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The Right to Remain: Articulating Urban Indigeneity in Israel and Australia

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The Right to Remain: Articulating Urban Indigeneity in Israel and Australia The Right to Remain: Articulating Urban Indigeneity in Israel and Australia Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Naama Blatman-Thomas Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev August 2018 Beer-Sheva The Right to Remain: Articulating Urban Indigeneity in Israel and Australia Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Naama Blatman-Thomas Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Approved by the advisor Approved by the Dean of the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies August 2018 Beer-Sheva כזה תו :ראיהשל תוּדליי וריע תינ לאריבש הילרטסובוא רקחמ שלם ימ ל ו י לחק י לש רדה ושי ת קלב תל ראות " רוטודק יפל ל וסו היפ " תאמ ןמלבט - ,סאמות המענ וה שג יסל נ טא וא נ תטיסרבי ןב ןויוגר בגנב "יח לולא ח"עשתה 29 אב ו ג ו טס , 2018 ראב בש עב כזה תו :ראיהשל תוּדליי וריע תינ לאריבש הילרטסובוא רקחמ שלם ימ ל ו י לחק י לש רדה ושי ת קלב תל ראות " רוטודק יפל ל וסו היפ " תאמ ןמלבט - ,סאמות המענ וה שג יסל נ טא וא נ תטיסרבי ןב ןויוגר בגנב רויאש מה נ הח : רויאש ןידק יבת פסה ר ומילל יד רקחמ קתמד מ י ם ע"ש רק י מטי ן ______ ___ __ ___ __ ____ "יח לולא ח"עשתה 29 אב ו ג ו טס , 2018 ראב בש עב This work was carried out under the supervision of Prof. Neve Gordon In the Department Politics and Government Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Research-Student's Affidavit when Submitting the Doctoral Thesis for Judgment I Naama Blatman-Thomas, whose signature appears below, hereby declare that (Please mark the appropriate statements): ü I have written this Thesis by myself, except for the help and guidance offered by my Thesis Advisors. ü The scientific materials included in this Thesis are products of my own research, culled from the period during which I was a research student. ___ This Thesis incorporates research materials produced in cooperation with others, excluding the technical help commonly received during experimental work. Therefore, I am attaching another affidavit stating the contributions made by myself and the other participants in this research, which has been approved by them and submitted with their approval. Date: 28.8.2018 Student's name: Naama Blatman-Thomas Signature: ____________ Acknowledgments In a way, I began working on the dissertation when I was hired by the Galilee Society – the Arab National Society for Health Research and Services in Shfa’amr. At the Galilee Society I was first exposed to the plight of Palestinians in the Galilee, and specifically to how the vast loss of land pushes many young families to relocate from their homes to nearby Jewish cities. The many conversations I had with colleagues and friends in the organisation inspired me to return to the academia to research Indigeneity in settler-colonial cities. My time at the Galilee Society was also invaluable in acquainting me with the striking landscape of the Galilee, its sights, fragrances, sounds and incredible people. I continue to miss that landscape many years after having left it. My doctoral thesis has been both a figurative and a physical journey. I began this journey on the train from Haifa to Beer-Sheva, where I became a student in the Department of Politics and Government at Ben-Gurion University. At BGU I had the privilege to learn from, and work alongside exceptionally talented people. My utmost gratitude goes to Neve Gordon who accompanied me throughout this long and winding road without any sign of fatigue. The work presented here benefitted tremendously from Neve’s commitment, insightfulness, honesty and perfectionism. I am also grateful for the early guidance of Haim Yacobi and the many thought-provoking conversations I had with Mori Ram, Hagit Keysar, Michal Braier, Roi Maor and others who inspired this work. Outside BGU I received incredible support from my dear friend, Maisa Totry-Fakhoury, who also prepared the maps presented in the dissertation. I am also thankful to Zenat, Asala and Dina for the generosity and love they showed me and my family in Karmiel. Two years into the PhD, I substituted my internal commute in Israel with a transoceanic journey to Townsville, Australia. While I still find the ways of this land mysterious and somewhat unpredictable, this has become my home. Libby Porter has shown me exceptional i hospitality and devotion as a ‘back stage’ supervisor, an intellectual mentor and now, a friend. A great deal of my insight about urban Indigeneity emerged through talking to, and writing with Libby. Likewise, Francis Markham helped me navigate this new field with patience and kindness and graciously read and commented on my work. The Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Sociology at James Cook University hosted me in the past four and a half years. I am indebted to Theresa Petray for paving the way for me to become a part of this community and for inspiring me never to take the easy way out. I’m thankful to Rosita Henry and Simon Foale for facilitating my stay here and enabling me to keep hammering out my thoughts in a comfortable working environment. Michelle Dyer, Christine Pam and Imelda Ambelye have listened to my ongoing chatter about Indigenous people in cities and stayed, nonetheless, my dear friends. Sue McGinty and Tony McMahon have been our home away from home; you two – and the family we are now a part of – have made this journey easier and more enjoyable. Among the many wonderful people I am beholden to in Townsville, I want to mention Janine Gertz, Max Lenoy, Uncle Russell Butler, Terry Russell, Trevor Prior and Dushy Thangiah. In different ways, they helped me find my way through the complex terrain of researching as a white, foreign woman in an Indigenous space. While I made many mistakes along the way, they tolerantly allowed me to make them. In the end, this research is made possible only by the trust and sincerity of those who agreed to share with me their stories in both Townsville and Karmiel. I am humbled by the opportunity to tell your stories and hope I told them well. Writing a thesis is not easy. My sister Nitsan, my mom Alexandra and my dad Daniel have been my absolute rock; without you, this could not have happened. Last but not least: Mark, I don’t have words to thank you enough for these years of utter devotion. Please forgive ii me for keeping it short — you are everything. And to my darling Liam and Eve, thank you for your unbelievable patience. I am done with my book now Liam; let’s go play! iii For my greatly missed savta Sala. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments i Table of Figures 1 English Abstract 2 Hebrew Abstract 4 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5 Ethnographies of non-representation 7 Animating urban Indigeneities...................................................................................................................... 7 Research methods ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Comparing across differences .................................................................................................................... 14 Concepts 20 The constitutive outside of settler-colonial urbanism ................................................................................. 20 Indigenous multi-territoriality .................................................................................................................... 24 From ‘post-Indigeneity’ to the right to remain ............................................................................................ 28 Chapter outline 32 CHAPTER 1 A TALE OF TWO CITIES....................................................................................... 36 Racial encounter in northern Queensland 39 Situating assimilation 44 From protection to assimilation ................................................................................................................. 44 Cultural assimilation: the national arena .................................................................................................... 45 Queensland’s hidden agenda ..................................................................................................................... 48 Assimilation as colonial authority 52 The White City ........................................................................................................................................... 53 The Black City............................................................................................................................................. 56 Ungovernable difference ............................................................................................................................ 64 Conclusion: the paradox of Indigenous assimilation 67 CHAPTER 2 SETTLER ECONOMIES AND INDIGENOUS RESILIENCE ......................................... 69 Antagonistic landscapes 71 A modern twist .......................................................................................................................................... 71 Replacement .............................................................................................................................................. 74 Resistance.................................................................................................................................................. 79 Landscapes of inclusion 83 Integrating ‘difference:’ economic inclusion
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