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Noaa 13648 DS1.Pdf r LOAI<CO Qpy N Guide to Gammon Tidal IVlarsh Invertebrates of the Northeastern Gulf of IVlexico by Richard W. Heard UniversityofSouth Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 and CiulfCoast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS39564" Illustrations by rimed:tul""'"' ' "=tel' ""'Oo' OR" Iindu B. I utz URt,i',"::.:l'.'.;,',-'-.,":,':::.';..-'",r;»:.",'> i;."<l'IPUS Is,i<'<i":-' "l;~:», li I lb~'ab2 Thisv,ork isa resultofreseaich sponsored inpart by the U.S. Department ofCommerce, NOAA, Office ofSea Grant, underGrani Nos. 04 8 Mol 92,NA79AA D 00049,and NA81AA D 00050, bythe Mississippi Alabama SeaGrant Consortium, byche University ofSouth Alabama, bythe Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, andby the Marine EnvironmentalSciences Consortium. TheU.S. Government isauthorized toproduce anddistribute reprints forgovern- inentalpurposes notwithstanding anycopyright notation that may appear hereon. *Preseitt address. This Handbook is dedicated to WILL HOLMES friend and gentleman Copyright! 1982by Mississippi hlabama SeaGrant Consortium and R. W. Heard All rightsreserved. No part of thisbook may be reproduced in any manner without permissionfrom the author. Printed by Reinbold Lithographing& PrintingCo., BooneviBe,MS 38829. CONTENTS 27 PREFACE FamilyMysidae OrderTanaidacea Tanaids!,....... 28 INTRODUCTION FamilyParatanaidae........, .. 29 30 SALTMARSH INVERTEBRATES ., FamilyApseudidae,......,... Order Cumacea 30 PhylumCnidaria =Coelenterata!......, . FamilyNannasticidae......,... 31 32 Class Anthozoa OrderIsopoda Isopods! 32 Fainily Edwardsiidae. FamilyAnthuridae Anthurids!... 3 3 32 PhylumAnnelida Annelids! F~ily Sphaeromidae Sphaeromids! ClassOligochaeta Oligochaetes!....... Family Munnidae ...,,....... 34 34 ClassHirudinea Leeches! FamilyAsellidae............. 35 ClassPolychaeta Polychaetes!...,.... FamilyBopyridae FamilyNereidae Nereids!......... OrderAmphipoda Amphipods!...., 36 FamilyPilargiidae Pilargiids! Fanuly Hyahdae 36 FamilyOrbiniidae Orbiniids!...... FamilyGamrnaridae........,... 36 FamilyCapitellidae Capitellids!..... Family Melitidae.............. 37 FamilyAmpharetidae Ampharetids! . 4689 Family69Aoridae 38 39 FamilySpionidae Spionids!...., .. Family Corophiidae........... FamilySabellidae Sabellids!....... Family Hyalellidae 40 FamilySerpulidae Serpulids!...... Fainily Talitr idae 40 PhylumMollusca Mollusks! . 10 SuperorderEucarida . 44 ClassGastropoda Gastropods!...,.... 10 Order Decapoda 44 44 Family Neritidae Nerites!... 10 Suborder Dendrobranchiata....... 44 Fainily Hydrobiidae Hydrobiids!.... 11 Infraorder Penaeidea........ 44 Faniily Assiinineidae....., . IS F amilyPenaeidae 46 Family Potarnidae 16 SuborderPleocyernata..., 46 FamilyLittorinidae Periwinkles!.... 17 lnfraorder Caridea,...,...... Family Melongenidae Whelks!,..., .. 18 FamilyPalaemonidae Fainily Pyramidellidae Pyram Shells!.. 18 PalaeinonidShriinps! 46 FainilyMelampidae Melarnpid Snails!.. 19 lnfraorder Anomura.......... 46 ClassBivalvia =Pelecypoda! Bivalves!... 20 FamilyDiogemdae Family Corbiculidae MarshClams!.... 21 DiogeiiidHermit Crabs! 48 48 Family Mactridae .. 21 InfraorderBrachyura Crabs!.... Family Mytilidae Mussels!......, .. 22 Famdy Portunidae 48 Fainily Dresseuidae . 22 SwimmingCrabs! Family Xanthldae Mud Crabs! 50 Family Cyrenoididae 23 54 Family Solecurtidae 24 Family Grapsidae,........ FamilyOcypodidae......,, 56 Family Ostreidae. 24 Phyluin Arthropoda. 25 61 SubphylumCrustacea, . 26 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 26 Class Cirrepedia.. BIBLIOGRAPHY, 62 Order Thoracica . 26 Suborder Balanornorpha....... 26 TAXONOMIC KEYS . 66 27 Class Malacost raca GLOSSARY, 78 SuperorderPeracarida...... 27 Order Mysidacea .. 27 INDEX . PRE I'ACE part of the estuarine"nursery grounds" for many fishes and invertebrates. Since the realization of the ecological and eco- Salt rnarshesare formed along the shoresof nomic importanceof salt marshes,millions of dollars coastalplains in thetemperate and tropical zones of in researchfunds have been allocated for the study of the world wherever wave action is slowed enough to these valuableand productive wetlands,Very little allowgrasses to becomeestablished. They are found information, however, has been compiled for the in the intertidal zone in shallow water, in the lee of identification of marine and estuarine salt marsh in- sea islands,along borders of bays and inlets, and vertebrates. Ursin 972! and Olmstead and Fell zlongtidal streams, bayous, and the mouths of rivers. 974! havepublished handbooks or guidesto salt In the United States, an almost continuous band of marshorganisms, but both theseguides are designed saltmarshes fringes the Atlanticand Gulf coasts.The for the temperatetidal marshesof the Atlantic coast. predominantgrass in Atlantic coastalmarshes is The only popular accountof salt marshinvertebrates smoothcordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. Tides along for our regionis a guideby I-'otheringhamand Brun- the Atlantic coast occur regularly twice a day and enrneister975!* to the commoninvertebrates of the haveamplitudes of 4 to 8 feet ,3 to 2.6 meters!. northwesternGulf Coast.Although their treatmentis Conditions are different in the northern Gulf of Mex- interesting,it is generaland thereforelimited in its ico wheretides in most regionsoccur at irregularin- treatment of tidal marsh invertebrates. Teal 962!, tervals znd are much lower in amplitude than along in his paperon Georgiasalt marshes,wzs the first to the Atlantic coast. Tides in the Gulf are usually no givean extensive list of saltmarsh invertebrates. The higherthan 1,5 feet ,5 meters!.Strong southerly mostcomprehensive faunal study of the saltmzrshes winds can "blow in the tide" during a normal low of the northern Gulf was that of Subrahmanyamet al tide, and strong northerly winds can "blow out the 976!. They listed over 50 speciesof marinemacro- tide" duringa normalhigh tide. The weaktidal ampli- invertebratesfrom Juncus-Spartinatidal marshesand tudes restrict the intertidal zone and may be a factor adjacenttidal marshcreeks at St.Marks, Florida. limiting the populationof smoothcordgr ass. The I feel that the necessityfor this handbookis dominantgrass in Gulf coastalmarshes is needlegrzss supportedby the manyrequests for identificationof or black rush,Juncus roemerianus. The areacovered salt marshspecies that I havereceived during the past by theGulf tidal marshes is reported to equal60/o of severalyears. The taxonomicliterature of manyof the total area of U.S. coastal marshes. the salt marsh speciesof invertebratesis often ob- Salt marshorganisms are often exposedto harsh scure, inaccessible,or difficult to interpret by the lay- conditions, which restrict the number of plant znd man,student, or ecologistor otherspecialisfuntrzin-. animalspecies. Unlike the openocean, where condi- ed in taxonomy,Well-illustrated, up-to-date identifi- tions are relatively stable,waters in the marshescan cation guidesfor the marineinvertebrates of the undergodaily rapid changesin salinity, temperature, northern Gulf are urgently needed.This guide at- oxygenconcentration, and pH. Salinityvaries from tempts to fill part of this needby treating the com- one area to the other depending on temperature, mon brackish water macroinvertebrates that live or wind, inflow of freshwater from streamsand rivers, occur in thc salt marshesalong the Mississippi Ala- rainfall, andevaporation during low tides. hzrnacoast and immediately adjacent areas of Florida In spite of theseharsh conditions, tidal marshes and Louisiana, are extremelyfertile areasin termsof the production ~I<evisedby Fotheringharn979!. of organicmatter. The few plantsthat haveadapted to this variable,but nutrient rich, habitat are ableto IN'I'RODUCTION growin denseconcentrations. Because of theirhigh productivity,tidal marshes have often been compared 'I'he macroinvertebrates found in the salt rnarsh- to wheat fields. es of the northern Gulf coast are members of a 'I'he marshgrass is one of the key primary pro- uniqueecosystem. Some spend their entirelives in ducers that form the basis of the complex food-web the salt marsh,others forage there, and still othersare of the estuary.The other key primary producersare found there only asjuveniles, since the salt marshis phytoplankton small, planktonicalgae! and mud- algae diatoms of many kinds!. the marshesonly when feeding. The permanent resi- Although the food web of the estuary is appar- dents include some mammals such as muskrats, birds ently largely based on plants, less than 10'/0 of the such as the clapper rail, and many invertebratesboth vascular plant matter produced in the marsh is con- small and large. The small or microinvertebrates sumed directly by plant-eaters. Researchersestimate meiofauna! are the tiny, interstitial or surface-dwel- that over 90/o of the marsh grassdies, falls into the ling, adult forms and the larvae and juveniles of larger water, and is broken down by microbial decomposi- species.They include protozoans,flatworms Turbel- tion and other biological agents into particulate or- laria!, roundworms Nernatoda!, gastrotrichs, cope- ganic matter known as detritus. Although organic pods, ostracods,and polychaetelarvae. The larger detritus comes from a variety of sources,salt marshes invertebrates, or macroinvertebrates, are the subject probably are one of its major sourcesin estuaries. of this guide. Animals fit into the marsh food web in several The three major groups of marine and estuarine categories according to what they consume as food. macroinvertebrates of the tidal marshes of the nor- Animals that feed directly on plant tissuesare called thern Gulf are
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