yang membawa ke dalam simbol jika hubungan antara pikiran sesuatu dari ketiadaan keduanya hanya bersifat manasuka. (Martin dan Ringham, 2006:167). Artinya, tidak ada hubungan yang Contoh representamen adalah rambu, masuk akal antara keduanya lebih tulisan, foto, atau ucapan. Intinya, dari semata representamen mewakili representamen adalah sesuatu yang objek. Simbol disebut juga sebagai dapat dipersepsi yang berfungsi nama, dan sesuai dengan istilah ini, sebagai suatu tanda. Representamen suatu nama adalah suatu simbol kemudian dipersepsi oleh indera, dan (Pietarinen, 2006:27). dari indera ini menafsirkannya, Ketiga jenis tanda hadir sekaligus sehingga disebut sebagai interpretan. dalam suatu waktu. Artinya, suatu Hasil tafsiran ini membawa pada representamen mengandung elemen sesuatu yang diwakili oleh ikon, indeks, dan simbol sekaligus. representamen, yaitu objek itu Suatu pakaian dapat menunjukkan sendiri. Dalam perkembangannya, ikon seperti seorang yang Fontanille melihat bahwa ada elemen mengenakan gamis. Indeks hadir keempat, yang disebut sebagai dalam bentuk latar belakang gamis fondamen, yaitu konteks dari sistem tersebut digunakan. Sementara
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