8: Auditory Information Processing and the Brain

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Cognitive Neuroscience of Language: 8: Auditory information processing and the brain Richard Shillcock 1 Goals Look at how the brain represents auditory information Look at some of the implications for the processing of speech, bearing in mind that phonological activation seems mandatory during reading 2 Reading for this lecture Zatorre, R.J., Belin, P. & Penhune, V.B. (2002). Structure and function of auditory cortex: music and speech. TICS, 5, 37–46. Cutler, A. (1997). The comparative perspective on spoken-language processing. Speech Communication, 21, 3-15. 3 From sound to neurons 4 From sound to neurons 5 From sound to neurons 6 From pressure change to neural ﬁring Different hair cells have different thresholds to respond to intensity differences 7 Tonotopic mapping but see ... http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ matthews/ear.html ... for the correct relation between frequency and the cochlea 8 Auditory pathways 9 Auditory pathways 10 11 Direction of sound In the medial and lateral superior olive, minute timing and intensity differences are compared, allowing sound direction to be computed. 12 Medial superior olive in autism Normal Autistic Kulesza & Mangunay (2008) 13 In the cortex 14 15 Auditory callosal coordination. “A” shows the placement of auditory connections in the corpus callosum (Aboitiz et al., 2003) 16 Auditory cortical areas 17 Primary auditory cortex Cells in A1 respond well to pure sounds, and damage to A1 results in cortical deafness 18 Secondary auditory cortex Cells in A2 respond weakly to pure sounds (cf. spots of light in V1), but strongly to band-passed noise (cf. bars in V2) 19 Auditory hallucinations and A1 Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia can cause activation in Heschl’s gyrus (primary auditory cortex) They can also be the result of lesions (see left) 20 Speech comprehension Pure word deafness (central hearing loss) can result from disconnections involving Heschl’s gyrus and Wernicke’s area, and other central impairments Non-speech hearing is retained 21 Non-speech comprehension Central hearing loss can also involve normal speech perception, but impaired perception of non-speech sounds (auditory agnosia), or music (amusia), typically involving the RH 22 Summary Early binaural projection (compared with vision) Tonotopic mapping and very precise temporal processing Speech/non-speech dissociation 23.

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DISORDERS of AUDITORY PROCESSING: EVIDENCE for MODULARITY in AUDITION Michael R
DISORDERS OF AUDITORY PROCESSING: EVIDENCE FOR MODULARITY IN AUDITION Michael R. Polster and Sally B. Rose (Psychology Department, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand) ABSTRACT This article examines four disorders of auditory processing that can result from selective brain damage (cortical deafness, pure word deafness, auditory agnosia and phonagnosia) in an effort to derive a plausible functional and neuroanatomical model of audition. The article begins by identifying three possible reasons why models of auditory processing have been slower to emerge than models of visual processing: neuroanatomical differences between the visual and auditory systems, terminological confusions relating to auditory processing disorders, and technical factors that have made auditory stimuli more difficult to study than visual stimuli. The four auditory disorders are then reviewed and current theories of auditory processing considered. Taken together, these disorders suggest a modular architecture analogous to models of visual processing that have been derived from studying neurological patients. Ideas for future research to test modular theory more fully are presented. Key words: auditory processing, modularity, review INTRODUCTION Neuropsychological investigations of patients suffering from brain damage have flourished in recent years and helped to produce more detailed and neuroanatomically plausible models of several aspects of cognitive function. For example, models of language processing are often closely aligned with studies of aphasia (e.g., Caplan, 1987; Goodglass, 1993) and models of memory draw heavily upon studies of amnesia (e.g., Schacter and Tulving, 1994; Squire, 1987). Most of this research has relied on visually presented materials, and as a result visual processing disorders tend to be more well-documented and better understood than their auditory counterparts.
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