25 : S.R
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PART : 1 Macbeth
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Plot Overview The play begins with the brief appearance of a trio of witches and then moves to a military camp, where the Scottish King Duncan hears the news that his generals, Macbeth and Banquo, have defeated two separate invading armies—one from Ireland, led by the rebel Macdonwald, and one from Norway. Following their pitched battle with these enemy forces, Macbeth and Banquo encounter the witches as they cross a moor. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will be made thane (a rank of Scottish nobility) of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. They also prophesy that Macbeth’s companion, Banquo, will beget a line of Scottish kings, although Banquo will never be king himself. The witches vanish, and Macbeth and Banquo treat their prophecies skeptically until some of King Duncan’s men come to thank the two generals for their victories in battle and to tell Macbeth that he has indeed been named thane of Cawdor. The previous thane betrayed Scotland by fighting for the Norwegians and Duncan has condemned him to death. Macbeth is intrigued by the possibility that the remainder of the witches’prophecy—that he will be crowned king—might be true, but he is uncertain what to expect. He visits with King Duncan, and they plan to dine together at Inverness, Macbeth’s castle, that night. Macbeth writes ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her all that has happened. Lady Macbeth suffers none of her husband’s uncertainty. She desires the kingship for him and wants him to murder Duncan in order to obtain it. When Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husband’s objections and persuades him to kill the king that very night. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncan’s two
3 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 chamberlains drunk so they will black out; the next morning they will blame the murder on the chamberlains, who will be defenseless, as they will remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural portents, including a vision of a bloody dagger. When Duncan’s death is discovered the next morning, Macbeth kills the chamberlains— ostensibly out of rage at their crime—and easily assumes the kingship. Duncan’s sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, respectively, fearing that whoever killed Duncan desires their demise as well. Fearful of the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s heirs will seize the throne, Macbeth hires a group of murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. They ambush Banquo on his way to a royal feast, but they fail to kill Fleance, who escapes into the night. Macbeth becomes furious: as long as Fleance is alive, he fears that his power remains insecure. At the feast that night, Banquo’s ghost visits Macbeth. When he sees the ghost, Macbeth raves fearfully, startling his guests, who include most of the great Scottish nobility. Lady Macbeth tries to neutralize the damage, but Macbeth’s kingship incites increasing resistance from his nobles and subjects. Frightened, Macbeth goes to visit the witches in their cavern. There, they show him a sequence of demons and spirits who present him with further prophecies: he must beware of Macduff, a Scottish nobleman who opposed Macbeth’s accession to the throne; he is incapable of being harmed by any man born of woman; and he will be safe until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Castle. Macbeth is relieved and feels secure, because he knows that all men are born of women and that forests cannot move. When he learns that Macduff has fled to England to join Malcolm, Macbeth
4 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 orders that Macduff’s castle be seized and, most cruelly, that Lady Macduff and her children be murdered. When news of his family’s execution reaches Macduff in England, he is stricken with grief and vows revenge. Prince Malcolm, Duncan’s son, has succeeded in raising an army in England, and Macduff joins him as he rides to Scotland to challenge Macbeth’s forces. The invasion has the support of the Scottish nobles, who are appalled and frightened by Macbeth’s tyrannical and murderous behavior. Lady Macbeth, meanwhile, becomes plagued with fits of sleepwalking in which she bemoans what she believes to be bloodstains on her hands. Before Macbeth’s opponents arrive, Macbeth receives news that she has killed herself, causing him to sink into a deep and pessimistic despair. Nevertheless, he awaits the English and fortifies Dunsinane, to which he seems to have withdrawn in order to defend himself, certain that the witches’ prophecies guarantee his invincibility. He is struck numb with fear, however, when he learns that the English army is advancing on Dunsinane shielded with boughs cut from Birnam Wood. Birnam Wood is indeed coming to Dunsinane, fulfilling half of the witches’ prophecy. 3
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In the battle, Macbeth hews violently, but the English forces gradually overwhelm his army and castle. On the battlefield, Macbeth encounters the vengeful Macduff, who declares that he was not ―of woman born‖ but was instead ―untimely ripped‖ from his mother’s womb (what we now call birth by cesarean section). Though he realizes that he is doomed, Macbeth continues to fight until Macduff kills and beheads him. Malcolm, now the King of Scotland, declares his benevolent intentions for the country and invites all to see him crowned at Scone. Character List Macbeth - Macbeth is a Scottish general and the thane of Glamis who is led to wicked thoughts by the prophecies of the three witches, especially after their prophecy that he will be made thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth is a brave soldier and a powerful man, but he is not a virtuous one. He is easily tempted into murder to fulfill his ambitions to the throne, and once he commits his first crime and is crowned King of Scotland, he embarks on further atrocities with increasing ease. Ultimately, Macbeth proves himself better suited to the battlefield than to political intrigue, because he lacks the skills necessary to rule without being a tyrant. His response to every problem is violence and murder. Unlike Shakespeare’s great villains, such as Iago in Othello and Richard III in Richard III, Macbeth is never comfortable in his role as a criminal. He is unable to bear the psychological consequences of his atrocities. Lady Macbeth - Macbeth’s wife, a deeply ambitious woman who lusts for power and position. Early in the play she seems to be the stronger and more ruthless of the two, as she urges her husband to kill Duncan and seize the crown. After the
6 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls victim to guilt and madness to an even greater degree than her husband. Her conscience affects her to such an extent that she eventually commits suicide. Interestingly, she and Macbeth are presented as being deeply in love, and many of Lady Macbeth’s speeches imply that her influence over her husband is primarily sexual. Their joint alienation from the world, occasioned by their partnership in crime, seems to strengthen the attachment that they feel to each another. The Three Witches - Three ―black and midnight hags‖ who plot mischief against Macbeth using charms, spells, and prophecies. Their predictions prompt him to murder Duncan, to order the deaths of Banquo and his son, and to blindly believe in his own immortality. The play leaves the witches’ true identity unclear—aside from the fact that they are servants of Hecate, we know little about their place in the cosmos. In some ways they resemble the mythological Fates, who impersonally weave the threads of human destiny. They clearly take a perverse delight in using their knowledge of the future to toy with and destroy human beings. Banquo - The brave, noble general whose children, according to the witches’ prophecy, will inherit the Scottish throne. Like Macbeth, Banquo thinks ambitious thoughts, but he does not translate those thoughts into action. In a sense, Banquo’s character stands as a rebuke to Macbeth, since he represents the path Macbeth chose not to take: a path in which ambition need not lead to betrayal and murder. Appropriately, then, it is Banquo’s ghost—and not Duncan’s—that haunts Macbeth. In addition to embodying Macbeth’s guilt for killing Banquo, the ghost
7 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 also reminds Macbeth that he did not emulate Banquo’s reaction to the witches’ prophecy. King Duncan - The good King of Scotland whom Macbeth, in his ambition for the crown, murders. Duncan is the model of a virtuous, benevolent, and farsighted ruler. His death symbolizes the destruction of an order in Scotland that can be restored only when Duncan’s line, in the person of Malcolm, once more occupies the throne. Macduff - A Scottish nobleman hostile to Macbeth’s kingship from the start. He eventually becomes a leader of the crusade to unseat Macbeth. The crusade’s mission is to place the rightful king, Malcolm, on the throne, but Macduff also desires vengeance for Macbeth’s murder of Macduff’s wife and young son. Malcolm - The son of Duncan, whose restoration to the throne signals Scotland’s return to order following Macbeth’s reign of terror. Malcolm becomes a serious challenge to Macbeth with Macduff’s aid (and the support of England). Prior to this, he appears weak and uncertain of his own power, as when he and Donalbain flee Scotland after their father’s murder. Hecate - The goddess of witchcraft, who helps the three witches work their mischief on Macbeth. 4
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Fleance - Banquo’s son, who survives Macbeth’s attempt to murder him. At the end of the play, Fleance’s whereabouts are unknown. Presumably, he may come to rule Scotland, fulfilling the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s sons will sit on the Scottish throne. Lennox - AScottish nobleman. Ross - A Scottish nobleman. The Murderers - A group of ruffians conscripted by Macbeth to murder Banquo, Fleance (whom they fail to kill), and Macduff’s wife and children. Porter - The drunken doorman of Macbeth’s castle. Lady Macduff - Macduff’swife. The scene in her castle provides our only glimpse of a domestic realm other than that of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. She and her home serve as contrasts to Lady Macbeth and the hellish world of Inverness. Donalbain - Duncan’s son and Malcolm’s younger brother. Analysis of Major Characters Macbeth Because we first hear of Macbeth in the wounded captain’s account of his battlefield valor, our initial impression is of a brave and capable warrior. This perspective is complicated, however, once we see Macbeth interact with the three witches. We realize that his physical courage is joined by a consuming ambition and a tendency to self-doubt—the prediction that he will be king brings him joy, but it also creates inner turmoil. These three attributes—bravery, ambition, and self-doubt—struggle for mastery of Macbeth throughout the play. Shakespeare uses Macbeth to show the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can have on a man
9 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 who lacks strength of character. We may classify Macbeth as irrevocably evil, but his weak character separates him from Shakespeare’s great villains—Iago in Othello, Richard III in Richard III, Edmund in King Lear—who are all strong enough to conquer guilt and self-doubt. Macbeth, great warrior though he is, is ill equipped for the psychic consequences of crime. Before he kills Duncan, Macbeth is plagued by worry and almost aborts the crime. It takes Lady Macbeth’s steely sense of purpose to push him into the deed. After the murder, however, her powerful personality begins to disintegrate, leaving Macbeth increasingly alone. He fluctuates between fits of fevered action, in which he plots a series of murders to secure his throne, and moments of terrible guilt (as when Banquo’s ghost appears) and absolute pessimism (after his wife’s death, when he seems to succumb to despair). These fluctuations reflect the tragic tension within Macbeth: he is at once too ambitious to allow his conscience to stop him from murdering his way to the top and too conscientious to be happy with himself as a murderer. As things fall apart for him at the end of the play, he seems almost relieved—with the English army at his gates, he can finally return to life as a warrior, and he displays a kind of reckless bravado as his enemies surround him and drag him down. In part, this stems from his fatal confidence in the witches’ prophecies, but it also seems to derive from the fact that he has returned to the arena where he has been most successful and where his internal turmoil need not affect him—namely, the battlefield. Unlike many of Shakespeare’s other tragic heroes, Macbeth never seems to contemplate suicide:―Why should I play the Roman fool,‖ he asks, ―and die / On mine own sword?‖ (5.10.1–2). Instead, he
10 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 goes down fighting, bringing the play full circle: it begins with Macbeth winning on the battlefield and ends with him dying in combat. Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most famous and frightening female characters. When we first see her, she is already plotting Duncan’s murder, and she is stronger, more ruthless, and more ambitious than her husband. She seems fully aware of this and knows that she willhave to push Macbeth into committing murder. At one point, she wishes that she were not a woman so that she could do it herself. This theme of the relationship between gender and power is key to Lady Macbeth’s character: her husband implies that she is a masculine soul inhabiting a female body, which seems to link masculinity to ambition and violence. Shakespeare, however, seems to use her, and the witches, 5
11 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 to undercut Macbeth’s idea that ―undaunted mettle should compose / Nothing but males‖ (1.7.73–74). These crafty women use female methods of achieving power— that is, manipulation—to further their supposedly male ambitions. Women, the play implies, can be as ambitious and cruel as men, yet social constraints deny them the means to pursue these ambitions on their own. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband with remarkable effectiveness, overriding all his objections; when he hesitates to murder, she repeatedly questions his manhood until he feels that he must commit murder to prove himself. Lady Macbeth’s remarkable strength of will persists through the murder of the king—it is she who steadies her husband’s nerves immediately after the crime has been perpetrated.Afterward, however, she begins a slow slide into madness—just as ambition affects her more strongly than Macbeth before the crime, so does guilt plague her more strongly afterward. By the close of the play, she has been reduced to sleepwalking through the castle, desperately trying to wash away an invisible bloodstain. Once the sense of guilt comes home to roost, Lady Macbeth’s sensitivity becomes a weakness, and she is unable to cope. Significantly, she (apparently) kills herself, signaling her total inability to deal with the legacy of their crimes. The Three Witches Throughout the play, the witches—referred to as the ―weird sisters‖ by many of the characters—lurk like dark thoughts and unconscioustemptations to evil. In part, the mischief they cause stems from their supernatural powers, but mainly it is the
12 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 result of their understanding of the weaknesses of their specific interlocutors—they play upon Macbeth’s ambition like puppeteers. The witches’ beards, bizarre potions, and rhymed speechmake them seem slightly ridiculous, like caricatures of the supernatural. Shakespeare has them speak in rhyming couplets throughout (their most famous line is probably ―Double, double, toil and trouble, / Fire burn and cauldron bubble‖ in 4.1.10–11), which separates them from the other characters, who mostly speak in blank verse. The witches’ words seem almost comical, like malevolent nursery rhymes. Despite the absurdity of their ―eye of newt and toe of frog‖ recipes, however, they are clearly the most dangerous characters in the play, being both tremendously powerful and utterly wicked (4.1.14). The audience is left to ask whether the witches are independent agents toying with human lives, or agents of fate, whose prophecies are only reports of the inevitable. The witches bear a striking and obviously intentional resemblance to the Fates, female characters in both Norse and Greek mythology who weave the fabric of human lives and then cut the threads to end them. Some of their prophecies seem self-fulfilling. For example, it is doubtful that Macbeth would have murdered his king without the push given by the witches’ predictions. In other cases, though, their prophecies are just remarkably accurate readings of the future—it is hard to see Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane as being self-fulfilling in any way. The play offers no easy answers. Instead, Shakespeare keeps the witches well outside the limits of human comprehension. They embody an unreasoning, instinctive evil. Themes
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Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Corrupting Power of Unchecked Ambition The main theme of Macbeth—the destruction wrought when ambition goes unchecked by moral constraints—finds its most powerful expression in the play’s two main characters. Macbeth is a courageous Scottish general who is not naturally inclined to commit evil deeds, yet he deeply desires power and advancement. He kills Duncan against his better judgment and afterward stews in guilt and paranoia. Toward the end of the play he descends into a kind of frantic, boastful madness. Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, pursues her goals with greater determination, yet she is less capable of withstanding the repercussions of her immoral acts. One of Shakespeare’s most forcefully drawn female characters, she spurs her husband mercilessly to kill Duncan and urges him to be strong in the murder’s aftermath, but she is eventually driven to distraction by the effect of Macbeth’s repeated bloodshed on her conscience. In each case, ambition—helped, of course, by the malign prophecies of the witches—is what drives the couple to ever 6
14 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 more terrible atrocities. The problem, the play suggests, is that once one decides to use violence to further one’s quest for power, it is difficult to stop. There are always potential threats to the throne—Banquo, Fleance, Macduff—and it is always tempting to use violent means to dispose of them. The Relationship Between Cruelty and Masculinity Characters in Macbeth frequently dwell on issues of gender. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband by questioning his manhood, wishes that she herself could be ―unsexed,‖ and does not contradict Macbeth when he says that a woman like her should give birth only to boys. In the same manner that Lady Macbeth goads her husband on to murder, Macbeth provokes the murderers he hires to kill Banquo by questioning their manhood. Such acts show that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth equate masculinity with naked aggression, and whenever they converse about manhood, violence soon follows. Their understanding of manhood allows the political order depicted in the play to descend into chaos. At the same time, however, the audience cannot help noticing that women are also sources of violence and evil. The witches’ prophecies spark Macbeth’s ambitions and then encourage his violent behavior; Lady Macbeth provides the brains and the will behind her husband’s plotting; and the only divine being to appear is Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft. Arguably, Macbeth traces the root of chaos and evil to women, which has led some critics to argue that this is Shakespeare’s most misogynistic play. While the male characters are just as violent and prone to evil as the women, the aggression of the female characters is more striking because it goes against prevailing expectations of how women ought to behave. Lady Macbeth’s
15 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 behavior certainly shows that women can be as ambitious and cruel as men. Whether because of the constraints of her society or because she is not fearless enough to kill, Lady Macbeth relies on deception and manipulation rather than violence to achieve her ends. Ultimately, the play does put forth a revised and less destructive definition of manhood. In the scene where Macduff learns of the murders of his wife and child, Malcolm consoles him by encouraging him to take the news in ―manly‖ fashion, by seeking revenge upon Macbeth. Macduff shows the young heir apparent that he has a mistaken understanding of masculinity. To Malcolm’s suggestion, ―Dispute it like a man,‖ Macduff replies, ―I shall do so. But I must also feel it as a man‖ (4.3.221–223). At the end of the play, Siward receives news of his son’s death rather complacently. Malcolm responds: ―He’s worth more sorrow [than you have expressed] / And that I’ll spend for him‖ (5.11.16–17). Malcolm’s comment shows that he has learned the lesson Macduff gave him on the sentient nature of true masculinity. It also suggests that, with Malcolm’s coronation, order will be restored to the Kingdom of Scotland. The Difference Between Kingship and Tyranny In the play, Duncan is always referred to as a ―king,‖while Macbeth soon becomes known as the ―tyrant.‖ The difference between the two types of rulers seems to be expressed in a conversation that occurs in Act 4, scene 3, when Macduff meets Malcolm in England. In order to test Macduff’s loyalty to Scotland, Malcolm pretends that he would make an even worse king than Macbeth. He tells Macduff of his reproachable qualities—among them a thirst for personal power and a
16 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 violent temperament, both of which seem to characterize Macbeth perfectly. On the other hand, Malcolm says, ―The king-becoming graces / [are] justice, verity, temp’rance, stableness, / Bounty, perseverance, mercy, [and] lowliness‖ (4.3.92– 93). The model king, then, offers the kingdom an embodiment of order and justice, but also comfort and affection. Under him, subjects are rewarded according to their merits, as when Duncan makes Macbeth thane of Cawdor after Macbeth’s victory over the invaders. Most important, the king must be loyal to Scotland above his own interests. Macbeth, by contrast, brings only chaos to Scotland—symbolized in the bad weather and bizarre supernatural events—and offers no real justice, only a habit of capriciously murdering those he sees as a threat. As the embodiment of tyranny, he must be overcome by Malcolm so that Scotland can have a true king once more. 7
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Motifs Hallucinations Visions and hallucinations recur throughout the play and serve as reminders of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s joint culpability for the growing body count. When he is about to kill Duncan, Macbeth sees a dagger floating in the air. Covered with blood and pointed toward the king’s chamber, the dagger represents the bloody course on which Macbeth is about to embark. Later, he sees Banquo’s ghost sitting in a chair at a feast, pricking his conscience by mutely reminding him that he murdered his former friend. The seemingly hardheaded Lady Macbeth also eventually gives way to visions, as she sleepwalks and believes that her hands are stained with blood that cannot be washed away by any amount of water. In each case, it is ambiguous whether the vision is real or purely hallucinatory; but, in both cases, the Macbeths read them uniformly as supernatural signs of their guilt. Violence Macbeth is a famously violent play. Interestingly, most of the killings take place offstage, but throughout the play the characters provide the audience with gory descriptions of the carnage, from the opening scene where the captain describes Macbeth and Banquo wading in blood on the battlefield, to the endless references to the bloodstained hands of Macbeth and his wife. The action is bookended by a pair of bloody battles: in the first, Macbeth defeats the invaders; in the second, he is slain and beheaded by Macduff. In between is a series of murders: Duncan, Duncan’s chamberlains, Banquo, Lady Macduff, and Macduff’s son all come to bloody ends. By the end of the action, blood seems to be everywhere.
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Prophecy Prophecy sets Macbeth’s plot in motion—namely, the witches’ prophecy that Macbeth will become first thane of Cawdor and then king. The weird sisters make a number of other prophecies: they tell us that Banquo’s heirs will be kings, that Macbeth should beware Macduff, that Macbeth is safe till Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, and that no man born of woman can harm Macbeth. Save for the prophecy about Banquo’s heirs, all of these predictions are fulfilled within the course of the play. Still, it is left deliberately ambiguous whether some of them are self-fulfilling—for example, whether Macbeth wills himself to be king or is fated to be king. Additionally, as the Birnam Wood and ―born of woman‖ prophecies make clear, the prophecies must be interpreted as riddles, since they do not always mean what they seem to mean. Symbols Blood Blood is everywhere in Macbeth, beginning with the opening battle between the Scots and the Norwegian invaders, which is described in harrowing terms by the wounded captain in Act 1, scene 2. Once Macbeth and Lady Macbeth embark upon their murderous journey, blood comes to symbolize their guilt, and they begin to feel that their crimes have stained them in a way that cannot be washed clean. ―Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?‖ Macbeth cries after he has killed Duncan, even as his wife scolds him and says that a little water will do the job (2.2.58–59). Later, though, she comes to share his horrified sense of being stained:―Out, damned spot; out, I say . . . who would have thought
19 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 the old man to have had so much blood in him?‖ she asks as she wanders through the halls of their castle near the close of the play (5.1.30–34). Blood symbolizes the guilt that sits like a permanent stain on the consciences of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, one that hounds them to their graves. The Weather As in other Shakespearean tragedies, Macbeth’s grotesque murder spree is accompanied by a number of unnatural occurrences in the natural realm. From the thunder and lightning that accompany the witches’ appearances to the 8
20 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 terrible storms that rage on the night of Duncan’s murder, these violations of the natural order reflect corruption in the moral and political orders. Summary Act 1 The play takes place in Scotland. Duncan, the king of Scotland, is at war with the king of Norway. As the play opens, he learns of Macbeth's bravery in a victorious battle against Macdonald—a Scot who sided with the Norwegians. At the same time, news arrives concerning the arrest of the treacherous Thane of Cawdor. Duncan decides to give the title of Thane of Cawdor to Macbeth. As Macbeth and Banquo return home from battle, they meet three witches. The witches predict that Macbeth will be thane of Cawdor and king of Scotland, and that Banquo will be the father of kings. After the witches disappear, Macbeth and Banquo meet two noblemenRoss and Angus, who announce Macbeth's new title as thane of Cawdor. Upon hearing this, Macbeth begins to contemplate the murder of Duncan in order to realize the witches' second prophecy. Macbeth and Banquo meet with Duncan, who announces that he is going to pay Macbeth a visit at his castle. Macbeth rides ahead to prepare his household. Meanwhile, Lady Macbeth receives a letter from Macbeth informing her of the witches' prophesy and its subsequent realization. A servant appears to inform her of Duncan's approach. Energized by the news, Lady Macbeth invokes supernatural powers to strip her of feminine softness and thus prepare her for the murder of Duncan. When Macbeth arrives, Lady Macbeth tells him that she will plot Duncan's murder.
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When Duncan arrives at the castle, Lady Macbeth greets him alone. When Macbeth fails to appear, Lady Macbeth finds him is in his room, contemplating the weighty and evil decision to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth taunts him by telling him that he will only be a man if he kills Duncan. She then tells him her plan for the murder, which Macbeth accepts: they will kill him while his drunken bodyguards sleep, then plant incriminating evidence on the bodyguards. Act 2 Macbeth sees a vision of a bloody dagger floating before him, leading him to Duncan's room. When he hears Lady Macbeth ring the bell to signal the completion of her preparations, Macbeth sets out to complete his part in the murderous plan. Lady Macbeth waits for Macbeth to finish the act of regicide. Macbeth enters, still carrying the bloody daggers. Lady Macbeth again chastises him for his weak- mindedness and plants the daggers on the bodyguards herself. While she does so, Macbeth imagines that he hears a haunting voice saying that he shall sleep no more. Lady Macbeth returns and assures Macbeth that "a little water clears us of this deed" (II ii 65). As the thanes Macduff and Lennox arrive, the porter pretends that he is guarding the gate to hell. Immediately thereafter, Macduff discovers Duncan’s dead body. Macbeth kills the two bodyguards, claiming that he was overcome with a fit of grief and rage when he saw them with the bloody daggers. Duncan's sons Malcolm and Donalbain, fearing their lives to be in danger, flee to England and Ireland.
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Their flight brings them under suspicion of conspiring against Duncan. Macbeth is thus crowned king of Scotland. Act 3 In an attempt to thwart the witches' prophesy that Banquo will father kings, Macbeth hires two murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Lady Macbeth is left uninformed of these plans. A third murderer joins the other two on the heath and the three men kill Banquo. Fleance, however, manages to escape. Banquo’s ghost appears to Macbeth as he sits down to a celebratory banquet, sending him into a frenzy of terror. Lady Macbeth attempts to cover up for his odd behavior but the banquet comes to a premature end as the thanes begin to question Macbeth's sanity. Macbeth decides that he must revisit the witches to look into the future once more. Meanwhile, Macbeth's thanes begin to turn against him. Macduff meets Malcolm in England to prepare an army to march on Scotland. Act 4 The witches show Macbeth three apparitions. The first warns him against Macduff, the second tells him to fear no man born of woman, and the third prophesizes that he will fall only when Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane castle. Macbeth takes this as a prophecy that he is infallible. When he asks the witches if their prophesy about Banquo will come true, they show him a procession of eight kings, all of whom look like Banquo. 9
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Meanwhile in England, Malcolm tests Macduff's loyalty by pretending to confess to multiple sins and malicious ambitions. When Macduff proves his loyalty to Scotland, the two strategize for their offensive against Macbeth. Back in Scotland, Macbeth has Macduff’s wife and children murdered. Act 5 Lady Macbeth suffers from bouts of sleepwalking. To a doctor who observes her symptoms, she unwittingly reveals her guilt as she pronounces that she cannot wash her hands clean of bloodstains. Macbeth is too preoccupied with battle preparations to pay much heed to her dreams and expresses anger when the doctor says he cannot cure her. Just as the English army led by Malcolm, Macduff, Siward approaches, Lady Macbeth’s cry of death is heard in the castle. When Macbeth hears of her death, he comments that she should have died at a future date and muses on the meaninglessness of life. Taking the witches’ second prophecies in good faith, Macbeth still believes that he is impregnable to the approaching army. But Malcolm has instructed each man in the English army to cut a tree branch from Birnam Wood and hold it up to disguise the army’s total numbers. As a result, Macbeth's servant reports that he has seen a seemingly impossible sight: Birnam Wood seems to be moving toward the castle. Macbeth is shaken but still engages the oncoming army. In battle, Macbeth kills Young Siward, the English general's brave son. Macduff then challenges Macbeth. As they fight, Macduff reveals that he was not "of woman born" but was "untimely ripped" from his mother's womb (V x 13-16). Macbeth is stunned but refuses to yield to Macduff. Macduff kills him and
24 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 decapitates him. At the end of the play, Malcolm is proclaimed the new king of Scotland. 11
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1. Who kills Macbeth? a. Macduff b. Banquo c. Lady Macbeth d. Malcolm 2. How many men reign as king of Scotland throughout the play? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 3. Whom does Lady Macbeth frame for the murder of Duncan? a. Malcolm and Donalbain b. Duncan’s drunken chamberlains c. The porter d. Macbeth Macbeth 4. Who kills Banquo? a. Macduff b. Fleance c. Macbeth d. A group of murderers hired by Macbeth 5. Which of the following best describes Lady Macbeth’s death? a. She dies offstage b. She sleepwalks off of the palace wall. c. She declares her own guilt and stabs herself with a knife. d. Macduff slays her in revenge for his own wife’s murder. 6. Who discovers Duncan’s body? a. Lennox b. Ross c. Macduff d. Donalbain 7. Whom does Macbeth see sitting in his chair during the banquet? a. himself b. Banquo’s ghost c. Duncan’s ghost d. Lady Macbeth 8. What vision does Macbeth have before he kills Duncan? a. He sees a floating head urging him to spill blood. b. He sees a bloody axe lodged in Duncan’s brow c. He sees a pale maiden weeping in the moonlight. d. He sees a floating dagger pointing him to Duncan’s chamber
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9. With whom are the Scots at war at the beginning of the play? a. Norway b. Denmark c. Poland d. Finland 10. Which nation’s army invades Scotland at the end of the play? a. Norway b. France c. England d. Finland 11. Who is the goddess of witchcraft in the play? a. Aphrodite b. Hecate c. Minerva d. Mordred 12. Who kills Donalbain? a. Macbeth b. Malcolm c. A group of murderers hired by Macbeth d. No one. 13. What happens to Lady Macbeth before she dies? a. She is plagued by fits of sleepwalking b. She is haunted by the ghost of Duncan c. She sees her children killed in battle d. She sees her children killed by Macbeth 11
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14. Who kills Lord Siward’s son? a. Duncan b. Lennox c. Macbeth d. Ross 15. Where are Scottish kings crowned? a. Edinburgh b. Scone c. London d. Dunsinane 16. Why is Macduff able to kill Macbeth despite the witches’ prophecy? a. He kills the witches first b. He receives a charm from Grinswindle c. He is a powerful warlock himself d. He was born by cesarean section 17. Where is Duncan killed? a. In the battle with Norway b. In his bedchamber at Macbeth’s castle c. In his bedchamber at Forres d. At Birnam Wood 18. Who flees Scotland to join Malcolm in England? a. Donalbain b. Ross c. Macduff d. Lennox 19. What was the weather like the night Duncan was murdered? a. Stormy and violent b. Calm and placid c. Foggy and ominous d. It was a night like any other night, according to Lennox 20. Who kills Lady Macbeth? a. Macbeth b. Macduff c. Lady Macduff d. Lady Macbeth 21. Who flees Scotland immediately after Duncan’s death? a. Macbeth b. Malcolm and Donalbain c. Fleance d. Lennox 22. Who jokes that he works at “hell gate”? a. Macbeth b. Macduff c. The porter d. Duncan 23. What title is Macbeth given after his victory described in Act 1? a. Thane of Cawdor b. Thane of Ross c. King of Scotland d. Prince of Cumberland
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24. Who tells Macduff that his family has been killed? a. Donalbain b. Macbeth c. Lady Macduff d. Ross 25. How does Birnam Wood come to Dunsinane? a. By magic b. Through an earthquake c. It doesn’t d. Malcolm’s army hides behind cut-off tree branches 26. What does Macbeth do to Macdonald after he defeats him? a. Rips out his heart b. He takes him prisoner and brings him to Duncan c. Cuts off his head and places it on the battlements d. Takes his family crest and title 27. What new title does Macbeth receive early in Act one? a. Thane of Glamis b. Thane of Cawdor c. King of Scotland d. Earl of Northumberland 12
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28. The Weird Sisters greet Macbeth as ______. a. Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King hereafter b. Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Fife, and King hereafter c. Thane of Glamis, Thane of Fife, and father of kings d. Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Lochaber, and Thane of Glamis 29. How do the Weird Sisters greet Banquo? a. " Thou shalt be king of Scotland" b. " Hail, king hereafter!" c. "Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none." d. "O valiant cousin!" 30. Who does Duncan name as his successor? a. Banquo b. Macbeth c. Macduff d. Malcolm 31. Lady Macbeth calls on supernatural powers to ______. a. " unsex me here" b. " sleek o'er your rugged looks" c. hover through fog and filthy air" d. " beguile the time" 32. Who will the Macbeths frame as Duncan's murderer? a. Duncan's bodyguards b. Donalbain c. Banquo d. Macduff 33. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth "When you durst do it, then ______." a. you were a man b. wilt thou be king c. will I love you d. 'twere well it were done quickly 34. What does Lady Macbeth say she would do with her child if she had to? a. Abandon it b. Give up her life for it c. Cut off its head d. Dash its brains out 35. What does Banquo think about the witches' predictions? a. He wishes they would not come true b. He dreams that they may come true, but he will do nothing about them
30 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 c. He doesn't believe them d. He will try to make them come true, no matter what it takes 36. What does Macbeth think he sees floating in front of him as he goes to kill Duncan? a. A bloody child b. A bloody sword c. A bloody dagger d. A bloody head 13
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37. What can't Macbeth say when he hears the bodyguards praying? a. "Amen" b. " Avaunt thee" c. "God bless us" d. " Sleep no more" 38. Where does the porter imagine he is guarding the gate? a. The castle at Fife b. The gate to Heaven c. The gate to Hell d. The palace at Dunsinane 39. Who discovers Duncan's body? a. Macbeth b. Macduff c. Malcolm d. Ross 40. What do Malcolm and Donalbain decide they will do when Duncan is murdered? a. Kill the bodyguards b. Kill Macbeth c. Flee to England and Ireland d. Avenge his death 41. Who is proclaimed king after Duncan is murdered? a. Banquo b. Macbeth c. Macduff d. Malcolm 42. Who will kill Banquo? a. Duncan's bodyguards b. The three witches c. Macbeth d. Two murderers 43. The two murderers are joined by ______. a. Seyton b. The three witches c. Macbeth d. A third murderer 44. What is going on at Macbeth's castle while the murderers are killing Banquo? a. A feast b. Macbeth's coronation c. Duncan's murder d. Plans for killing Lady Macduff 45. What vision does Macbeth see at the table?
32 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 a. A bloody child b. Banquo's ghost c. A bloody dagger d. Duncan's head 46. What does the first apparition tell Macbeth? a. " Beware Banquo!" b. " Beware Siward!" c. " Beware Macduff!" d. " Beware Malcolm!" 47. What does the second apparition tell Macbeth? a. " None of woman born shall become king." b. " None of woman born shall beware thee" 14
33 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 c. " None of woman born shall take Dunsinane" d. " None of woman born shall harm Macbeth" 48. What does the third apparition tell Macbeth? a. that he should travel from Dunsinane to Birnam Wood b. that he will fall when Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane c. that he is safe as long as he stays at Dunsinane 49. What is the last vision that the witches show Macbeth? a. Macduff's head b. A procession of eight kings c. A stain on his hand d. A procession of bloody corpses 50. Who warns Lady Macduff to leave her house? a. A Weird Sister b. Macduff c. A Messenger d. Malcolm 51. After he has murdered King Duncan, Macbeth has forgotten to do something and Lady Macbeth goes to do it for him. What has he forgotten? a. To shout to the guests that there has been a murder. b. To close the door of Duncan's chamber. c. To leave the weapon at the scene and smear the chamberlains with blood. 52. What is Macbeth's title at the very beginning of the play? a. Thane of Glamis b. Thane of Cawdor c. Duke of Birnam 53. What is the name of Banquo's son? a. Fleance b. Ross c. Malcolm 54. When we first meet Lady Macbeth, she and her husband are told they are to have a visitor. Who is it going to be? a. King Duncan b. Macduff c. Banquo
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55. Banquo is confused about the witches' sex. What confuses him? a. They have strong arms b. They have deep voices c. They have beards 56. After Duncan's death, which two characters leave for England and Ireland respectively, for safety? a. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth b. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth c. Macduff and Banquo 15
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57. Of all the predictions the witches and apparitions make, which does not occur in the play? a. Great Birnam Wood to Dunsinane come against Macbeth b. Macbeth will become king c. One of Banquo's offspring will become king 58. Which character eventually kills Macbeth? a. Malcolm b. Siward c. Macduff 59. Whom did Macbeth slay so that he would become king of Scotland? a. Malcolm b. Duncan c. MacAlpin d. Dumaine 60. In Act II Lady Macbeth says "It was the ---- that shrieked" a. ghoul b. ghost c. owl d. ogre 61. What is the missing word in this Macbeth quote? "Vaulting ----, which o'erleaps itself And fails on the other" a. pride b. power c. aspiration d. ambition 62. Macbeth says: "Bring me no more reports; let them fly all: Till ---- wood remove to Dunsinane". What is the name of the wood? a. Beech b. Birnham c. Cawdor d. Caithness 63. "All the perfumes of ---- will not sweeten this little hand" says Lady Macbeth. What is the missing word? a. Albania b. The apothecary c. The Orient d. Arabia 64. What animal's eye went in the witches' potion? a. newt b. fenny snake c. frog d. numbat 65. When Lady Macbeth receives the letter telling her of the witches' words,
36 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 a. she feels it unlikely they will come true. b. she knows her husband will stop at nothing to make them come true. c. she fears her husband has too much humanity in him to make them come true. 66. She prays to the spirits of evil to a. cut off all feelings of remorse in her. b. make Duncan come to the castle. c. make Macbeth listen to her advice. 16
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67. She warns Macbeth that a. he is too tender-hearted and must be stronger. b. his face is giving away his evil thoughts - he must look like 'an innocent flower'. c. Duncan will not be easy to overpower. 68. In Act 1, Scene 7, Lady Macbeth enters after Macbeth mentions that a. he does not think it is worth risking what he has to kill Duncan. b. he lacks the necessary ambition to risk killing the king. c. he is lacking 'a spur' to make him act 69. On the night of the murder, Lady Macbeth a. has to drink to give herself courage. b. cannot kill Duncan as he reminds her of her father. c. fears that the guards have awakened and their plot will be found out. .70. Following the murder, Lady Macbeth's attitude to Macbeth's fears is: a. impatient and brisk - she gives him orders. b. calm and comforting - she helps him to regain his composure. c. she becomes infected by his anxieties - she is terrified by the sight of the blood. 71. When Lady Macbeth faints after Macbeth kills the bodyguards a. This is clearly a ruse to distract the others from questioning Macbeth's rash killings. b. She has collapsed through the strain of acting a part. c. Either a) or b) are possible interpretations of her action. 72. Before the banquet, Lady Macbeth's mood is a. depressed, but Macbeth manages to cheer her by promising all will be well.
38 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 b. depressed, but she pretends to be calm and confident when she is with Macbeth. c. confident, but impatient that Macbeth will not share her feelings. 73. At the banquet, when Macbeth starts shouting at the ghost, a. she ignores him and continues talking to the guests. b. she privately speaks scornfully to him, saying he is looking at nothing but 'a stool'. c. she is struck dumb with fear at the appearance of Banquo's ghost. 17
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74. At the end of the play, Lady Macbeth a. accompanies her husband to the battlefield where she later commits suicide when Macbeth loses. b. is left behind in the castle, where she is killed by Macduff. c. is left behind in her castle, where she has a breakdown and commits suicide. 75. Macbeth was believed to be written during what years? a. 1800s b. 1600s c. 1700s d. 1500s 76. The earliest account of this play was at which theater? a. Globe Theater b. England Theater c. Movie Theater d. None of the above 77. What was the name of Duncan's youngest son? a. Malcolm b. Donalbain c. Macdonwald d. Duncan Jr. 78. Where was Malcolm in hiding after his father's death? a. England b. England c. Scotland d. Wales. 79. The Weird Sisters greet Macbeth as a. Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Fife, and King hereafter b. Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King hereafter c. Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Lochaber, and Thane of Glamis d. Thane of Glamis, Thane of Fife, and father of kings 80. Which apparition tells Macbeth to beware Macduff? a. First Apparition b. Second Apparition c. Third Apparition d. Fourth Apparition 81. Who kills Macbeth? a. Macduff b. Malcom c. Lady Macbeth d. A man of the whom untimely ripped
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82. What was the third apparition that was shown to Macbeth? a. A young boy holding a tree and wearing a crown b. A young girl with a sphere c. A bloody baby d. A line of kings shown and Banquo at the end of the line holding a mirror. 18
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83. what does macbeth see as he goes to kill duncan? a. an angel warning him not to kill the king b. a bloody dagger c. the king's ghost d. the devil urging him onward 84. What was the name of Banquo's son? And who killed him? a. Fleance, no one b. Fletchley, Macduff c. Fleance, Murderers d. Fletchley, Macbeth 85. Complete Duncan's Comment . There's no ... to find the mind's construction in the face". a. way b. method c. art d. skill 86. Who killed lady Macbeth? a. She does not die b. Herself c. Macduff d. Malcolm 87. Macbeth's child was called? a. Lady Macbeth b. Macbeth Jr c. McDonalds d. None of the above 89. Where does King Duncan's son Donalbain flee after King Duncan was killed? a. England b. Ireland c. Scotland d. None of the above 90. What did Macbeth see during his Feast? a. The Ghost of Banquo b. a mouse c. Lady Macbeth walking in d. a thief 91. In Macbeth, Act 1 Scene5, which bird does Lady Macbeth describes as hoarse in this scene? a. Parrot b. Raven c. Eagle d. Owl 92. In Macbeth, Act 1 Scene5, which bird does Lady Macbeth describes as hoarse in this scene?
42 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 a. Parrot b. Raven c. Eagle d. Owl 93. Who did Macbeth unseam from the nave to chops? a. Macdonwald b. Malcolm c. Macduff d. Ross 94. In Act 1 scene 2, what did the Captain describe Macbeth and Banquo? a. Sparrows Eagles, Hare of the Lion b. Frogs , Hare of the Lion c. Sparrow Raven, Hare of the frogs d. Sparrow Eagles, Sparrow Raven 95. What were the first three predictions about Macbeth that the witches said? a. Thane of Glamis, Thane of Scotland, King of Cawdor b. Non born of women shall harm Macbeth, King of Scotland, Thane of Cawdor c. Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, King of Scotland 19
43 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 d. Thane fo Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, King of England 96. Who was Macbeth's Father? a. Seyton b. Siward c. Sinel d. Lenox 97. Who killed Macbeth? a. Macduff b. Duncan c. Ross d. Ross 98. What "sign" convinces Macbeth that he must go through with killing the king? a. One of the witches appears in his bedroom b. He has a nightmare about the murder c. He sees a floating dagger pointing towards Duncan's bedroom. d. The ghost of his father visits him 99. Why didn't Lady Macbeth just kill the king herself? a. He looked too much like her father b. She wanted her husband to have all the satisfaction. c. It would have contradicted her morals d. She didn't have the bodily strength. 100. What does Macbeth accidentally take with him after murdering the king? a. The murder weapons b. The king's crown c. A book d. The king's bloody pillow 101. Complete Macbeth's quotation: "I thought I heard a voice crying, 'Macbeth has murdered ____!'" a. truth b. Duncan c. honor d. sleep 102. Name the speaker: "My hands are the same color as yours -- but I'd be ashamed to have a heart as white as yours!"
44 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 a. the old man b. Lady Macbeth c. Banquo d. Macbeth 103. Who else does Macbeth kill that same night? a. Fleance b. The king's watchmen c. Ross d. Lennox 104. Which of the following did NOT happen on the night Duncan was killed? a. Earthquakes shook the land b. A servant woman killed herself c. Violent storms broke out d. Horses ate each other 21
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105. Name the speaker: "If I had died an hour before this happened, I'd have lived a blessed life span. From now on, there's nothing left worth living for. Everything is a sham. Honor and dignity are dead." a. Lady Macbeth b. Macduff c. Macbeth d. the porter 106. Who vows to find the murderer and punish him/her? a. Macbeth b. Banquo c. Lady Macbeth d. Angus 107. Which characters run away shortly after Duncan's death? a. Banquo and Fleance b. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth c. Malcolm and Donalbain d. Macduff and his family 108. There are many examples of fish imagery in the play. a. True b. False 109. The purpose of the scene with the porter is to relieve tension after a suspenseful and violent scene. a. True b. False 110. "Regicide" is the murder of a ______. a. thane b. brother c. friend d. king 111. What title(s) does Macbeth hold at the beginning of the play? a. A general of the English forces and Earl of Northumberland b. Thane of Fife c. A general in King Duncan's army and Thane of Glamis d. King Duncan's older son and heir to the throne e. King Duncan's younger son and a general in King Duncan's army
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112. In Act I, Scene II, what news does the wounded Captain bring to King Duncan and Scottish noblemen at a military camp near Forres? a. Macbeth killed Macdonwald, but the war continues. b. Macbeth killed Macdonwald and the war is over. c. The Scottish are losing badly to the Danes. d. The castle at Dunsinane has been taken by Norway. e. Macduff killed the Thane of Cawdor 113. Who says the following line? "So foul and fair a day I have not seen." a. Macbeth b. Banquo c. The First Witch d. Macduff e. King Duncan 21
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114. To whom is Lady Macbeth reading Macbeth's letter in Act I, Scene V? a. Ross, who brought it b. Her maid who is brushing her hair c. Her maid who brought the letter in d. Her infant son e. No one; she is alone 115. Lady Macbeth declares she would kill a baby she loved while it was nursing if she had sworn to do so, as Macbeth had sworn to kill Duncan. What later remark in Act II Scene II contradicts this? a. "But no baby have I borne, to my relief." b. "But they did say their prayers, and I addressed them Again to sleep." c. "I had most need of blessing, and "Amen" Stuck in my throat." d. "Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done't." e. "Should I not be afeared of eternal flame, this i' quiet." 116. Whom does the porter not pretend to admit into hell in Act II, Scene III? a. A farmer b. An equivocator c. A sailor d. An English tailor 117. Malcolm and Donalbain flee after their father's murder. Where do they go? a. Both to Ireland b. Both to England c. Malcolm to Ireland, Donalbain to England d. Malcolm to England, Donalbain to Ireland e. They do not flee 118. In Scene IV, the last of Act II, Ross and an unnamed Old Man are talking about the unnatural events that have happened recently: an owl killed a falcon last Tuesday, last night's darkness has lingered into day, and what else? a. Lady Macbeth grew a beard. b. An earthquake cracked Macbeth's castle at Inverness.
48 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 c. King Duncan's horses ate each other. d. Banquo's son committed suicide. e. A nearby village burned down. 119. In Act II, Scene IV, Macduff reveals that he is returning to Fife, his home, instead of going to Scone to witness what event? a. Duncan's burial b. Macbeth's coronation c. Malcolm and Donalbain's trial d. The old Thane of Cawdor's trial e. The Scottish Games 120. Whose musings about the witches' predictions and Macbeth's possible foul play begin Act III in the palace at Forres? a. Banquo b. Macduff c. Ross d. Lennox e. Fleance 121. Lady Macbeth knows about Macbeth's plan to hire murderers to kill Banquo. a. True b. False 122. The murderers kill Banquo and Fleance. a. True b. False 123. How does Lady Macbeth explain Macbeth's reaction to Banquo's ghost at the dinner table? a. She faints and draws attention away from Macbeth. b. She gives a toast to the Scottish noblemen in the hall. c. She says he is just tired and needs sleep. 22
49 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 d. She says Macbeth has had a condition since his youth which is best ignored until it passes. 124. What is not included in the witches' cauldron in Act IV, Scene I? a. Eye of newt b. Toe of frog c. Scale of dragon d. Fur of dog 125. The Second Apparition tells Macbeth to: "Be bloody, bold, and _____!" a. Blue b. Resolute c. Strong d. Fierce 126. The Third Apparition tells Macbeth not to worry until which wood comes to Dunsinane Hill? a. Yyrne b. Stuart c. Tyrn d. Birnam 129. Lady Macduff tells her son that his father is dead and a traitor. a. True b. False 130. In Act IV, Scene III, what reason does Malcolm not give for being a worse king than Macbeth if crowned? a. Unrestrained lust b. Greed for his nobles' belongings c. Love of torture d. Lack of patience 131. Why does Malcolm order each soldier to cut a branch from the forest and carry it to Dunsinane? a. To hide the army's size b. To fulfill the prophecy c. To serve as shields 132. Who speaks the last lines in the play? a. Malcolm b. Macduff c. Macbeth 133. What does Macbeth confess he did, out of rage? a. Killed Duncan's guards b. Tore out his hair c. Vowed revenge d. Killed Duncan
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134. What does Banquo feel he owes to Macbeth, even though he doesn't trust him? a. Loyalty b. Patience c. Protection d. Benefit of the doubt 135. What gruesome battle trophy proves Malcolm is now king? a. Macbeth's thumb b. The bodies of Macbeth and all the witches c. Macbeth's eye-teeth d. Macbeth's severed head 136. Who does Duncan name to succeed him as king? a. Donalbain b. Thane of Glamis c. Macbeth d. Malcolm 137. Lady Macbeth vows to do what? a. See her husband king and herself queen b. To kill Duncan herself if she has to c. To make sure she gets pregnant immediately d. To make the witches tell her fortune 138. Whom does Duncan name to succeed him as king? a. Macduff b. Macbeth c. Malcolm d. Banquo 139. What does Macbeth fear if he carries out the murder of Duncan? a. The anger of the people b. Retribution from Duncan's sons c. Ghosts d. Eternal damnation 140. What does Lady Macbeth's guilty conscience cause her to do? a. Plead for mercy b. Sleepwalk c. Confess d. Pray for forgiveness 23
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141. Who kills Duncan? a. Lady Macbeth b. Macbeth c. Malcolm d. Banquo 142. Where is Macbeth in the opening of this scene? a. At the Tower of London b. In his royal chambers at Inverness c. At Dunsinane castle d. Alone on the moors, awaiting the witches 143. Which of the following is NOT one of the titles the witches call Macbeth by? a. The thane of Glamis b. The thane of Norway c. The future king d. The thane of Cowdor 144. Why does Macduff say Malcolm and Donalbain are suspects? a. They have the most to gain b. They had been overheard disparaging Duncan c. They fled Inverness, making them seem guilty d. They were seen wearing bloody garments 145. What vow does Lady Macbeth make? a. To divorce Macbeth b. To get pregnant right away c. To see Duncan dead d. To see Macbeth king and herself, queen 146. True or False: Malcolm has doubts about Macduff's motives a. True b. False 147. True or False: Macbeth tells his wife not to worry a. False b. True 148. What unwelcome news does Macbeth receive? a. Troops are amassing on the border b. Banquo survived c. Fleance survived d. A ghost is haunting Inverness
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149. The Witches call Macbeth all of the following except? a. Thane of Cowdor b. Thane of Gladis c. Thane of Norway d. King hereafter 150. What does the Porter tease Macduff about? a. His inability to ride a horse b. His bad table manners c. His sucking up to Duncan d. His drinking and failures with women 151. True or False: It has already been decided that Macduff will be crowned king a. True b. False 152. True or False: Macbeth is persuaded by his wife to carry through with their plan a. True b. False 153. Who is killed in the attack? a. Only Fleance b. Only Banquo c. Banquo and one of the murderers, who is killed by Fleance d. Both Banquo and Fleance 154. Why is Macbeth so happy that Banquo is dead? a. Because he hated him b. Because he now will extend his landholding c. Because he cannot produce any more sons 24
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155. Which of the following is NOT revealed in the letter Lady Macbeth receives? a. The witches' prophecy b. That Macbeth has been appointed Thane of Cawdor c. The location of Donalbain and Malcolm d. That Macbeth has ambitions to become king 156. What noise startles Lady Macbeth? a. A screeching owl b. A knock at the door c. A shrill whistle d. Her own heartbeat 157. What do the witches predict about Banquo? a. His life is almost over b. He will not be king, but his sons will c. A friend will take his life d. He will rule only for a short time before being betrayed 158. Macbeth asks Banquo to join him that evening for: a. A meeting to discuss how to find Malcolm b. A memorial service for Duncan c. A military strategy session d. A banquet 159. When Macbeth leaves Fleance and Banquo, what object appears before him? a. A bejeweled scepter b. A golden goblet c. A bloody crown d. A bloody dagger 160. What decision does Duncan regret? a. Getting married b. Taking up arms in the first place c. Ordering the execution of the Thane of Cawdor d. Appointing Macbeth to his new position
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161. Banquo is told by the witches that he will be ______and ______than Macbeth a. fatter and thinner b. greater and lesser c. richer and poorer d. sadder and happier 162. True or False: Macbeth is present to greet Duncan along with Lady Macbeth a. False b. True 163. Lady Macbeth tells her husband, "What's done ______. " a. cannot be undone b. has been predestined c. is nothing to regret d. can be overcome 164. True or False: Macbeth's newly-conquered subjects are loyal a. True b. False 165. True or False: Banquo and Fleance never see or hear their murderers a. True b. False 166. What military success has Macbeth had? a. Defeating Malcolm b. Taking high profile prisoners of war c. Clearing Birnam Wood of Macduff's loyalists d. Securing Dunsinane 167. What does Macbeth ask of the doctor? a. To find a cure for his wife b. To go with him into battle c. To give him some bandages d. To concoct a pain serum 168. What do the witches tell Banquo? a. He will see things but hear nothing b. He will die by the hand of a friend c. His descendants will be kings d. His path is short but the road long 25
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169. Who comes to Macbeth with concerns about Lady Macbeth? a. The goodwife b. The doctor c. Ross d. The nurse 170. What derogatory name does Lady Macbeth call her husband? a. A traitor b. A coward c. A snake d. A bastard 171. What does Lady Macbeth say she had considered doing herself? a. Stopping Macbeth b. Running away c. Killing Duncan d. Warning Duncan 172. What does one of the murderers repeatedly call for? a. Silence b. Steady nerves c. A drink d. A light 173. Whose army has Macbeth defeated? a. Scotland b. Geatland c. Ireland d. Norway 174. True or False: Macbeth feels confident that he will defeat Malcolm a. False b. True 175. Whom does Lady Macbeth frame for the murder of Duncan? a. Macduff b. Malcolm c. Duncan's chamberlains d. Fleance 176. How does Macbeth respond to Banquo's concerns about the witches? a. Tells him not to worry and claims they are harmless b. Agrees they are probably up to no good c. Says that they have always been honest with him d. Says he does not think of them at all 177. What are the witches doing as the scene opens? a. Flying in on broomsticks to meet in the dead of night b. Summoning the ghost of Banquo to them
56 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 c. Preparing a charm and chanting d. Luring Macbeth to their cauldron 178. Why won't the gentlewoman say what he has overheard from Lady Macbeth? a. It was gibberish b. She is afraid of being charged with treason c. The words were vile and unrepeatable d. She has been sworn to secrecy 179. Why won't the gentlewoman say what he has overheard from Lady Macbeth? a. It was gibberish b. She is afraid of being charged with treason c. The words were vile and unrepeatable d. She has been sworn to secrecy 180. Who is reflected in the mirror of the last king who appears in the witches procession? a. Duncan b. Fleance c. A dead and bloody Lady Macbeth d. Banquo 181. Why is Hecate upset? a. Because the other witches did not consult her before talking to Macbeth b. Because Banquo is dead c. Because Fleance is alive d. Because Macbeth is king 182. What vow is made by the new subjects? a. To see Macbeth burn in Hell b. To follow Macbeth, whatever the cost c. To overthrow Macbeth and regain Scotland d. To never forget Macduff's slain family 183. Upon whom does Macbeth pin responsibility for Duncan's murder? a. Banquo b. Malcolm c. Donalbain d. Duncan's attendants 26
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184. Why does Macbeth hire men to kill Banquo and Fleance? a. So the witches' prophecy cannot be fulfilled b. Because they know he murdered Duncan c. Because they threaten to start an uprising among the people d. Because they are plotting to kill him 185. The witches do NOT address Macbeth by this title: a. King b. Your Highness c. Thane of Cawdor d. Thane of Glamis 186. The second apparition tells Macbeth he cannot be harmed ______. a. By anyone for any reason b. By woman born c. Any piece of honed steel d. Until he has ruled for four score years 187. Why does Macduff say the prophecy protecting him from "woman born" does not apply? a. The witches are liars b. He is half-god c. The witches have no power d. He was born by Cesarean section 188. Who tries to console Lady Macduff? a. Lady Macbeth b. Fleance c. Ross d. Macduff 189. What is Lady Macbeth afraid of at the banquet? a. That he will confess to Duncan's murder b. That her husband has gone mad c. That the ghost will kill them all d. That their subjects will turn against them 190. Which of the following is NOT among the warnings or information that Macbeth hears? a. That no child of woman born will harm him b. To beware of Macduff
59 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 c. To hide Lady Macbeth d. That he will not be defeated until Birnam Wood moves against him 191. True or False: At this point, Lady Macbeth is pleased with the murder a. False b. True 192. What has been done with Duncan's body? a. He was given a burial-at-sea b. A funeral pyre was constructed at Inverness and he was cremated c. Nothing. It lays where he was slain. d. His body was taken to the family graveyard 193. What has been done with Duncan's body? a. He was given a burial-at-sea b. A funeral pyre was constructed at Inverness and he was cremated c. Nothing. It lays where he was slain. d. His body was taken to the family graveyard 194. Where do the murderers make their attack? a. As father and son slumber in the forest b. In the stables of Inverness c. As Banquo and Fleance travel on a known route d. At the riverbank 195. How does Lady Macbeth explain Macbeth's strange behavior at the banquet? a. He has become obsessed with his new power. b. He has eaten the insane root. c. He is intoxicated. d. He is suffering from an illness. 196. How does Macbeth persuade the murderers to kill Banquo? a. He says he will pay them. b. He taunts them for their lack of manliness.
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197. How does Macduff receive the news of his family's murder? a. He blames himself and vows to take revenge upon Macbeth. b. He commits suicide. c. He gets hives. d. He seeks out Lady Macbeth for consolation. 198. How does Malcolm attempt to win Macduff's support? a. He claims he will be a better king than Macbeth. b. He gives Macduff a feast to feed his family. c. He reveals that he has lied about his lack of kingly virtues. d. He tells Macduff about the slaughter of his family 199. On returning to the Witches, what is the last apparition that Macbeth sees? a. A blood-covered child b. A ghost from his past c. A procession of kings d. A procession of trees 200. What do the weird sisters promise to Macbeth? a. A large family b. Everlasting life c. The kingdom of Scotland d. Victory in battle 201. What does Lady Macbeth accuse her husband of being? a. A bad father b. A bad king c. A coward d. A weak soldier 202. What reason does Macbeth give for not killing Duncan? a. Duncan is his guest. b. Duncan is his uncle. c. Duncan is stronger than he is. d. Duncan will not die young. 203. Who says the following: "Here lay Duncan, his silver skin lac'd with his golden blood."
62 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 a. Lady Macbeth b. Macbeth c. Macduff d. Malcolm 204. Who says the following: "Glamis hath murdered sleep . . . Macbeth will sleep no more." a. Fleance b. Lady Macbeth c. Macbeth d. Malcolm 205. Who says the following: "All hail Macbeth, Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis." a. Cawdor b. Hecate c. Lady Macbeth d. The Witches 206. Who says the following: "'Tis unnatural, even like the deed that's done." a. Banquo b. Donalbain c. Ross d. The Old Man 207. Who says the following: "Come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here." a. Fleance b. Hecate c. Lady Macbeth d. Lennox 208. Why do Malcolm and Donalbain flee? a. They are afraid they'll be accused of murdering their father. b. They fear the weird sisters. c. They think that Macbeth will kill them next. d. They want to join the English army. 28
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209. Why do Malcolm and Donalbain flee? a. They are afraid they'll be accused of murdering their father. b. They fear the weird sisters. c. They think that Macbeth will kill them next. d. They want to join the English army. 210. Why does Macbeth envy Malcolm? a. He has been named heir to the throne. b. He is a better soldier. c. He is marrying Hecate. d. He is the son of Duncan. 211. Who said, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me"? a. Duncan b. Macbeth c. Banquo d. Prince William 212. Who said, "If't be so, For Banquo's issue have I fil'd my mind, For them the gracious Duncan have I murther'd"? a. Macbeth b. Lady Macbeth c. Malcolm d. Macduff 213. Who said, "Sons, kinsmen, thanes, And you whose places are the nearest, know We will establish our estate upon Our eldest, Malcolm, whom we name hereafter The Prince of Cumberland; which honour must Not unaccompanied invest him only"? a. Duncan b. Macbeth c. Macduff d. Banquo 214. Who said, "Are you a man?"? a. Macbeth b. Macbeth's doctor c. Lady Macbeth d. Malcolm 215. Who said, "Yet here's a spot."? a. Duncan b. Macbeth c. The carpet cleaners d. Lady Macbeth 216. This play is often read as a cautionary tale against too much a. Wife b. Ambition c. Greed d. Temptation
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217. The term for killing a king is a. Cyanide b. Regicide c. Homicide d. Suicide 218. The play opens with a. Battle b. Witches c. Dogs d. Banquet 219. Macbeth is obsessed with the concept of a. Travel b. Space c. Marriage d. Time 29
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220. What is the witches' mantra? a. Fair is foul and foul is fair b. Brew is the stew c. Macbeth rules d. All is fair in love and war 221. About what kind of robes does Macbeth complain? a. Old b. New c. Borrowed d. Blue 222. What is a metaphor for the title Thane of Cawdor? a. Children b. Rulers c. Gold d. Robes 223. The witches throw the finger of whom into the cauldron? a. Macbeth b. Lady Macbeth c. Malcolm d. Babe 224. At the end, what part of Macbeth is bleeding? a. Foot b. Hand c. Arm d. Head 225. Whom does the drunken porter think is at the gate? a. An equivocator b. A king c. An educator d. An equilateral 226. What nationality is Macbeth? a. French b. scottish c. Hispanic d. Israeli 227. Which attribute does Lady Macbeth lack? a. Cham b. inteligence c. Ambition d. Compassion 228. Fair is foul and foul is a. Funny b. Freaky c. Fair d. Far, far away 229. Which magical ingredient is not mentioned? a. Eye of newt b. Toe of frog c. Wool of bat d. Hair of unicorn 31
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230. Lady Macbeth calls on spirits to a. Sex her up b. Unsex her c. Boogie down d. Fix her hair 231. What attribute describes the three sisters? a. Bearded b. Blonde c. Beautiful d. Braless 232. What adjective describes the three sisters? a. Wacky b. Weird c. Wild d. Wooly 233. What will Banquo's sons be? a. Kings b. Pirates c. Queens d. Truck drivers 234. The play opens with the appearance of three…? a. Wild dogs b. Cats c. Witches d. Blind mice 235. What prophesy has been made about Macbeth? a. He will be the Boy Who Lives. b. He will one day be King of Scotland. c. He will die young. d. He will prick his finger on a spinning wheel and fall into a deep sleep 236. Whom does King Duncan name as heir to his throne? a. His son Malcolm b. Banquo c. Macbeth d. His beloved cockerspaniel 237. How does Lady Macbeth signal to Macbeth that King Duncan’s chamberlains are asleep? a. By whistling three times b. By tolling a bell c. By winking d. By texting him 238. What does Macbeth do to King Duncan? a.He frames him for the murder of the chamberlains b. He steals his watch c. He murders him d. He plays a practical joke on him
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239. To whom does “something wicked this way comes” refer? a. Macbeth b. A witch c. Macduff d. A naughty child 31
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240. Macbeth is angered by whose escape? a. Rapunzel’s b. Prince Malcolm’s c. Banquo’s d. Fleance’s 241. Whose ghost does Macbeth find seated at the royal table? a. Duncan’s b. King Hamlet’s c. Banquo’s d. Nearly Headless Nick’s 242. What does Lady Macbath claim to have on her hands while sleepwalking? a. Dirt b. Rings c. Gloves d. Blood 243. Why was Macduff not “of woman born”? a. Because he hatched from an egg b. Because Macduff does not consider his mother a woman c. Because he delivered via C-section) d. Because he is an alien from outer space 245. Which character is a foil to Macbeth? a. Macduff b. Malcolm c. Banquo d. King Duncan 246. According to Goethe, Who is "SUPER WITCH"? a. Witch 1 b. Witch 2 c. Lady Macduff d. Lady Macbeth 247. Whose nature is "too full of the milk of human kindness"? a. Macbeth b. Banquo c. Macduff d. King Duncan 248. What is Macbeth's tragic flaw? a. Pride b. Rash Judgement c. Vaulting Ambition d.Too much mike of Human Kindness 249. As witches foretold, whose dynasty will rule Scotland? a. Banquo b. Malcolm c. Macduff d. Macbeth
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250. "A little water clears us of this deed" who said that? a. Macbeth b. Lady Macbeth c. Macduff d. Banquo
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PART : 2
Twelfth Night
William Shakespeare
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Plot Overview
I N THE KINGDOM OF ILLYRIA, a nobleman named Orsino lies around listening to music, pining away for the love of Lady Olivia. He cannot have her because she is in mourning for her dead brother and refuses to entertain any proposals of marriage. Meanwhile, off the coast, a storm has caused a terrible shipwreck. A young, aristocratic-born woman named Viola is swept onto the Illyrian shore. Finding herself alone in a strange land, she assumes that her twin brother, Sebastian, has been drowned in the wreck, and tries to figure out what sort of work she can do. A friendly sea captain tells her about Orsino’s courtship of Olivia, and Viola says that she wishes she could go to work in Olivia’s home. But since Lady Olivia refuses to talk with any strangers, Viola decides that she cannot look for work with her. Instead, she decides to disguise herself as a man, taking on the name of Cesario, and goes to work in the household of Duke Orsino.
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Viola (disguised as Cesario) quickly becomes a favorite of Orsino, who makes Cesario his page. Viola finds herself falling in love with Orsino—a difficult love to pursue, as Orsino believes her to be a man. But when Orsino sends Cesario to deliver Orsino’s love messages to the disdainful Olivia, Olivia herself falls for the beautiful young Cesario, believing her to be a man. The love triangle is complete: Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia, and Olivia loves Cesario—and everyone is miserable.
Meanwhile, we meet the other members of Olivia’s household: her rowdy drunkard of an uncle, Sir Toby; his foolish friend, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, who is trying in his hopeless way to court Olivia; Olivia’s witty and pretty waiting-gentlewoman, Maria; Feste, the clever clown of the house; and Malvolio, the dour, prudish steward of Olivia’s household. When Sir Toby and the others take offense at Malvolio’s constant efforts to spoil their fun, Maria engineers a practical joke to make Malvolio think that Olivia is in love with him. She forges a letter, supposedly from Olivia, addressed to her beloved (whose name is signified by the letters M.O.A.I.), telling him that if he wants to earn her favor, he should dress in yellow stockings and crossed garters, act haughtily, smile constantly, and refuse to explain himself to anyone. Malvolio finds the letter, assumes that it is addressed to him, and, filled with dreams of
73 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 marrying Olivia and becoming noble himself, happily follows its commands. He behaves so strangely that Olivia comes to think that he is mad.
Meanwhile, Sebastian, who is still alive after all but believes his sister Viola to be dead, arrives in Illyria along with his friend and protector, Antonio. Antonio has cared for Sebastian since the shipwreck and is passionately (and perhaps sexually) attached to the young man—so much so that he follows him to Orsino’s domain, in spite of the fact that he and Orsino are old enemies.
Sir Andrew, observing Olivia’s attraction to Cesario (still Viola in disguise), challenges Cesario to a duel. Sir Toby, who sees the prospective duel as entertaining fun, eggs Sir Andrew on. However, when Sebastian—who looks just like the disguised Viola—appears on the scene, Sir Andrew and Sir Toby end up coming to blows with Sebastian, thinking that he is Cesario. Olivia enters amid the confusion. Encountering Sebastian and thinking that he is Cesario, she asks him to marry her. He is baffled, since he has never seen her before. He sees, however, that she is wealthy and beautiful, and he is therefore more than willing to go along with her. Meanwhile, Antonio has been arrested by Orsino’s officers and now begs Cesario for help, mistaking him for
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Sebastian. Viola denies knowing Antonio, and Antonio is dragged off, crying out that Sebastian has betrayed him. Suddenly, Viola has newfound hope that her brother may be alive.
Malvolio’s supposed madness has allowed the gleeful Maria, Toby, and the rest to lock Malvolio into a small, dark room for his treatment, and they torment him at will. Feste dresses up as "Sir Topas," a priest, and pretends to examine Malvolio, declaring him definitely insane in spite of his protests. However, Sir Toby begins to think better of the joke, and they allow Malvolio to send a letter to Olivia, in which he asks to be released.
Eventually, Viola (still disguised as Cesario) and Orsino make their way to Olivia’s house, where Olivia welcomes Cesario as her new husband, thinking him to be Sebastian, whom she has just married. Orsino is furious, but then Sebastian himself appears on the scene, and all is revealed. The siblings are joyfully reunited, and Orsino realizes that he loves Viola, now that he knows she is a woman, and asks her to marry him. We discover that Sir Toby and Maria have also been married privately. Finally, someone remembers Malvolio and lets him out of the
75 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 dark room. The trick is revealed in full, and the embittered Malvolio storms off, leaving the happy couples to their celebration.
Character List
Viola - A young woman of aristocratic birth, and the play’s protagonist. Washed up on the shore of Illyria when her ship is wrecked in a storm, Viola decides to make her own way in the world. She disguises herself as a young man, calling herself "Cesario," and becomes a page to Duke Orsino. She ends up falling in love with Orsino—even as Olivia, the woman Orsino is courting, falls in love with Cesario. Thus, Viola finds that her clever disguise has entrapped her: she cannot tell Orsino that she loves him, and she cannot tell Olivia why she, as Cesario, cannot love her.Her poignant plight is the central conflict in the play.
Orsino - A powerful nobleman in the country of Illyria. Orsino is lovesick for the beautiful Lady Olivia, but becomes more and more fond of his handsome new page boy, Cesario, who is actually a woman— Viola. Orsino is a vehicle through which the play explores the absurdity of love: a supreme egotist, Orsino mopes around complaining how
76 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 heartsick he is over Olivia, when it is clear that he is chiefly in love with the idea of being in love and enjoys making a spectacle of himself. His attraction to the ostensibly male Cesario injects sexual ambiguity into his character.
Olivia - A wealthy, beautiful, and noble Illyrian lady, Olivia is courted by Orsino and Sir Andrew Aguecheek, but to each of them she insists that she is in mourning for her brother, who has recently died, and will not marry for seven years. She and Orsino are similar characters in that each seems to enjoy wallowing in his or her own misery. Viola’s arrival in the masculine guise of Cesario enables Olivia to break free of her self- indulgent melancholy. Olivia seems to have no difficulty transferring her affections from one love interest to the next, however, suggesting that her romantic feelings—like most emotions in the play—do not run deep.
Sebastian - Viola’s lost twin brother. When he arrives in Illyria, traveling with Antonio, his close friend and protector, Sebastian discovers that many people think that they know him. Furthermore, the beautiful Lady Olivia, whom he has never met, wants to marry him. Sebastian is not as
77 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 well rounded a character as his sister. He seems to exist to take on the role that Viola fills while disguised as Cesario—namely, the mate for Olivia. Malvolio - The straitlaced steward—or head servant—in the household of Lady Olivia. Malvolio is very efficient but also very self-righteous, and he has a poor opinion of drinking, singing, and fun. His priggishness and haughty attitude earn him the enmity of Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria, who play a cruel trick on him, making him believe that Olivia is in love with him. In his fantasies about marrying his mistress, he reveals a powerful ambition to rise above his social class.
Feste - The clown, or fool, of Olivia’s household, Feste moves between Olivia’s and Orsino’s homes. He earns his living by making pointed jokes, singing old songs, being generally witty, and offering good advice cloaked under a layer of foolishness. In spite of being a professional fool, Feste often seems the wisest character in the play.
Sir Toby - Olivia’s uncle. Olivia lets Sir Toby Belch live with her, but she does not approve of his rowdy behavior, practical jokes, heavy drinking, late-night carousing, or friends (specifically the idiotic Sir Andrew). Sir Toby also earns the ire of Malvolio. But Sir Toby has an
78 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 ally, and eventually a mate, in Olivia’s sharp-witted waiting- gentlewoman, Maria. Together they bring about the triumph of chaotic spirit, which Sir Toby embodies, and the ruin of the controlling, self- righteous Malvolio. Maria - Olivia’s clever, daring young waiting-gentlewoman. Maria is remarkably similar to her antagonist, Malvolio, who harbors aspirations of rising in the world through marriage. But Maria succeeds where Malvolio fails—perhaps because she is a woman, but, more likely, because she is more in tune than Malvolio with the anarchic, topsy-turvy spirit that animates the play. Sir Andrew Aguecheek - A friend of Sir Toby’s. Sir Andrew Aguecheek attempts to court Olivia, but he doesn’t stand a chance. He thinks that he is witty, brave, young, and good at languages and dancing, but he is actually an idiot. Antonio - A man who rescues Sebastian after his shipwreck. Antonio has become very fond of Sebastian, caring for him, accompanying him to Illyria, and furnishing him with money—all because of a love so strong that it seems to be romantic in nature. Antonio’s attraction to Sebastian, however, never bears fruit. Despite the ambiguous and shifting gender roles in the play, Twelfth Night remains a romantic comedy in which the
79 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 characters are destined for marriage. In such a world, homoerotic attraction cannot be fulfilled.
Analysis of Major Characters
Viola
Like most of Shakespeare’s heroines, Viola is a tremendously likable figure. She has no serious faults, and we can easily discount the peculiarity of her decision to dress as a man, since it sets the entire plot in motion. She is the character whose love seems the purest. The other characters’ passions are fickle: Orsino jumps from Olivia to Viola, Olivia jumps from Viola to Sebastian, and Sir Toby and Maria’s marriage seems more a matter of whim than an expression of deep and abiding passion. Only Viola seems to be truly, passionately in love as opposed to being self-indulgently lovesick. As she says to Orsino, describing herself and her love for him:
The audience, like Orsino, can only answer with an emphatic yes.
Viola’s chief problem throughout the play is one of identity. Because of her disguise, she must be both herself and Cesario. This mounting identity crisis culminates in the final scene, when Viola finds herself surrounded
80 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 by people who each have a different idea of who she is and are unaware of who she actually is. Were Twelfth Night not a comedy, this pressure might cause Viola to break down. Sebastian’s appearance at this point, however, effectively saves Viola by allowing her to be herself again. Sebastian, who independent of his sister is not much of a character, takes over the aspects of Viola’s disguise that she no longer wishes to maintain. Thus liberated by her brother, Viola is free to shed the roles that she has accumulated throughout the play, and she can return to being Viola, the woman who has loved and won Orsino.
Orsino and Olivia
Orsino and Olivia are worth discussing together, because they have similar personalities. Both claim to be buffeted by strong emotions, but both ultimately seem to be self-indulgent individuals who enjoy melodrama and self-involvement more than anything. When we first meet them, Orsino is pining away for love of Olivia, while Olivia pines away for her dead brother. They show no interest in relating to the outside world, preferring to lock themselves up with their sorrows and mope around their homes.
Viola’s arrival begins to break both characters out of their self-involved shells, but neither undergoes a clear-cut change. Orsino relates to Viola in
81 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 a way that he never has to Olivia, diminishing his self-involvement and making him more likable. Yet he persists in his belief that he is in love with Olivia until the final scene, in spite of the fact that he never once speaks to her during the course of the play. Olivia, meanwhile, sets aside her grief when Viola (disguised as Cesario) comes to see her. But Olivia takes up her own fantasy of lovesickness, in which she pines away—with a self-indulgence that mirrors Orsino’s—for a man who is really a woman. Ultimately, Orsino and Olivia seem to be out of touch with real emotion, as demonstrated by the ease with which they shift their affections in the final scene—Orsino from Olivia to Viola, and Olivia from Cesario to Sebastian. The similarity between Orsino and Olivia does not diminish with the end of the play, since the audience realizes that by marrying Viola and Sebastian, respectively, Orsino and Olivia are essentially marrying female and male versions of the same person.
Malvolio
Malvolio initially seems to be a minor character, and his humiliation seems little more than an amusing subplot to the Viola-Olivia-Orsino- love triangle. But he becomes more interesting as the play progresses, and most critics have judged him one of the most complex and fascinating characters inTwelfth Night. When we first meet Malvolio, he seems to be
82 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 a simple type—a puritan, a stiff and proper servant who likes nothing better than to spoil other people’s fun. It is this dour, fun-despising side that earns him the enmity of the zany, drunken Sir Toby and the clever Maria, who together engineer his downfall. But they do so by playing on a side of Malvolio that might have otherwise remained hidden—his self- regard and his remarkable ambitions, which extend to marrying Olivia and becoming, as he puts it, ―Count Malvolio‖ (II.v.30).
When he finds the forged letter from Olivia (actually penned by Maria) that seems to offer hope to his ambitions, Malvolio undergoes his first transformation—from a stiff and wooden embodiment of priggish propriety into an personification of the power of self--delusion. He is ridiculous in these scenes, as he capers around in the yellow stockings and crossed garters that he thinks will please Olivia, but he also becomes pitiable. He may deserve his come-uppance, but there is an uncomfortable universality to his experience. Malvolio’s misfortune is a cautionary tale of ambition overcoming good sense, and the audience winces at the way he adapts every event—including Olivia’s confused assumption that he must be mad—to fit his rosy picture of his glorious future as a nobleman.
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Earlier, he embodies stiff joylessness; now he is joyful, but in pursuit of a dream that everyone, except him, knows is false.
Our pity for Malvolio only increases when the vindictive Maria and Toby confine him to a dark room in Act IV. As he desperately protests that he isnot mad, Malvolio begins to seem more of a victim than a victimizer. It is as if the unfortunate steward, as the embodiment of order and sobriety, must be sacrificed so that the rest of the characters can indulge in the hearty spirit that suffuses Twelfth Night. As he is sacrificed, Malvolio begins to earn our respect. It is too much to call him a tragic figure, however—after all, he is only being asked to endure a single night in darkness, hardly a fate comparable to the sufferings of King Lear or Hamlet. But there is a kind of nobility, however limited, in the way that the deluded steward stubbornly clings to his sanity, even in the face of Feste’s insistence that he is mad. Malvolio remains true to himself, despite everything: he knows that he is sane, and he will not allow anything to destroy this knowledge.
Malvolio (and the audience) must be content with this self-knowledge, because the play allows Malvolio no real recompense for his sufferings. At the close of the play, he is brought out of the darkness into a celebration in which he has no part, and where no one seems willing to
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Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
Love as a Cause of Suffering
Twelfth Night is a romantic comedy, and romantic love is the play’s main focus. Despite the fact that the play offers a happy ending, in which the various lovers find one another and achieve wedded bliss, Shakespeare shows that love can cause pain. Many of the characters seem to view love as a kind of curse, a feeling that attacks its victims suddenly and disruptively. Various characters claim to suffer painfully from being in love, or, rather, from the pangs of unrequited love. At one point, Orsino depicts love dolefully as an ―appetite‖ that he wants to satisfy and cannot (I.i.1–3); at another point, he calls his desires ―fell and cruel hounds‖
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(I.i.21). Olivia more bluntly describes love as a ―plague‖ from which she suffers terribly (I.v.265). These metaphors contain an element of violence, further painting the love-struck as victims of some random force in the universe. Even the less melodramatic Viola sighs unhappily that ―My state is desperate for my master’s love‖ (II.ii.35). This desperation has the potential to result in violence—as in Act V, scene i, when Orsino threatens to kill Cesario because he thinks that -Cesario has forsaken him to become Olivia’s lover.
Love is also exclusionary: some people achieve romantic happiness, while others do not. At the end of the play, as the happy lovers rejoice, both Malvolio and Antonio are prevented from having the objects of their desire. Malvolio, who has pursued Olivia, must ultimately face the realization that he is a fool, socially unworthy of his noble mistress. Antonio is in a more difficult situation, as social norms do not allow for the gratification of his apparently sexual attraction to Sebastian. Love, thus, cannot conquer all obstacles, and those whose desires go unfulfilled remain no less in love but feel the sting of its absence all the more severely.
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The Uncertainty of Gender
Gender is one of the most obvious and much-discussed topics in the play.Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s so-called transvestite comedies, in which a female character—in this case, Viola—disguises herself as a man. This situation creates a sexual mess: Viola falls in love with Orsino but cannot tell him, because he thinks she is a man, while Olivia, the object of Orsino’s affection, falls for Viola in her guise as Cesario. There is a clear homoerotic subtext here: Olivia is in love with a woman, even if she thinks he is a man, and Orsino often remarks on Cesario’s beauty, suggesting that he is attracted to Viola even before her male disguise is removed. This latent homoeroticism finds an explicit echo in the minor character of Antonio, who is clearly in love with his male friend, Sebastian. But Antonio’s desires cannot be satisfied, while Orsino and Olivia both find tidy heterosexual gratification once the sexual ambiguities and deceptions are straightened out.
Yet, even at the play’s close, Shakespeare leaves things somewhat murky, especially in the Orsino-Viola relationship. Orsino’s declaration of love to Viola suggests that he enjoys prolonging the pretense of Viola’s masculinity. Even after he knows that Viola is a woman, Orsino says to her, ―Boy, thou hast said to me a thousand times / Thou never should’st
87 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 love woman like to me‖ (V.i.260–261). Similarly, in his last lines, Orsino declares, ―Cesario, come— / For so you shall be while you are a man; / But when in other habits you are seen, / Orsino’s mistress, and his fancy’s queen‖ (V.i.372–375). Even once everything is revealed, Orsino continues to address Viola by her male name. We can thus only wonder whether Orsino is truly in love with Viola, or if he is more enamoured of her male persona.
The Folly of Ambition
The problem of social ambition works itself out largely through the character of Malvolio, the steward, who seems to be a competent servant, if prudish and dour, but proves to be, in fact, a supreme egotist, with tremendous ambitions to rise out of his social class. Maria plays on these ambitions when she forges a letter from Olivia that makes Malvolio believe that Olivia is in love with him and wishes to marry him. Sir Toby and the others find this fantasy hysterically funny, of course—not only because of Malvolio’s unattractive personality but also because Malvolio is not of noble blood. In the class system of Shakespeare’s time, a noblewoman would generally not sully her reputation by marrying a man of lower social status.
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Yet the atmosphere of the play may render Malvolio’s aspirations less unreasonable than they initially seem. The feast of Twelfth Night, from which the play takes its name, was a time when social hierarchies were turned upside down. That same spirit is alive in Illyria: indeed, Malvolio’s antagonist, Maria, is able to increase her social standing by marrying Sir Toby. But it seems that Maria’s success may be due to her willingness to accept and promote the anarchy that Sir Toby and the others embrace. This Twelfth Night spirit, then, seems to pass by Malvolio, who doesn’t wholeheartedly embrace the upending of order and decorum but rather wants to blur class lines for himself alone.
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Motifs Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.
Letters, Messages, and Tokens
Twelfth Night features a great variety of messages sent from one character to another—sometimes as letters and other times in the form of tokens. Such messages are used both for purposes of communication and miscommunication—sometimes deliberate and sometimes accidental. Maria’s letter to Malvolio, which purports to be from Olivia, is a deliberate (and successful) attempt to trick the steward. Sir Andrew’s letter demanding a duel with Cesario, meanwhile, is meant seriously, but because it is so appallingly stupid, Sir Toby does not deliver it, rendering it extraneous. Malvolio’s missive, sent by way of Feste from the dark room in which he is imprisoned, ultimately works to undo the confusion caused by Maria’s forged letter and to free Malvolio from his imprisonment.
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But letters are not the only kind of messages that characters employ to communicate with one another. Individuals can be employed in the place of written communication—Orsino repeatedly sends Cesario, for instance, to deliver messages to Olivia. Objects can function as messages between people as well: Olivia sends Malvolio after Cesario with a ring, to tell the page that she loves him, and follows the ring up with further gifts, which symbolize her romantic attachment. Messages can convey important information, but they also create the potential for miscommunication and confusion—especially with characters like Maria and Sir Toby manipulating the information.
Madness
No one is truly insane in Twelfth Night, yet a number of characters are accused of being mad, and a current of insanity or zaniness runs through the action of the play. After Sir Toby and Maria dupe Malvolio into believing that Olivia loves him, Malvolio behaves so bizarrely that he is assumed to be mad and is locked away in a dark room. Malvolio himself knows that he is sane, and he accuses everyone around him of being mad. Meanwhile, when Antonio encounters Viola (disguised as Cesario), he mistakes her for Sebastian, and his angry insistence that she recognize him leads people to assume that he is mad. All of these incidents feed into
91 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 the general atmosphere of the play, in which normal life is thrown topsy- turvy, and everyone must confront a reality that is somehow fractured.
Disguises
Many characters in Twelfth Night assume disguises, beginning with Viola, who puts on male attire and makes everyone else believe that she is a man. By dressing his protagonist in male garments, Shakespeare creates endless sexual confusion with the Olivia-Viola--Orsino love triangle. Other characters in disguise include Malvolio, who puts on crossed garters and yellow stockings in the hope of winning Olivia, and Feste, who dresses up as a priest—Sir Topas—when he speaks to Malvolio after the steward has been locked in a dark room. Feste puts on the disguise even though Malvolio will not be able to see him, since the room is so dark, suggesting that the importance of clothing is not just in the eye of the beholder. For Feste, the disguise completes his assumption of a new identity—in order to be Sir Topas, he must look like Sir Topas. Viola puts on new clothes and changes her gender, while Feste and Malvolio put on new garments either to impersonate a nobleman (Feste) or in the hopes of becoming a nobleman (Malvolio). Through these disguises, the play raises questions about what makes us who we are, compelling the
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Mistaken Identity
The instances of mistaken identity are related to the prevalence of disguises in the play, as Viola’s male clothing leads to her being mistaken for her brother, Sebastian, and vice versa. Sebastian is mistaken for Viola (or rather, Cesario) by Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, and then by Olivia, who promptly marries him. Meanwhile, Antonio mistakes Viola for Sebastian, and thinks that his friend has betrayed him when Viola claims to not know him. These cases of mistaken identity, common in Shakespeare’s comedies, create the tangled situation that can be resolved only when Viola and Sebastian appear together, helping everyone to understand what has happened.
Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
Olivia’s Gifts
When Olivia wants to let Cesario know that she loves him, she sends him a ring by way of Malvolio. Later, when she mistakes Sebastian for
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Cesario, she gives him a precious pearl. In each case, the jewel serves as a token of her love—a physical symbol of her romantic attachment to a man who is really a woman. The gifts are more than symbols, though. ―Youth is bought more oft than begged or borrowed,‖ Olivia says at one point, suggesting that the jewels are intended almost as bribes—that she means to buy Cesario’s love if she cannot win it (III.iv.3).
The Darkness of Malvolio’s Prison
When Sir Toby and Maria pretend that Malvolio is mad, they confine him in a pitch-black chamber. Darkness becomes a symbol of his supposed insanity, as they tell him that the room is filled with light and his inability to see is a sign of his madness. Malvolio reverses the symbolism. ―I say this house is as dark as ignorance, though ignorance were as dark as hell; and I say there was never man thus abused‖ (IV.ii.40–42). In other words, the darkness—meaning madness—is not in the room with him, but outside, with Sir Toby and Feste and Maria, who have unjustly imprisoned him.
Changes of Clothing
Clothes are powerful in Twelfth Night. They can symbolize changes in gender—Viola puts on male clothes to be taken for a male— as well as
94 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500 class distinctions. When Malvolio fantasizes about becoming a nobleman, he imagines the new clothes that he will have. When Feste impersonates Sir Topas, he puts on a nobleman’s garb, even though Malvolio, whom he is fooling, cannot see him, suggesting that clothes have a power that transcends their physical function.
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مدرس ختصص اللغة االجنليزية LANE - LANF
واللغة االجنليزية للضنة التحضريية
ELCA 101 – ELCA 102
مع التدريب على منبذج االصئلة الضببقة وحلهب
ومتببعة الدورات التأهيلية
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والتدريب على اختببرات الكفبيبت للغة االجنليزية واصتيب والتىفل وارامكى وايلتش
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اصئلة حملىلة للمراجعة
. Orsino is Duke, or Count, of:
Messaline
Venetia
Illyria
Elysium 2. Viola is saved from the wreck by:
one of Orsino's men
Antonio
a sailor
a sea captain 3. Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died?
her father
her mother
her sister
her husband 4. Viola sympathizes with Olivia even before they meet because:
Olivia also lost her father
Olivia is proud and independent
Olivia just lost her brother
Olivia does not want to marry
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5. Sir Toby, Olivia's uncle, has the surname:
Belch
Snore
Snort
Aguecheek 6. Which of these is NOT the name of one of Orsino's servants?
Valentine
Cesario
Curio
Fabian 7. When Viola will not take the ring from Malvolio, Malvolio:
keeps the ring
takes the ring back to Olivia
forces Viola to take the ring
throws the ring on the ground 8. Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by:
Debating the point with him
Telling him of her "sister"'s love
Showing him that Olivia can feel love
Telling him of her own experience 9. How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother?
five years
one year
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three years
seven years 10. In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to:
falling leaves
birds
vines
roses 11. Which character is NOT involved in baiting Malvolio with the letter?
Sir Andrew
Sir Toby
Feste
Fabian 12. In Act III, Viola says that Feste is:
a "rogue"
a "wise fool"
a "tinker"
a "foolish wit" 13. Which of these characters does NOT love Olivia?
Sir Andrew
Orsino
Malvolio
Fabian 14. Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of:
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dueling with Orsino
"piracy"-like activities
murdering Orsino's cousin in battle
theft 15. What color, also the color of Malvolio's stockings, does Olivia abhor?
red
yellow
blue
green 16. Sir Andrew challenges Viola to a duel as:
an attempt to win Olivia
proof that he is not a coward
revenge for an insult
a response to a dare 17. Sebastian and Viola are from:
Messaline
Illyria
Ephesus
Genoa 18. Who stops the duel between Sir Andrew and Viola?
Olivia
Sir Toby
Antonio
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Sir Andrew himself 19. At what point does Viola know that her brother is alive?
when Sir Toby falsely claims that she beat him
when she finally sees him
when the Captain tells her of seeing him
when Antonio mistakes her for him 20. Within the play, Feste pretends to be a:
curate
lawyer
teacher
steward 21. Which of these things does Malvolio ask for when he is imprisoned?
air
pen and ink
food and water
mercy 22. In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him?
three months
three days
three weeks
three years 23. Which of these things is Viola NOT accused of in Act V?
marrying Lady Olivia
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getting Antonio arrested
beating Sir Toby and Sir Andrew
angering Orsino 24. The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is:
"a thousand, thousand sighs to save"
"youth's a stuff will not endure"
"the rain it raineth every day"
"farewell dear heart, since I needs be gone" 25. Feste calls Olivia a fool because:
She doesn't want to have children, and pass on her beauty
She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven
She wants to mourn her brother for a long time
She will not accept Orsino Quiz2
Viola and Orsino's marriage is postponed until:
They get better acquainted
She can spend time with her brother
She can take a trip back to her home
She can get her clothes back 2. Throughout the play, Maria has affection for:
Sir Andrew
Sir Toby
Feste
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Fabian 3. When does Viola realize that Olivia loves "Cesario"?
When she sends "Cesario" the ring
When Olivia asks questions to test "Cesario"'s eligibility
When Olivia asks if "Cesario" loves her
When she invites "Cesario" back after their second meeting 4. Why does Feste become upset at Orsino?
because Orsino will not pay him
because Orsino is foolishly in love
because Orsino dismisses him so easily
because Orsino favors Viola over him 5. Before serving Olivia, Feste served:
Orsino
Sir Toby
Olivia's father
Orsino's father 6. Who convinces Sir Andrew to challenge Viola to a duel?
Sir Toby
Feste
Sir Andrew convinces himself
Fabian 7. Olivia attributes Malvolio's odd behavior to:
"strange bewitching"
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his own vanity
"midsummer madness"
work stress 8. What does Antonio give to Sebastian before their first parting?
some new clothes
a sword
a map of Illyria
Antonio's purse 9. According to Feste, which of these best represents Orsino?
an opal
a sword
a rainbow
fine silk 10. Who halts the duel between Sir Toby and Sebastian?
Olivia
Antonio
Viola
Malvolio 11. Orsino reacts to Olivia's final rejection in Act V by:
getting angry at Olivia
blaming himself for his failure
getting angry at Viola
finally accepting her answer
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12. Sir Toby and co. decide to get revenge on Malvolio for:
his cruelty to Maria
Malvolio's intolerable pride and vanity
Malvolio's boast that Olivia loves him
berating them harshly for their merrimaking 13. What is the name of the fake cleric who visits Malvolio?
Sir Jade
Sir Opal
Sir Ruby
Sir Topaz 14. Who does Olivia call to testify about her marriage before Viola and Orsino?
Sir Toby
a priest
Maria
a witness 15. Which character in the play uttters the line, "I was adored once too"?
Sir Andrew
Sir Toby
Maria
Viola
133 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500
134 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500
135 LANE 448 للعبم 5341هـ - 5051م االصتبذ : أبى يبرا ج: 0119519500
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