GEOGRAPHIC MULTIDIMENSIONAL VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS - JORDAN 2 UNICEF | Geographic Multidimensional Vulnerability Analysis- Executive Summary 3 Multidimensional child poverty KEY FINDINGS significantly differs across age GEOGRAPHIC groups, the highest headcount Economic Outlook multidimensional child poverty among the Syrian children is recorded for MULTIDIMENSIONAL and Poverty children aged 0-5 years; 94 per cent, followed by children aged 15-17 years: Compounding financial crises, political 64 per cent, and 60 per cent for 6-14 old turmoil in the region (post-Arab (UNICEF 2018).4 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS spring), disruption in gas supplies from Egypt, and the Syria and Iraq crises With the Syrian crisis in its eighth year severely affected the economy. Jordan’s in 2019, approximately 660,000 Syrian — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY economic performance remained refugees are registered in Jordan as truncated in 2018, where the real GDP of August 2019, with an overwhelming FEBRUARY 2020 growth reached 1.9 per cent, which is majority (estimated 81 per cent) living a 0.2 percentage point decrease from out of camps. 2017, this is also way below the average Governance and Municipal Services, of 2.6 per cent between 2010 and 2016 Objective and 9) Environment and Climate Change, (Central Bank of Jordan, 2018).1 The Education 10) Housing,11) Energy, 12) Transport, Syria crisis has significantly impacted Key Statistics Background and 13) Justice. GDP growth for Jordan. According to IMF (2017), the estimated cumulative • The expected years of schooling The Geographic Multidimensional (13.4 years for females and 12.9 The analysis relies on nationally impact on GDP is about 18 per cent of Vulnerability Analysis is a mapping years for males) and means years of representative surveys and annual GDP; this is majorly attributed tool for assessing the performance and schooling (9.7 for females and 10.7 administrative data from the to the disruption in the trade routes, supply capacity of different sectors for males) have improved over the government and other agencies: which increased the trade deficit. for the purpose of identifying gaps, last decade (MOE, 2018).5 improve the allocation of resources, • Household Expenditure and Income Survey (2017-18) The absolute poverty rate in Jordan and policy planning, regardless of for all the population stood at 14.4 per • Net Enrolment Rate (NER) for Jordanian boys and girls at the Basic nationality. Demographic and Health Survey cent in 2010, which increased to 15.7 • education level is significantly high. (2017-18) per cent in 2018, whereas this poverty rate is only for Jordanians, meaning Whereas, at the secondary level, This analysis covers multidimensional VAF (UNHCR 2019)– Indicators that more than 1 million Jordanian NER for Jordanian boys is lower socio-economic vulnerabilities that • related to Vulnerability Assessment live below the poverty line (NSPS, than for girls; this is majorly due to can be used for designing appropriate for Syrian Refugees 2019-2025)2. According to Census poverty and the need for boys to adaptation and mitigation policies 2015, there are 3.16 million children join the labor market as unskilled for poor and vulnerable populations • Comprehensive Food Security and in Jordan, more than 0.6 million are laborers. in Jordan. Vulnerability analysis is Vulnerability Analysis (WFP-CFSVA, multidimensionally poor (moderate conducted using a sectoral assessment The female-male student ratio 2019) poverty level), and 0.04 are acute poor • approach, which covers: 1) Economic at basic education level is 96.3, (UNICEF, 2018). In 2018, 78 per cent of Outlook and Poverty, 2) Education, Administrative Data: Education, whereas, at the secondary level, it is • the Syrian population was highly or 3) Health, 4) Water and Sanitation, 5) Health, WASH, Local Governance 114.8 (DOS, 2017).6 severely vulnerable, living below the Livelihoods, 6) Nutrition and Food and Municipal Services, Energy, Jordanian poverty line.3 Security, 7) Social Protection, 8) Local Justice, Transport, Environment, and • Whereas, in terms of quality of Poverty. education, there is still need for

1 Available from: http://statisticaldb.cbj.gov.jo/index?action=level4 2 National Social Protection Strategy-Jordan (2019). GoJ and UNICEF 3 High Vulnerable: Expenditure per capita is less than the absolute poverty line of 68JD per person per month. Severe Vulnerable: Expenditure per capita is less than the abject poverty line of 28JD per person per month. 4 UNICEF (2018) Assessment of Syrian Refugee Children in Host Communities in Jordan. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/jordan/resources_10112.html 5 MOE (2018) Education Strategic Plan 2018-2022. 6 DOS (2017) Jordan in Figures 2017. 4 UNICEF | Geographic Multidimensional Vulnerability Analysis- Executive Summary 5 improvement, as 52 per cent of 3.5 to 2.7 per woman, whereas standard is 26 beds per 10,000 vulnerability index score was children in Jordan at late primary for Syrians, the fertility rate is 4.7 people. Mafraq, Zarqa, Jerash, associated with the subdistricts of age today are not proficient in (DHS 2017-18)8. The total fertility and Madaba have the lowest beds North West Badiyeh, Azraq, Mafraq, reading, adjusted for the Out-of- rate varies across the governorates, capacity to serve the population, Sahab, and Ajloun. Among those School children (World Bank, 2019).7 where the highest is reported in with nearly half of the population seven sub-districts are the two Mafraq, followed by Ajloun and not covered by bed capacity in these with the highest numbers of Syrian • Average number of Students per Jerash. governorates. population (Kasabeh Irbid and Class Unit: 25.1 (varies across North-West Badia). governorates, highest rates are • SDG target 3.2 refers to ending • Hospitals Capacity: Zarqa, Irbid, reported for Amman, Zarqa, and preventable deaths of newborns Jerash, Tafilah, and Mafraq need • The sanitation vulnerability maps Irbid) and children under five years of a significantly high number of of 2018 identified 77 out of a total age. Infant mortality is 17 per 1000 hospitals to cover all the population of 88 sub-districts as high to severe • Average number of Students live births, which is a bit higher which is to satisfy the national vulnerable based on sanitation per Teacher: 15.4 (Include MOE, than SDGs target of 12 per 1000 live standard of one hospital for every vulnerability criteria. The highest other government, private and births, under-five mortality is 19 per 60,000 people. In Zarqa alone, sanitation vulnerability index UNRWA schools; this differs across 1000 live births, which is lower than there is a need for an additional 16 correspond to North-West Badia governorates, Amman, Zarqa and 25 per 1000 live births, as mentioned hospitals, which will cover 66 per (Mafraq), Era and Yarqa (Balqa), Irbid are worst performers) in the SDG target (DHS 2017-18). cent of the additional population not Allan, Zai (Balqa), Azraq, Mafraq, covered by hospitals' capacity. and Sahab (Amman). It is also fair Percentage of Female School • • Eighty-six per cent of children age to conclude that districts hosting teachers to Total Teachers: 69.5 per 12-23 months have received all Syrian refugees are the worst cent basic vaccinations, while seven per Water and performers. Irbid (Bani Kenana, cent of children in this age group Percentage of Students in Basic Kourah, North Gour, North Mazar, • 12-23 months have not received and Secondary Stages of Total Sanitation Taybeh, Wasateyeh), Mafraq (North any vaccinations. Governorate of Badiyeh, North-west Badiyeh, Population: 20 per cent Jordan ranks as the world’s second Ma’an and Aqaba are the worst Rwaished), Karak (Aiy, Fakou, Qase, water-poorest country (MOWI, 2017). Percentage of Rented School performers in terms of provision of Qatraneh, South Gour and South • As a water-scarce country, Jordan has Buildings of Total School Buildings: basic vaccination and relatively high Mazar) and Tafileh (Bsairah, Hasa) one of the lowest levels in the world of 35.5 per cent percentage of children who didn’t governorates have the lowest access water resource availability per capita, receive any kind of vaccinations. to the public sewerage network. with only 125 cubic meters per person Health • Three-fourth of the population is per year in 2017. covered by health insurance (73 per Livelihoods Jordan has made considerable cent). For Non-Jordanians: nearly Key Statistics: improvements over the last decade 80 per cent of the population in • The non-revenue water for 2017 is The average unemployment rate of in the health sector. The health Amman, Balqa, Madaba, Tafilah at 47.5 per cent (MOWI, 2017). The governorates with the most massive care system in Jordan provides and Aqaba are not insured. These groundwater level in the principal influx of refugees increased by about comprehensive public health care governorates, in addition to Syrians, aquifers drops at a rate of 2 meters 3.3 per cent since the beginning of the services to most of its citizens, also host other nationalities, living per year, but the decline in some Syrian Refugee Crisis (IMF 2017).9 Labor relatively at lower costs. in ITS, small villages, and towns. depleted areas reaches 5 to 20 force participation likewise slightly meters (MoWI 2017). reduced in the governorates with a Key Statistics: • Beds Capacity: Using a national large influx of refugees. According to UNICEF and MOWI • Fertility declined remarkably standard of 18 beds per 10,000 • between 2012 and 2017-18 from people, excluding Amman as its (2017): The highest waters

7 World Bank (2019) Learning Poverty in Jordan. 9 IMF (2017) Jordan Selected Issues. IMF Country Report No 17/232 Washington D.C. 8 Demogrpahic and Health Survey-Jordan, Formally Population and Family Health Survey 2017-18.

6 UNICEF | Geographic Multidimensional Vulnerability Analysis- Executive Summary 7 Key Statistics: some huge implications for Nutrition and Food region (38 per cent) is higher than • The unemployment rate in Jordan the young population, who are among those living in the Central or was 12 per cent in 2014, which economically active. The results South regions (29 per cent for both increased to 18.7 per cent in 2018 also show that 54.7 per cent of Security regions). The prevalence of anaemia and reaching 19.1 per cent in Q3 of the Unemployed are secondary Key Statistics: varies from 17 per cent in Tafilah 2019. The unemployment rate is on certificate holders or higher and that governorate to 41 per cent in Ajloun. • The minimum acceptable diet the rise with increasing rates for 45.3 per cent of the unemployed indicator is used to assess the Children of Syrian mothers have females and currently it is 28 per have less than secondary school proportion of children age 6-23 slightly higher rates of any anaemia cent. Overall female unemployment qualifications (DOS, 2019). In the months who meet minimum than do children of mothers of other rates for Jordanian population is case of Jordanian female youth, standards concerning IYCF practices. nationalities (DHS, 2018). high in Jerash, Tefilah, Irbid, and the highest unemployment rates Minimum acceptable diet varies Aqaba, whereas for Male, highest are reported in Jerash, followed • Anaemia is also common among across different age brackets and women in Jordan, where 43 per rates of unemployment were by Amman, Zarqa, and Balqa, increasing with the increase in reported in Madaba, Zarqa, and where the unemployment rates are cent of women tested are anaemic. age, for instant: for children from Most of those with anaemia have Ma’an. above 60 per cent. Syrians: For the 6-8 months, only 12 per cent are young female unemployment rate, mild anaemia (36 per cent of The female economic participation getting a minimum acceptable diet all women), while 6 per cent of • Tafilah and Balqa have the highest whereas for children from 18-23 in Jordan is considered as one of the unemployment rate followed by women are classified as having lowest compared to other countries; months nearly one-third of them moderate anaemia and less than Zarqa, where very few young girls received minimum diet. There is according to the GCR report (2018), are employed in the labor market. 1 per cent have severe anaemia. Jordan is ranked 133 out of 140 no significant difference for males The prevalence of anaemia ranges and females, though, for females, countries for the Female Labor • The NEET rate for young people from a low of 35 per cent of women Force Participation Rate indicator. from 15-29 years was 39.4 per cent only 21.7 per cent are receiving a in Madaba governorate to a high The female labor force participation in 2016 (Amer, 2018). It is much minimum acceptable diet. For Syrian of 49 per cent of women in Ma’an rate dropped slightly from 14.7 per higher for women than for men.12 children the situation is much worse, governorate (DHS, 2018). cent in 2010 to 13.2 per cent in 2016, where only 15 per cent in total Despite the rising support, receive a minimum acceptable diet, while the married women labor • • Food Security for Vulnerable force participation rate fell from 12.7 entrepreneurship remains a while for Jordanians, it is 24 per Jordanians: Seven out of ten per cent in 2010 to 10.7 per cent in challenging endeavor. More than cent. Minimum diet diversity varies vulnerable Jordanian households 2016 (Amer, 2018).10 half of youth indicate they would across governorates, with Mafraq were vulnerable to food insecurity like to own their businesses, (14.3 per cent), Madaba (13 per cent) (59 per cent) or food insecure (11 per and Tafilah (13 per cent) having • The average working person in the showing a marked interest in cent), with the highest proportion of poorest decile earns only 241JD/ entrepreneurship. the lowest minimum diet diversity food-insecure households reported month, including overtime and among all the 12 governorates. in Karak and Madaba (17 per cent) bonuses. Nearly half of the working • In 2018, Jordan was ranked 103 out (WFP, 2019). poor are employed in the informal of 190 countries in the Cost of Doing • Anaemia is common among children Business.13 in Jordan; almost one-third of sector, which would mean no social • Over the two years from 2016-18, security coverage. children are anaemic (32 per cent). food security deteriorated slightly Most of the children with anaemia among registered Syrian refugees have mild anaemia (21 per cent of • The unemployment rate for 15- living in host communities. In 19 years young people is 48.7 all children). Eleven percent have 2018, 20 per cent of registered per cent, and for 20-24 years, moderate anaemia, and less than Syrian refugee households in host the unemployment rate is 38.5 1 per cent of children have severe communities were food-secure, per cent (DOS 2019).11 This has anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia compared with 28 per cent in 2016 among children living in the North (WFP, 2019).

10 Amer, M (2018) School to Work Transition in Jordan 2010-2016. Working Paper No. 1196: ERF 11 DOS (2019) Labor Force Quarterly Survey. Available at: http://dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/archive/Unemp/2019/ Emp_Q1_2019.pdf 12 Not in Employment nor in Education and Training. 13 The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is reflected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. 8 UNICEF | Geographic Multidimensional Vulnerability Analysis- Executive Summary 9 • On average, 37 per cent of the budgets. The local governance law is increased by 0.6-0.7 °C since Social Protection beneficiaries of unconditional going to have an overlap with the roles 2000, and the maximum average Social protection provision in Jordan cash transfer programmes are and responsibilities aforementioned in temperature by 1.3-1.4 °C (DOS, 14 involves a multitude of actors in the poorest 20 per cent of the Municipality authority duties. 2017). population. For NAF, 47 per cent of and programmes. These include Key Statistics: Government of Jordan is several government ministries and recipients are in the poorest 20 per • cent of the population. Here are some of the significant determined to reduce its departments: Ministry of Social statistics for solid waste management greenhouse gas emissions by a bulk Development (MoSD), Ministry of • NAF: Though the household grant for Jordan, which would require of 14 per cent by 2030. However, Labour, Ministry of Awqaf, Islamic covers a considerable number substantial budgetary allocations for Jordan also agreed to reduce GHGs Affairs and Holy Places, Ministry of of households over the year, the technological advancements and deal by additional 12 percent subject to Education, Ministry of Health, Ministry number of children targeted under with the rising demand for solid waste financial aid. of Finance. National Social Protection these programmes remains low; management (DOS 2017): Strategy (2019-2025) discusses targeted in 2018, only 119,972 children were • CO2 emissions for Jordan were assistance, where the government targeted, which is only 2.9 per cent • Quantity of Solid Waste of 22,772 kt in 2016, which increased provides targeted, temporary social of the total children population. Municipalities 2016: 3.5 Million ton considerably over the years, where assistance to citizens who are unable it was only 14,721 kt in 1997, growing to be economically self-sufficient, Fees of Solid Waste Collection and • Nearly half of the Jordanian • at an average annual rate of 2.4 per allowing them to maintain a basic households earning less than JOD Transport from all sectors 2016: 37 cent (knoema, 201815) which though level of consumption. Under the social 7500 per year are not receiving any Million JD. is only 0.6 per cent of the world assistance component, there are two assistance, only 7 per cent of the emission. The percentage of automated and major programmes in Jordan, National households earning less than JOD • electronic waste disposal in the Aid Fund (NAF) and Zakat fund. 2500 per year are receiving NAF • Findings from Jordan’s third medical waste sector in 2016: 3 per assistance and 1 per cent from Zakat national communication on cent Key Statistics: Fund. climate change depicts that • Jordan has a plethora of separate dynamic projections predict more The percentage of automated and programmes with similar goals, • extremely likely heatwaves and the electronic waste disposal in the resulting in inefficient spending analysis of summer temperature; Local Governance industrial sector in 2016: 89 per cent on duplicated efforts (as well monthly values and the inter- as impeding transparency and and Municipal Ninety-eight per cent of children under annual variability reveal that some accountability.) Until 2019, criteria age 5 had their births registered with thresholds could be exceeded for targeting cash assistance has Services the civil authorities; this includes 89 especially for a summer month been focused on those who are per cent with a birth certificate and 9 where the average of maximum unable to work due to disability or The government of Jordan has been per cent whose birth was registered but temperature for the whole country old age. Between 2012 and 2017: committed to the 2015 Decentralization who do not have a birth certificate (DOS could exceed 42-44°C. Law, and Municipality law reflects o Targeted social assistance decreased 2018). the commitment towards a culture • According to the Ministry of by 9 per cent or JD 21 million of popular participation at the sub- Agriculture, afforestation is one of national levels of the government. Environment and the priorities, wherein 925 dunums o Non-targeted subsidies decreased This law will introduce a new level of were afforested in the country by 88.4 per cent or JD 788 million decision-making at the governorate Climate Change in 2017, which had decreased level, where the governorates will significantly in comparison to 2015 • This decline in subsidy was not directed to targeted social plan and prioritise the development Key Statistics: when 6350 dunums were afforested 16 assistance. projects and also prepare and ratify the • The minimum average temperature (DOS 2017).

14 DOS (2017) Jordan in Figures. 15 https://knoema.com/atlas/Jordan/CO2-emissions

10 UNICEF | Geographic Multidimensional Vulnerability Analysis- Executive Summary 11 Housing Energy Transport Justice Key Statistics: Key Statistics: Key Statistics: Key Statistics: • DHS (2017-18) collected data on • The country has two main Jordan transportation system faced • Jordan´s overall rule of law housing characteristics such as challenges regarding its energy several problems in the last decade and performance for 2019 is confirmed type of housing, flooring/wall/roof situation: the growing energy with the influx of Syrian refugees; the as ranked 2 out of 8 countries in materials, and the number of rooms demand and on the other hand, very situation has worsened. A few of the the Middle East & North Africa used for sleeping. The data show limited domestic resources to fulfill significant issues are congestion and region, 49 out of 126 countries that 71 per cent of housing units this demand. frequent traffic jams, an increase in car and jurisdictions worldwide and 11 in urban areas are apartments, as ownership ratio, road capacity, traffic out of 38 as lower-middle-income compared with 24 per cent in rural • Jordan is considered an energy demand management, drivers and countries.18 Jordan has scored areas. Dars, which are homes that insecure country as it was importing pedestrians' behavior, lack of reliable significantly better in terms of are built with an enclosed central 92 per cent of its energy in 2018; on public transportation system, absence provision of civil justice and criminal yard, account for 74 per cent of the positive end, 100 per cent of the of national railway system, increase justice with the overall rank of 32 housing in rural areas compared population has access to electricity. in transport due to Syrian influx. and 28, respectively, out of 126 with 26 per cent in urban areas. According to the National Transport countries, but the factor score can The local production of energy – • strategy, the capacity of a road still be improved. including crude oil, natural gas, • In homes, the most common provided is sufficient, but road users and renewable energy remained flooring materials are tiles (60 are faced with forced traffic flow and • The percentage of felonies of total consistently low as a percentage per cent of households) and congestion, particularly in and around general crimes is 71 per cent, of the total energy needs of the ceramic tiles (37 per cent). Three urban areas at certain peak times of the whereas the total change in general country, whereas only 0.79 Mtoe in five households (60 per cent) in day or the week. These conditions will crimes (2014-18) is -8 per cent. energy produced in 2018 and the Jordan have four or more rooms worsen over time as transport demand So here we observe a significant country hads to import 9.1208 Mtoe in the house, and 44.3 per cent is forecasted to increase. decline in the last four years. of households use two rooms for in 2016. sleeping. Road safety is one of the major • Trends in crime rate per 1000 Electricity consumption has • • areas of concern in the country. population; there is a significant increased four-fold since 1990 to • Housing Crisis: According to Jordan Jordan has one of the world’s decline that can be observed 2018; the total energy consumption Housing Developers Association highest rates of road fatalities, since 2014, where it was 3 to 1000 has reached 17.53 TWh. (JHDA), the country is facing a suggesting that urgent attention is population, and in 2018, it was 2.4. severe crisis for affordable housing. required to create safer roads and The renewable energy share in the Court client satisfaction survey by The influx of nearly 1.5 million • neighborhoods. There are 23 road • total final energy consumption for the Ministry of Justice revealed refugees from the neighboring fatalities per 100,000 population.17 2018 is 10.35 per cent. that 78.9 per cent are satisfied with countries compete with the locals Transportation cost is one of the • services provided at court. The for affordable housing. The real Per Capita Primary Energy major household costs incurring • same survey shows that partners estate market declined by 7 per cent, Consumption has decreased from for all the income deciles. For the satisfaction during the last 4 years is wherein the first quarter of 2018 was 2011 (1193 kgoe) to 2017 (996 kgoe), lowest two income groups, nearly between 83-85 per cent. JD 1.4 billion. The estimates from while Per Capita Consumption 10 per cent of the non-food item cost JHDA show that total value housing of Electricity went down from is associated with travel whereas Crimes related to sexual abuse and units built from 2015 to date, which • 2166 kwh in 2011 to 1748 kwh in it is 23 per cent for the wealthiest exploitation is increasing over the remain unsold, are put at JD 1 2017, demonstrating that people households (HIES, 2018). years, with 766 cases reported in billion. According to the association cannot afford the previous level of 2014, but it reached 1023, which is 14 32 per cent of Jordanians who consumption. per cent of the total felonies in 2018 bought apartments in 2017 chose (DOS, 2018). ones that were smaller.

16 DOS (2017) Figures in Jordan- Enviornment and Climate Change 17 Jordan 2025 A National Vision and Strategy 18 According to the latest World Justice Report Rule of Law Index (2019)

12 UNICEF | Geographic Multidimensional Vulnerability Analysis- Executive Summary 13 14 UNICEF | Geographic Multidimensional Vulnerability Analysis- Executive Summary 15 UNICEF Jordan www.unicef.org/jordan Office Tel: +962 6 5502400 P.O. Box 940043, Amman 11194, Jordan