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The Water-Energy-Agriculture Nexus in Jordan – a Case Study on As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Lower Jordan River Basin

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The Water-Energy-Agriculture Nexus in Jordan – a Case Study on As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Lower Jordan River Basin The Water-Energy-Agriculture nexus in Jordan – A case study on As-Samra wastewater treatment plant in the Lower Jordan River Basin Alberto Belda González Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:588 Division of Energy System Analysis SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM ii Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:588 The Water-Energy-Agriculture nexus in Jordan – A case study on As-Samra wastewater treatment plant in the Lower Jordan River Basin Alberto Belda González Approved Examiner Supervisor 18/07/2018 Francesco Fuso Nerini Caroline Sundin Commissioner Contact person [email protected] iii Preface This document constitutes the thesis of the dual master’s program in Sustainable Energy Engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV). The thesis was performed at the Unit of Energy Systems Analysis (KTH-dESA), and was written to support the FAO project “Implementing the 2030 Agenda for water efficiency/ productivity and water sustainability in NENA countries (2017-2020)”. The supervisor of the thesis was Caroline Sundin, and the examiner was Francesco Fuso-Nerini. Disclaimer: This document presents the view of the author and may therefore not reflect views from, or be supported by, the parties who are related to or involved in the project that this report is supporting. Abstract Historically, water, energy and agricultural resources have been naturally scarce in Jordan, but current economic, demographic, geopolitical and environmental conditions are aggravating the situation. The influxes of refugees are increasing the already high natural population growth; better economic conditions and living standards are changing consumption and production patterns; surrounding conflicts affect the supply of resources; and negative effects associated to climate change can be noticed already. Therefore, nexus thinking as a basis for integrated and cross-sectorial natural resources management is essential to achieve water, energy and food security, and eventually to move towards a sustainable development of the country. To that end, understanding the existing nexus interlinkages is crucial. This document constitutes a first nexus approach focused on water, energy and agriculture (WEA) sectors in Jordan. The research has adopted a case study method based on literature review to consider different contextual factors, and three levels of study were regarded: national level, Lower Jordan River Basin within Jordanian borders level, and As-Samra WWTP level, which has constituted the case study. Based on an extensive literature review that has resulted in an updated analysis of the current Jordanian context, the main WEA nexus interlinkages have been identified at every level of study. Thirteen future alternative pathways have been proposed, their potential impacts on WEA nexus sectors have been investigated, and related indicators to evaluate these impacts have been suggested. Additionally, three combined pathways have been analyzed in detail. In general, results show that interdependencies between WEA sectors at all levels are strong and projected to intensify in the future, and highlight the critical situation of Jordan in terms of resource management. Inefficiencies and unsustainable uses of natural resources stand out as decisive problems that urge to be solved, and future pathways appear to be potentially harmful for the Jordanian system unless they are included in an integrated nexus-based planning. Keywords: Water-energy-agriculture nexus, Jordan, Lower Jordan River Basin, As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant iv Sammanfattning Historiskt sett har vatten-, energi- och jordbruksresurser varit naturligt begränsade i Jordanien, men de nuvarande ekonomiska, demografiska, geopolitiska och miljöbetingade förhållandena förvärrar situationen. Inkommande flyktningar ökar den redan höga populationsökningen; bättre ekonomiska förutsättningar och levnadsstandarder ändrar konsumtion- och produktionsmönster; kringliggande konflikter påverkar utbudet av resurser; och negativa effekter associerade med klimatförändringar är redan tydliga. På denna grund så är Nexus en god grund för integrerad och tvärsektoriell förvaltning av naturresurs och vital för att säkerställa resurser för vatten, energi och mat och eventuellt gå mot en hållbar utveckling inom landet. För att åstadkomma det ovannämnda så är förståelse för nuvarande nexus samband avgörande. Denna studie utgör ett tillvägagångssätt för en nexus studie med fokus på vatten, energi och jordbruk (WEA) sektorerna i Jordanien. Arbetet utgår från en fallstudie och baseras på en litteraturstudie som är gjord på tre olika nivåer: nationell, Lower Jordan River Basin inom gränserna av Jordanien och As-Samra vattenreningsverk, sistnämnda utgör fallstudien. Baserat på en omfattande litteraturstudie som resulterat i en uppdaterad analys av Jordaniens situation, så har de huvudsakliga WEA nexus sambanden identifierats för varje nivå. Tretton framtida alternativa utfall har föreslagits, deras potentiella påverkan på WEA sektorerna har undersökts och relaterade indikatorer har föreslagits för att utvärdera deras påverkan. Vidare, tre kombinerade utfall har utvärderats i detalj. Överlag så visar resultaten på starkt ömsesidigt beroende mellan WEA sektorerna på alla nivåer och är beräknad att intensifieras i framtiden, vilket betonar den kritiska situationen Jordanien befinner sig i med avseende på naturresurshantering. Ineffektivt och ohållbart utnyttjande av naturresurser står ut som ett stort problem som kräver en lösning, och framtida utfall tycks vara potentiellt skadliga för Jordanien om de inte inkluderas i en integrerad planering baserat på ett nexus tillvägagångssätt. v Acknowledgments Any potential errors expressed in this report are entirely my own. However, this project would not have been possible without the help and support of many. First, I want to express my gratitude to KTH Royal Institute of Technology for having accepted me during last academic year. Thanks to KTH-dESA, and in particular to Francesco Fuso-Nerini for offering me the possibility of taking part of this project. Thanks also to Georgios Avgerinopoulos and Constantinos Taliotis for your help and your time to solve my questions and make my work easier. And especially, thanks to Caroline Sundin. Thank you for your help, your time and your infinite patience with me, for calming me down when I was stressed or lost and for encouraging me to give my best. I really appreciate it and hope the result makes it worthwhile. Moreover, I would not be involved in this adventure without the faith and help of my family. Thank you for letting me enroll in this programme and for supporting me in the distance. Finally, thanks Andrea for cheering me up every day and for sharing with me so many memories during last year. It would not have been the same without you. And thanks dad. I know you would be proud of me. vi List of abbreviations and acronyms a.g.l. above ground (sea) level b.g.l below ground (sea) level BCM Billion Cubic Meter (109 m3) BGR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe BOD (BOD5) Biochemical or Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CSP Concentrated Solar Power DAF Dissolved Air Flotation DGWIS Decentralized Green Water-Infrastructure System DO Dissolved Oxygen DOS (Jordanian) Department of Statistics EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FTA Farm Turnout Assembly GDP Gross Domestic Product GoJ Government of Jordan GWh Giga Watt Hour H2S Hydrogen Sulfide ha hectare (1 ha = 10 000 m2 = 0.1 dunum) HDI Human Development Index HRT hydraulic residence time JAEC Jordan Atomic Energy Commission JD Jordan Dinar (1 JD = 1.40 USD (DOS, 2017a)) JISM Jordan Institute for Standards and Metrology JSMO Jordan Standards and Metrology Organization JRTR Jordan Research and Training Reactor JUST Jordan University for Science and Technology JV Jordan Valley JVA Jordan Valley Authority KAC King Abdullah Canal kWh kilowatt hour KTR King Talal Reservoir LJRB Lower Jordan River Basin m3 cubic meter MCM Million Cubic Meter (106 m3) MEMR (Jordanian) Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MSF Multi-Stage Flash distillation MW megawatt MWt thermal megawatt MWI (Jordanian) Ministry of Water and Irrigation NENA Near East and North Africa NEPCO (Jordanian) National Electric Power Company O&M Operation and Maintenance PS Pumping Station RO Reverse Osmosis RSDSP Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance Project SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SDG Sustainable Development Goal SPC Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant Co. TN total nitrogen toe ton of oil equivalent TP total phosphorus TSS (SS) Total Suspended Solids vii UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund UN-ESCWA United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar VSS Volatile Suspended Solids WAJ Water Authority of Jordan WEA water-energy-agriculture WEF water-energy-food WHO World Healt Organizaton WSP Wastewater Stabilization Ponds WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant viii Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................................
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