Autism & the Senses
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
PDF Generated By
The Evolution of Language: Towards Gestural Hypotheses DIS/CONTINUITIES TORUŃ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND CULTURE Edited by Mirosława Buchholtz Advisory Board Leszek Berezowski (Wrocław University) Annick Duperray (University of Provence) Dorota Guttfeld (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Grzegorz Koneczniak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Piotr Skrzypczak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Jordan Zlatev (Lund University) Vol. 20 DIS/CONTINUITIES Przemysław ywiczy ski / Sławomir Wacewicz TORUŃ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND CULTURE Ż ń Edited by Mirosława Buchholtz Advisory Board Leszek Berezowski (Wrocław University) Annick Duperray (University of Provence) Dorota Guttfeld (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Grzegorz Koneczniak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) The Evolution of Language: Piotr Skrzypczak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Jordan Zlatev (Lund University) Towards Gestural Hypotheses Vol. 20 Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. The translation, publication and editing of this book was financed by a grant from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland within the programme Uniwersalia 2.1 (ID: 347247, Reg. no. 21H 16 0049 84) as a part of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Ministry cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Translators: Marek Placi ski, Monika Boruta Supervision and proofreading: John Kearns Cover illustration: © ńMateusz Pawlik Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck ISSN 2193-4207 ISBN 978-3-631-79022-9 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-631-79393-0 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-79394-7 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-79395-4 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b15805 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 unported license. -
Cognitive Communication Disorders: a Clinician's Guide
A Presentation to the Mississippi Speech-Language-Hearing Association - 2018 Cognitive Communication Disorders: A Clinician’s Guide Scott S. Rubin, Ph.D. Associate Professor LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans & Adjunct Professor Department of Psychology Tulane University Disclosure Statement: † Speaker is receiving both travel support and honorarium from conference organization. ‡There are no other disclosures to be made 2018 Cognitive Communication Disorders: A Clinician’s Guide OUTLINE 1. Hemispheric and system specific cognitive functions related to communication disorders. 2. Evaluation techniques for cognitive disorders. 3. Functional treatment issues/tasks focused on targeted cognitive communication deficits and patient needs. Getting right into it.. What a great area of cortex! Gotta love it. • Pre-frontal lobe (cortex) IS the center of our Executive System. Just think about impacts on communication! Functions include: − Thought – i.e., the highest levels of thought! • 1 The voice in your head… or voices… that you use to think consciously: Of course – the internal voice(s) do involve language. • Continued - Thought − We “verbally mediate” (consciously) what we are processing and thus what we do. − Prior to the inner voice, we have higher levels of pre-conscious thought: Language of the mind. − An unbelievable amount of activation; processing, planning, analyses, use of a wide variety of pre-conscious systems (centers), and integration of information. Far more than you can imagine. Source art above: mylifeingodsgarden.com/2017/06/17/voices-in-my-head/ • continued – Thought • Integration of information − Not just knowing a fact, but how different facts and concepts interact • Sorry students, but academic and clinical faculty see that some students do well memorizing terms and their individual concepts, however sometimes they can’t put it all together, see how various systems, functions, and/or disorders interact – to form the big picture. -
NEUROLOGY in TABLE.Pdf
ZAPORIZHZHIA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY DISEASES NEUROLOGY IN TABLE (General neurology) for practical employments to the students of the IV course of medical faculty Zaporizhzhia, 2015 2 It is approved on meeting of the Central methodical advice Zaporozhye state medical university (the protocol № 6, 20.05.2015) and is recommended for use in scholastic process. Authors: doctor of the medical sciences, professor Kozyolkin O.A. candidate of the medical sciences, assistant professor Vizir I.V. candidate of the medical sciences, assistant professor Sikorskaya M.V. Kozyolkin O. A. Neurology in table (General neurology) : for practical employments to the students of the IV course of medical faculty / O. A. Kozyolkin, I. V. Vizir, M. V. Sikorskaya. – Zaporizhzhia : [ZSMU], 2015. – 94 p. 3 CONTENTS 1. Sensitive function …………………………………………………………………….4 2. Reflex-motor function of the nervous system. Syndromes of movement disorders ……………………………………………………………………………….10 3. The extrapyramidal system and syndromes of its lesion …………………………...21 4. The cerebellum and it’s pathology ………………………………………………….27 5. Pathology of vegetative nervous system ……………………………………………34 6. Cranial nerves and syndromes of its lesion …………………………………………44 7. The brain cortex. Disturbances of higher cerebral function ………………………..65 8. Disturbances of consciousness ……………………………………………………...71 9. Cerebrospinal fluid. Meningealand hypertensive syndromes ………………………75 10. Additional methods in neurology ………………………………………………….82 STUDY DESING PATIENT BY A PHYSICIAN NEUROLOGIST -
DISORDERS of AUDITORY PROCESSING: EVIDENCE for MODULARITY in AUDITION Michael R
DISORDERS OF AUDITORY PROCESSING: EVIDENCE FOR MODULARITY IN AUDITION Michael R. Polster and Sally B. Rose (Psychology Department, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand) ABSTRACT This article examines four disorders of auditory processing that can result from selective brain damage (cortical deafness, pure word deafness, auditory agnosia and phonagnosia) in an effort to derive a plausible functional and neuroanatomical model of audition. The article begins by identifying three possible reasons why models of auditory processing have been slower to emerge than models of visual processing: neuroanatomical differences between the visual and auditory systems, terminological confusions relating to auditory processing disorders, and technical factors that have made auditory stimuli more difficult to study than visual stimuli. The four auditory disorders are then reviewed and current theories of auditory processing considered. Taken together, these disorders suggest a modular architecture analogous to models of visual processing that have been derived from studying neurological patients. Ideas for future research to test modular theory more fully are presented. Key words: auditory processing, modularity, review INTRODUCTION Neuropsychological investigations of patients suffering from brain damage have flourished in recent years and helped to produce more detailed and neuroanatomically plausible models of several aspects of cognitive function. For example, models of language processing are often closely aligned with studies of aphasia (e.g., Caplan, 1987; Goodglass, 1993) and models of memory draw heavily upon studies of amnesia (e.g., Schacter and Tulving, 1994; Squire, 1987). Most of this research has relied on visually presented materials, and as a result visual processing disorders tend to be more well-documented and better understood than their auditory counterparts. -
Cortical Auditory Disorders: Clinical and Psychoacoustic Features
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.51.1.1 on 1 January 1988. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1988;51:1-9 Cortical auditory disorders: clinical and psychoacoustic features MARIO F MENDEZ,* GEORGE R GEEHAN,Jr.t From the Department ofNeurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,* and the Hearing and Speech Center, Rhode Island Hospitalt, Providence, Rhode Island, USA SUMMARY The symptoms of two patients with bilateral cortical auditory lesions evolved from cortical deafness to other auditory syndromes: generalised auditory agnosia, amusia and/or pure word deafness, and a residual impairment of temporal sequencing. On investigation, both had dysacusis, absent middle latency evoked responses, acoustic errors in sound recognition and match- ing, inconsistent auditory behaviours, and similarly disturbed psychoacoustic discrimination tasks. These findings indicate that the different clinical syndromes caused by cortical auditory lesions form a spectrum of related auditory processing disorders. Differences between syndromes may depend on the degree of involvement of a primary cortical processing system, the more diffuse accessory system, and possibly the efferent auditory system. Protected by copyright. Since the original description in the late nineteenth reports of auditory "agnosias" suggest that these are century, a variety ofdisorders has been reported from not genuine agnosias in the classic Teuber definition bilateral lesions of the auditory cortex and its radi- of an intact percept "stripped of its meaning".'3 14 ations. The clinical syndrome of cortical deafness in a Other studies indicate that pure word deafness and woman with bitemporal infarction was described by the auditory agnosias may be functionally related Wernicke and Friedlander in 1883.' The term audi- auditory perceptual disturbances. -
The Auditory Agnosias
Neurocase (1999) Vol. 5, pp. 379–406 © Oxford University Press 1999 PREVIOUS CASES The Auditory Agnosias Jon S. Simons and Matthew A. Lambon Ralph MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge Auditory agnosia refers to the defective recognition of agnosia, some patients have been described with an apparently auditory stimuli in the context of preserved hearing. There language-specific disorder (Auerbach et al., 1982). Franklin has been considerable interest in this topic for over a hundred (1989—see Case P574 below) highlighted five different years despite the apparent rarity of the disorder and potential levels of language-specific impairment that might give rise diagnostic confusion with deafness or even Alzheimer’s to poor spoken comprehension. One of these, word meaning disease (Mendez and Rosenberg, 1991—see Case P593 deafness, is a form of ‘associative’ auditory agnosia that has below). Following Lissauer’s (1890) distinction between fascinated researchers ever since Bramwell first described ‘apperceptive’ and ‘associative’ forms of visual object agno- the disorder at the end of the nineteenth century (see sia, disorders of sound recognition have been divided between Ellis, 1984). impaired perception of the acoustic structure of a stimulus, To be a classic case of word meaning deafness, a patient and inability to associate a successfully perceived auditory should have preserved repetition, phoneme discrimination representation with its semantic meaning (Vignolo, 1982). and lexical decision, but impaired comprehension from Much research has centred on the ‘apperceptive’ form of spoken input alone (comprehension is normal for written auditory agnosia, although the study of such disorders has words and pictures: Franklin et al., 1996; Kohn and Friedman, not been aided by terminological differences in the literature. -
From Hearing Sounds to Recognizing Phonemes: Primary Auditory Cortex Is a Truly Perceptual Language Area
AIMS Neuroscience, 3 (4): 454–473. DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2016.4.454 Received 11 August 2016, Accepted 31 October 2016, Published 9 November 2016 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/neuroscience Review From Hearing Sounds to Recognizing Phonemes: Primary Auditory Cortex is A Truly Perceptual Language Area Byron Bernal 1 and Alfredo Ardila 2, * 1 Radiology Department/Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, USA; 2 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: (305)-348-2750; Fax: (305)-348-2710 Abstract: The aim of this article is to present a systematic review about the anatomy, function, connectivity, and functional activation of the primary auditory cortex (PAC) (Brodmann areas 41/42) when involved in language paradigms. PAC activates with a plethora of diverse basic stimuli including but not limited to tones, chords, natural sounds, consonants, and speech. Nonetheless, the PAC shows specific sensitivity to speech. Damage in the PAC is associated with so-called “pure word-deafness” (“auditory verbal agnosia”). BA41, and to a lesser extent BA42, are involved in early stages of phonological processing (phoneme recognition). Phonological processing may take place in either the right or left side, but customarily the left exerts an inhibitory tone over the right, gaining dominance in function. BA41/42 are primary auditory cortices harboring complex phoneme perception functions with asymmetrical expression, making it possible to include them as core language processing areas (Wernicke’s area). Keywords: Brodmann areas 41/42; phonological perception; word-deafness; language understanding; Wernicke’s area 455 1. Introduction Comprehension of verbal information has been approached from different perspectives across time. -
Phonagnosia: a Dissociation Between Familiar and Unfamiliar Voices
PHONAGNOSIA: A DISSOCIATION BETWEEN FAMILIAR AND UNFAMILIAR VOICES Diana Roupas Van Lanckert, Jeffrey L. Cummingsl, Jody Kreiman3 and Bruce H. Dobkin4 CNeuropsychology Program, Neuropsychiatric Institure, the Department of Psychiatry and Biodehavioral Sciences, and 1,3The Department of Linguistics, University of California at Los Angeles; 2,4The Neurobehavioral Unit, West Los Angeles VAMC Neurology, School of Medicine; 4University of California, Los Angeles, California, and Daniel Freeman Hospital, Inglewood, CA) In prosopagnosia, patients lose the ability to recognize familiar faces such as those of close friends, family members, and famous personalities (Meadows, 1974), whereas their ability to discriminate between two unfamiliar faces may remain unimpaired (Benton, 1980; Benton and Van Allen, 1968; malone, Morris, Kay and Levin, 1982; Warrington and James, 1967). No similar dissociation between familiar and unfamiliar sensory stimuli in the auditory modality has been reported. A selective deficit in recognition of familiar voices might well go undetected because, in person, the face is available for recognition and, on the telephone, other identification strategies may be employed (Schegloff, 1979). Disturbances in recognition of non-voice auditory patterns have previoulsy been described, including deficits of recognition and discrimination of environmental sounds (Spinnler and Vignolo, 1966; Vignolo, 1969; Barbizet, Duizabo, Enos and Fuchs, 1969; Faglioni, Spinnler and Vignolo, 1969), animal cries (Assal and Aubert, 1979) and music (Kimura, 1964; Milner, 1962). It seems likely that voice perception, with its potential parallel to face recognition and discrimination, might also fall victim to selective impairment in brain damage. The speech signal carries information about personal identity along with the linguistic content of the utterance. -
Sonia Leslie Elaine Brownsett
Using fMRI and Behavioural Measures to Investigate Rehabilitation in Post-Stroke Aphasic Deficits Sonia Leslie Elaine Brownsett 2013 Imperial College London, Department of Medicine This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to thank all the volunteers that participated in my studies, especially the patients. Thanks also to the C3NL lab (past and present) for their support, especially those that appreciated the trials and tribulations of stroke studies. I would also like to thank David Howard, for his support, sensible perspective and for pointing me in the direction of this PhD. The largest dose of gratitude must go to Professor Wise (honFRCSLT) for his unique supervisory style, which has supported and encouraged throughout many a difficult result. I’m sure the sense of futility was mutual but he did a remarkable job of being optimistic and was, indeed, proved right in the end. I must also thank my family for their obvious contribution, but most importantly Tony and Thomas for their continued unconditional support and patience at many a missed bedtime. To Hannah, Noah, Joshua, Erin, Niall, Isla, Sophie and Thomas. 2 Statement of Publications The results from this thesis have been submitted for publication. The results presented in Chapter Three have been submitted to Brain and Language and are currently under review. The results from Chapters Four and Five have been provisionally accepted for publication in Brain. Brownsett, S; Wise R; Warren, J, Geranmayeh, F; Parry, A; Howard, D. Self- administered aphasia therapy- is lesion localisation important? Under Review. Brownsett, S; Warren, J; Geranmayeh, F; Woodhead, Z; Leech, R; Wise, R. -
Visual Perception
Visual Perception Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing visual information. The visual system allows someone to acquire, interpret, select, and organize sensory information through the eyes. Signs and Symptoms of Decreased Visual Perception Trouble sequencing steps during activities of daily living (ADLs), such as bathing, dressing, grooming tasks Difficulty writing, drawing, copying, or constructing designs Difficulty routing in the environment Difficulty finding something in a crowded area Impact of Decreased Visual Perception on Daily Function Decreased safety awareness Decreased independence with activities of daily living (ADLs) Confusion of left vs. right Confusion of likes vs. differences Common Visual Perceptual Disturbances Following a head injury, an individual can have a variety of visual perceptual deficits which can directly affect their level of function and independence. The following define different categories of visual perception: Body Image/Body Scheme o Body Image: The visual and mental image of one’s body o Body Scheme: Regulates the position of different body parts on one’s body Somatognosia: Lack of awareness of body structure and failure to recognize one’s body parts in relation to one another Right-Left Discrimination: Ability to understand left versus right Unilateral Neglect: Inability to integrate and use perceptions from the left side of the body or environment. 1 Visual Perception Spatial Relations: Perception of the position of two or more objects in relation to self and each other Figure Ground Discrimination: Ability to differentiate between the foreground and background Position in Space: Ability to interpret concepts of in-out, up-down, front-back Topographical Orientation: Ability to understand and remember relationships of places to one another Apraxias o Most often due to a lesion located in the left hemisphere of the brain, typically in the frontal or parietal lobes. -
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music
THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MUSIC Isabelle Peretz Robert J. Zatorre Editors OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Zat-fm.qxd 6/5/03 11:16 PM Page i THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MUSIC This page intentionally left blank THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MUSIC Edited by ISABELLE PERETZ Départment de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada and ROBERT J. ZATORRE Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada 1 Zat-fm.qxd 6/5/03 11:16 PM Page iv 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © The New York Academy of Sciences, Chapters 1–7, 9–20, and 22–8, and Oxford University Press, Chapters 8 and 21. Most of the materials in this book originally appeared in The Biological Foundations of Music, published as Volume 930 of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, June 2001 (ISBN 1-57331-306-8). This book is an expanded version of the original Annals volume. The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2003 All rights reserved. -
Apraxia, Neglect, and Agnosia
REVIEW ARTICLE 07/09/2018 on SruuCyaLiGD/095xRqJ2PzgDYuM98ZB494KP9rwScvIkQrYai2aioRZDTyulujJ/fqPksscQKqke3QAnIva1ZqwEKekuwNqyUWcnSLnClNQLfnPrUdnEcDXOJLeG3sr/HuiNevTSNcdMFp1i4FoTX9EXYGXm/fCfl4vTgtAk5QA/xTymSTD9kwHmmkNHlYfO by https://journals.lww.com/continuum from Downloaded Apraxia, Neglect, Downloaded CONTINUUM AUDIO INTERVIEW AVAILABLE and Agnosia ONLINE from By H. Branch Coslett, MD, FAAN https://journals.lww.com/continuum ABSTRACT PURPOSEOFREVIEW:In part because of their striking clinical presentations, by SruuCyaLiGD/095xRqJ2PzgDYuM98ZB494KP9rwScvIkQrYai2aioRZDTyulujJ/fqPksscQKqke3QAnIva1ZqwEKekuwNqyUWcnSLnClNQLfnPrUdnEcDXOJLeG3sr/HuiNevTSNcdMFp1i4FoTX9EXYGXm/fCfl4vTgtAk5QA/xTymSTD9kwHmmkNHlYfO disorders of higher nervous system function figured prominently in the early history of neurology. These disorders are not merely historical curiosities, however. As apraxia, neglect, and agnosia have important clinical implications, it is important to possess a working knowledge of the conditions and how to identify them. RECENT FINDINGS: Apraxia is a disorder of skilled action that is frequently observed in the setting of dominant hemisphere pathology, whether from stroke or neurodegenerative disorders. In contrast to some previous teaching, apraxia has clear clinical relevance as it is associated with poor recovery from stroke. Neglect is a complex disorder with CITE AS: many different manifestations that may have different underlying CONTINUUM (MINNEAP MINN) mechanisms. Neglect is, in the author’s view, a multicomponent disorder 2018;24(3,