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Towards Decolonial Futures: New Media, Digital Infrastructures, and Imagined Geographies of Palestine

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Towards Decolonial Futures: New Media, Digital Infrastructures, and Imagined Geographies of Palestine Towards Decolonial Futures: New Media, Digital Infrastructures, and Imagined Geographies of Palestine by Meryem Kamil A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American Culture) in The University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Evelyn Alsultany, Co-Chair Professor Lisa Nakamura, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Anna Watkins Fisher Professor Nadine Naber, University of Illinois, Chicago Meryem Kamil [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2355-2839 © Meryem Kamil 2019 Acknowledgements This dissertation could not have been completed without the support and guidance of many, particularly my family and Kajol. The staff at the American Culture Department at the University of Michigan have also worked tirelessly to make sure I was funded, healthy, and happy, particularly Mary Freiman, Judith Gray, Marlene Moore, and Tammy Zill. My committee members Evelyn Alsultany, Anna Watkins Fisher, Nadine Naber, and Lisa Nakamura have provided the gentle but firm push to complete this project and succeed in academia while demonstrating a commitment to justice outside of the ivory tower. Various additional faculty have also provided kind words and care, including Charlotte Karem Albrecht, Irina Aristarkhova, Steph Berrey, William Calvo-Quiros, Amy Sara Carroll, Maria Cotera, Matthew Countryman, Manan Desai, Colin Gunckel, Silvia Lindtner, Richard Meisler, Victor Mendoza, Dahlia Petrus, and Matthew Stiffler. My cohort of Dominic Garzonio, Joseph Gaudet, Peggy Lee, Michael Pascual, and Vivian Truong has been a constant source of support and has facilitated my intellectual and personal growth. I also am indebted to so many that have been central to my mental health during the endless Michigan winters, including Cassius Adair, Marc Arthur, Stefan Aune, Maryam Aziz, Secil Binboga, David Broadway, Iván Chaar-Lopez, Sony Corañez- Bolton, Deleska Crockett, Faithe Day, Belquis Elhadi, Jane Griffith, Yahya Hafez, Ai ii Binh Ho, David Hutchinson, Irene Inatty, Lisa Jong, Mika Kennedy, Jina Kim, Jenny Kwak, Joo Young Lee, Joseph De Leon, Cindy Lin, Allan Lumba, Hiroaki Matsusaka, Austin McCoy, Calvin McMillan, Richard Minaya, Dulce Morales, Orquidea Morales, Joshua Morrison, Nazarina Mwakasege, Pau Nava, Robert Ramaswamy, Mary Renda, Kirisitina Sailiata, Cengiz Salman, Gabrielle Sarpy, Marie Sato, Zachary Schudson, Balbir Singh, Jamie Tam, Malcolm Tariq, ToniAnn Treviño, Charnan Williams, and Sunhay You. The Critical Ethnic and Asian/ Pacific Islander American Studies Workshop, Institute for the Humanities, Precarity Lab, Digital Precarity Workshop, Digital Studies Program, and Digital Studies Graduate Workshop provided various forms of support as well. Various faculty and friends outside of Michigan have also been an invaluable part of this process: Nadia Abu-Gheida, Mike Atienza, Zainab Badi, Victor Betts, Umayyah Cable, Josue Castellon, Erica Maria Cheung, Amal Dalmar, Josen Diaz, Nathan Ellstrand, Fatima El-Tayeb, Keith Feldman, Gary Fields, Alborz Gandehari, Violeta Gonzales, Hardeep Jandu, Jenny Kelly, Nadeen Kharputly, Anthony Kim, Ashvin Kini, Kavita Kulkarni, Rahim Kurwa, Diana Leon-Boys, David Lloyd, Nancy Magpusao, Alireza Moaddel, Jennifer Moghannam, Adolfo Mora, Chris Perreira, Leslie Quintanilla, Loubna Qutami, Junaid Rana, Juan Llamas Rodriguez, Steven Salaita, Amrah Salomon, Simeen Shaikh, Lila Sharif, Jerel Vega, Jaicele Wallace, LaCharles Ward, Edwina Welch, K. Wayne Yang, and Cecilia Zhou. Students for Justice in Palestine—National chapter, West Coast chapter, and UC San Diego chapter, UC San Diego’s Ethnic Studies Department, the Cross Cultural iii Center and Student Affirmative Action Committee of UC San Diego, and Student Alliance for Freedom and Equality at University of Michigan have been invaluable to my growth and research. Finally, I would like to thank my various interlocutors for their generosity. This project would not have been possible if not for the critical on-the-ground resistance in Palestine and in diaspora, and I hope that I have contributed a small but ethical and critical reference in the push for return. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT viii CHAPTER I. Introduction 1 II. Post Spatial, Post Colonial: Accessing Palestine Digitally 31 III. Automating Intifada: Digital Games and Palestinian Resistance 68 IV. Un/Mapping Palestine 99 V. Terror Kites and Balloon Bombs: High/Low Tech Palestine 135 VI. Conclusion 170 WORKS CITED 179 v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES 1. New Media Theories and Methods 6 2. 24 Media Photograph of 2014 Beachside Killings 17 3. GoPro ultraHD 4k Screen Capture of al-Aqsa Compound 37 4. Ricoh 1080p Screen Capture of al-Qibli Mosque 40 5. superHD Screen Capture of Dome of the Rock 41 6. Digitally Rendered Mosque in Mi’ar 58 7. Al-Aqsa Mosque Guard 68 8. Liyla and the Shadows of War Obstacle Course 74 9. Liyla and the Shadows of War White Phosphorus 74 10. Liyla and the Shadows of War Ambulance 77 11. Liyla and the Shadows of War Jumping Sequence 78 12. Liyla and the Shadows of War Orbs 81 13. Peacemaker Opening Scenes 87 14. Peacemaker Game Board 88 15. Peacemaker Suicide Bombing Alert 89 16. Peacemaker Gameplay Options 90 17. Peacemaker End Screen 93 18. Palestinian Loss of Land 100 vi 19. Waze 106 20. Avoid Palestinian Lands on Waze 109 21. Incendiary Balloons on a Cut Out Drone 138 22. Incendiary Kites in Gaza 139 23. Old City of Hebron 149 24. Incendiary Balloons on Drone 151 25. Kite with Net 157 26. Incendiary “I <3 You” Balloon 160 27. Incendiary Condom Balloons 162 vii ABSTRACT Towards Decolonial Futures: New Media, Digital Infrastructures, and Imagined Geographies of Palestine explores the unexpected breaks and fault-lines within Israeli settler-colonialism that are exacerbated by new media objects and practices. The dissertation examines both content and form of media that represent Palestine, revealing the limitations and possibilities of new media objects to provide a platform for contesting settler-colonialism and imagining decolonial futures for subaltern subjects. The key questions of the dissertation are as follows: What work do digital representations of Palestine and Palestinian land do for identifying fissures in settler-colonial structures? How can an attention to the materiality of digital infrastructures illustrate the ways the digital shapes, affects, and (dis)allows alternative Palestinian futures and relationality? How can a “postcolonial digital studies” framework emerge that distances itself from techno-determinism to critically understand subaltern subjects’ engagements with technology? To address these framing questions, Towards Decolonial Futures focuses on objects that seek to reframe understandings of Palestine and Palestinian resistance: new site Al Jazeera English’s 360-degree video tour of al-Aqsa compound in East Jerusalem alongside Palestinian group Udna’s video of the razed village Mi’ar’s history and potential future; mobile video game Liyla and the Shadows of War that represents life in the Gaza Strip alongside ImpactGames desktop video game Peacemaker: Israeli viii Palestinian Conflict that asks players to work towards a two-state solution; digital mapping practices on mobile application Waze and the open-source mapping community of OpenStreetMaps; and finally, incendiary kites and balloons released by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip in 2018. The network, a non-space that traverses geography while also beholden to infrastructure, acts as a site of encounter where questions regarding Palestinian futurity can be explored. The dissertation models a method for future scholarship on postcolonial digital cultures by understanding technology as indeterminate objects embedded in structures of power. Through materialist postcolonial studies methods and digital culture analyses including close reading and discourse analysis, I examine both the content and form of media objects including circulation, infrastructure, and representation. The dissertation seeks to critically analyze the potential of media objects in re-framing users’ understandings of Palestinian identity, land, and resistance. In other words, I demonstrate the political work new media forms allow for in building alternative decolonial Palestinian futures. Towards Decolonial Futures delineates the ways particular new media objects and practices gesture to challenging Israeli settler-colonialism and building towards Palestinian futurity. Rather than celebrating new media in a techno-determinist fashion, this dissertation shows the affordances and limitations of using technology that disavow the importance of geography but allow for reimagining the relationship between Palestinians, Israeli settler-colonial structures, and land. viii CHAPTER I Introduction This dissertation examines the role of new media and technology in imagining alternate Palestinian futures. Towards Decolonial Futures: New Media, Digital Infrastructures, and Imagined Geographies of Palestine centers new media practices and objects that represent Palestine to elaborate on theories of mediation, relationality, and geography. The dissertation addresses the questions: What work do digital representations of Palestine and Palestinian land do for identifying fissures in settler- colonial structures? How can an attention to the materiality of digital infrastructures illustrate the ways the digital shapes, affects, and (dis)allows alternative Palestinian futures and relationality? How can a “postcolonial digital studies” framework
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