Habitat of a Tanaidacean Apseudes Nipponicus SHIINO, 1937

北九州市立自然史・歴史博物館研究報告A類（自然史）投稿要領 Bull. Kitakyushu Mus. Nat. Hist. Hum. Hist., Ser. A, 15: 1–3, March 31, 2017

１. 分野：自然史に関する原著論文，短報等（和文または欧文）でつぎのうち一つ以上にあたるもの． Habitat of a tanaidacean Apseudes nipponicus SHIINO, 1937 aquaria for rearing a colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum (in deep pit, inhabited gregariously by this animal, is covered with index.html [accessed 6 August 2016] Tasmanicisque. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige MONSCH, K. A. 2004. Revision of the scombroid fishes from ⑴ 北九州域の自然史に関するもの． 2014) or a gastropod Strombus luhuanus (in 2015) were mud which has the smell of hydrogen sulphide.” Both habitats KAJIHARA, H. & KAKUI, K. 2016. An overview of recent Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indië, 6: 1–276. the Cenozoic of England. Transactions of the Royal collected by a siphon and then filtered by a hand net, and around SMRC and MMBS, where our specimens were found, marine-biodiversity research in Japan. In MOTOKAWA, M. COLLETTE, B. B. and C. E. NAUEN. 1983. FAO Species Catalo- Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences, (3–4): 445–489. ⑵ 当館の収集活動に関するもの（例：新種記載に際して，ホロタイプまたはパラタイプ・トポタイ 95 tanaidaceans were picked up from the residue. Individuals were a less-disturbed, sulfide-containing muddy sand bottom, & KAJIHARA, H. (eds.) Species Diversity of Animals in gue. Vol. 2, Scombrids of the World. An Annotated and MONSCH, K. A. and BANNIKOV, A. F. 2011. New taxonomic プ等の標本が当館に収蔵される場合）． Keiichi KAKUI 1※, Atsuko SUZUKI2, Hiroaki NAKANO2 & Hisanori KOHTSUKA3 found in 2014 were released into the sea after taking photos. roughly corresponding to that noted by SHIINO (1937). In add- Japan, pp. 25–45. Springer, Berlin. Illustrated Catalogue of Tunas, Mackerels, Bonitos and synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombro- Fifty specimens collected in 2015 were fixed by ethanol or ition, our observation of living A. nipponicus indicated that its KAKUI, K. 2016. Review of the taxonomy, diversity, ecology, Related Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis ⑶ 当館の行う調査研究に関係するもの． idei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic 1 formalin, about 140 tanaidaceans were sent live to KK’s lab at habitat is restricted by the type of bottom substrate. Consider- and other biological aspects of Order Tanaidacea from no 125. vol. 2, 137 pp. Rome: FAO 1983. ISBN-Nr. 92- of territories of the former USSR. Transactions of the Royal ⑷ 既に当館に収蔵されている標本に関するもの． Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan 2Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda 415-0025, Japan Hokkaido University and used to observe their burrowing ing SHIINO (1937) and our present results, A. nipponicus likely Japan and surrounding waters. In MOTOKAWA, M. & 5-101381-0. Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences, 102(04): 253–300. ⑸ 当館学芸員の研究活動に関係するもの． 3Misaki Marine Biological Station, The University of Tokyo, Miura 238-0225, Japan behavior, while others were released into the sea. A scuba prefers (or may be confined to) a less-disturbed, sulfide-conta- KAJIHARA, H. (eds.) Species Diversity of Animals in COLLETTE, B. B. and J. L. RUSSO. 1985. Morphology, system- NELSON, J. S., T. C. GRANDE, and M. V. H. WILSON. 2016. Fishes- ※Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] sampling around MMBS was carried out on 25 May 2016. The ining muddy sand bottom. This probable specialized habitat Japan, pp. 603–627. Springer, Berlin. atics, and biology of the Spanish mackerels (Scombero- of the world. Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hobok- ⑹ 編集委員会が適当と認めるもの． sampling site was at a depth of 2 m around a small pier for may be one reason why so few records exist for this species. KAKUI, K. & HIRUTA, C. 2013. Selfing in a malacostracan morus, Scombridae). Fishery Bulletin, 82 (4): 545–692. en, New Jersey, 752 pp. (Received August 25, 2016; Accepted October 18, 2016) MMBS’s research boat (35° 9′ 27.507″ N, 139° 36′ 43.704″ E). crustacean: why a tanaidacean but not decapods. DEVARAJ, M. 1975. Osteology and relationships of the Spanish 大江文雄・西本博行・奥村好次・東好昭． 1981. 瑞浪層群産“カ Collected specimens were fixed in ethanol. Two fixed ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Naturwissenschaften, 100: 891–894. mackerels and seerfishes of the tribe Scomberomorini. マスサワラ”属魚類化石．瑞浪市化石博物館研究報告，２. 審査：投稿原稿は，編集委員会ならびに委託された査読者による審査の後採否が決定される．修正 ABSTRACT − Apseudes nipponicus SHIINO, 1937 is the first described tanaidacean species in Japan. This specimens collected from SMRC were deposited in the LARSEN, K., GUŢU, M. & SIEG, J. 2015. Order Tanaidacea Indian Journal of Fisheries, 22 (1&2): 1–67. (8): 25–46. の必要のあるとされた原稿は，査読者の意見と共に返送されるので，著者は必要な訂正を行った後， species is a relatively large-sized member among tanaidaceans, reaching 16 mm in length. Its type specimens Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History & Human History We thank Yasutaka TSUCHIYA, Toshihiko SATO, Hideo DANA, 1849. In VON VAUPEL KLEIN, J. C., CHARMANTIER- GILL, T. N. 1862. On the limits and arrangement of the family 大江文雄・田口栄次・奥村好次・西本博行． 1986. 勝田層群 were collected from shallow water in Sagami Bay and the Sagami Sea, the best-studied marine areas in Japan. (KMNH IvR 500921). In all samplings, the accompanying SHINAGAWA, Yutaro YAMADA, and Daisuke SHIBATA for help DAURES, M. & SCHRAM, F. R. (eds.) Treatise on Zoology- of scombroids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 産サワラ Scomberomorus sp. の前上顎骨の形態とその古速やかに再提出する．体裁については編集委員会に一任される． Despite the large body size of this species and great sampling efforts in this area, additional published records of fauna was not checked. in collecting the tanaidaceans from experimental aquaria in Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea 5, pp. Sciences of Philadelphia, 14: 124–127. 生態．瑞浪市化石博物館研究報告， (13): 27–38. this tanaidacean are limited to an illustrated encyclopedia. In this study, we report A. nipponicus from Sagami Living individuals of A. nipponicus were kept at room SMRC; Morihiko TOMATSURI for help in sending live 249–329. Brill, Leiden. 平山廉・柴田晃・赤木三郎・亀井節夫． 1983. 岡山県新見市 RAFINESQUE – SCHMALTZ , C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou Bay and the Sagami Sea for the first time in decades. More than 190 individuals were collected from temperature and under ambient light in the laboratory. As specimens collected in 2015; and Mamoru SEKIFUJI for help in MCCLAIN, C. & BARRY, J. 2014. Beta-diversity on deep-sea の中新統備北層群産カメ化石．地質学雑誌， 69: 239–241. tableau de l’ univers et de corps organisés. Palermo, 224 ３. 北九州市立自然史・歴史博物館研究報告Ａ類（自然史）に掲載された論文の著作権（著作財産権， experimental aquaria at the Shimoda Marine Research Center of the University of Tsukuba, where colonial muddy sand substrates where our specimens were collected sampling around MMBS in 2016. wood falls reflects gradients in energy availability. 平山廉・田口栄次． 1994. 岡山県新見市の中新統備北層群よ pp. Copyright）は，北九州市立自然史・歴史博物館に帰属するものとする． ascidians or gastropods were reared. In aquaria, tanaidaceans inhabited a blackened muddy bottom, and could not be prepared, and one congener (Apseudes sp.) has Biology Letters, 10: 20140129. り発見の巨大スッポン化石とその古環境学的意義．地 STARKS, E. C. 1910. The osteology and mutual relationships of reproduced there. In addition, three animals were collected from another natural environment, a muddy substrate been successfully maintained in coral sand for years (KAKUI & REFERENCES MORALES-VELA, B., SUÁREZ-MORALES, E., PADILLA-SALDÍVAR, 質学雑誌，100(4): 316–318. the fishes belonging to the family Scombridae. Journal of under fist-sized rocks at a depth of 2 m around the Misaki Marine Biological Station of the University of Tokyo. HIRUTA, 2013), three size categories of coral sand (> 1 mm, J. & HEARD, R. W. 2008. The tanaid Hexapleomera 平山廉・田口栄次・岡崎美彦． 1982. 岡山県新見市の中新統 Morphology, 21 (1): 77–99. ４. 投稿を希望される方は，あらかじめ下記にご連絡下さい． 1–0.5 mm, and 0.5–0.3 mm in diameter; about 1,400 g/l) were ALVARO, M. C., BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., DAVEY, N. & robusta (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Caribbean りも大きく，上向突起の形態ではむしろサワラ属に類似す備北層群より発見された汽水棲カメ類の第 2 個体．瑞須田有輔． 1991. 日本産マアジ Trachurus japonicus の骨格 Considering the environments where SHIINO’s and our samples were collected, A. nipponicus likely prefers used as bottom substrates. We also tested commercial SCHIAPARELLI, S. 2011. Skin-digging tanaids: the unusual manatee, with comments on other crustacean epibionts. 口ほか，；平山ほか，；；平山・田口，）．特に，の傾きは約である．骨の表面は全体的に磨耗しており，ることから新たな属を考える必要があるかもしれない．本浪市化石博物館研究報告，系．北九州市立自然史博物館研究報告 less-disturbed, sulfide-containing muddy substrates, and this probable specialized habitat may be one reason why 1979 1982 1983 1994 43° (9): 111–116. , (10): 53–89. aquarium gravel, Pure Black (JAN code 4972547010049, parasitic behavior of Exspina typica in Antarctic waters Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the 2000 年ごろまでは新見市西部辻田の旧小野田セメント粘土破損しているところもある．内側の関節面等は磨耗により種はカマスサワラ属とサワラ属の系統関係やサワラ族魚類 HUXLEY, T. H. 1880. On the application of the laws of evolu- 田口栄次・岸本眞五・鈴木茂之． 2013. Periploma mitsugano- so few records exist for this species. 連絡先：北九州市立自然史・歴史博物館 GEX, Japan; 2–4 mm in grain size, 750 g/l), as a bottom and worldwide deep basins. Antarctic Science, 23: United Kingdom, 88: 591–596. 採掘場跡は化石が豊富に産出することが知られていた．今残されていない．外側面は全体に緩やかに膨出するが，下の起源と進化に関する知見を得る上で重要な種と考えられ， tion to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particu- ense ARAKI (Bivalvia: Mollusca) について－特にその古 substrate. The behavior of animals was observed with the 343–348. NAKANO, H., KAKUI, K., KAJIHARA, H., SHIMOMURA, M., JIMI, 回報告する化石はこの採泥跡地から発見されたもので，田半部は平面的である．さらなる標本の産出が期待される． larly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Soc- 地理学的意義－. 岡山大学地球科学研究報告， 20(1): 〒８０５－００７１ KEY WORDS: Crustacea, Tanaidacea, Apseudidae, Japan, microhabitat, artificial environment naked eye. BAMBER, R. N. 2012. A re-assessment of Hexapleomera N., TOMIOKA, S., TANAKA, H., YAMASAKI, H., TANAKA, 口ほか（1979）の Loc. 4 にあたる（Fig. 1）．田口ほか（2013）外側面の歯槽部分は骨で覆われているが，内側面の歯槽 iety of London, 43: 649–662. 7–11. 北九州市八幡東区東田二丁目４番１号 burrow the artificial substrate covered by Pure Black (aquari- DUDICH, 1931 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Tanaidae), with M., IZUMI, T., OKANISHI, M., YAMADA, Y., SHINAGAWA, によれば化石産地の中新統を上田（1989）の備北層群是松部分の骨は欠損し，象牙質が露出している．上向突起のす謝辞 KLEIN, E. F., 1885. Beitränge zur Bildung des Schs Sch der 田口栄次・小野直子・岡本和夫． 1979. 岡山県新見市および電話（０９３）６８１－１０１１ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION um gravel) but not coral sand, suggesting that there are usable designation of three new species. Zootaxa, 3583: 51–70. H., SATO, T., TSUCHIYA, Y., OMORI, A., SEKIFUJI, M. & 層としていることから本標本は本層の暗灰色泥岩から産出ぐ後ろの部分に主上顎骨関節突起の膨らみが残されており， Knochenfische, 2. Jahreshefte Vereins Vaterlandischer 大佐町における中新世備北層群の貝化石群集．瑞浪市 INTRODUCTION using grab-samplers, dredges, and sledge-nets (NAKANO et al., and unusable bottom conditions for A. nipponicus. Incidenta- BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., BAMBER, R. N. & CUNHA, M. R. KOHTSUKA, H. 2015. JAMBIO Coastal Organism Joint したと考えられる．この部分が全体の中でもっとも厚く，厚さは 9.0 mm である．本研究を進めるにあたり，国立科学博物館所蔵の現生骨 Naturkunde in Würtenberg, 43: 205–300. 化石博物館研究報告， (6): 1–15. ＦＡＸ（０９３）６６１－７５０３ 2015). Thus far, nine surveys incorporating 59 sampling sites, In SMRC, A. nipponicus (Fig. 1A) was collected from a lly, a congener Apseudes sp. sensu KAKUI & HIRUTA (2013) was 2011. New tanaidomorph Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Surveys reveals undiscovered biodiversity around Sagami 関節突起より後ろの部分は上部が厚く，下方に向かって格標本の観察にご協力いただいた国立科学博物館名誉研究松浦信臣． 1996. 金沢地域の大桑層産脊椎動物化石．北陸地上田哲郎．1989. 広島県三次・庄原地域の中新統備北層群 Apseudes nipponicus SHIINO, 1937 is the first described ranging from 2 to 750 m in depth, have been conducted muddy sand bottom in experimental aquaria. This is the first able to burrow into Pure Black as well as into coral sand Peracarida) from submarine mud-volcanoes in the Gulf of Bay. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 2 supplement: 記載薄くなる．内側面は後方に向かうに従って下部が薄くなる．員の上野輝彌博士ならびに標本資料センターディレクター質研究所報告，5: 55–87. －層序について－．地質学雑誌 , 95(12): 919–931. tanaidacean species in Japan (KAKUI, 2016). In Tanaidacea, (NAKANO et al., 2015; JAMBIO, 2016). record from an artificial environment for this species. A few (KAKUI & HIRUTA, 2013; K. KAKUI, unpublished data). This is Cadis (North-east Atlantic). Zootaxa, 2769: 1–53. 77–81. 保存されている後部の一番低いところは 17.0 mm である．及び分子生物多様性研究資料センター長の真鍋真博士に心 MIYA, M., M. FRIEDMAN, T. SATOH, H. TAKESHIMA, T. SADO, UYENO, T. and FUJI, S. 1975. A fish fossil of the family most members of which are approximately a few millimeters Despite the large body size of this species and the great specimens were found in 2014, and numerous (more than 190) the first evidence of differences in the burrowing ability among BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., KOBYŁECKA, E. & JENNINGS, R. OKUTANI, T. 1994. Yama-Kei Field Books 8. Yama-Kei はじめに坂本，1985），石川県金沢市の大桑層（更新統）からも左上硬骨魚綱 Osteichthyes HUXLEY, 1880 歯は全体に磨耗しており，破損しているところもあるが，より感謝の意を表する．また，水産大学校の須田有輔博士 W. IWASAKI, Y. YAMANOUE, M. NAKATANI, K. MABUCHI, Scombridae from a Miocene bed in Toyama Prefecture, in length (LARSEN et al., 2015), A. nipponicus is a relatively sampling efforts in Sagami Bay and the Sagami Sea, after individuals were collected in 2015. How they colonized the congeneric species. N. 2015. Redescription of wood-associated tanaidacean Publishers, Tokyo, 368 pp. [In Japanese] 顎骨が報告されている（松浦，1996）．また，カマスサワラ条鰭亜綱 Actinopterygii KLEIN, 1885 歯槽部分は象牙質で充填されている．歯のかなりの部分がならびに城西大学の宮田真也博士からは査読者として多く J. INOUE, J. Y. POULSEN, T. FUKUNAGA, Y. SATO, and M. Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series C large-sized species, reaching 16 mm in length (SHIINO, 1937). SHIINO’ s (1937) original description, additional reports of A. aquaria remains unclear. One possibility is that tanaidaceans In Tanaidacea, the habitat preference of species is poorly Protanais birsteini (KUDINOVA-PASTERNAK, 1970) and its SHIINO, S. M. 1937. On Apseudes nipponicus n. sp. (Crustacea, サバ目サバ亜目サバ科サワラ族魚類は 3 属 21 種の現生種属では頭蓋骨が岐阜県瑞浪市から，歯骨が土岐市の瑞浪層真骨区 Teleostei MÜLLER 1845 磨耗しているため，それぞれの歯の境界が明確でないものの貴重なコメントをいただいた．ここに記してお礼申し上 NISHIDA. 2013. Evolutionary origin of the Scombridae (Geology), 1: 11–16. This species has a digging-type pereopod 1 (cf. LARSEN et al., nipponicus were very limited. The only published record is an were attached to the surface of colonial ascidians or gastropods understood. For species that were repeatedly collected from relationship within the Tanaididae. Deep-Sea Research II, Tanaidacea). Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 16: が知られており，海水生であるが，河口や 300 km 上流のメ群（中新統）から産出している（大江ほか，1981）．国外でサバ目 Scombriformes (Pelagia) MIYA et al., 2013 もあるが，歯の水平断面は丸くなく，側偏し，歯は比較的平せず丸いが（Fig. 3），サワラ属とカマスサワラ属では側が産出しているが，前上顎骨は産出していない（上野・坂本，げる．なお，本研究は JSPS 科研費 JP2640506（籔本）の助 (tunas and mackerels): Members of a Paleogene adaptive 上野輝彌・坂本治． 1985. 秩父盆地で発見された中新世のサ 2015), suggesting its burrowing mode of life. SHIINO (1937) illustrated encyclopedia (OKUTANI, 1994), which presented a when these were placed into the aquaria. Another possible some specialized environments, their habitat preference has 111: 333–342. 53–62. コン川にも見られる（NELSON et al., 2016）．世界の熱帯かは主にイギリスや中近東の古第三系などから産出しておりサバ亜目 Scombroidei BLEEKER, 1859 大きい．また，前方のものほど小さい傾向にある．大きな偏する（Figs. 4, 5）．サワラ属では歯と歯の間は広く空いて 1985）．成を受けた． radiation with 14 other pelagic fish families. PLoS ONE, 8 ワラ属魚類化石．埼玉県立自然史博物館研究報告， described A. nipponicus based on specimens collected from a photo of a live individual collected from a muddy bottom in route by which A. nipponicus may have entered the aquaria is been suggested, such as the surface of sea turtles or manatees JAMBIO. 2016. http://www.shimoda.tsukuba.ac.jp/~jambio/ ら温帯の海域に生息し，サワラ属（Scomberomorus）魚類（e.g. MONSCH, 2004; MONSCH and BANNIKOV, 2011），例えばサバ科 Scombridae RAFINESQUE – SCHMALTZ, 1815 歯のおおよその幅は 4.3 mm であり，小さな歯の幅はおよそおり，歯槽の中に次の小さな歯が見られる（Fig. 4）が，カ本邦における中新世のカマスサワラ属魚類化石は岐阜県 (9): e73535. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073535. (3): 49–53. mud bottom at a depth of 13 m in Sagami Bay (off Hayama, shallow water around Hayama. A recent serial survey by via the intake hosepipe of sea-water which is placed near the for some Hexapleomera species (MORALES-VELA et al., 2008; は東部大西洋に 1 種，西部大西洋に 4 種，東太平洋に 2 種 , サワラ属の化石種である Scomberomorus avitus BANNIKOV, サワラ族 Scomberomorini STARKS, 1910 1.5 mm である．少なくとも 19 本が確認できる．マスサワラ属では歯と歯の間は空いていない（Fig. 5）．の瑞浪層群から知られており，瑞浪市からは頭蓋骨が，土文献 MÜLLER, J. 1845. Über den Bau und die Grenzen der 山崎京美・上野輝彌． 2008. 硬骨魚類の顎と歯．アート＆サ Kanagawa), and also included data from several specimens JAMBIO around SMRC and MMBS collected many sea-bottom at a sea depth of 3 m in front of the SMRC, at BAMBER, 2012), the inside of the body wall of deep-sea インド－西太平洋に 11 種が分布する（COLLETTE and 1985 がトルクメニスタンの古第三系上部から，Scomberomo- カマスサワラ属 Acanthocybium GILL, 1862 本標本は歯が丸くなく，側扁すること，隙間なく並んで岐市からは歯骨が報告されているが，前上顎骨は産出して Ganoiden, und über das natürliche System der Fische. イエンス工房 TALAI, 339 pp. from the Sagami Sea (Nabeta, Shizuoka). tanaidaceans but failed to obtain any specimen of this species Nabeta Bay, where some of the type specimens were collected holothurians for Exspina typica LANG, 1968 (ALVARO et al., NAUEN, 1983; COLLETTE and RUSSO, 1985）．ニジョウサバ属 rus avitus BANNIKOV, 1982 がカザフスタンの始新統から記載 Acanthocybium sp. 考察いる点ではサバ科サワラ族のカマスサワラ属に類似するいない（大江ほか，1981）．瑞浪層群のカマスサワラ属の歯 BANNIKOV, A. F. 1982. A new species of Mackerel from the Arch Naturgesch, 11: 91–141. Sagami Bay and the Sagami Sea are the best studied (K. KAKUI, unpublished data). In 2014, we discovered several (SHIINO, 1937). As our sample included individuals of various 2011), and deep-sea sunken woods for members of Protanais （Grammatorcynus）魚類は 2 種が知られており，オーストされている（BANNIKOV, 1982; 1985）．今回報告する標本は（Figs. 2, 5）．本化石の個体は全長 166 cm のカマスサワラの骨の歯は大きさや並び方で本標本に類似しており，同一種 Upper Eocene of Mangyshlak. Paleontological Journal, 16 marine areas in Japan (KAJIHARA & KAKUI, 2016). For about individuals of A. nipponicus for the first time in decades, and sizes, some of which were ovigerous, A. nipponicus appears to (MCCLAIN & BARRY, 2014; BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ et al., ラリアと北大西洋にそれぞれ分布する．カマスサワラ属岡山県新見市西部から 1994 年に著者の一人である石垣に標本番号 KMNH (Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 本標本は歯があること，上向突起があることから真骨魚前上顎骨との比較から推定全長はおよそ 140 cm と考えられの可能性も考えられる． (2):143–146. 40 years since the 1930s, HIROHITO, the Emperor Showa, had also collected this species in 2015 and 2016. In this study, in reproduce in these aquaria. The bottom sand in the aquaria was 2015). BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ et al. (2011) proposed that the （Acanthocybium）は 1 種で熱帯から温帯にかけて汎世界的よって発見されたもので，サバ科サワラ族に属するものと and Human History)VP 100,335，左前上顎骨の一部類の前上顎骨と考えられる．上向突起が矢じり状を呈するる．現生のカマスサワラ属魚類はカマスサワラ（Acanthocyb- BANNIKOV, A. F. 1985. Fossil Scombridae USSR. Transactions conducted faunal surveys of the area (A. nipponicus was addition to observations of living animals, we discuss the black, indicating that it contains sulfide. Around MMBS, three genera Cristatotanais, Coalecerotanais, and Obesutanais に分布する（COLLETTE and NAUEN, 1983）．考えられる．なお，骨の部分の名称は須田（1991）に従った．ことや残された後部に厚みがあること，関節突起より後方サワラ属魚類は岡山県津山市の勝田層群から前上顎骨が ium solandri (CUVIER, 1829)） 1 種であるが，今回の化石はカ (3) 前上顎骨の上向突起前縁の後方への傾きが 43°とカマス of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of described based on specimens collected during this survey). In preferred habitat of this species. specimens were collected. All specimens were found under supposedly are associated with and adopted to chemically- 本邦におけるサワラ族魚類化石は，ニジョウサバ属では本標本は上向突起（ascending process）が発達すること，の部分は高さがほぼ一定であることなどからサバ科サワラ報告されており（大江ほか，1986），全体的な形状は今回のマスサワラとは次の点で異なる．サワラに比べて大きく，Scomberomorus lineolatus（23° : Sciences, T. 210, 111c. recent years, JAMBIO, the Japanese Association for Marine fist-sized rocks partly buried in mud (Fig. 1B). This is the first reduced habitats like mud-volcanoes, cold seeps, and 尾部骨格が富山市の八尾層群黒瀬谷層（中新統）から報告産地と層序骨の縁辺に歯が並ぶこと，上向突起の後ろに主上顎骨関節族に属するものと考えられる．標本に類似する．しかし，勝田層群産の化石が歯と歯の間 (1) 前上顎骨の歯はカマスサワラより大きい，カマスサワラ DEVARAJ, 1975）を除くサワラ属の範囲内（32–61°: COLLET- BLEEKER, P. E. 1859. Enumeratio Specierum Piscium Biology, has hosted a serial survey and actively investigated MATERIALS AND METHODS in-situ observation of this species in a natural environment. hydrothermal vents. For A. nipponicus, SHIINO (1937, p. 60) されている（UYENO and FUJII, 1975）．サワラ属魚類では前突起（articulation process for maxilla）があることから左前サワラ族はニジョウサバ属，サワラ属，カマスサワラ属が離れており，次の歯が形成される孔があるといったサワの歯は比較的小さく，後方に向かうに従って次第に大きく TE and RUSSO, 1985）である．カマスサワラでは 34–37°（ Co- hucusque in Archipelago Indico observatarum, adjectis marine fauna around the Shimoda Marine Research Center The substrate under the rocks was blackish, sulfide-containing presented a postscript about the environment where specimens 上顎骨が岡山県津山市の勝田層群（中新統）から（大江ほか，岡山県新見市西方付近では基盤岩を不整合に覆って下部上顎骨と考えられる（Fig. 2）．前部が保存されており，後からなり，サワラ属はカマスサワラ属と 17 の骨学的形質をラ属の特徴を示すのに対し，新見産の本標本にはそのようなる． LLETTE and RUSSO, 1985）であり，傾きがより小さい． habitationibus citationibusque, ubi descriptiones earum (SMRC) of the University of Tsukuba, and the Misaki Marine Sampling was performed at the SMRC on 16 May 2014 muddy sand. were collected: “They were found from a well-like pit 13 m 1986），頭蓋骨，肩帯，肋骨，脊椎骨の一部が埼玉県秩父郡中新統の備北層群が分布しており，種々の斧足類，掘足類，部は欠損する．上向突起の側面観は矢じり状で，その前縁共有することから姉妹群と考えられている（COLLETTE and な特徴は見られない．また，埼玉県秩父郡小鹿野町の秩父 (2) 前上顎骨の口縁（下縁）前部は直線的であるが，カマス以上のように本種は歯が側扁し隙間なく並んでいること recentiores reperiuntur, nec non speciebus Musei Biological Station (MMBS) of the University of Tokyo, by and 7 April 2015. The bottom substrates in experimental Rearing experiments showed that A. nipponicus could deep artificially (?) excavated on a reef [ … ] The bottom of the 小鹿野町の秩父町層群（中新統）から産出しており（上野・腹足類，カメ類などの化石が豊富に産出している（e.g. 田はほぼ直線的である．上向突起の高さは 36.8 mm で後方へ RUSSO, 1985）．ニジョウサバ属の前上顎骨の歯の断面は扁町層群からサワラ属の頭蓋骨，肩帯，肋骨，脊椎骨の一部サワラでは緩やかに湾入する．からカマスサワラ属の一員としたが，歯はカマスサワラよ Bleekeriani Bengalensibus, Japonicis, Capensibus, 2 Keiichi KAKUI et al. Habitat of Apseudes nipponicus 3

aquaria for rearing a colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum (in deep pit, inhabited gregariously by this animal, is covered with index.html [accessed 6 August 2016] Tasmanicisque. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige MONSCH, K. A. 2004. Revision of the scombroid fishes from 2014) or a gastropod Strombus luhuanus (in 2015) were mud which has the smell of hydrogen sulphide.” Both habitats KAJIHARA, H. & KAKUI, K. 2016. An overview of recent Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indië, 6: 1–276. the Cenozoic of England. Transactions of the Royal collected by a siphon and then filtered by a hand net, and around SMRC and MMBS, where our specimens were found, marine-biodiversity research in Japan. In MOTOKAWA, M. COLLETTE, B. B. and C. E. NAUEN. 1983. FAO Species Catalo- Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences, 95(3–4): 445–489. tanaidaceans were picked up from the residue. Individuals were a less-disturbed, sulfide-containing muddy sand bottom, & KAJIHARA, H. (eds.) Species Diversity of Animals in gue. Vol. 2, Scombrids of the World. An Annotated and MONSCH, K. A. and BANNIKOV, A. F. 2011. New taxonomic found in 2014 were released into the sea after taking photos. roughly corresponding to that noted by SHIINO (1937). In add- Japan, pp. 25–45. Springer, Berlin. Illustrated Catalogue of Tunas, Mackerels, Bonitos and synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombro- Fifty specimens collected in 2015 were fixed by ethanol or ition, our observation of living A. nipponicus indicated that its KAKUI, K. 2016. Review of the taxonomy, diversity, ecology, Related Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis idei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic formalin, about 140 tanaidaceans were sent live to KK’s lab at habitat is restricted by the type of bottom substrate. Consider- and other biological aspects of Order Tanaidacea from no 125. vol. 2, 137 pp. Rome: FAO 1983. ISBN-Nr. 92- of territories of the former USSR. Transactions of the Royal Hokkaido University and used to observe their burrowing ing SHIINO (1937) and our present results, A. nipponicus likely Japan and surrounding waters. In MOTOKAWA, M. & 5-101381-0. Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences, 102(04): 253–300. behavior, while others were released into the sea. A scuba prefers (or may be confined to) a less-disturbed, sulfide-conta- KAJIHARA, H. (eds.) Species Diversity of Animals in COLLETTE, B. B. and J. L. RUSSO. 1985. Morphology, system- NELSON, J. S., T. C. GRANDE, and M. V. H. WILSON. 2016. Fishes- sampling around MMBS was carried out on 25 May 2016. The ining muddy sand bottom. This probable specialized habitat Japan, pp. 603–627. Springer, Berlin. atics, and biology of the Spanish mackerels (Scombero- of the world. Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hobok- sampling site was at a depth of 2 m around a small pier for may be one reason why so few records exist for this species. KAKUI, K. & HIRUTA, C. 2013. Selfing in a malacostracan morus, Scombridae). Fishery Bulletin, 82 (4): 545–692. en, New Jersey, 752 pp. MMBS’s research boat (35° 9′ 27.507″ N, 139° 36′ 43.704″ E). crustacean: why a tanaidacean but not decapods. DEVARAJ, M. 1975. Osteology and relationships of the Spanish 大江文雄・西本博行・奥村好次・東好昭． 1981. 瑞浪層群産“カ Collected specimens were fixed in ethanol. Two fixed ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Naturwissenschaften, 100: 891–894. mackerels and seerfishes of the tribe Scomberomorini. マスサワラ”属魚類化石．瑞浪市化石博物館研究報告， specimens collected from SMRC were deposited in the LARSEN, K., GUŢU, M. & SIEG, J. 2015. Order Tanaidacea Indian Journal of Fisheries, 22 (1&2): 1–67. (8): 25–46. Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History & Human History We thank Yasutaka TSUCHIYA, Toshihiko SATO, Hideo DANA, 1849. In VON VAUPEL KLEIN, J. C., CHARMANTIER- GILL, T. N. 1862. On the limits and arrangement of the family 大江文雄・田口栄次・奥村好次・西本博行． 1986. 勝田層群 (KMNH IvR 500921). In all samplings, the accompanying SHINAGAWA, Yutaro YAMADA, and Daisuke SHIBATA for help DAURES, M. & SCHRAM, F. R. (eds.) Treatise on Zoology- of scombroids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 産サワラ Scomberomorus sp. の前上顎骨の形態とその古 fauna was not checked. in collecting the tanaidaceans from experimental aquaria in Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea 5, pp. Sciences of Philadelphia, 14: 124–127. 生態．瑞浪市化石博物館研究報告， (13): 27–38. Living individuals of A. nipponicus were kept at room SMRC; Morihiko TOMATSURI for help in sending live 249–329. Brill, Leiden. 平山廉・柴田晃・赤木三郎・亀井節夫． 1983. 岡山県新見市 RAFINESQUE – SCHMALTZ , C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou temperature and under ambient light in the laboratory. As specimens collected in 2015; and Mamoru SEKIFUJI for help in MCCLAIN, C. & BARRY, J. 2014. Beta-diversity on deep-sea の中新統備北層群産カメ化石．地質学雑誌， 69: 239–241. tableau de l’ univers et de corps organisés. Palermo, 224 muddy sand substrates where our specimens were collected sampling around MMBS in 2016. wood falls reflects gradients in energy availability. 平山廉・田口栄次． 1994. 岡山県新見市の中新統備北層群よ pp. could not be prepared, and one congener (Apseudes sp.) has Biology Letters, 10: 20140129. り発見の巨大スッポン化石とその古環境学的意義．地 STARKS, E. C. 1910. The osteology and mutual relationships of been successfully maintained in coral sand for years (KAKUI & REFERENCES MORALES-VELA, B., SUÁREZ-MORALES, E., PADILLA-SALDÍVAR, 質学雑誌，100(4): 316–318. the fishes belonging to the family Scombridae. Journal of HIRUTA, 2013), three size categories of coral sand (> 1 mm, Fig. 1. Apseudes nipponicus SHIINO, 1937. A, a live individual J. & HEARD, R. W. 2008. The tanaid Hexapleomera 平山廉・田口栄次・岡崎美彦． 1982. 岡山県新見市の中新統 Morphology, 21 (1): 77–99. 1–0.5 mm, and 0.5–0.3 mm in diameter; about 1,400 g/l) were collected from an experimental aquarium for rearing a ALVARO, M. C., BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., DAVEY, N. & robusta (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Caribbean りも大きく，上向突起の形態ではむしろサワラ属に類似す備北層群より発見された汽水棲カメ類の第 2 個体．瑞須田有輔． 1991. 日本産マアジ Trachurus japonicus の骨格 used as bottom substrates. We also tested commercial gastropod Strombus luhuanus at SMRC; B, a live animal under SCHIAPARELLI, S. 2011. Skin-digging tanaids: the unusual manatee, with comments on other crustacean epibionts. 口ほか，1979；平山ほか，1982；1983；平山・田口，1994）．特に，の傾きは約 43°である．骨の表面は全体的に磨耗しており，ることから新たな属を考える必要があるかもしれない．本浪市化石博物館研究報告， (9): 111–116. 系．北九州市立自然史博物館研究報告 , (10): 53–89. aquarium gravel, Pure Black (JAN code 4972547010049, a natural environment (after the removal of a fist-sized rock) at parasitic behavior of Exspina typica in Antarctic waters Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the 2000 年ごろまでは新見市西部辻田の旧小野田セメント粘土破損しているところもある．内側の関節面等は磨耗により種はカマスサワラ属とサワラ属の系統関係やサワラ族魚類 HUXLEY, T. H. 1880. On the application of the laws of evolu- 田口栄次・岸本眞五・鈴木茂之． 2013. Periploma mitsugano- GEX, Japan; 2–4 mm in grain size, 750 g/l), as a bottom a depth of 2 m around MMBS. and worldwide deep basins. Antarctic Science, 23: United Kingdom, 88: 591–596. 採掘場跡は化石が豊富に産出することが知られていた．今残されていない．外側面は全体に緩やかに膨出するが，下の起源と進化に関する知見を得る上で重要な種と考えられ， tion to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particu- ense ARAKI (Bivalvia: Mollusca) について－特にその古 substrate. The behavior of animals was observed with the 343–348. NAKANO, H., KAKUI, K., KAJIHARA, H., SHIMOMURA, M., JIMI, 回報告する化石はこの採泥跡地から発見されたもので，田半部は平面的である．さらなる標本の産出が期待される． larly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Soc- 地理学的意義－. 岡山大学地球科学研究報告， 20(1): naked eye. BAMBER, R. N. 2012. A re-assessment of Hexapleomera N., TOMIOKA, S., TANAKA, H., YAMASAKI, H., TANAKA, 口ほか（1979）の Loc. 4 にあたる（Fig. 1）．田口ほか（2013）外側面の歯槽部分は骨で覆われているが，内側面の歯槽 iety of London, 43: 649–662. 7–11. burrow the artificial substrate covered by Pure Black (aquari- DUDICH, 1931 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Tanaidae), with M., IZUMI, T., OKANISHI, M., YAMADA, Y., SHINAGAWA, によれば化石産地の中新統を上田（1989）の備北層群是松部分の骨は欠損し，象牙質が露出している．上向突起のす謝辞 KLEIN, E. F., 1885. Beitränge zur Bildung des Schs Sch der 田口栄次・小野直子・岡本和夫． 1979. 岡山県新見市および RESULTS AND DISCUSSION um gravel) but not coral sand, suggesting that there are usable designation of three new species. Zootaxa, 3583: 51–70. H., SATO, T., TSUCHIYA, Y., OMORI, A., SEKIFUJI, M. & 層としていることから本標本は本層の暗灰色泥岩から産出ぐ後ろの部分に主上顎骨関節突起の膨らみが残されており， Knochenfische, 2. Jahreshefte Vereins Vaterlandischer 大佐町における中新世備北層群の貝化石群集．瑞浪市 INTRODUCTION using grab-samplers, dredges, and sledge-nets (NAKANO et al., and unusable bottom conditions for A. nipponicus. Incidenta- BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., BAMBER, R. N. & CUNHA, M. R. KOHTSUKA, H. 2015. JAMBIO Coastal Organism Joint したと考えられる．この部分が全体の中でもっとも厚く，厚さは 9.0 mm である．本研究を進めるにあたり，国立科学博物館所蔵の現生骨 Naturkunde in Würtenberg, 43: 205–300. 化石博物館研究報告， (6): 1–15. 2015). Thus far, nine surveys incorporating 59 sampling sites, In SMRC, A. nipponicus (Fig. 1A) was collected from a lly, a congener Apseudes sp. sensu KAKUI & HIRUTA (2013) was 2011. New tanaidomorph Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Surveys reveals undiscovered biodiversity around Sagami 関節突起より後ろの部分は上部が厚く，下方に向かって格標本の観察にご協力いただいた国立科学博物館名誉研究松浦信臣． 1996. 金沢地域の大桑層産脊椎動物化石．北陸地上田哲郎．1989. 広島県三次・庄原地域の中新統備北層群 Apseudes nipponicus SHIINO, 1937 is the first described ranging from 2 to 750 m in depth, have been conducted muddy sand bottom in experimental aquaria. This is the first able to burrow into Pure Black as well as into coral sand Peracarida) from submarine mud-volcanoes in the Gulf of Bay. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 2 supplement: 記載薄くなる．内側面は後方に向かうに従って下部が薄くなる．員の上野輝彌博士ならびに標本資料センターディレクター質研究所報告，5: 55–87. －層序について－．地質学雑誌 , 95(12): 919–931. tanaidacean species in Japan (KAKUI, 2016). In Tanaidacea, (NAKANO et al., 2015; JAMBIO, 2016). record from an artificial environment for this species. A few (KAKUI & HIRUTA, 2013; K. KAKUI, unpublished data). This is Cadis (North-east Atlantic). Zootaxa, 2769: 1–53. 77–81. 保存されている後部の一番低いところは 17.0 mm である．及び分子生物多様性研究資料センター長の真鍋真博士に心 MIYA, M., M. FRIEDMAN, T. SATOH, H. TAKESHIMA, T. SADO, UYENO, T. and FUJI, S. 1975. A fish fossil of the family most members of which are approximately a few millimeters Despite the large body size of this species and the great specimens were found in 2014, and numerous (more than 190) the first evidence of differences in the burrowing ability among BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., KOBYŁECKA, E. & JENNINGS, R. OKUTANI, T. 1994. Yama-Kei Field Books 8. Yama-Kei はじめに坂本，1985），石川県金沢市の大桑層（更新統）からも左上硬骨魚綱 Osteichthyes HUXLEY, 1880 歯は全体に磨耗しており，破損しているところもあるが，より感謝の意を表する．また，水産大学校の須田有輔博士 W. IWASAKI, Y. YAMANOUE, M. NAKATANI, K. MABUCHI, Scombridae from a Miocene bed in Toyama Prefecture, in length (LARSEN et al., 2015), A. nipponicus is a relatively sampling efforts in Sagami Bay and the Sagami Sea, after individuals were collected in 2015. How they colonized the congeneric species. N. 2015. Redescription of wood-associated tanaidacean Publishers, Tokyo, 368 pp. [In Japanese] 顎骨が報告されている（松浦，1996）．また，カマスサワラ条鰭亜綱 Actinopterygii KLEIN, 1885 歯槽部分は象牙質で充填されている．歯のかなりの部分がならびに城西大学の宮田真也博士からは査読者として多く J. INOUE, J. Y. POULSEN, T. FUKUNAGA, Y. SATO, and M. Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series C large-sized species, reaching 16 mm in length (SHIINO, 1937). SHIINO’ s (1937) original description, additional reports of A. aquaria remains unclear. One possibility is that tanaidaceans In Tanaidacea, the habitat preference of species is poorly Protanais birsteini (KUDINOVA-PASTERNAK, 1970) and its SHIINO, S. M. 1937. On Apseudes nipponicus n. sp. (Crustacea, サバ目サバ亜目サバ科サワラ族魚類は 3 属 21 種の現生種属では頭蓋骨が岐阜県瑞浪市から，歯骨が土岐市の瑞浪層真骨区 Teleostei MÜLLER 1845 磨耗しているため，それぞれの歯の境界が明確でないものの貴重なコメントをいただいた．ここに記してお礼申し上 NISHIDA. 2013. Evolutionary origin of the Scombridae (Geology), 1: 11–16. This species has a digging-type pereopod 1 (cf. LARSEN et al., nipponicus were very limited. The only published record is an were attached to the surface of colonial ascidians or gastropods understood. For species that were repeatedly collected from relationship within the Tanaididae. Deep-Sea Research II, Tanaidacea). Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 16: が知られており，海水生であるが，河口や 300 km 上流のメ群（中新統）から産出している（大江ほか，1981）．国外でサバ目 Scombriformes (Pelagia) MIYA et al., 2013 もあるが，歯の水平断面は丸くなく，側偏し，歯は比較的平せず丸いが（Fig. 3），サワラ属とカマスサワラ属では側が産出しているが，前上顎骨は産出していない（上野・坂本，げる．なお，本研究は JSPS 科研費 JP2640506（籔本）の助 (tunas and mackerels): Members of a Paleogene adaptive 上野輝彌・坂本治． 1985. 秩父盆地で発見された中新世のサ 2015), suggesting its burrowing mode of life. SHIINO (1937) illustrated encyclopedia (OKUTANI, 1994), which presented a when these were placed into the aquaria. Another possible some specialized environments, their habitat preference has 111: 333–342. 53–62. コン川にも見られる（NELSON et al., 2016）．世界の熱帯かは主にイギリスや中近東の古第三系などから産出しておりサバ亜目 Scombroidei BLEEKER, 1859 大きい．また，前方のものほど小さい傾向にある．大きな偏する（Figs. 4, 5）．サワラ属では歯と歯の間は広く空いて 1985）．成を受けた． radiation with 14 other pelagic fish families. PLoS ONE, 8 ワラ属魚類化石．埼玉県立自然史博物館研究報告， described A. nipponicus based on specimens collected from a photo of a live individual collected from a muddy bottom in route by which A. nipponicus may have entered the aquaria is been suggested, such as the surface of sea turtles or manatees JAMBIO. 2016. http://www.shimoda.tsukuba.ac.jp/~jambio/ ら温帯の海域に生息し，サワラ属（Scomberomorus）魚類（e.g. MONSCH, 2004; MONSCH and BANNIKOV, 2011），例えばサバ科 Scombridae RAFINESQUE – SCHMALTZ, 1815 歯のおおよその幅は 4.3 mm であり，小さな歯の幅はおよそおり，歯槽の中に次の小さな歯が見られる（Fig. 4）が，カ本邦における中新世のカマスサワラ属魚類化石は岐阜県 (9): e73535. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073535. (3): 49–53. mud bottom at a depth of 13 m in Sagami Bay (off Hayama, shallow water around Hayama. A recent serial survey by via the intake hosepipe of sea-water which is placed near the for some Hexapleomera species (MORALES-VELA et al., 2008; は東部大西洋に 1 種，西部大西洋に 4 種，東太平洋に 2 種 , サワラ属の化石種である Scomberomorus avitus BANNIKOV, サワラ族 Scomberomorini STARKS, 1910 1.5 mm である．少なくとも 19 本が確認できる．マスサワラ属では歯と歯の間は空いていない（Fig. 5）．の瑞浪層群から知られており，瑞浪市からは頭蓋骨が，土文献 MÜLLER, J. 1845. Über den Bau und die Grenzen der 山崎京美・上野輝彌． 2008. 硬骨魚類の顎と歯．アート＆サ Kanagawa), and also included data from several specimens JAMBIO around SMRC and MMBS collected many sea-bottom at a sea depth of 3 m in front of the SMRC, at BAMBER, 2012), the inside of the body wall of deep-sea インド－西太平洋に 11 種が分布する（COLLETTE and 1985 がトルクメニスタンの古第三系上部から，Scomberomo- カマスサワラ属 Acanthocybium GILL, 1862 本標本は歯が丸くなく，側扁すること，隙間なく並んで岐市からは歯骨が報告されているが，前上顎骨は産出して Ganoiden, und über das natürliche System der Fische. イエンス工房 TALAI, 339 pp. from the Sagami Sea (Nabeta, Shizuoka). tanaidaceans but failed to obtain any specimen of this species Nabeta Bay, where some of the type specimens were collected holothurians for Exspina typica LANG, 1968 (ALVARO et al., NAUEN, 1983; COLLETTE and RUSSO, 1985）．ニジョウサバ属 rus avitus BANNIKOV, 1982 がカザフスタンの始新統から記載 Acanthocybium sp. 考察いる点ではサバ科サワラ族のカマスサワラ属に類似するいない（大江ほか，1981）．瑞浪層群のカマスサワラ属の歯 BANNIKOV, A. F. 1982. A new species of Mackerel from the Arch Naturgesch, 11: 91–141. Sagami Bay and the Sagami Sea are the best studied (K. KAKUI, unpublished data). In 2014, we discovered several (SHIINO, 1937). As our sample included individuals of various 2011), and deep-sea sunken woods for members of Protanais （Grammatorcynus）魚類は 2 種が知られており，オーストされている（BANNIKOV, 1982; 1985）．今回報告する標本は（Figs. 2, 5）．本化石の個体は全長 166 cm のカマスサワラの骨の歯は大きさや並び方で本標本に類似しており，同一種 Upper Eocene of Mangyshlak. Paleontological Journal, 16 marine areas in Japan (KAJIHARA & KAKUI, 2016). For about individuals of A. nipponicus for the first time in decades, and sizes, some of which were ovigerous, A. nipponicus appears to (MCCLAIN & BARRY, 2014; BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ et al., ラリアと北大西洋にそれぞれ分布する．カマスサワラ属岡山県新見市西部から 1994 年に著者の一人である石垣に標本番号 KMNH (Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 本標本は歯があること，上向突起があることから真骨魚前上顎骨との比較から推定全長はおよそ 140 cm と考えられの可能性も考えられる． (2):143–146. 40 years since the 1930s, HIROHITO, the Emperor Showa, had also collected this species in 2015 and 2016. In this study, in reproduce in these aquaria. The bottom sand in the aquaria was 2015). BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ et al. (2011) proposed that the （Acanthocybium）は 1 種で熱帯から温帯にかけて汎世界的よって発見されたもので，サバ科サワラ族に属するものと and Human History)VP 100,335，左前上顎骨の一部類の前上顎骨と考えられる．上向突起が矢じり状を呈するる．現生のカマスサワラ属魚類はカマスサワラ（Acanthocyb- BANNIKOV, A. F. 1985. Fossil Scombridae USSR. Transactions conducted faunal surveys of the area (A. nipponicus was addition to observations of living animals, we discuss the black, indicating that it contains sulfide. Around MMBS, three genera Cristatotanais, Coalecerotanais, and Obesutanais に分布する（COLLETTE and NAUEN, 1983）．考えられる．なお，骨の部分の名称は須田（1991）に従った．ことや残された後部に厚みがあること，関節突起より後方サワラ属魚類は岡山県津山市の勝田層群から前上顎骨が ium solandri (CUVIER, 1829)） 1 種であるが，今回の化石はカ (3) 前上顎骨の上向突起前縁の後方への傾きが 43°とカマス of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of described based on specimens collected during this survey). In preferred habitat of this species. specimens were collected. All specimens were found under supposedly are associated with and adopted to chemically- 本邦におけるサワラ族魚類化石は，ニジョウサバ属では本標本は上向突起（ascending process）が発達すること，の部分は高さがほぼ一定であることなどからサバ科サワラ報告されており（大江ほか，1986），全体的な形状は今回のマスサワラとは次の点で異なる．サワラに比べて大きく，Scomberomorus lineolatus（23° : Sciences, T. 210, 111c. recent years, JAMBIO, the Japanese Association for Marine fist-sized rocks partly buried in mud (Fig. 1B). This is the first reduced habitats like mud-volcanoes, cold seeps, and 尾部骨格が富山市の八尾層群黒瀬谷層（中新統）から報告産地と層序骨の縁辺に歯が並ぶこと，上向突起の後ろに主上顎骨関節族に属するものと考えられる．標本に類似する．しかし，勝田層群産の化石が歯と歯の間 (1) 前上顎骨の歯はカマスサワラより大きい，カマスサワラ DEVARAJ, 1975）を除くサワラ属の範囲内（32–61°: COLLET- BLEEKER, P. E. 1859. Enumeratio Specierum Piscium Biology, has hosted a serial survey and actively investigated MATERIALS AND METHODS in-situ observation of this species in a natural environment. hydrothermal vents. For A. nipponicus, SHIINO (1937, p. 60) されている（UYENO and FUJII, 1975）．サワラ属魚類では前突起（articulation process for maxilla）があることから左前サワラ族はニジョウサバ属，サワラ属，カマスサワラ属が離れており，次の歯が形成される孔があるといったサワの歯は比較的小さく，後方に向かうに従って次第に大きく TE and RUSSO, 1985）である．カマスサワラでは 34–37°（ Co- hucusque in Archipelago Indico observatarum, adjectis marine fauna around the Shimoda Marine Research Center The substrate under the rocks was blackish, sulfide-containing presented a postscript about the environment where specimens 上顎骨が岡山県津山市の勝田層群（中新統）から（大江ほか，岡山県新見市西方付近では基盤岩を不整合に覆って下部上顎骨と考えられる（Fig. 2）．前部が保存されており，後からなり，サワラ属はカマスサワラ属と 17 の骨学的形質をラ属の特徴を示すのに対し，新見産の本標本にはそのようなる． LLETTE and RUSSO, 1985）であり，傾きがより小さい． habitationibus citationibusque, ubi descriptiones earum (SMRC) of the University of Tsukuba, and the Misaki Marine Sampling was performed at the SMRC on 16 May 2014 muddy sand. were collected: “They were found from a well-like pit 13 m 1986），頭蓋骨，肩帯，肋骨，脊椎骨の一部が埼玉県秩父郡中新統の備北層群が分布しており，種々の斧足類，掘足類，部は欠損する．上向突起の側面観は矢じり状で，その前縁共有することから姉妹群と考えられている（COLLETTE and な特徴は見られない．また，埼玉県秩父郡小鹿野町の秩父 (2) 前上顎骨の口縁（下縁）前部は直線的であるが，カマス以上のように本種は歯が側扁し隙間なく並んでいること recentiores reperiuntur, nec non speciebus Musei Biological Station (MMBS) of the University of Tokyo, by and 7 April 2015. The bottom substrates in experimental Rearing experiments showed that A. nipponicus could deep artificially (?) excavated on a reef [ … ] The bottom of the 小鹿野町の秩父町層群（中新統）から産出しており（上野・腹足類，カメ類などの化石が豊富に産出している（e.g. 田はほぼ直線的である．上向突起の高さは 36.8 mm で後方へ RUSSO, 1985）．ニジョウサバ属の前上顎骨の歯の断面は扁町層群からサワラ属の頭蓋骨，肩帯，肋骨，脊椎骨の一部サワラでは緩やかに湾入する．からカマスサワラ属の一員としたが，歯はカマスサワラよ Bleekeriani Bengalensibus, Japonicis, Capensibus, 2 Keiichi KAKUI et al. Habitat of Apseudes nipponicus 3 aquaria for rearing a colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum (in deep pit, inhabited gregariously by this animal, is covered with index.html [accessed 6 August 2016] Tasmanicisque. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige MONSCH, K. A. 2004. Revision of the scombroid fishes from 2014) or a gastropod Strombus luhuanus (in 2015) were mud which has the smell of hydrogen sulphide.” Both habitats KAJIHARA, H. & KAKUI, K. 2016. An overview of recent Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indië, 6: 1–276. the Cenozoic of England. Transactions of the Royal collected by a siphon and then filtered by a hand net, and around SMRC and MMBS, where our specimens were found, marine-biodiversity research in Japan. In MOTOKAWA, M. COLLETTE, B. B. and C. E. NAUEN. 1983. FAO Species Catalo- Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences, 95(3–4): 445–489. tanaidaceans were picked up from the residue. Individuals were a less-disturbed, sulfide-containing muddy sand bottom, & KAJIHARA, H. (eds.) Species Diversity of Animals in gue. Vol. 2, Scombrids of the World. An Annotated and MONSCH, K. A. and BANNIKOV, A. F. 2011. New taxonomic found in 2014 were released into the sea after taking photos. roughly corresponding to that noted by SHIINO (1937). In add- Japan, pp. 25–45. Springer, Berlin. Illustrated Catalogue of Tunas, Mackerels, Bonitos and synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombro- Fifty specimens collected in 2015 were fixed by ethanol or ition, our observation of living A. nipponicus indicated that its KAKUI, K. 2016. Review of the taxonomy, diversity, ecology, Related Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis idei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic formalin, about 140 tanaidaceans were sent live to KK’s lab at habitat is restricted by the type of bottom substrate. Consider- and other biological aspects of Order Tanaidacea from no 125. vol. 2, 137 pp. Rome: FAO 1983. ISBN-Nr. 92- of territories of the former USSR. Transactions of the Royal Hokkaido University and used to observe their burrowing ing SHIINO (1937) and our present results, A. nipponicus likely Japan and surrounding waters. In MOTOKAWA, M. & 5-101381-0. Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences, 102(04): 253–300. behavior, while others were released into the sea. A scuba prefers (or may be confined to) a less-disturbed, sulfide-conta- KAJIHARA, H. (eds.) Species Diversity of Animals in COLLETTE, B. B. and J. L. RUSSO. 1985. Morphology, system- NELSON, J. S., T. C. GRANDE, and M. V. H. WILSON. 2016. Fishes- sampling around MMBS was carried out on 25 May 2016. The ining muddy sand bottom. This probable specialized habitat Japan, pp. 603–627. Springer, Berlin. atics, and biology of the Spanish mackerels (Scombero- of the world. Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hobok- sampling site was at a depth of 2 m around a small pier for may be one reason why so few records exist for this species. KAKUI, K. & HIRUTA, C. 2013. Selfing in a malacostracan morus, Scombridae). Fishery Bulletin, 82 (4): 545–692. en, New Jersey, 752 pp. MMBS’s research boat (35° 9′ 27.507″ N, 139° 36′ 43.704″ E). crustacean: why a tanaidacean but not decapods. DEVARAJ, M. 1975. Osteology and relationships of the Spanish 大江文雄・西本博行・奥村好次・東好昭． 1981. 瑞浪層群産“カ Collected specimens were fixed in ethanol. Two fixed ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Naturwissenschaften, 100: 891–894. mackerels and seerfishes of the tribe Scomberomorini. マスサワラ”属魚類化石．瑞浪市化石博物館研究報告， specimens collected from SMRC were deposited in the LARSEN, K., GUŢU, M. & SIEG, J. 2015. Order Tanaidacea Indian Journal of Fisheries, 22 (1&2): 1–67. (8): 25–46. Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History & Human History We thank Yasutaka TSUCHIYA, Toshihiko SATO, Hideo DANA, 1849. In VON VAUPEL KLEIN, J. C., CHARMANTIER- GILL, T. N. 1862. On the limits and arrangement of the family 大江文雄・田口栄次・奥村好次・西本博行． 1986. 勝田層群 (KMNH IvR 500921). In all samplings, the accompanying SHINAGAWA, Yutaro YAMADA, and Daisuke SHIBATA for help DAURES, M. & SCHRAM, F. R. (eds.) Treatise on Zoology- of scombroids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 産サワラ Scomberomorus sp. の前上顎骨の形態とその古 fauna was not checked. in collecting the tanaidaceans from experimental aquaria in Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea 5, pp. Sciences of Philadelphia, 14: 124–127. 生態．瑞浪市化石博物館研究報告， (13): 27–38. Living individuals of A. nipponicus were kept at room SMRC; Morihiko TOMATSURI for help in sending live 249–329. Brill, Leiden. 平山廉・柴田晃・赤木三郎・亀井節夫． 1983. 岡山県新見市 RAFINESQUE – SCHMALTZ , C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou temperature and under ambient light in the laboratory. As specimens collected in 2015; and Mamoru SEKIFUJI for help in MCCLAIN, C. & BARRY, J. 2014. Beta-diversity on deep-sea の中新統備北層群産カメ化石．地質学雑誌， 69: 239–241. tableau de l’ univers et de corps organisés. Palermo, 224 muddy sand substrates where our specimens were collected sampling around MMBS in 2016. wood falls reflects gradients in energy availability. 平山廉・田口栄次． 1994. 岡山県新見市の中新統備北層群よ pp. could not be prepared, and one congener (Apseudes sp.) has Biology Letters, 10: 20140129. り発見の巨大スッポン化石とその古環境学的意義．地 STARKS, E. C. 1910. The osteology and mutual relationships of been successfully maintained in coral sand for years (KAKUI & REFERENCES MORALES-VELA, B., SUÁREZ-MORALES, E., PADILLA-SALDÍVAR, 質学雑誌，100(4): 316–318. the fishes belonging to the family Scombridae. Journal of HIRUTA, 2013), three size categories of coral sand (> 1 mm, Fig. 1. Apseudes nipponicus SHIINO, 1937. A, a live individual J. & HEARD, R. W. 2008. The tanaid Hexapleomera 平山廉・田口栄次・岡崎美彦． 1982. 岡山県新見市の中新統 Morphology, 21 (1): 77–99. 1–0.5 mm, and 0.5–0.3 mm in diameter; about 1,400 g/l) were collected from an experimental aquarium for rearing a ALVARO, M. C., BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., DAVEY, N. & robusta (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Caribbean りも大きく，上向突起の形態ではむしろサワラ属に類似す備北層群より発見された汽水棲カメ類の第 2 個体．瑞須田有輔． 1991. 日本産マアジ Trachurus japonicus の骨格 used as bottom substrates. We also tested commercial gastropod Strombus luhuanus at SMRC; B, a live animal under SCHIAPARELLI, S. 2011. Skin-digging tanaids: the unusual manatee, with comments on other crustacean epibionts. 口ほか，1979；平山ほか，1982；1983；平山・田口，1994）．特に，の傾きは約 43°である．骨の表面は全体的に磨耗しており，ることから新たな属を考える必要があるかもしれない．本浪市化石博物館研究報告， (9): 111–116. 系．北九州市立自然史博物館研究報告 , (10): 53–89. aquarium gravel, Pure Black (JAN code 4972547010049, a natural environment (after the removal of a fist-sized rock) at parasitic behavior of Exspina typica in Antarctic waters Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the 2000 年ごろまでは新見市西部辻田の旧小野田セメント粘土破損しているところもある．内側の関節面等は磨耗により種はカマスサワラ属とサワラ属の系統関係やサワラ族魚類 HUXLEY, T. H. 1880. On the application of the laws of evolu- 田口栄次・岸本眞五・鈴木茂之． 2013. Periploma mitsugano- GEX, Japan; 2–4 mm in grain size, 750 g/l), as a bottom a depth of 2 m around MMBS. and worldwide deep basins. Antarctic Science, 23: United Kingdom, 88: 591–596. 採掘場跡は化石が豊富に産出することが知られていた．今残されていない．外側面は全体に緩やかに膨出するが，下の起源と進化に関する知見を得る上で重要な種と考えられ， tion to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particu- ense ARAKI (Bivalvia: Mollusca) について－特にその古 substrate. The behavior of animals was observed with the 343–348. NAKANO, H., KAKUI, K., KAJIHARA, H., SHIMOMURA, M., JIMI, 回報告する化石はこの採泥跡地から発見されたもので，田半部は平面的である．さらなる標本の産出が期待される． larly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Soc- 地理学的意義－. 岡山大学地球科学研究報告， 20(1): naked eye. BAMBER, R. N. 2012. A re-assessment of Hexapleomera N., TOMIOKA, S., TANAKA, H., YAMASAKI, H., TANAKA, 口ほか（1979）の Loc. 4 にあたる（Fig. 1）．田口ほか（2013）外側面の歯槽部分は骨で覆われているが，内側面の歯槽 iety of London, 43: 649–662. 7–11. burrow the artificial substrate covered by Pure Black (aquari- DUDICH, 1931 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Tanaidae), with M., IZUMI, T., OKANISHI, M., YAMADA, Y., SHINAGAWA, によれば化石産地の中新統を上田（1989）の備北層群是松部分の骨は欠損し，象牙質が露出している．上向突起のす謝辞 KLEIN, E. F., 1885. Beitränge zur Bildung des Schs Sch der 田口栄次・小野直子・岡本和夫． 1979. 岡山県新見市および RESULTS AND DISCUSSION um gravel) but not coral sand, suggesting that there are usable designation of three new species. Zootaxa, 3583: 51–70. H., SATO, T., TSUCHIYA, Y., OMORI, A., SEKIFUJI, M. & 層としていることから本標本は本層の暗灰色泥岩から産出ぐ後ろの部分に主上顎骨関節突起の膨らみが残されており， Knochenfische, 2. Jahreshefte Vereins Vaterlandischer 大佐町における中新世備北層群の貝化石群集．瑞浪市 INTRODUCTION using grab-samplers, dredges, and sledge-nets (NAKANO et al., and unusable bottom conditions for A. nipponicus. Incidenta- BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., BAMBER, R. N. & CUNHA, M. R. KOHTSUKA, H. 2015. JAMBIO Coastal Organism Joint したと考えられる．この部分が全体の中でもっとも厚く，厚さは 9.0 mm である．本研究を進めるにあたり，国立科学博物館所蔵の現生骨 Naturkunde in Würtenberg, 43: 205–300. 化石博物館研究報告， (6): 1–15. 2015). Thus far, nine surveys incorporating 59 sampling sites, In SMRC, A. nipponicus (Fig. 1A) was collected from a lly, a congener Apseudes sp. sensu KAKUI & HIRUTA (2013) was 2011. New tanaidomorph Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Surveys reveals undiscovered biodiversity around Sagami 関節突起より後ろの部分は上部が厚く，下方に向かって格標本の観察にご協力いただいた国立科学博物館名誉研究松浦信臣． 1996. 金沢地域の大桑層産脊椎動物化石．北陸地上田哲郎．1989. 広島県三次・庄原地域の中新統備北層群 Apseudes nipponicus SHIINO, 1937 is the first described ranging from 2 to 750 m in depth, have been conducted muddy sand bottom in experimental aquaria. This is the first able to burrow into Pure Black as well as into coral sand Peracarida) from submarine mud-volcanoes in the Gulf of Bay. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 2 supplement: 記載薄くなる．内側面は後方に向かうに従って下部が薄くなる．員の上野輝彌博士ならびに標本資料センターディレクター質研究所報告，5: 55–87. －層序について－．地質学雑誌 , 95(12): 919–931. tanaidacean species in Japan (KAKUI, 2016). In Tanaidacea, (NAKANO et al., 2015; JAMBIO, 2016). record from an artificial environment for this species. A few (KAKUI & HIRUTA, 2013; K. KAKUI, unpublished data). This is Cadis (North-east Atlantic). Zootaxa, 2769: 1–53. 77–81. 保存されている後部の一番低いところは 17.0 mm である．及び分子生物多様性研究資料センター長の真鍋真博士に心 MIYA, M., M. FRIEDMAN, T. SATOH, H. TAKESHIMA, T. SADO, UYENO, T. and FUJI, S. 1975. A fish fossil of the family most members of which are approximately a few millimeters Despite the large body size of this species and the great specimens were found in 2014, and numerous (more than 190) the first evidence of differences in the burrowing ability among BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ, M., KOBYŁECKA, E. & JENNINGS, R. OKUTANI, T. 1994. Yama-Kei Field Books 8. Yama-Kei はじめに坂本，1985），石川県金沢市の大桑層（更新統）からも左上硬骨魚綱 Osteichthyes HUXLEY, 1880 歯は全体に磨耗しており，破損しているところもあるが，より感謝の意を表する．また，水産大学校の須田有輔博士 W. IWASAKI, Y. YAMANOUE, M. NAKATANI, K. MABUCHI, Scombridae from a Miocene bed in Toyama Prefecture, in length (LARSEN et al., 2015), A. nipponicus is a relatively sampling efforts in Sagami Bay and the Sagami Sea, after individuals were collected in 2015. How they colonized the congeneric species. N. 2015. Redescription of wood-associated tanaidacean Publishers, Tokyo, 368 pp. [In Japanese] 顎骨が報告されている（松浦，1996）．また，カマスサワラ条鰭亜綱 Actinopterygii KLEIN, 1885 歯槽部分は象牙質で充填されている．歯のかなりの部分がならびに城西大学の宮田真也博士からは査読者として多く J. INOUE, J. Y. POULSEN, T. FUKUNAGA, Y. SATO, and M. Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series C large-sized species, reaching 16 mm in length (SHIINO, 1937). SHIINO’ s (1937) original description, additional reports of A. aquaria remains unclear. One possibility is that tanaidaceans In Tanaidacea, the habitat preference of species is poorly Protanais birsteini (KUDINOVA-PASTERNAK, 1970) and its SHIINO, S. M. 1937. On Apseudes nipponicus n. sp. (Crustacea, サバ目サバ亜目サバ科サワラ族魚類は 3 属 21 種の現生種属では頭蓋骨が岐阜県瑞浪市から，歯骨が土岐市の瑞浪層真骨区 Teleostei MÜLLER 1845 磨耗しているため，それぞれの歯の境界が明確でないものの貴重なコメントをいただいた．ここに記してお礼申し上 NISHIDA. 2013. Evolutionary origin of the Scombridae (Geology), 1: 11–16. This species has a digging-type pereopod 1 (cf. LARSEN et al., nipponicus were very limited. The only published record is an were attached to the surface of colonial ascidians or gastropods understood. For species that were repeatedly collected from relationship within the Tanaididae. Deep-Sea Research II, Tanaidacea). Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 16: が知られており，海水生であるが，河口や 300 km 上流のメ群（中新統）から産出している（大江ほか，1981）．国外でサバ目 Scombriformes (Pelagia) MIYA et al., 2013 もあるが，歯の水平断面は丸くなく，側偏し，歯は比較的平せず丸いが（Fig. 3），サワラ属とカマスサワラ属では側が産出しているが，前上顎骨は産出していない（上野・坂本，げる．なお，本研究は JSPS 科研費 JP2640506（籔本）の助 (tunas and mackerels): Members of a Paleogene adaptive 上野輝彌・坂本治． 1985. 秩父盆地で発見された中新世のサ 2015), suggesting its burrowing mode of life. SHIINO (1937) illustrated encyclopedia (OKUTANI, 1994), which presented a when these were placed into the aquaria. Another possible some specialized environments, their habitat preference has 111: 333–342. 53–62. コン川にも見られる（NELSON et al., 2016）．世界の熱帯かは主にイギリスや中近東の古第三系などから産出しておりサバ亜目 Scombroidei BLEEKER, 1859 大きい．また，前方のものほど小さい傾向にある．大きな偏する（Figs. 4, 5）．サワラ属では歯と歯の間は広く空いて 1985）．成を受けた． radiation with 14 other pelagic fish families. PLoS ONE, 8 ワラ属魚類化石．埼玉県立自然史博物館研究報告， described A. nipponicus based on specimens collected from a photo of a live individual collected from a muddy bottom in route by which A. nipponicus may have entered the aquaria is been suggested, such as the surface of sea turtles or manatees JAMBIO. 2016. http://www.shimoda.tsukuba.ac.jp/~jambio/ ら温帯の海域に生息し，サワラ属（Scomberomorus）魚類（e.g. MONSCH, 2004; MONSCH and BANNIKOV, 2011），例えばサバ科 Scombridae RAFINESQUE – SCHMALTZ, 1815 歯のおおよその幅は 4.3 mm であり，小さな歯の幅はおよそおり，歯槽の中に次の小さな歯が見られる（Fig. 4）が，カ本邦における中新世のカマスサワラ属魚類化石は岐阜県 (9): e73535. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073535. (3): 49–53. mud bottom at a depth of 13 m in Sagami Bay (off Hayama, shallow water around Hayama. A recent serial survey by via the intake hosepipe of sea-water which is placed near the for some Hexapleomera species (MORALES-VELA et al., 2008; は東部大西洋に 1 種，西部大西洋に 4 種，東太平洋に 2 種 , サワラ属の化石種である Scomberomorus avitus BANNIKOV, サワラ族 Scomberomorini STARKS, 1910 1.5 mm である．少なくとも 19 本が確認できる．マスサワラ属では歯と歯の間は空いていない（Fig. 5）．の瑞浪層群から知られており，瑞浪市からは頭蓋骨が，土文献 MÜLLER, J. 1845. Über den Bau und die Grenzen der 山崎京美・上野輝彌． 2008. 硬骨魚類の顎と歯．アート＆サ Kanagawa), and also included data from several specimens JAMBIO around SMRC and MMBS collected many sea-bottom at a sea depth of 3 m in front of the SMRC, at BAMBER, 2012), the inside of the body wall of deep-sea インド－西太平洋に 11 種が分布する（COLLETTE and 1985 がトルクメニスタンの古第三系上部から，Scomberomo- カマスサワラ属 Acanthocybium GILL, 1862 本標本は歯が丸くなく，側扁すること，隙間なく並んで岐市からは歯骨が報告されているが，前上顎骨は産出して Ganoiden, und über das natürliche System der Fische. イエンス工房 TALAI, 339 pp. from the Sagami Sea (Nabeta, Shizuoka). tanaidaceans but failed to obtain any specimen of this species Nabeta Bay, where some of the type specimens were collected holothurians for Exspina typica LANG, 1968 (ALVARO et al., NAUEN, 1983; COLLETTE and RUSSO, 1985）．ニジョウサバ属 rus avitus BANNIKOV, 1982 がカザフスタンの始新統から記載 Acanthocybium sp. 考察いる点ではサバ科サワラ族のカマスサワラ属に類似するいない（大江ほか，1981）．瑞浪層群のカマスサワラ属の歯 BANNIKOV, A. F. 1982. A new species of Mackerel from the Arch Naturgesch, 11: 91–141. Sagami Bay and the Sagami Sea are the best studied (K. KAKUI, unpublished data). In 2014, we discovered several (SHIINO, 1937). As our sample included individuals of various 2011), and deep-sea sunken woods for members of Protanais （Grammatorcynus）魚類は 2 種が知られており，オーストされている（BANNIKOV, 1982; 1985）．今回報告する標本は（Figs. 2, 5）．本化石の個体は全長 166 cm のカマスサワラの骨の歯は大きさや並び方で本標本に類似しており，同一種 Upper Eocene of Mangyshlak. Paleontological Journal, 16 marine areas in Japan (KAJIHARA & KAKUI, 2016). For about individuals of A. nipponicus for the first time in decades, and sizes, some of which were ovigerous, A. nipponicus appears to (MCCLAIN & BARRY, 2014; BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ et al., ラリアと北大西洋にそれぞれ分布する．カマスサワラ属岡山県新見市西部から 1994 年に著者の一人である石垣に標本番号 KMNH (Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 本標本は歯があること，上向突起があることから真骨魚前上顎骨との比較から推定全長はおよそ 140 cm と考えられの可能性も考えられる． (2):143–146. 40 years since the 1930s, HIROHITO, the Emperor Showa, had also collected this species in 2015 and 2016. In this study, in reproduce in these aquaria. The bottom sand in the aquaria was 2015). BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ et al. (2011) proposed that the （Acanthocybium）は 1 種で熱帯から温帯にかけて汎世界的よって発見されたもので，サバ科サワラ族に属するものと and Human History)VP 100,335，左前上顎骨の一部類の前上顎骨と考えられる．上向突起が矢じり状を呈するる．現生のカマスサワラ属魚類はカマスサワラ（Acanthocyb- BANNIKOV, A. F. 1985. Fossil Scombridae USSR. Transactions conducted faunal surveys of the area (A. nipponicus was addition to observations of living animals, we discuss the black, indicating that it contains sulfide. Around MMBS, three genera Cristatotanais, Coalecerotanais, and Obesutanais に分布する（COLLETTE and NAUEN, 1983）．考えられる．なお，骨の部分の名称は須田（1991）に従った．ことや残された後部に厚みがあること，関節突起より後方サワラ属魚類は岡山県津山市の勝田層群から前上顎骨が ium solandri (CUVIER, 1829)） 1 種であるが，今回の化石はカ (3) 前上顎骨の上向突起前縁の後方への傾きが 43°とカマス of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of described based on specimens collected during this survey). In preferred habitat of this species. specimens were collected. All specimens were found under supposedly are associated with and adopted to chemically- 本邦におけるサワラ族魚類化石は，ニジョウサバ属では本標本は上向突起（ascending process）が発達すること，の部分は高さがほぼ一定であることなどからサバ科サワラ報告されており（大江ほか，1986），全体的な形状は今回のマスサワラとは次の点で異なる．サワラに比べて大きく，Scomberomorus lineolatus（23° : Sciences, T. 210, 111c. recent years, JAMBIO, the Japanese Association for Marine fist-sized rocks partly buried in mud (Fig. 1B). This is the first reduced habitats like mud-volcanoes, cold seeps, and 尾部骨格が富山市の八尾層群黒瀬谷層（中新統）から報告産地と層序骨の縁辺に歯が並ぶこと，上向突起の後ろに主上顎骨関節族に属するものと考えられる．標本に類似する．しかし，勝田層群産の化石が歯と歯の間 (1) 前上顎骨の歯はカマスサワラより大きい，カマスサワラ DEVARAJ, 1975）を除くサワラ属の範囲内（32–61°: COLLET- BLEEKER, P. E. 1859. Enumeratio Specierum Piscium Biology, has hosted a serial survey and actively investigated MATERIALS AND METHODS in-situ observation of this species in a natural environment. hydrothermal vents. For A. nipponicus, SHIINO (1937, p. 60) されている（UYENO and FUJII, 1975）．サワラ属魚類では前突起（articulation process for maxilla）があることから左前サワラ族はニジョウサバ属，サワラ属，カマスサワラ属が離れており，次の歯が形成される孔があるといったサワの歯は比較的小さく，後方に向かうに従って次第に大きく TE and RUSSO, 1985）である．カマスサワラでは 34–37°（ Co- hucusque in Archipelago Indico observatarum, adjectis marine fauna around the Shimoda Marine Research Center The substrate under the rocks was blackish, sulfide-containing presented a postscript about the environment where specimens 上顎骨が岡山県津山市の勝田層群（中新統）から（大江ほか，岡山県新見市西方付近では基盤岩を不整合に覆って下部上顎骨と考えられる（Fig. 2）．前部が保存されており，後からなり，サワラ属はカマスサワラ属と 17 の骨学的形質をラ属の特徴を示すのに対し，新見産の本標本にはそのようなる． LLETTE and RUSSO, 1985）であり，傾きがより小さい． habitationibus citationibusque, ubi descriptiones earum (SMRC) of the University of Tsukuba, and the Misaki Marine Sampling was performed at the SMRC on 16 May 2014 muddy sand. were collected: “They were found from a well-like pit 13 m 1986），頭蓋骨，肩帯，肋骨，脊椎骨の一部が埼玉県秩父郡中新統の備北層群が分布しており，種々の斧足類，掘足類，部は欠損する．上向突起の側面観は矢じり状で，その前縁共有することから姉妹群と考えられている（COLLETTE and な特徴は見られない．また，埼玉県秩父郡小鹿野町の秩父 (2) 前上顎骨の口縁（下縁）前部は直線的であるが，カマス以上のように本種は歯が側扁し隙間なく並んでいること recentiores reperiuntur, nec non speciebus Musei Biological Station (MMBS) of the University of Tokyo, by and 7 April 2015. The bottom substrates in experimental Rearing experiments showed that A. nipponicus could deep artificially (?) excavated on a reef [ … ] The bottom of the 小鹿野町の秩父町層群（中新統）から産出しており（上野・腹足類，カメ類などの化石が豊富に産出している（e.g. 田はほぼ直線的である．上向突起の高さは 36.8 mm で後方へ RUSSO, 1985）．ニジョウサバ属の前上顎骨の歯の断面は扁町層群からサワラ属の頭蓋骨，肩帯，肋骨，脊椎骨の一部サワラでは緩やかに湾入する．からカマスサワラ属の一員としたが，歯はカマスサワラよ Bleekeriani Bengalensibus, Japonicis, Capensibus,