DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultural Heritage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultural Heritage A LOOK AT Cultural Heritage A Contribution to the Cultural History of the Eastern Region of Madagascar Archaeological Sites between Mangoro and Ivondro. A look at Cultural Heritage A Contribution to the Cultural History of the Eastern Region of Madagascar Archaeological Sites between Mangoro and Ivondro. by Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa Title of french edition: Un regard sur l’héritage culturel. Contribution à l’histoire culturelle de la région orientale de Madagascar : les sites archéologiques de Mangoro à l’Ivongo, October 2013. Cover photo: © Ambatovy/ADAM- Prof. Rafolo Andrianaivoarivony, Archaeological Excavation, Moramanga 2009. Translated from French, February 2014. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily refl ect the views of Ambatovy. Partial reproduction of this book is legal but must specifi cally mention the original author. Ambatovy is committed to the preservation of local heritage. Ambatovy provided the fi nancial and technical support for the editing and publication of this scientifi c book. Contents Summary ..........................................................................................................................................5 Preface .............................................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................7 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................8 Details of the Work .....................................................................................................................10 Laboratory Analysis ....................................................................................................................13 THE WORKING AREA ..............................................................................................................15 Physical and Natural Environment .............................................................................................16 District of Moramanga ................................................................................................................17 District of Brickaville ..................................................................................................................19 District of Toamasina ..................................................................................................................19 Key Characteristics of the Regions Affected ...........................................................................20 Cyclones ......................................................................................................................................21 Exceptional Biodiversity .............................................................................................................22 Historical Context .........................................................................................................................24 Role of the East Coast in the History of Madagascar ................................................................25 • Settlement of the East Coast ...................................................................................................25 • History of Toamasina ................................................................................................................29 • History of Moramanga ..............................................................................................................31 • The Importance of Trade ..........................................................................................................32 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS ..................................................................................................35 Known Archaeological Data .......................................................................................................36 Sites Discovered with Ambatovy ................................................................................................41 3 General Distribution of the Sites ...............................................................................................43 Characteristics of each Phase ...................................................................................................44 • The Sandrakatsy and Mahilaka Phases (9th to 16th century) .................................................44 • Sites of the Ambitsika Phase (17th to 18th century) ...............................................................44 • Sites of the Ambibe and Sahamamy Phase (19th to 20th century) ........................................46 ARTIFACTS ...................................................................................................................................47 Local Pottery ...............................................................................................................................48 Chlorite schist Artifacts ..............................................................................................................50 Imported Pottery .........................................................................................................................52 Other Artifacts .............................................................................................................................54 • Metal Artifacts ...........................................................................................................................54 • Bones ........................................................................................................................................56 • Glasses ......................................................................................................................................58 Pottery Decorations .....................................................................................................................60 Graphited Pottery ........................................................................................................................62 Summary .....................................................................................................................................64 CULTURAL ASPECTS .................................................................................................................67 • Joro Rituals ...............................................................................................................................69 • Burial Places ..............................................................................................................................71 • Vato (stones) ..............................................................................................................................72 • Fisokina .....................................................................................................................................74 • Intangible Sacred Sites ..............................................................................................................77 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................78 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................80 Glossary of Malagasy Words ......................................................................................................84 Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................86 4 Summary Archaeological works carried out during Ambatovy’s construction phase led to the identifi cation of more than 100 sites, which date back to the period between the 12th and 20th century AD, representing nearly 800 years of Madagascar’s history. This publication represents an outstanding contribution to Madagascar’s heritage, a country whose history is only known to have begun about 4,000 years ago. Ambatovy’s archaeological team collected around 5,000 different artifacts, including sherds of local pottery; glass; iron; chlorite schist ware; and ceramics from Europe and Asia. In addition to the archaeological sites, many cultural sites and monuments were also identifi ed: burial places; standing stones; sacred clan’s poles; as well as sacred or forbidden sites. The results of this work are currently being documented and stored at the Centre for Ethnological and Linguistic Studies and Research (CEREL), at the University of Toamasina, prior to being made available to anyone wishing to deepen their knowledge of the history of the eastern part of Madagascar. Ambatovy’s contribution is undoubtedly valuable. It has led to the discovery of new archaeological sites, as well as the consolidation of knowledge, conveyed in archives, through physical evidence. 5 Preface Since its inception in 2005, Ambatovy has demonstrated a commitment to the preservation and protection of artifacts found in its intervention areas between Moramanga and Toamasina. A detailed survey of all cultural and religious sites was conducted and continued throughout the construction phase between 2007 and 2011. During this period, more than two hundred sacred sites (burial and traditional worship sites) and important monuments were identifi ed. One hundred archaeological sites and more than 5,000 artifacts
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liste Candidatures Conseillers Alaotra Mangoro
    NOMBRE DISTRICT COMMUNE ENTITE NOM ET PRENOM(S) CANDIDATS CANDIDATS AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBANDRIKA 1 RTM (Refondation Totale De Madagascar) RAKOTOZAFY Jean Marie Réné AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBANDRIKA 1 MMM (Malagasy Miara-Miainga) ARIMAHANDRIZOA Raherinantenaina INDEPENDANT RANAIVOARISON HERINJIVA AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBANDRIKA 1 RANAIVOARISON Herinjiva (Ranaivoarison Herinjiva) AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBANDRIKA 1 IRD (Isika Rehetra Miaraka @ Andry Rajoelina) RANDRIARISON Célestin AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 TIM (Tiako I Madagasikara) RANDRIAMANARINA - INDEPENDANT RAZAKAMAMONJY HAJASOA AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 RAZAKAMAMONJY Hajasoa Mazarin MAZARIN (Razakamamonjy Hajasoa Mazarin) INDEPENDANT RAHARIJAONA ROJO AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 RAHARIJAONA Rojo (Raharijaona Rojo) AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 IRD (Isika Rehetra Miaraka @ Andry Rajoelina) RATIANARIVO Jean Cyprien Roger AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 IRD (Isika Rehetra Miaraka @ Andry Rajoelina) RABEVASON Hajatiana Thierry Germain SUBURBAINE AMBATONDRAZAKA INDEPENDANT RANDRIANASOLO ROLLAND AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 RANDRIANASOLO Rolland SUBURBAINE (Randrianasolo Rolland) AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 MMM (Malagasy Miara-Miainga) RAKOTONDRASOA Emile SUBURBAINE AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATONDRAZAKA 1 TIM (Tiako I Madagasikara) RANJAKASOA Albert SUBURBAINE INDEPENDANT RANDRIAMAHAZO FIDISOA AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATOSORATRA 1 HERINIAINA (Randriamahazo Fidisoa RANDRIAMAHAZO Fidisoa Heriniaina Heriniaina) AMBATONDRAZAKA AMBATOSORATRA 1 IRD (Isika Rehetra Miaraka @ Andry Rajoelina) RANDRIANANTOANDRO Gérard AMBATONDRAZAKA
    [Show full text]
  • Evil Eye Belief in Turkish Culture: Myth of Evil Eye Bead
    The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC April 2016 Volume 6 Issue 2 EVIL EYE BELIEF IN TURKISH CULTURE: MYTH OF EVIL EYE BEAD Bilgen TUNCER MANZAKOĞLU [email protected] Saliha TÜRKMENOĞLU BERKAN Doğuş University, Industrial Product Design Department [email protected] ABSTRACT Evil eye belief is found in many parts of the world and it plays a major social role in a large number of cultural contexts. The history of evil eye bead usage dated back to ancient times, but upon time it’s meaning have been re-constructed by culture. This paper focused on an amulet based commodity “evil eye bead” used against evil eye and for ornament in Turkey. In order to analyze the myth of evil eye bead, two-sectioned survey was conducted. First section determined evil eye belief rate, participant profile and objects against evil eye. In the second section, the semantic dimensions of evil eye bead was analyzed in the myth level encompassing its perception and function as a cultural opponent act. This paper interrogated the role of culture, geography, and history on the evil eye bead myth. Keywords: Evil Eye Bead, Culture, Myth, Semiology. TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜNDE NAZAR İNANCI: NAZAR BONCUĞU MİTİ ÖZ Nazar inancı dünyanın bir çok bölgesinde bulunmakta ve kültürel bağlamda önemli bir sosyal rol üstlenmektedir.Nazar boncuğunun kullanımı antik zamanlara dayanmakla birlikte, taşıdığı anlam zaman içerisinde kültür ile birlikte yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Türkiye’de hem süs eşyası hem de kem göze karşı kullanılan nazar boncuğu bu makalenin ana konusudur. Nazar boncuğu mitini analiz etmek için iki aşamalı anket çalışması yürütülmüştür.
    [Show full text]
  • A Re-Examination of the Omamori Phenomenon
    The Hilltop Review Volume 7 Issue 2 Spring Article 19 April 2015 Ancient Magic and Modern Accessories: A Re-Examination of the Omamori Phenomenon Eric Mendes Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview Recommended Citation Mendes, Eric (2015) "Ancient Magic and Modern Accessories: A Re-Examination of the Omamori Phenomenon," The Hilltop Review: Vol. 7 : Iss. 2 , Article 19. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol7/iss2/19 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Hilltop Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. 152 Ancient Magic and Modern Accessories: A Re-Examination of the Omamori Phenomenon Runner-Up, 2013 Graduate Humanities Conference By Eric Teixeira Mendes Fireworks exploded, newspapers rushed “Extra!” editions into print and Japanese exchanged “Banzai!” cheers at news of Japan`s crown princess giving birth to a girl after more than eight years of marriage… In a forestate of the special life that awaits the baby, a purple sash and an imperial samurai sword were bestowed on the 6.8 pound girl just a few hours after her birth - - along with a sacred amulet said to ward off evil spirits. The girl will be named in a ceremony Friday, after experts are consulted on a proper name for the child. (Zielenziger) This quote, which ran on December 2, 2001, in an article from the Orlando Sentinel, describes the birth of one of Japan`s most recent princesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapitre 3 Conditions Socio-Economiques Et Problematique De La Zone D’Etude
    CHAPITRE 3 CONDITIONS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES ET PROBLEMATIQUE DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE 3.1 Conditions socio-économiques actuelles 3.1.1 Système administratif, zone de démarcation et population La zone de l’étude, à savoir les 2 districts, 9 communes et 52 villages, comme indiqué dans le tableau suivant, est administrativement sous la juridiction de la région d’Alaotra-Mangoro. Géographiquemnt, la zone de l’étude comprend le bassin versant de la rivière Sahabe, lesbassin versant de la rivière Sahamilahy, les bassins de 4 petits et moyens cours d’eau, et la zone du PC 23. La délimitation administrative est illustrée à la Fig. 3.1. Tableau 3.1.1 Unités et zones administratives dans la zone de l’étude Nombre Région District Commune de Zone villages Ampasikely 4 4 petits et moyens bassins fluviaux Andrebakely 6 4 petits et moyens bassins Sud fluviaux 4 petits et moyens bassins Ambatomainty 9 Amparafaravola fluviaux, zone du PC 23 Bassin de la rivière Sahamilahy, Alaotra- Morarano bassin de la rivière Sahabe, 4 27 Mangoro Chrome petits et moyens bassins fluviaux, zone du PC23 Ranomanity 6 Bassin de la rivière Sahabe Bejofo 2 Bassin de la rivière Sahabe Soalazaina 5 Bassin de la rivière Sahabe Ambatondrazaka Tanambao 6 Bassin de la rivière Sahabe Besakay Andilanatoby 6 Bassin de la rivière Sahabe Source: Bureau regional d’Alaotra-Mangoro D’après une étude supplémentaire par le biais d’interviews menée en 2006, le total de la population dans tous les villages de la zone de l’étude est de 118.194 personnes, le nombre de foyers de 20.631, et la taille d’une famille moyenne de 5,7 personnes.
    [Show full text]
  • Madagascar : Country Case Study Report
    Madagascar : Country Case Study Report How Law and Regulation Supports Disaster Risk Reduction International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies June 2014 Case Study: IFRC-UNDP Series on Legal Frameworks to support Disaster Risk Reduction About this report This report was commissioned by the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and prepared by Dr Karen da Costa, legal consultant, in early 2013. It is one of a series of case studies the IFRC has undertaken with UNDP as part of a global research project to learn about how law and regulation supports disaster risk reduction, particularly at the community level. For more information about the project and various case studies as they become available, please visit www.drr-law.org. About the IFRC Disaster Law Programme The IFRC’s Disaster Law Programme seeks to reduce human vulnerability by promoting effective legal frameworks for disaster risk reduction and legal preparedness for disasters. It works in three main areas: collaboration with National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and other partners to offer technical assistance to governments on disaster law issues; building the capacity of National Societies and other stakeholders on disaster law; and dissemination,advocacy and research. Contact email: [email protected]. P.O. Box 303 CH-1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 42 22 About UNDP UNDP is the UN’s global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with the mon their own solutions to global and national development challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • F a S T Update Madagascar Semi-Annual Risk Assessment June to November 2006
    F A S T Update Madagascar Semi-annual Risk Assessment June to November 2006 T S A F © swisspeace FAST Update Madagascar | June to November 2006 | Page 2 Contents Country Stability and Cooperative International Events (relative) 3 Conflictive Government and Non-Government Events (relative) 5 Cooperative and Conflictive Domestic Events (relative) 8 Appendix: Description of indicators used 11 The FAST International Early Warning Program 12 FAST Update Subscription: www.swisspeace.org/fast/subscription_form.asp Contact FAST International: Country Expert: Phone: +41 31 330 12 19 Richard Marcus Fax: +41 31 330 12 13 mailto:[email protected] www.swisspeace.org/fast © swisspeace FAST Update Madagascar | June to November 2006 | Page 3 Country Stability and Cooperative International Events (relative) Average number of reported events per month: 127 Indicator description: see appendix Risk Assessment: • During the second half of 2006 Country Stability and Cooperative International Events in Madagascar were primarily a function of the social and political actions in the run-up to the much anticipated 3 December 2006 presidential elections. Promises for extended economic aid and long term program planning on the part of donors and other international actors slowed as the administration of President Marc Ravalomanana drew towards political action. Considering the large number of challengers to the presidency, and the volatility of the opposition, Country Stability remained notably high. The downward trend in the Country Stability index in November 2006 is a reflection primarily of a single event, and its repercussions: the weak effort by General Andrianafidisoa (Fidy) to stage a military challenge to the Ravalomanana regime. • The first half of 2006, like much of Ravalomanana’s presidency, was characterized by high levels of foreign assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • TDR Annexe7 Rapport Analyse 322 Communes OATF
    ETAT DES LIEUX DES 319 COMMUNES POUR LE FINANCEMENT ADDITIONNEL DU PROJET CASEF Février 2019 TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES .................................................................................................................... i LISTE DES ACRONYMES ................................................................................................................ iii Liste des tableaux ......................................................................................................................... v Listes des Cartes ........................................................................................................................... v Liste des figures ............................................................................................................................vi Liste des photos ...........................................................................................................................vi I INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 II METHODOLOGIES .................................................................................................................... 2 II.1 CHOIX DES 322 COMMUNES OBJETS D’ENQUETE ............................................................... 2 II.2 CHOIX DES CRITERES DE SELECTION DES COMMUNES ........................................................ 5 II.3 METHODOLOGIE DE COLLECTE DE DONNEES ET ACTIVITES ................................................. 6
    [Show full text]
  • THAI CHARMS and AMULETS by Q>Hya Anuman Cflajadhon Acting President, Royal Lnstitztte
    THAI CHARMS AND AMULETS by q>hya Anuman Cflajadhon Acting President, Royal lnstitztte Tbe belief in and use of charms and amulets as magical protec­ tion against dangers and misfortunes, and also to bring love, luck and power is a world-wide one. It is not confined to primitive races on! y, but also to be found among modern peoples of every nation and faith. In fact "the thought and practice of civilized peoples can not be cut off as with a knife from the underlying customs and beliefs which have played a determining part in shaping the resulting products, however much subsequent knowledge and ethical evaluation may have modified and transformed the earlier notions". 1 For this reason, every faith and religion has in one form or another certain cui ts and formulas, as inherited from the dim past and handed down from generation to generation, from the old belief of magic and superstition, which are paradoxically contrary to the real teaching of the religion's founder. This is inevitable; for the mass of humanity that forms the woof and warp of the woven fabric of faith of the great religions, is composed of many levels of culture. A.B. Griswold says in his "Doctrines and Reminders of Theravada Buddhism" that "within the Theravada there are two very different sorts of Buddhist­ rationalists and pious believers."2 This may be applied equally to other religions: there are always implicitly two sorts of believers within the same religion, the intellectuals and the pious people. It is with the latter that one can :find abundant phenomena of charms and amulets in belief and practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Madagascar
    Public Disclosure Authorized Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Madagascar INCEPTION REPORT [ENGLISH VERSION] August 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a. in association with Mhylab, under contract to The World Bank. It is one of several outputs from the small hydro Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning [Project ID: P145350]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. This document is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this has not been subject to full peer review. The final, validated, peer reviewed output from this project will be a Madagascar Small Hydro Atlas, which will be published once the project is completed. Copyright © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Vampiros De Madagascar
    LOS VAMPIROS DE MADAGASCAR El siguiente artículo está situado en torno a 2001, durante el gobierno del presidente Marc Ravalomanana Por Magus y Alexander Weiss LA ISLA DE LA LUNA Madagascar (en malgache: Madagasikara), es un país situado en una gran isla situada en el Océano Índico, frente a la costa oriental de África. Se separó del resto de continentes hace unos 80 millones de años, y durante mucho tiempo sus animales y plantas evolucionaron al margen del resto del mundo, hasta el punto que todavía en la actualidad más del 90 % de su flora y fauna son endémicas de Madagascar, no existiendo en ningún otro lugar del planeta. De la misma forma, la isla de Madagascar fue uno de los últimos lugares del mundo alcanzados por la expansión de la humanidad. Quizás fue ocasionalmente visitada hace miles de años, pero los primeros restos de comunidades humanas no aparecen hasta el siglo IV a.C. y sus primeros habitantes se confunden con el mito y la leyenda. No llegaron de la cercana costa de África, sino que afrontaron una larga travesía a través del océano, procedentes de la lejana Indonesia. La llegada posterior de emigrantes africanos también dio lugar a una mezcla heterogénea que constituye los cimientos de la civilización malgache. Posteriormente llegarían comerciantes, esclavistas y piratas árabes y europeos, que se asentarían en precarios asentamientos en la costa de Madagascar. En parte debido a la presión de los extranjeros y también a las luchas de poder, hacia finales del siglo XVIII en Madagascar había surgido un poderoso reino que abarcaba la mayor parte del territorio, pero que a pesar de ello no consiguió hacer frente al avance y conquista del imperio francés.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambohimanga (Madagascar) Millennium BC)
    the construction of rova or fortified royal enclosures (analogous to hillforts in western Europe during the 1st Ambohimanga (Madagascar) millennium BC). On the summits, woodland was kept for practical and spiritual reasons but the forest on No 950 lower ground was cleared to provide the economic base for such places to exist. Agricultural terraces were also constructed on the lower hill-slopes. In effect, the cultural landscape was in place by the 16th century. The only major change since then has been the removal of upland forest on the neighbouring heights to Ambohimanga during the French colonial period. Ambohimanga itself originated in at least the 15th Identification century and by the 18th century, particularly under Nomination The Royal Hill of Ambohimanga Andriantsimitoviaminandriana (1740–45), had developed into a capital with defences and seven gates. Location Municipality of Ambohimanga Outer defences and seven more gates were added, Rova, Province of Antananarivo probably before 1794 when the royal palace was moved Avaradrano to Antananarivo, leaving Ambohimanga as the royal burial place and religious capital. The existing defensive State Party Republic of Madagascar wall was built by Queen Ranavalona I (1828–61), with new gateways to north and south-west (c 1830). The Date 7 July 2000 palace Fandriampahalemana and the glass pavilion Tranofitaratra were added in 1871. In March 1897 the mortal remains of royalty were transferred to Antananarivo by the French colonial authorities in a failed attempt to erase the holiness of the site and the nationalistic legitimacy attached to it. The royal tombs were demolished and military buildings Justification by State Party erected in their stead for the garrison on the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainilaiarivony. Un Homme D'état Malgache
    R AINILAIARIV ON Y UN HOMME D'ÉTAT MALGACHE RAINILAIARIVONY PAR G. S. CHAPUS Docteur .-leur. Membre titulaire de VAcadémie malgache Membre correspondant de VAcadémie du sciences coloniales ET G. MONDAIN Ancien élève de l'Ecole normale supérieure Vice-Président de VAcadémie malgache Président honoraire de la Mission protestante française à Madagascar EDITIONS DILOUTREMER 100, RUE RICHELIEU PARIS La monarchie hova au cours et à la fin du XIXe siècle a présenté de très singuliers contrastes qui ne la font ressembler à nul autre gou- vernement d'outremer existant alors. A la même époque, en effet, en Afrique ou en Asie, les souverains ou roitelets ou potentats locaux, s'ils avaient conservé des mœurs et des méthodes de gouvernement assez primitifs et s'ils s'embarrassaient assez peu de constitutionnalité, gardaient par contre dans l'étiquette de leurs cours et dans leurs coutumes personnelles ces mêmes mœurs et modes de vie propres à leurs races et à leurs traditions. A Tananarive, au contraire, sur la colline d'Andohala, les rois et surtout les dernières reines de l' lmerina, tout en gouvernant selon les normes d'un absolutisme ancestral que ne tempérait, comme en Europe, aucune concession donnée aux libertés et aspirations de leurs sujets, montraient cependant un souci toujours plus poussé d'adopter l'apparence des cours occidentales quant à l'aspect extérieur, aux céré- monies, aux costumes, à l'apparat. Aussi quoi d'étonnant si les écrivains contemporains qui se pro- posent de narrer aujourd'hui l'histoire des ultimes représentants de la dynastie hova soient attirés tantôt par l'un, tantôt par l'autre des deux caractères spécifiques et contraires de cette dynastie, selon qu'eux- mêmes se sentent plus ou moins politiquement « engagés » dans les actuelles discussions sur les peuples d'outremer.
    [Show full text]