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UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Comunidades De UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Comunidades de macroinvertebrados e peixes associadas à pradaria marinha de Halodule wrightii (Ascherson, 1868) na Laguna do Mussulo, Angola Carmen Ivelize Van-Dúnem do Sacramento Neto dos Santos Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade Agostinho Neto Bolseira FCT - Portugal (BD/423/95) INAB – Angola (11/01/002) Dissertação para Doutoramento (Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura) Dissertação orientada por: Professora Catedrática Maria José Costa Professora Auxiliar Maria Teresa Teixeira Lopes Alves de Matos Lisboa 2007 Dedico este trabalho à minha mãe querida, O meu coração quebrou-se Como um bocado de vidro Quis viver e enganou-se... Fernando Pessoa, poesias inéditas ...... Tudo é fugaz entre o desenho do teu pé na areia e a onda que desfaz a marca. Entre a guerra e a paz. Retorno fisicamente o poema onda constante meditação primeira. Nós e as coisas. Nada permanece que não seja para a necessária mudança. Que o diga o mar. Manuel Rui Monteiro (Mar novo in Cinco vezes onze - poemas em Novembro) RESUMO A faixa intertidal da pradaria da fanerogâmica marinha de H. wrightii situada na Laguna do Mussulo, Angola, foi estudada com o objectivo de identificar e conhecer a diversidade faunística a ela associada e de se perceber as relações ecológicas entre as espécies que constituem este tipo de ecossistemas. De forma a cobrir as comunidades de macrofauna existentes no local estudaram-se os macroinvertebrados e os peixes presentes em campanhas de amostragem sazonais que decorreram nas épocas do cacimbo e das chuvas, entre 1996 e 1998. No caso dos macroinvertebrados foram inventariados no local ao longo do período de amostragem 163 taxa distribuídos por 10 filos. Os grupos taxonómicos mais abundantes foram os crustáceos, os gastrópodes e os poliquetas. A variabilidade espacial para esta comunidade de macroinvertebrados parece estar sobretudo relacionada com a distância à margem, aumentando a riqueza e a diversidade específicas em direcção à zona subtidal. O resultado da análise à estrutura das comunidades de macroinvertebrados sugere que ocorrem também variações temporais de natureza cíclica e não cíclica relacionadas com a temperatura e a humidade relativa do ar e a pluviosidade. A ictiofauna revelou-se constituída por 17 espécies, pertencentes às Classes Chondrichthyes (2 espécies) e Ostheichthyes (15 espécies). A análise da comunidade revelou a dominância das famílias Haemulidadae, Mugilidae e Lutjanidae. A riqueza e diversidade específicas foram maiores na estação de amostragem mais próxima da entrada da laguna. As populações piscícolas foram maioritariamente constituídas por indivíduos juvenis de espécies marinhas o que sugere que a laguna é utilizada como área de viveiro. Foi ainda elaborada uma caracterização morfológica da comunidade de peixes que confirmou que a maioria das espécies estudadas era constituída por indivíduos predominantemente juvenis. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: pradaria de fanerogâmicas, macroinvertebrados, ictiofauna, laguna costeira; Angola. ABSTRACT The Mussulo Lagoon in Angola has an extensive seagrass prairie, consisting mainly of H. wrightii, which was studied with the purpose of identifying its associated animal diversity and ecological relationships in the intertidal zone. In order to characterize macrofaunal communities, macroinvertebrates and fishes were sampled in the rainy and dry seasons between the years of 1996 and 1998. Macroinvertebrate communities consisted of 163 taxa in 10 phyla. Crustaceans, gastropods and polychaetes were the most abundant taxonomic groups. Spatial variability of the macroinvertebrate communities seems to be related to distance to shore, with richness and diversity increasing towards subtidal areas. The community structure also showed temporal variability with cyclic and noncyclic variations related to air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Ichthyofauna was composed by 17 species, belonging to the classes Chondrichthyes (2 species) and Ostheichthyes (15 species). Community analyses indicated three dominant families: the Haemulidae, Mugilidae and Lutjanidae. The highest species richness and diversity were found at the area closest to the lagoon mouth. The fish community was composed of juveniles of marine species, which suggests the use of several habitats in the lagoon as nursery areas. The predominance of juvenile fishes in the Mussulo Lagoon was confirmed by the morphological characterization of the fish community. KEY-WORDS: seagrass beds, macroinvertebrates, icthiofauna, coastal lagoon, Angola. AGRADECIMENTOS À Prof.ª Doutora Maria José Rosado Costa, os meus sinceros agradecimentos por me ter aceite como candidata a um trabalho de tese com um tema sobre Angola; por me ter orientado, acolhido e inserido no extraordinário grupo de Zoologia do Instituto de Oceanografia. À Prof. Zita, pela atenção, amizade e boa disposição que lhe é característica. À Prof.ª Doutora Maria Teresa Lopes, o meu muito obrigado por ter sido a co- orientadora deste trabalho de tese e pela ajuda especial com as “Esponjas”. Um agradecimento especial por ter dividido o espaço de trabalho comigo. À Teresa, pela amizade dispensada e pelo companheirismo demonstrado durante todos estes anos. Ao Prof. Eng.º. Abílio Fernandes, a quem serei sempre grata pelo apoio, pelo incentivo e confiança demonstrada. À Dra. Fátima Jardim pela força e apoio concedidos no início do processo. À Dra. Ana Lúcia Guerra Marques por me ter orientado no início da carreira e por toda a confiança depositada no meu trabalho enquanto estudante, docente e investigadora. Agradeço também à excelente biblioteca que me deixou em Luanda. À Ana Lúcia, retribuo todo o carinho e amizade demosnstrados. Ao Doutor José Lino Costa pelo apoio sábio de todas as horas e sem nunca perder o Norte. Ao Lino por toda a ajuda e incentivos que me deste para que eu pudesse manter o “discernimento” e a atenção no trabalho, o meu muito obrigada. “A minha nau segue para um porto abrigado”. Bem hajas! Ao Prof. Doutor Leonel Serrano Gordo pela disponibilidade, apoio científico e pedagógico prestado ao longo deste percurso. Ao Leonel pela amizade, boa disposição e ajuda durante a minha estada. Leonel, todas as lembranças de Castelo de Vide, Marvão, Portalegre, de um Alentejo lindo e grandioso serão preservadas pela excelência que têm! A Prof. Doutora Isabel Domingos, pela disponibilidade e apoio científico na construção final do trabalho. À Isabel, irmã e amiga desde as primeiras horas, no meu Portugal da fase de doutoramento. Durante estes anos todos sempre recebi o teu apoio nos momentos mais difíceis e para sempre contarão os muitos e excelentes momentos de alegria que vivemos. À nossa! viii AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Doutor Carlos Assis pelo apoio científico prestado durante todo o meu processo de trabalho. Ao Carlos pela amizade e apoio que me ofereceste ao longo destes anos. Ao Prof. Doutor Henrique Cabral pela ajuda incondicional em todo o processo. Ao Henrique por toda a amizade demonstrada ao longo dos anos. Ao Prof. Doutor Pedro Raposo pelo incentivo e apoio moral durante todo o processo. Ao Pedro pelo humor, amizade e partilha da aura do signo Carneiro, nós seguimos em frente. Às Dra. Maria José Gaudêncio e Dra. Miriam Tuaty Guerra pela presença, disponibilidade e amizade desde que nos conhecemos. Sem vocês, o desbravamento do caminho para as identificações dos macroinvertebrados teria sido solitário e penoso. Muito há ainda a percorrer mas as perspectivas são, desta feita, mais interessantes e animadoras. À Mestre Gilda Silva pelo apoio incondicional durante o processo, em particular na ajuda para ultrapassar os desafios que a informática me colocou. Ao teu “olho de lince” os meus agradecimentos. À Gi, pois a amizade que partilhamos ao longo destes anos todos não terminará com o meu regresso à minha santa terrinha. A nós! Ao Mestre Nuno Prista pelos incentivos, esclarecimentos, sugestões e ajuda dispensada ao longo deste processo. Ao Nuno pela amizade e companheirismo nas longas jornadas de trabalho e pelo muito peixe “corvina” que levei. A Dra. Eugénia Silva pelo apoio prestado no laboratório de Geologia da FCUAN durante o processamento das amostras de sedimento. A Dra. Graça Garcia que teve a árdua e tarefa de proceder à triagem de parte da amostragem de macroinvertebrados deste trabalho. Ao Doutor Mike Lane, à Dra. Paula Chainho e a Dra. Ana Neves a quem agradeço pelo apoio na cruzada empreendida durante o processo de tratamento dos dados. A Elsa Cabral pela amizade recíproca e espero contínua, mesmo com todo um continente e oceano a separar-nos. À Nicha um beijinho! Ao Carlos Desgarrado, Célia Teixeira, Maria João Correia, Maria José Martins, Cândida Pestana, João Salgado, Frederico Almada, Mário Cruz, Fernando Jorge, Luisa Chaves, Bernardo Quintella, Nuno Dias, Sérgio Rodrigues, Ana Luisa Rego, Rita Vasconcelos, Tadeu Pereira, Manuel Cabral, Sofia Santiago, Carla Azeda e João Calado pelo interesse e companheirismo demonstrado em fases AGRADECIMENTOS ix distintas da meu trabalho ou simplesmente por termos partilhado longos períodos de trabalho no laboratório. Aos colegas e amigos dos grupos de Oceanografia Física e Botânica Marinha do Instituto de Oceanografia, agradeço o companheirismo e a amizade ao longo destes anos. Ao Sr. Paciência Bumba, do Departamento de Biologia da FCUAN por todo o trabalho providencial que garantiu a utilização do equipamento durante toda a época de amostragem. Aos técnicos e colegas do Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade
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