East Coast Marine Shells; Descriptions of Shore Mollusks Together With

Home , Acar (bivalve), Akeridae, Amauropsis islandica, Aplysia gigantea, Astarte undata, Atrina serrata

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EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS / A

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"I have seen A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract Of Inland ground, applying to his ear The .convolutions of a smooth-lipp'd shell; To yi'hJ|3h in silence hush'd, his very soul ListehM' .Intensely and his countenance soon Brightened' with joy: for murmerings from within Were heai>^, — sonorous cadences, whereby. To his b^ief, the monitor express 'd Myster.4?>us union with its native sea."

Wordsworth

11 S 6^^ r EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Descriptions of shore mollusks together with many living

below tide mark, from Maine to Texas

inclusive, especially Florida

With more than one thousand drawings and photographs

By MAXWELL SMITH

PUNTZO IN D,S.A.

LUhoprinted by Edwards B'olheri. Inc.. LUhtiprinters and Publishert Ann Arbor, Michigan. iQfj INTRODUCTION

lilTno has not felt the urge to explore the quiet lagoon, the sandy beach, the coral reef, the Isolated sandbar, the wide muddy tidal flat, or the rock-bound coast? How many rich harvests of specimens do these yield the collector from time to time? This volume is intended to answer at least some of these questions. From the viewpoint of the biologist, artist, engineer, or craftsman, shellfish present lessons in development, construction, symmetry, harmony and color which are almost unique. To the novice an acquaint- ance with these creatures will reveal an entirely new world which, in addition to affording real pleasure, will supply much of practical value. Life is indeed limitless and among the lesser animals this is particularly true. A mighty pattern is being woven into which signifi- cantly fits the smallest organism, which under the microscope reveals for a moment its importance in the lengthy chain. Some of these units may disappear from the surface of the earth and be replaced by others. This constant weaving, building up a little here and tearing down some there, con- stitutes what some may designate as evolution. Adaptation does not neces- sarily express the conformity of a species to its environment. Local conditions influence the mode of life to a very marked extent. Sustenance, pigmentation, and amount of lime available for shell building are reflected in succeeding generations. Different conditions in various localities often result in abnormal size, stunted growth or peculiar color patterns. Allowance should be made for these influences where peculiar conditions pre- vail. Giants or dwarfs may readily be recognized. Each individual reader or student may actually assist in adding to the knowledge of American shells. With the span of human life comparatively short it is better for individuals to specialize, more or less, rather than attempt to cover a very broad field. Intensive and regular local observations will prove more productive than those carried on some distance away. The English realize this and their tiny island has not yet revealed all of its secrets. The broad American continent needs naturalists in every community to complete the census of animals and plants. Long stretches of coastline upon the Atlantic and Gulf have never been intelligently worked for shells. The collector will eventually wander into new fields and find the opportunities for recording data endless. This service consists, in one way, of making careful records of the habits of even the common species. A well-known authority estimates that eventually a hundred thousand mollusks will be known, against the sixty thousand odd species which have already been described. These figures are given not to discourage the beginner but to suggest the work in which he may assume a share. It will be noted that not all the species of a given genus appear together in the illustrations contained in this volume. With a shell in hand for comparison it will be best to run through all the plates, at first, until a figure approximating the specimen is found. Then reference to the text will permit comparison with the diagnoses of the group. The individual species may be studied in turn the last of all. With a little knowledge and practice it should soon be possible for the reader to as- sign the larger shells fairly close to their actual position in the text. vl EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Juvenile shells often exhibit the characters of their elders and, therefore, can be identified. At times, species are encountered which present in the young stages quite a different aspect from the adult. Then connecting series are necessary to show the correct relationship. A number of years have passed since the appearance of a work covering the shells of the American east coast. Many recent additions to the fauna have led the author to compile for his use check lists of local material secured in New England and the various southern states. With these lists as a nucleus it has been necessary to prepare descriptions of the various species and the families under which they are grouped. Some of the descriptions were obtained from the source, the original author's work often contained in some obscure journal or monograph. A considerable number of photographs of east coast shells have been taken personally by the writer for the present volume. Many of these subjects are in his pri- vate collection, others in museums in various parts of the country. The majority of the specimens illustrated were collected upon the mainland of the United States and verified by the finders. Most of the deep water forms are housed in the National Museum. No doubt errors occur, both in the identifications of the little-known species and in certain nomenclature. The aid of students is sought in the correction of mistakes. Only with the assistance of all may the truthful mirror of life be presented. The author is deeply grateful to many friends for helpful suggestions together with the loan and donation of specimens, especially to: Dr. Henry A. Pllsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Prof. William J. Clench of Harvard University; Joshua L. Baily, Jr., of San Diego, California; Dr. Paul Bartsch and Dr. H. A. Rehder of the National Museum, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Louise Perry of Sanibel, Florida; Dr. George A. Water- man of Palm Beach, Florida; Paul P. McGlnty and his sons Paul L, McGinty, and Thomas L. McGinty, of Boynton, Florida; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Lyman and Jack Lyman, of Lantana; and Albert Pflueger of Miami, Florida. The writer is particularly indebted to Thomas L. McGinty for many fine drawings which accompany the text, also the map of Florida which he so painstakingly prepared, and to Miss Elizabeth Pilsbry, daughter of the distinguished malacologist Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry for the illustration accompanying the Wordsworth quotation. Without the cooperatipn of these and many other earnest workers the records within these pages would be far less complete.

Lantana, Florida, November 15, 1936. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction v

Instructions for Collecting Mollusks 4

Univalves — Position for Study 11

Bivalves 15

Class Amphineura 22

Class Pelecypoda 25

Class Scaphopoda 71

Class Gastropoda 74

Class Cephalopoda 148

Plates 151

Glossary of Descriptive Terms and General Index 303

Index of Genera, Subgenera, and Sections 307

vii

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EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

The term CONCHOLOGY is derived from Originally bilaterally symmetrical a combination of two Greek words "A Shell organisms the influence of environment has Fish" and "Science of." It is usually ap- often resulted in radical readjustments of plied to the study of both animal and internal organs with consequent modifica- shell. Another word, MALACOLOGY has been tions in the shell. accepted by many societies and individuals PELECYPODA^ or BIVALVES. Entirely to supersede the earlier one and refers aquatic and predominately marine forms. The also to the study of the entire organism. term bivalve indicates a two-piece shell. The MOLLUSCAN PHYLUM comprises LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, which is also frequent- those animals with soft fleshy bodies cov- ly applied to this group, refers to the ered by a muscular sac, commonly called the lamellar or leaf-like character of their mantle, and which usually secretes a shell branchial gills. The tongue-like foot used composed of carbonate of lime which in for ploughing through mud or sand is char- turn affords protection to the vital organs acteristic, also the elastic ligament which of the body. binds the valves together, and the inter- POSITION OF THE MOLLUSCA. Dr. Rob- locking teeth or denticles at the hinge. ert W. Hegner in "College Zoology" places Examples: oyster, scallop, and clam. the Phyla of the Mollusca between the An- SCAPHOPODA"* or TDSK SHELLS. Animal nelida (a group to which belong the Jointed with long filaments appearing from lobes worms) and the Arthropoda (which includes about the neck and enveloped, with the head, the crabs, insects, etc.). The three share by the mantle. Shell tubular, not spiral. one character in common, they are, or orig- Example: Dentalium (Elephant's Tusk Shell). inally were, mostly bilaterally symmetrical AMPHINEURA.^ Sometimes placed un- organisms. der the Gastropoda. The Chitons or coat- DIVISIONS OF THE MOLLUSCA. There of-mail shells are externally bilaterally are five great classes indicated by the symmetrical. They usually are provided variations of the foot or locomotive organ with a shell of eight transverse calcare- and named: CEPHALOPODA, GASTROPODA, SCA- ous plates. PHOPODA, PELECYPODA. and AMPHINEURA. SUMMARY. A superficial examina- CEPHALOPODAI or CEPHALOPODS. Ani- tion reveals little in common to the pre- mal with foot lacking or rudimentary, pos- ceding classes. However, there are several sibly modified to arms of which there are structures shared by all, notably the foot. eight to ten; individual, unisexual; ani- With this organ the snail creeps, the clam mal free, crawling or swimming in the sea, and tusk shell dig, the squid seizes its propelled by water from the siphonal tube. prey. Also in each is a space known as the Examples: Octopus or Devil Fish, Nautilus, mantle cavity, between the main body and Loligo or Squid. the mantle or enclosing envelope. This GASTROPODA^ or GASTROPODAS. Dis- mantle is peculiar to the Mollusca, as is tinguished by the presence of a sole-like also the Radula which is used for the rasp- locomotive foot underneath. By its wave- ing of food and as a tool for boring into like expansions and contractions the animal other shells. progresses. The well-known term UNIVALVE DEVELOPMENT. In the development of refers to the one piece shell. Examples: the molluscan egg there is the TROCHOPHORE Helix (snail); Littorina (periwinkle); Buc- stage. Fig. 1, which in turn becomes a cinum (whelk) VELIGER LARVA (so named because of a band

1. Gr. kephale , head; pous , foot. 4, Gr. skaphe , a boot; pous , foot. 2. Gr. gaster, the belly; pous , foot. 5. Gr. amphi , on both sides; neuron, nerve.

5. Gr. pelekos , hatchet; pous foot. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

of cilia, the ve- bors. So too the beginner among shell col- lum in front of lectors may, by the observance of certain the mouth) Fig. 2. rules, contribute definite knowledge to the The velum is an subject. The beach searcher may at first organ of locomo- be attracted by flashing colors or spectac- tion and helps in ular forms but many humble creatures should the dispersal of also be carefully observed. Possibly some the specieS; as- of the latter have never been reported from sisting the larva the particular places to which the collec- to travel long tor has access. Here is an opportunity for distances. It may definite service, simply putting the spe- be that the Mol- cies on record. lusks. Annelids, The opportunity for travel to dis- and other organ- tant places is denied to many but that need isms, which em- not deter the student of shells for often ploy the trocho- they are to be found within a few miles phore stage, have from home. It may be upon the shores of Fig. 1 descended from a some muddy bay in Florida, a sandy stretch Trochophore stage in Pa- common ancestor. of beach on Long Island or upon the rock- tella, la Foot, lb Ve- bound coast of Maine. lum, Ic Flagellum, It must be admitted that, for vari- Id Postanal cilia, ous reasons, there are limitations put upon le Mouth individuals with respect to the amount of truth and beauty which they may have time to observe. Obviously it is better to train faculties upon objects close at hand rather than to strain vision In attempting to discern characters far away upon the horizon. Familiarity with humble beings living near-by will immeasurably enrich life. Long journeys afield are often too hurried to accomplish much in the way of collecting when the time factor must be reckoned with. It is often best to select one good locality and concentrate there. A single base from which short excursions can be made in various directions will be found more lucrative and satisfactory than a series of brief halts. To examine shells, even superficially, from the viewpoint of architect, engi- Fig. 2 neer, or artist is fascinating in itself. Vellger stage, 130 hours old, in Patella. When the breathing animal, be it active or 2a Velum, 2b Shell, 2c Operculum, 2d Rudi- sluggish, is also observed both wonder and mentary foot satisfaction are increased. The casual observer cannot but admire the dexterity of a minute organism as seen under a lens, or Where to Collect held in the hand after being removed from a bit of coral, rock, or sand. Almost every individual has the The present revival of interest in desire to explore the unknown and discover collecting shells has led to certain abuses for himself at least a few of the remain- which already have had a profound effect in ing hidden things upon the universe. In Florida. The beautiful Liguus, or tree this quest the greatest satisfaction comes snails, are already doomed to destruction. in sharing the knowledge gained with others. Forest fires have taken their toll in de- Thus the great scientists faithfully de- stroying the hammock lands where the snails scribe and record the results of their la- live. Many of the few survivors have been EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

ruthlessly collected. The time has passed glistening clams (Dosinia) . Together with when the taking of additional specimens can these, especially in the direction of Cap- make even the slightest contribution to tiva Island, are hosts of the various rock science. Buying specimens from Indians is shells (Murex) and quantities of little as bad as taking them from the trees. forms clinging upon the backs of Pinnas, Thoughtless souvenir hunters are complet- corals, and elsewhere. One could remain ing their destruction. here indefinitely, constantly adding new A real scientist should also real- species to his list and enjoying varied ex- ize that many of the marine shells are not periences. quickly produced and often only in small Upon the mud flats inside Sanibel numbers. Entire colonies should not be and Captiva Islands, on the bay side, live cleaned out. The excuse that "someone else many species which are totally different. will take them if I don't" is about as In some places a small black Cerithium oc- cheap and poor a subterfuge as there is. curs literally in millions. They are so These remarks apply to living shells, not close together that it is impossible to dead ones. step without treading upon them.- Here too, Sanibel Island is an excellent cen- quite abundant at times, is the gracefully ter for collecting marine shells In Flori- formed Melongena corona. It actually is da. It is situated off the lower west crowned with many spines which are better coast, in the Gulf of Mexico and near Fort seen after the mud is removed. At various Myrrs. Here, probably, is the richest spot depths, in mud or sand, is an assemblage of in the country for marine shells and is in- interesting shellfish, some of them borers deed a veritable happy hunting ground. and Including the marvelously beautiful Years ago, according to the late Dr. Simp- angel-wings (Barnea) for which Florida is son, it would have been possible to fill a justly famous. Tarpon Bay, with its muddy train of freight cars with shells from the bottom is a rich spot, especially for min- beaches of Sanibel. Today not so many in- ute forms which find protection in its dividual shells are obtainable but a suf- quiet waters. There occurs the tiny opal ficient number to attract and gladden visi- Marginella, truly a gem of the first water tors to the island. Even now the beach is but only one of the jewels which live their often strewn with countless Pinna shells. allotted span immersed in ooze. The bay In order to secure a goodly number shores also teem with life and are easily of the hundreds of species known to occur reached at low tide. at Sanibel it is necessary to learn some- The larger bay, in the direction of thing about their habits, particularly if the lighthouse, is also classic ground and they are to be taken alive. Dead specimens may readily be worked with a small dredge are preferable to none, especially if fresh, and operated from a fishing boat. Outside but only should be retained until living in the Gulf the many reefs and diversified ones are obtained. Where are these living bottom afford a rich territory for anyone forms? Many are in plain sight including with time and energy to explore. Almost some of the largest ones. The majority, every haul with the dredge brings up a host however, are hidden away in all sorts of of beauties, both large and small, obtain- places and must be sought for at the lowest able in comparatively shallow water. tides. There are other rich fields upon As the automobile in which the col- the west coast of Florida, Tampa Bay, Boca lector may ride rolls along the beach in- Ceiga Bay, the Sarasota area, Marco, Naples, numerable specimens are crushed beneath the to mention a few. Off Cape Romano the wheels. If time permits it is best to hike author dredged in about six feet of water down the beach to the lighthouse. There it with highly gratifying results. is easy to observe and obtain two little On the east coast of Florida, north shells which make tracks in the sand and of the Keys, some of the Sanibel species live in close proximity to each other, also occur but individuals are not nearly Terebra and Olivella. In the tidal pools so plentiful. From the Gulf Stream, how- are scallops (Pecten) of several species, ever, come many unusual shells which rarely the giant Fasciolaria, countless numbers of or never are seen on the west coast of the the paper fig shell (Ficus), left-handed state. The violet shell (Janthina) is a

Busycon, giant cockles (Cardium) , and good example. After winter storms it is EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

often washed ashore in large numbers. Many are not so different as at first might be rock loving shell fish, also quite differ- supposed. The rocky coast of Maine, how- ent, are present and extend well down on ever, affords shelter to many species which the Keys. could not possibly exist farther south. In- The alddle Keys of Florida, those dividuals are often very numerous in the midway between Miami and Key West, are es- colder waters but the number of species is pecially rich in shells. There in quiet much reduced. Many of the fine small deep- waters the numerous sponges serve as hosts er water shells may be obtained from the and afford protection to a multitude of stomachs of fish. small forms which cling beneath them. To wade about in the shallow water at low tide is a revelation. The number of forms and Instructions for Collecting Mollusks their beauty cannot but excite admiration. The task of turning over sponges becomes an In 1892 Dr. William H. Dall of the easy one when the speculative urge is add- United States National Museum prepared a ed. Keen delight is also found in operat- very valuable paper dealing exhaustively ing the water glass in shallow water. By with this subject. Unfortunately this pub- this means many handsome little shells may lication is unavailable to the average stu- be detected clinging to weeds and grasses. dent and the following data should prove of Lignumvltae Key was found a particularly value. good place for these observations. Where Mollusks live practically every- Angel Fish Greek Joins lower Biscayne Bay where. The loftiest mountains, the broad- live, upon weeds, the highly decorative As- est prairies, the most remote oceanic is- traeas, two sorts, one with long prominent lets and even deserts shelter and sustain spines. their lives. Intelligent and thorough The Key West area is commended on search will reveal them in limited or great account of its harboring many West Indian numbers. shells which do not penetrate much farther north. Saddle Bunch Key, upon the ocean rocks, is a favorable station. Sand Island Marine Mollusks close to the entrance of Key West harbor provides shelter for a number of limpets Many of our most eminent scientists and forms not seen upon the mainland. The assert that all life originated in the sea. Marquesas and especially the Tortugas are There is no question but that the oceans extremely rich in shells and well repay the existed continuously since the earliest de- visitor. Upon the latter the Carnegie In- velopment of life on the globe. Naturally stitute of Washington maintains a biologi- there persist in the great depths of the cal station where much valuable work is ac- sea conditions which have remained practi- complished by the scientists stationed there cally unchanged since the beginning of the at certain times of the year. world. There are to be found forms of in- The beginner is advised to study calculable antiquity. These organisms are carefully the stations where mollusks live. of course obtainable only through costly Repeated visits under varying tidal and dredging operations but the literature per- weather conditions are essential for suc- taining to these animals is available to cess. Marine organisms are constantly everyone who has access to a good library. shifting, as a rule, and only disabled ones are thrown upon the beach when certain fac- DEEP SEA DIVISIONS. There are sev- tors combine to force such an occurrence. eral divisional names applied to the vari- Some shells may line the beach one day and ous Molluscan regions of the sea. They re- not be seen again in years. A person favor- fer to differences of latitude and tempera- ably situated may watch carefully a chosen ture. spot and from time to time the inhabitants

of distant shores may come to him. Regular The Littoral Region . All are famit patrols of the shore line will richly re- iar with this. It may in a general way ex- ward the persistent seeker of specimens. tend from the shore to a depth of 100 fath- In New England, and the north gen- oms. Here abundant light and vegetation erally, conditions under which mollusks live usually exist except as the poles are EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

approached. Beyond the littoral region Almost every species has peculiar light does not penetrate. preferments with respect to its place of

The Archibenthal Region . Here the lodgment or attachment and it is almost use- various continents slope sharply to the less to seek certain species except in spe- bottom of the sea and, there being no light, cific places. Stones should be turned over; there Is no vegetation. Dpon the upper sponges, grasses, old dead shells, wooden portions of this region, however, condi- piles and other surfaces carefully examined; tions are peculiarly adapted to the develop- crevices peered into and all out-of-the-way ment of molluscan life. Ocean currents, spots thoroughly scrutinized. such as the Gulf Stream, bathe the animals Shells like limpets and Chitons in clean warm water and also bring abundant should be approached carefiilly and detached food to the organisms in their path. with a small case knife before they become

The Benthal or Abyssal Region . This alarmed. Otherwise it will be impossible refers to the cold dark depths of the sea. to dislodge them without injury to the The animals there originated elsewhere but shell. It would be well to carry a few have succeeded in adapting themselves to small wide-mouthed glass jars in which may the strange conditions. Thus many deep-sea be placed the medium-sized living forms. shells show affinity with those from shal- After studying the movements of these in low water. They are invariably colorless salt water they may be preserved by cover- and thin, due probably to the tranquility ing with denatured alcohol. With a little of the water and absence of disturbances. practice and experience the novice will The enormous pressure at these soon attain the necessary technique in ac- depths, which may amount to several tons to quiring and caring for field specimens. the square inch, necessitates the free per- Certain mollusks must be sought for meation of water to all tissues in order imbedded in the tissues of fish, starfish, that equalization may result. How organ- sea urchins, in the stomachs of fish, in isms can function under these circumstances sponges, and upon the shells of other mol- is the greatest mystery of abyssal life. lusks. Certain of the parasitic shells are The collections made aboard the singularly beautiful and not well known. U. S, Steamer Blake, over a period of years, on the southeastern coast of the United States show 28 per cent of the species ob- Fossil Mollusks tained from the abyssal fauna belong to three families, namely TURRIDAE, NUCULANI- Often the collector has an oppor- DAE, and DENTALIIDAE. tunity to obtain fossil shells, especially when washed out by heavy rains or when construction of dikes or roads necessitate the Littoral Zone Collecting removal or uncovering of the soil. In many parts of the south there are exposures of Shore collecting is more or less fossil beds in river banks or bluffs. familiar to all. Llttorina, Thais, Acmaea, The shells from the most recent de- and Chiton live upon rocks. Dpon sandy posits are usually identical with or close- beaches live many bivalves such as Donax, ly related to those living on adjacent Pecten, and Venus, while among the uni- coasts today. These and those of greater valves are Ollva, Olivella, and Busycon. In antiquity are extremely valuable for com- sheltered bays upon mud flats exposed by parison with the living species. The French, receding tides are countless Cerlthium and in their museums, place recent and fossil Nassa. Where rocks, sand, and mud meet the specimens side by side. greatest number of species congregate, es- The richest fossil beds in the pecially when there is an abundant food sup- United States are adjacent to and upon the ply. banks of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, Tides and winds should be carefully and belong to the Pliocene Period. These studied and advantage taken of extreme low shells are remarkable for their size, per- tides which greatly facilitate collecting fect preservation, and beauty. Recent con- expeditions. An offshore breeze, after a struction of dikes adjacent to Lake Okeecho- protracted blow, often will furnish ideal bee, particularly near Clewiston, has made conditions. available to students and collectors a very EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

rich field. Ihese have been burled for mil- proof and according to its designer never lions of years yet often show considerable falls to deliver a load from the bottom. color and lustre. Many of the species were It may be used in the forty-pound size at a the progenitors of those living in Florida depth of 500 feet or more. It consists of today. The opportunity for acquiring this a cone-shaped piece of rolled steel with material is without parallel and specimens rei:Tforced sides to which are attached the doubtless will be available upon the dikes ropes. There is no opening at the bottom. for several years to come. For additional Fitted in the top is a flange with 3/4" information pertaining to these shells the bolts. After bringing up a load the flange reader should refer to Dall's monumental is removed and the contents removed with a work on the Tertiary Mollusca of Florida trowel and sifted through trays which have which was published by the Wagner Free In- been fitted with screen wire of various stitute of Philadelphia and is still for sizes. An important adjunct to any dredge sale by that institution. is a strong swivel which should be placed where the ropes meet. This prevents the rope from spinning about while being brought The Dredge up and consequent loss of the dredge. The flange is essential to holding the material In Woodward's Manual of the Mollus- inside which otherwise would be affected by ca a practical small dredge is described swirling eddies during its transit to the and illustrated. It is built of wrought surface. With a calm sea it is not diffi- iron with movable Joints which permit fold- cult to empty the bucket dredge when swung ing and it may be carried in the hand. It from a davit and controlled from the dingy. consists of two long narrow parallel pieces In rough water the bucket operates equally each with a cutting edge. On the insldes well but must be emptied on the deck. The these are provided with eyeholes for the author's first bucket dredge weighed forty attachment of a net and fastened with cop- pounds and required two men to operate on per wire. At the ends are fastened two his boat the "Dusty." Upon a cruise to the pieces of rawhide and at their extremities Gulf of Mexico he also carried a twenty- a pair of rings. The towing rope in turn pound bucket which operated equally well in is attached to the rings. The ends and bot- comparatively shallow water. Still smaller tom of the rawhide are connected by the net sizes were experimented with and found too made of cod-line which permits the water to light in weight. The small light dredge escape. The opening between the blades Is first described is more suitable for ordi- kept narrow to prevent the entrance of nary use. large objects. There are various varia- In operating any type of dredge the tions of this dredge which give good re- length of towline required is usually dou- sults. ble the depth of the water. If too short nothing will be obtained; if too long it will be In danger of getting fast. On rocky or unknown bottoms a safety device is advised in order to prevent loss. A float consisting of a life preserver or small water-tight keg may be fastened by a light line to the dredge and towed in rear. In the event that the main rope breaks the dredge may readily be recovered. A very simple and inexpensive dredge consists of a piece of ordinary iron sewer pipe, roughly 3 feet long and about 9 inches In diameter. One end is fitted with a re- Fig. 3 movable wooden plug, the other end bored Bucket dredge with 2 to 3 widely-spaced holes for attach- ing the ropes. Several of these dredges The bucket type dredge was designed may be carried in a comparatively small and very successfully used by Dr. Hedley of space and if lost are easily replaced. the Australian Museum, Fig. 3. It is fool- The various types of diving helmets. Crew Bringing Aboard One of the Bucket Dredges on the Author's "Dusty" in the Gulf of Uexico

Near Mouth of New River, Ft. LauderdeuLe, Florida Close-Up of Sanibel, Florida Beach after a "Blow"

Llttorlna llttorea—Living in Great Numbers upon Rocks in Tidal Pools South of Boston, Uassachusetts EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS now growing in popularity, are chiefly use- light nights many of the wonderful pelagic ful in locating suitable places to dredge or surface creatures, such as Janthina and rather than for the actual collection of Cavolina, may be obtained in great niimbers, specimens. especially a few miles off shore and in the Gulf Stream. It may be advisable to keep the net out for several hours or even all Preserving the Catch day in the temperate regions where individuals are less plentiful. Specimens of intermediate size should be placed immediately in glass jars, labeled with the date, exact station, na- Cleaning Shells ture of bottom and other data. Records of the water temperature and depth are impor- After acquiring specimens the next tant. A liberal supply of denatured alco- step is to prepare them for the cabinet. hol in clean containers should be readily This may be tedious at times, especially available for covering the material in the after a long field day, but is not neces- jars. Immediate attention and storage will sarily a laborious process. prevent material from becoming mixed. In field work, especially in the The smallest siftings or "trash" is tropics, it is desirable to immediately extremely valuable in that it often con- preserve the catch in spirits. When travel- tains quantities of small or minute shells. ing by car or boat a series of jars and It should be handled with great care, bags will be found indispensable. Field placed in sacks and dried in the sun or notes will prove as valuable as the speci- close to the engine. Once thoroughly dry mens themselves and aid others in further this material yields a surprising variety searches. However, upon returning home a of beautiful forms. The fresh shells stand certain proportion of the specimens must be out with great clarity against the dead prepared for the cabinet. Soft parts in fragments alongside them. With the aid of the preserved shells may be removed in the "magnifying spectacles" this material may usual manner with a pin or wire. The liv- be sorted over at leisure and is almost ing ones should be boiled in sea or fresh certain to contain novelties for the col- water for a few minutes, the time depending lection. upon the size, removal of the soft parts Every shell enthusiast, with access being by the same method. Giant mollusks, to the sea, should have some type of dredge like Fasciolaria, may have to Doil for twen- constructed and operate from a rowboat or a ty minutes or more in a laundry boiler. chartered craft if not from his own. Even Large shells like Cassis may be placed upon a strong colander held in the hand is bet- the ground face up and partially covered ter than nothing. The expense and trouble with soil or sand. In Florida the Insects entailed, along these lines, will be richly will rapidly clean them out. The operculum rewarded. should be saved whenever present. Very small shells should simply be left to dry out, the operculum being in position. The Net Hermit crabs often inhabit dead shells which it may be desirable to retain. This is a simple contrivance which They may be drowned in a closed container is merely a conical bag of netting, prefer- of fresh water and removed with a piece of ably bobinette, fastened to a circular bent wire. The hermit crabs are not con- piece of strong brass or copper wire which structive and by their constant motion may has been coiled. Three additional pieces wear away a portion of the assumed abode. of small wire fastened to the circular When the shelter becomes too small the crab opening serves to hold three attached fish deserts it for one of larger size. lines; the latter unite and the towing lin° completes the outfit. It is most successfully used when only a small portion of the The Cabinet circular frame protrudes above thi^ water while being towed. It can only be used in The most practical type, for both very calm weather. At sunset or on moon- institutions and individuals, consists of a 8 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

case containing shallow drawers together Catalog with a front door to exclude light and dust. The outer case may be an ordinary packing Every collector should keep a rec- box or a handsome piece of mahogany. Square ord of his findings and additions. The drawers or those longer than wide are pref- double entry Is one of several systems used. erable. The depth of the individual draw- With this, acquisitions are first entered ers may be 2-3 inches, in any event of a as received, each bearing a number which is uniform depth which will make them inter- placed also upon the label and when possi- changeable. The height of the entire cabi- ble upon the specimens themselves. Separate net should be determined with regard to localities are indicated by letters which available space. The author's cabinets are added to the numbers. The second book range from 6 feet high to ceiling height. in this system is arranged systematically, Upon each side of the case are according to families and genera, with placed galvanized metal runs, bored for spaces left for future entries. The num- screws, at various distances apart to ac- bers are entered opposite the individual commodate different sized specimens. These species but of course are not consecutive. runs support the drawers, extending about A looseleaf book should be employed for the 2 inches horizontally both above and below second book. each drawer, the screw supports being attached to the vertical side. With this system it is a simple matter to rearrange Packing and Transport the runs at any time to suit the collection. Glass jars for shipment should be With both drawers and paper trays packed with excelsior. For very small or for the individual lots the expansion of medium specimens individual containers may the collection proceeds in an orderly man- be made readily with a small round stick, ner. The writer's drawers are painted a say half an inch in diameter. Around this soft green; the trays painted Aull black or may be pasted old letters or blank books. covered with black glazed paper. He uses When dry the covering may be removed and the 2X3 inch size which can be homemade the hollow tube cut into short lengths. A or else procured at a paper-box factory. bit of cotton in each end will prevent the The larger sizes are multiples of the small contents from dropping out. Data may be trays. Very small specimens are often written on the outside of each paper tube. mounted in circular or rectangular glass- topped boxes which are filled with black wool. Less expensive and also quite satis- Reference Books factory are the "shell tubes" of various dimensions which are obtainable from glass There is a large amount of litera- makers. Imported tubes, marked at the end ture pertaining to natural history. Many with the place of origin, should be avoid- of the molluscan species were described in ed. The black wool may be used effectively obscure journals of learned societies and in both the boxes and tubes, corks being ordinarily are inaccessible to the average usually unnecessary. student. The four best libraries, from the viewpoint of the malacologist, in this coun- Labels try are in The American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Academy of Natural These are a problem. The writer's Sciences in Philadelphia, the National Muse- are typewritten upon unruled library cards um or Library of Congress in Washington, and separated with a photographic trimming and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at board. Each label should indicate the Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. name, author, locality, collector, and cat- The study of mollusks, and kindred alog number. When enclosed in a tube the subjects, proceeds at such a rapid pace reverse side of the label may have been that no Manual or Monograph can possibly previously painted a dull black in order to present simultaneously adequate descrip- furnish a background for the specimens. tions of all the 60,000 or more shellfish EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 9 known. When such a work appears gradually the present author of the "Manual of Con- over a period of years the result Is that chology," begun by George W. Tryon and now upon completion the earlier portion becomes being published by the Academy. It is sold antiquated. There is no single work ex- by subscription and in the various volumes tant which describes all mollusks, or even every species, in the groups covered, is all from a given region. described and illustrated. The purchaser There are a number of elementary may select black and white or colored il- books available to the beginner, some of lustrations. them excellent. Edward Step's "Shell Life" The late Dr. William Healy Dall, of although covering British mollusks is the D. S. National Museum, was the greatest recommended for its lucid style and copious authority on American marine shel'' s and illustrations. Augusta Foote Arnold's "Sea from his pen appeared some of the most bril- Beach at Ebb Tide" published by the Cen- liant, scholarly, and valuable treatises tury Company in 1903 is about the only pop- pertaining to his favorite subjects. His ular book which includes east coast shells. check list of East Coast Mollusks, "A Pre- It was reprinted in 1935. liminary Catalog," Bulletin 37 of the U. S. Professor Josiah Keep's books, National Museum and published in 1889 sup- covering west coast shells, have been pop- plied a long-felt need. Although there are ular for many years in California. His last no descriptions the more than one thousand work "West American Shells" was recently figures and tables showing range in depth, revised by Joshua L. Baily, Jr., of San distribution and measurements add much to Diego, California and published by Stan- its usefulness. ford University under the title "West Coast Plates 60-74, in this work, have Shells." It is very accurate. been taken from Bulletin 37. Julia Roger's "Shell Book" has been Dr. Dall also reported upon the a popular one in the Nature Library pub- "Blake" expeditions into southeastern wa- lished by Doubleday Doran and Company. It ters and these findings are well covered in treats of shells from various parts of the the Bulletins of the Museum of Comparative world. Only a small number of American Zoology at Harvard, during the years 1886- species are included. 1889. The volume entitled "Mollusks" be- In 1934 the Boston Society of Natu- longing to the Cambridge (England) Natural ral History published Charles W. Johnson's History series will be found extremely val- "List of Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic uable and interesting, especially in con- Coast from Labrador to Texas." This excel- nection with the geographical distribution lent list has been a pattern for the ar- of land shells. Although out of print it rangement of the various families in the may easily be obtained through a dealer in present volxime. It is intended that the used books. The author. Rev. A. H. Cooke, two shall be used together, each one to sup- presents information obtained from many plement the other. sources together with excellent figures and The reader should subscribe to "The valuable regional maps. Nautilus," the only regular periodical, Pelseneer's Volume V of the Oxford published in this country, devoted to mol- Natural History is also commended. lusks. Its pages are replete with good ar- Woodward's "Manual of the Mollusca" ticles, scientific but frequently presented another British publication, easily ob- in popular form. The early volumes of this tained through similar channels, will be publication are among the writer's most found accurate, and comprehensive. One of cherished possessions. A complete digest, the later editions should be chosen, pref- to date of its issuance, has appeared and erably the reprint of the fourth edition another is in prospect. With these keys to (1880) which appeared in 1890. "The Nautilus" a veritable treasure-chest More difficult to obtain is the becomes available to shell enthusiasts. French work by Fischer and known as the In addition to the foregoing there Manual de Conchyliologie. This appeared in are several foreign periodicals. Of most 1887 and is an excellent work. The illus- interest might be mentioned the Proceedings trations are exceptionally fine. distributed to members of the Malacological Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, of the Phila- Society of London and also those of the delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, is Conchological Society of Great Britain. The 10 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS dues, for corresponding memtiers, are nomi- tion. Once used in connection with shell nal. work the camera will be found indispensable. The moniomental monographs of Reeve, Sowerby, Tryon, Pllsbry, and others, lav- ishly illustrated with hand-colored plates, Drawings of Shells may be consulted in the libraries, also many other works which have appeared in Those possessing artistic ability various languages. will find their own sketches of living mol- Some years ago and far from the lusks accurately done, particularly in out- western centers of learning, a Japanese of-the-way places, often real contributions founded in his country at Kyoto a museiim to science. The delicate and beautiful which was the first exclusively devoted to nudibranchs, or naked sea mollusks which shells. Y. Hirase, the founder, with great lack shells make splendid subjects. These personal sacrifices succeeded in turning up quickly shrink and deteriorate when pre- many new or little-known shells within the served in alcohol. Paintings of these borders of his Empire and adjacent terri- alive, the subjects immersed in sea water, tory. He published a small magazine, print- often later permit more complete descrip- ed in both English and Japanese, well il- tions than otherwise would be obtainable. lustrated and entirely devoted to his The camera lucida drawings are also worthy chosen subject. His later "Shell Illustra- of mention. tions" published separately reflect in their composition the rare taste and in- genuity of his countrymen. In a country The Microscope where all art is inspired by nature we find a deep appreciation of its various manifes- The most suitable type for examin- tations. Even among the most humble and ing small or minute shells, radulae and for the very young there is a keen realization dissection is the binocular. Using a small of the beautiful and an intelligently di- electric spotlight focused upon the subject rected urge toward its appreciation and ap- many hours can be spent comfortably. The plication to the practical everyday af- various interchangeable eyepieces and objec- fairs of life. tives permit a wide range of magnification and area covered. The chief objection to this instrument Is its cost, between one Shell Hunting With a Camera and two hundred dollars when new. These microscopes are manufactured in Buffalo, Of particular value to the active New York, and also are imported from Germany. naturalist is the miniature camera. Infield The well-known one-tube microscope, vrark it obviates the necessity of carrying if sufficiently low-powered, may be used bulky and cumbersome equipment into inac- for infrequent work but the resultant eye cessible places. strain will be found detrimental. The author uses an instrument of German manufacture and all of the photographs which accompany these pages were Shell Clubs and the National Society secured with it. The various accessory lenses permit copying portions of rare ref- Two flourishing local clubs, doing erence books, both text and plates, with serious work, are in Boston and Los Angeles, comparative ease and rapidity. Many libra- respectively. Others are needed in various ries issue permits to bona fide students sections of the United States. who desire to undertake this work. Clubs conducting Informal gather- The shell collector should obtain ings afford opportunities for discussion close-ups of life in tidal pools and upon and comparison of specimens. An occasional rocks. The telephoto lens may aid in cer- field meeting adds zest and a leader may tain undertakings. Motion pictures of ac- conduct members to the richest and most in- tive mollusks ere often very instructive teresting stations for shells. New re- and valuable. Mlcrophotographs are not cruits soon are enlisted in the cause. difficult to take and together with notes The American Malacological Union, open new worlds of pleasure and satisfac- founded in 1931, holds an annual meeting EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 11 somewhere In the United States. The pres- the last syllable of the genitive case of ent financial secretary, Mrs. Imogene C. the generic name and adding the termina- Robertson, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buf- tions "idae" or "inae"; for example, Volu- falo, New York will receive the nominal an- tidae indicates the family, and Muricinae nual dues of one dollar. All readers are the subfamily, of which the genera Voluta urged to Join, attend the meetings if pos- and Murex are typical. sible and aid in the work the Union is do- SYNONYMY. On account of the vast ing for all. It is backed by the most emi- quantity of literature pertaining to natu- nent specialists and shell workers in the ral history, in various languages, it is country. inevitable that species are described many times over, with resultant confusion. Fre- quent revisions, therefore, become necessa- Nomenclature ry. This state of affairs is one which almost immediately affects the novice but, The international adoption of the unfortunately, is unavoidable. The rules binomial (two name) system as applied to of priority are rigidly enforced, sometimes every distinct species corresponds exactly to the exclusion of long-established and to the use by mankind of the Christian and well-known names. surname, as for Instance the generic Neri- tina (equal to the family name of Smith) and reclivata (its counterpart John) . The UNIVALVES—POSITION FOR STUDY relative position of the two in usage, however, is reversed. Thus we have Neritina In order to study a univalve or reclivata Say; the proper name following, spiral shell correctly it should be held often abbreviated, representing the author with the apex (point or place of beginning) who first described the species. upward and with the opening toward the ob- In order to recognize the further server. In this position the aperture will variations of a given species the various usually be found upon the right side. Such forms which require names are described and shells are DEX- we have, for example, Neritina reclivata TRAL. See Fig. 4. sphaera Pilsbry, a geographical race which VlTien the exhibits discernible characteristics but of opening, with insufficient character to deserve separate apex upward, is specific identity. A long series of speci- on the left-hand mens from scattered localities would con- side the shell is nect the latter race with the typical form. described as Thus, striking colors and forms, within a SINISTRAL. See given species, are, for convenience, named Fig. 5. and placed upon record. This system is The length known as TRINOMIALISM. Certain schools of the tube, its have carried this method to excess, creat- convolution and ing entirely too many names, with resultant form, require confusion. certain terms of von Linne was not the originator of expression which the binomial system but the first to apply are embodied in it to the entire animal and vegetable king- the individual dom and, in consequence, nomenclature takes descriptions of its origin in the tenth edition of "Systema the various spe- Naturae" in which work he first applied cies. When these generally the binary system of naming to terms can be de- all specimens. That was in 1768. fined in a few Names of genera and species are words they will words from the classical languages, Greek be found in the and Latin, (or Latinized forms of words in glossary, other- other languages) ; names of families and wise in the fol- subfamilies are formed from those of their Fig_ 4 lowing explana- principal or typical genera, by omitting Dextral univalve, Fasciolaria tions. t\ilipa .

12 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

another, diffract the light and cause the iridescent effect; the thinner or more transparent plates affording a be£.utiful lustre. The texture of shells varies considerably, some presenting a dull lustre like marble; these are called PORCELLANOUS I Others are pearly, fibrous, horny, or glass- like. The NACREOUS shells, or pearly ones, when polished supply the "mother-of-pearl." This is the most perishable type and consequently among fossils only fragments usually remain. Among the FIBRODS shells are layers of prismatic cells. When very thick they break up vertically into pieces. The oyster with its LAMINATED structure separates into horizontal plates or pieces.

The Epidermis , or periostracum is an outer skin which frequently covers the surface of the shell and acts as a protection against external destructive agents Fig. 5 such as acids in the water. It is extreme- Sinistral imivalve, Busycon peirversum ly variable in form. Often it is very thin, thus revealing the color

The Shell . In classification the pattern beneath, or it shell, which actually is an organ of the may be thick and opaque. molluscan body, plays a very important part. Certain species possess Shells are EXTERNAL when contain- a silky covering while ing all or a portion of the animal, INTER- others are hairy or with NAL when enclosed by the mantle. the appearance of coarse The calcareous portion of the shell cloth. Trichotropis always has an organic base, first secreted borealis, shown in Fig. by the animal and then impregnated with Fig. 6 6, has a yellowish epi- carbonate of lime which is obtained in the Bristly epidermis dermis which rises like food supply. It is well known that vege- a bristly fringe along tables derive their elements from the min- the keels of the shell. A bearded aspect eral kingdom (air, water, and earth) while is assumed by other species. In Cypraea the animals obtain their elements from the the epidermis, when present, is covered by vegetables. When there is a deficiency of an additional layer of shell. lime the shells are thin and delicate, The epidermis soon fades and drops while on the other hand an abundance pro- off the shell after the death of the ani- duces massive or abnormally thickened spec- mal. imens.

The organic base is called CONCHYO- Whorls of Univalves . A whorl is LIN and maintains the utility of the shell one complete revolution of the shell around during the life of the owner. After death the axis, the last one which completes the of the occupant the shell soon becomes shell being the BODY WHORL. The number of brittle and unattractive in appearance. whorls vary greatly in different species. When fresh the specific gravity of the con- chyolin exceeds that of Carrara marble. Sculpture . This is a very impor- The disposition of the shelly mat- tant character. A shell is STRIATE when ter in thin layers, which extend over one parallel lines are fine and close together. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 13

It is SPIRALLY STRIATE when the stronger the different charac- lines revolve with ter of its surface. In the whorls and many species it is AXIALLY STRIATE glassy. The distinc- when they cross tive sculpture has al- the whorls aore or ready been referred to. less parallel with An example of a bulbous the lines of nucleus in Voluta growth. A CANCEL- mamilla, from Austra-

• LATED surface is lia, is shown in Fig. shown in Fig. 7. 10. See also descrip- Often when all Fig. 10 tions of Volutidae, other characters Bulbous nucleus p. 127. fail the sculpture

Fig. 7 of the nucleus The Apex . The tip or beginning of Csmcellated surface will determine the the shell which is the top of the univalve position of a illustrations shown in this volume. Fig. given species. 11a. Only the French figure shells with the apex pointed downward.

The Omb'ilicus . At the base of the shell, corresponding to the navel, there is 11a. apex often present a cavity known as the umbilicus. It may be WIDE as in Fig. 8,

CRENULATED as in Architec- •y llh. spire tonica, NARROW as in Lit- torina, or DEEP as in Na- lib. suture — tica. - Occasionally the lip. periphery- lie varlx — Fig. 8 previous whorls are visi- _ llj . posterior .\n umbilicus, ble; the shell is then canal (if present) in center called UMBILICATE. If the lid. umbilicus Ilk. outer lip opening is small it is PERFORATE, when a mere fissure RIMATE but llf. columella-" when columella is solid and no opening ap- ^ 11m. mouth or llg. anterior canal parent it is IMPERFORATE. apterture

The Columella . This central pillar is that portion around which the spiral Fig. 11 shell revolves; plaits or Illustrating the technical terms applied to the folds are shown in Fig. 9. various parts of a univalve shell The walls adjacent to the columella are sometimes The Spire. This embraces the en- broken down by absorption of tire univalve shell with the exception of internal partitions thus af- the final whorl. Fig, llh. It may be DIS- fording more space in a sin- COIDAL, resembling a disk, as in Skenea, gle cavity. When the colu- elongated as in Terebra, or one of almost mella is TRUNCATE or notched endless intermediate stages. at its base, it usually in-

Fig. 9 dicates carnivorous propen- Base of Shell . The opposite ex- Plaits on sities. tremity to apex; also called anterior end columella of univalves or most recently built portion.

The Nucleus is that portion of the Periphery is that portion of each shell which emerged from the egg or ovum. whorl which is most outwardly developed and It may consist of one or several whorls and usually midway between suture and base. usually can be recognized on account of Fig. lip. It may be more or less rounded .

14 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

or keeled. When very the final or most recent lip. Several are sharp the edge is known known as VARICES. Examples: Epitonium and as the CARINA, Fig. IS Gyrineum. In certain cases the varix may in the accompanying fig- assume the form of a hump. ure of Calliostoma har-

risi, a fossil species Position When Active . The Gastro- from the southern states. pod mollusk when crawling, foot downward, Fig. 12 Several of the usually carries the shell in such a manner Calliostoma, Astraeas are strongly that the apex points backward. The opercu- showing carina carinated species. lum, when present, is pushed to one side.

Suture is that portion where the Canals . When present in the shell whorls Join; see Fig. lib. It is largely these may be observed adjacent to the aper- influenced by the convex or planate charac- ture. Holding a shell with the spire up- ters of the whorls. It may be CANALICULATE ward the POSTERIOR CANAL is the upper one. or CHANNELLED when a broad and deep chan- Fig. 11 j; the ANTERIOR CANAL the lower. nel follows close to the junction of the Fig. 11m. When the animal is moving for- whorls. This is well ward the former is in the rear, the latter illustrated in Busycon in front and closest to the head of the canaliculatum, Fig. 13. mollusk. It is CRENDLATED when

the suture is inter- The Operculum . The door which rupted by Indentations closes the aperture of many spiral shells which break the con- is attached to the animal. When a mollusk tinuity. An example possesses this appendage it is OPERCULATE. Fig. 13 of this is Pyramidel- When absent it is INOPERCULATE. The ma- Channelled suture in la crenulata, from terial used in its construction is usually Busycon canaliculata Florida. horny but in some species it is shelly or calcareous The Aperture is the last portion The operculum is formed in the em- formed and through which the animal emerges. bryo, within the egg, as is the first or It may be ROUND, NARROW, or another shape. several whorls of the shell. The point Fig. 11m. Sometimes it is greatly con- from which growth starts in the operculum tracted with folds or teeth which it would is called the NUCLEUS. While many of these seem almost impossible for the animal to doors fit with accuracy others only partial- pass without injury (see Pedipes mirabilis, ly block the entrance. Conus, having de- PI. 55, Fig. 8). The OUTER LIP is shown veloped a poisonous bite, is less dependent in Fig. Ilk, the round peristome in PI. 3S, upon an operculum for protection against Fig. 3. intruders and in consequence the door has, In describing the component parts in certain species, degenerated greatly in of the aperture the length of the same is size. considered parallel with the length of the The various forms of the operculum shell, the width transversely to this. The may be expressed in these terms: various terms used in connection with the aperture will be found explained in the CONCENTRIC—When it increases equally all glossary. around the nucleus. Fig. 16. ARTICULATED—When projections correspond to Varices . In certain families there teeth in the shell, as in is a tendency for the animal to indicate Nerita, Fig. 14. rest periods in shell building by periodic CLAW-SHAPED or UNGUICULATE—As in Strombus, thickenings of the lip. At each of these Fig. 18. stages the shell in consequence assumes a PAUCISPIRAL—Few whorled as in Littorina. mature aspect. When full growth is at- EXCENTRIC—When nucleus is at edge and de- tained these early thickenings of the lip velopment one-sided; Fig. 17. are often still apparent. There may be one SPIRAL —When growth is only on one side and or more of these. One is known as a VARIX, revolutions are made with growth, Fig. lie, but this term is never applied to Fig. 15. j

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 15

Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Fig. 17 Fig. 18

Forms of the operculum

MULTISPIRAL--When there are numerous whorls, long periods out of water, and rank next to often as many as twenty. the Gastropoda in variety of forms. The In dextral, or right-handed spiral bivalves individually, however, are much shells, the operculum when spiral itself is more plentiful. sinistral or left-handed. In left-handed Normally the Pelecypod shell con- shells the spiral operculum is naturally sists of two valves, distinct and separate, the reverse. There are a few exceptions to usually covering the right and left sides this rule in the Pilidae and Spiratellldae. of the animal. The number of turns in the operculum Is not affected by the revolutions of Margins of Shell . The hinge line, the shell but rather by the form of the along which the valves are united by the aperture with which it must keep pace. ligament and interlocking teeth, is placed The operculum is of considerable upon the dorsal region of the animal and interest and always should be preserved forms the upper or DORSAL MARGIN of the with specimens. Not too much importance, shell. Fig, 19a. The opposite side is the however, should be accorded it as an aid to VENTRAL or LOWER MARGIN, Fig. 19b, and is classification. In Naticidae and Pilidae often thin and sharp. The POSTERIOR or both horny and shelly operculums occur SIPHONAL END, Fig. 19d, refers to the end within the respective families. upon which the ligament is situated, at the opposite extremity is the ANTERIOR MARGIN or ANTERIOR END; Fig. 19e. BIVALVES

Right and Left Valves . The valves The PELECYPODA are entirely aquatic are right or left depending upon the side mollusks, although sometimes remaining for of the animal. To Identify these the shell should be placed in position as when crawling, the ligament upward and toward the observer, the anterior or opposite end pointing forwards. The right or left valves then agree with the student's right or left hands. On PI. 54, Fig. 8, representing a large clam, the ligament is shown distinctly. In this illustration the right- hand point is the anterior end, the lower valve the right valve.

Fig. 19 Parts of bivalve shell, 19a Dorsal margin, 19b Ventral margin, 19c Ligament, 19d Pos- terior end, 19e Anterior end, 19f umbo, 19g Position of lunule, 19h Cardinal teeth, 19 Anterior lateral tooth, 19k Posterior lateral tooth, 19/ anterior adductor, 19m Posteri- or adductor, 19n Pallial line, 19o Pallial sinus .

16 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Relatlye Size of Valves often heart-shaped, indented space in front of, or anterior Bivalves generally are EQUIVALVE, to, the umbones. Fig. 21. In the righ'. and left valves corresponding in separated valves this space is form and size. INEQUIVALVE forms are occa- called the ANTERIOR SINUS but sionally met' with, for example PI. 60, Fig. it is present in both valves. 5a. Many species do not possess The majority are INEQUILATERAL, the lunule. more or less unequal sided, with the umbo toward one end and the anterior side usual- Fig. 21 The Hinge and Its

ly the shortest. Fig. 19. When the umbo is Lunule, heart- Parts . The active bivalves situated near the center of a symmetrical- shaped area usually have the strongest ly formed shell, with corresponding area of hinges; the sluggish forms, or anterior and posterior side, the shell is those which are fixed during life, the weak- called EQUILATERAL, PI. 54, Fig. 3. ly formed or toothless ones. ALATE The hinge itself is on the margin or "winged" and composed of chitinous ligament and shells are teeth (denticles) which closely interlock. formed by ex- There is great variation among the tension of the HINGE TEETH. Juveniles show well-defined dorsal borders characters and are better for study. Old as in Pecten, individuals often partially cover the teeth PI. 8, Fig. 3, with shell deposit and they are consequent- Fig. 20 In some cases ly ill defined. The CARITNAL TEETH are Alate or winged shell, Area wag- these "wings" placed immediately below or between the um- nerlana, Florida Pliocene or "ears" are bones. Fig. 19h. On each side of the cen- much longer or tral teeth, or cardinals, are the LATERAL larger, Fig. 20. TEETH which often are well apart from the The term CLOSE is applied when the others. The ANTERIOR-LATERAL, Fig. 19 J, is shells fit accurately together at the mar- the one in front of the shell, while the gins and appear to seal the shell. When POSTERIOR-LATERAL, Fig. 19k is the one in open spaces are present, the fit not ac- the rear. While the cardinals are some- curate or complete, the shell is GAPING. times very small, or absent altogether, it is more frequent to find the lateral teeth

The Umbones . One of the pair is not present. In Area the usual teeth are called the UMBO, Fig. l^f. This term is lacking and are replaced with a large num- used to designate the prominent part or ber of regularly arranged small teeth. The "apex" of each valve. It is formed around latter are usually feeble toward the umbo. the embryonic shell. As growth progresses The hinge of Cardium is shown in Fig. 22. the umbones naturally become wider apart. All sorts of com- They frequently possess totally different binations and develop- sculpture than the subsequent growth and ments occur among the offer important and dependable characters hinge teeth. Upon these in the arrangement of species in natural depend, to a large ex- groups. tent, the identifications The umbones usually point forward of many species. but there are a few exceptions in which they point backward (Donax and Semele among The Muscular Im - others) Fig. 22 pressions . These indenta- Hinge of Cardium, tions inside bivalves

The Rostrum or Beak . This is the exhibiting arched often indicate the condi- produced posterior end of bivalve shells, teeth tion and position of the often accentuated by bluntly angular ridges locomotive and respiratory functions of the which follow to the umbones, PI. 60, Fig. organism. The two most prominent are known 6b. as the ADDUCTOR MUSCLES. The ANTERIOR AD- DUCTOR is shown in Fig. 19jf, the POSTERIOR

The Lunule . The lunule is an oval. ADDUCTOR in Fig 19m. The line connecting EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 17

these two is the PALLIAL LINE, Fig. 19n, ment of a sexual arm in the male Argonauta while the notch in the same line is called is significant. the PALLIAL SINUS, Fig. 19o. In some of the simpler types the spermatozoa are simply discharged into the respiratory The Ligament . This is an -«ftealci- sea and are inhaled with the fied part of the shell, often attached to currents by the opposite sex. ridges along the dorsal margin, posterior The oyster is said to lay about to the umbones and uniting the valves, Fig. 10,000,000 eggs. Certain other mollusks 19c. It is dark brown and very prominent deposit very few eggs, especially among the in Tellina alternata. It is plainly shown land and fresh- water forms. Some species in Macrocallista, PI. 54, Fig. 8. When the normally hatch eggs within the body of the ligament is inside the shell it is called parent. Others deposit the eggs upon the ttiE-l?EB ilium] The black resilium of Spi su- shells of their own kind. "la, a c'6mmon~clam, is a good illustration. The de- When fresh and wet the ligament is flexible velopment of but when dry must be broken to open the the trochophore valves. A little glycerine applied to cab- stage has al- inet specimens will facilitate examination. ready been ex- The FOSSETTE is a receptacle for the liga- plained (page ment. 1). The eggs

Sculpture . The external sculpture themselves are of bivalves is often smooth but it may be individual otherwise. Growth lines indicate succes- units, often ar- sive stages in the development of the shell, ranged in clus- CONCENTRIC RIBS run parallel with the mar- ters within a gin of the shell. They are prominent in Fig. 23 protective case Anatina canaliculata, PI. 26, Fig. 3, CON- Egg cases of Busycon per- shaped like a CENTRIC LINES are much finer and closer to- versum long narrow gether. FOLIACEOUS refers to a surface re- tape or ribbon. sembling overlapping leaves of a plant. An example of this may be seen in Busycon RADIATING RIBS are those which emenate from perversus (Fig. 23). The globular-shaped the umbones and cross the concentric sculp- eggs, arranged in clusters, of the apple ture. snail, Pomacea paludosa, are frequently The INTERNAL SURFACE is usually seen in May upon grasses just above the wa- white, polished, frequently iridescent and termark of Florida canals and lakes. Fig. also sometimes beautifully tinted. In some 50a, page 128. cases there are ribs present which strength-

en the shell and are not visible outside. The Radula . After passing through the Jaw the food of the gastropod mollusk radula. The Byssus , when present, is used comes in contact with the adjacent for attachment to some solid object. It may The latter is coiled like a watch spring, be of coarse texture or silky as in Pinna near the jaw, and is used to scratch, tear, carnea which is shown on PI. 5, Fig. 1. Al- or bore rather than to bite. Only a small ways there is an opening in one of the portion is used at a time and food passing valves for its passage, as may be seen in over it is carded small. It is also util- Pecten. ized as a tool for boring into other shells in order to extract their contents. Evi- dences of this work are frequently found Methods of Reproduction in empty shells which have been neatly drilled, see Fig. 22, page 16. Among mollusks no cases of asexual The radula is often like a flat reproduction have been recorded. Usually ribbon of varying length and breadth, often the sexes are separate although one large colored yellow or red in front. Upon the subclass of the Gastropoda are hermaphro- upper surface are teeth of various sizes, ditic. In the most highly organized mol- number and arrangement, usually in symmetri- lusca the sexes are distinct. The develop- cal rows. In the center of the ribbon the 18 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

teeth are usually normal, those in front chromate which may be allowed to act for often much worn by use, while at the oppo- from five to fifteen minutes. An indefi- site end are In an undeveloped state. nite period of immersion does no injury. The radula is very narrow in Lit- Land and fresh-water species cannot be torina and several times the length of the treated in the same manner and for these a entire animal. It is entirely absent in 5-per cent solution of chromic acid works certain families including the Corallio- well. The radula is placed on a slide, philidae whose members live upon coral and covered with four or five drops of the acid, are nourished by their exudations. In par- and heated until the acid precipitates at asitical mollusks, as for example those the edge of the drop. If overheated the living upon sea urchins, the radula has de- teeth may become separated from the lingual generated on account of disuse. Another ribbon. A thorough washing is necessary genus, Melanella, with similar habits lacks after either process. The ribbons may then both radula and Jaw. be mounted in balsam which is the most sat- Some of the peculiarities worthy of isfactory medium. Glycerine Jelly makes a mention explain certain irregularities. For suitable temporary mounting material but example, young examples are not always like the staining process should be used first. their parents. In some adults the radula The MEDIAN or RACHIDIAN tooth of is absent but present in Juvenile speci- the radula is the central one. mens of the same species (Harpa, a Pacific The LATERAL or ADMEDIAN teeth lie shell, for example) . In Voluta the later- between the other two sets and are less al teeth often are lost in the adult form numerous but usually larger and more varia- but the young exhibit normal ribbons. ble. When one of these is more prominent Like the longitudinal rows of col- it is called the MAJOR LATERAL, and others or in a length of ribbon, with a central are the MINOR LATERALS. stripe, every band of color is duplicated The MARGINAL TEETH or UNCINI, near in the same relative position on the oppo- the margin, differ sufficiently in charac- site side. ter to separate them from the others. They The radula may readily be removed are small, simple, and very much alike. from large mollusks by cutting near the The radula is bilaterally symmetri- mouth but with small or minute species a cal. Any series of the teeth may be ab- special process is necessary. The entire sent, the median often being absent in cer- animal, fresh or dried, is placed in a test tain species. The cusps, when they are tube containing nearly a tablespoon of present, are very brittle and break readi- caustic potash which has first been allowed ly under the pressure of a cover glass. Ab- to liquefy in the air. It should boil normal or deformed radulae occur and from gently over a flame but the contents not these the student should not draw incor- allowed to boil over. The material should rect conclusions. It is advisable to pre- not be permitted to lodge upon the side of pare several specimens simultaneously and the tube. When the solids are fully dis- at least one perfect example will likely solved the contents are poured out quickly result. upon a watch glass which may be stirred The DENTAL FORMULA is used to ex- with a rotary motion revealing the radula press the number and situation of the teeth. In the center. A piece of white paper un- For example: der the glass will make the search easier. The curved and elongated radula, unless mi- 8 3:1:3:8 croscopic, may be removed with a needle point. Plai,ed in a drop of water it is indicates one median tooth in the center; ready for examination under a cover glass. three lateral teeth adjoining; eight uncin- A low objective in the microscope or a good al teeth upon the outside. magnifying glass will suffice. When any of the series is absent a On account of their transparency cipher is employed to indicate this. Thus: many of the radulae, especially among the small species, require staining which will not injure the delicate teeth. Shields Warren recommends for the marine forms a shows that the median tooth is absent, that saturate aqueous solution of potassium bi- there are three lateral and three uncinal EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 19

teeth upon each side. The radula being bilaterally symmetrical the last formula may be abbreviated to read:

Further study may reveal that the Fig. 25 cusps are denticulated or toothed, and Radula of Murex where there are no lateral or uncinal teeth and the median is reduced to a tricuspid Cerithidae, Littorinidae (Fig. 26), and series the condition is expressed: Naticidae. The central tooth is very variable, usually

: - : multicuspid, 3 the central Drawings of the radulae are very cusp being dom- useful for reference. inant; a single The radula affords aid in the dis- lateral, more tinction of genera and species. As a ba- or less cusped; sis for classification it has been used in two uncini, dealing with the Gastropoda, particularly Fig. 26 singly hooked the order PROSOBRANCHIATA. The latter, Radula of Littorina or a little when using this system, is divided into the cusped. The MONOTOCARDIA and DITOCARDIA. Dealing first normal formula of the Taenloglossa is with the Monotocardia there are the fol- 2.1.1.1.2. lowing divisions: (d) PTENOGLOSSA. This group in- (a) TOXOGLOSSA. Three families, cludes the Janthinidae and Epitoniidae. The all represented on the east coast, Tere- radula possesses an indefinite number of bridae, Conidae, and Cancellariidae belong hooked teeth, the outside being the larg- to this group. The radula consists merely est. In Janthina the central tooth is ab- of large marginal teeth on each side, no sent, the ribbon being of two large divi- central tooth and no laterals. In Conus sions with a gap between them down the cen- the teeth attain great size and are provid- ter. ed with a poison gland. (e) GYUNOGLOSSA. Both jaw and radu- (b) RACHIGLOSSA. It includes among la being absent it is difficult to identify others the Olividae, Marginellidae, Volutidae the two families, Melanellidae and Pyra- (Fig. 24), Mitridae, Pyrenidae, Muricidae, midellidae, which are placed here. (Fig. 21) Coralliophilidae. Under the Diotocardia, already re- Most or all of these have ferred to, there are three groups: been or are carnivorous. The radula consists of a (f) RHIPIDOGLOSSA. About seventeen central tooth with one to families are included, among them the fourteen cusps, a single Neritidae, Turbini- lateral with more or less dae, Trochidae, and cusps, the outer being the Fissurellidae (Fig.

largest. Teeth mostly 27) . The radula is sharp, hooked and with a remarkable in the de- broad cutting edge. In velopment of the Fasciolarla they are Fig. 27 uncini or outer teeth. toothed like a comb. Radula of Fissurella They are long, hooked, often cusped, ar- (c) TAENIOGLOSSA. ranged like a fan's ribs, curving backward Fig. 24 Here are grouped about as they diminish in size. In only a few Radula of Voluta forty-six families includ- cases are they countable. The average num- ing the Cassididae, ber of lateral teeth is five. In the Cypraeidae, Strombidae, Neritidae the lateral is especially large 20 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS and known as the CAPITULIFORM TOOTH, often 1.1.1.1.1. Among the Cephalopods the radu- shaped like the blade bone of a shoulder of la is of a singular uniformity. It is al- mutton. The central tooth is present and ways small, with a central tooth, a few often small. marginal and very few lateral teeth.

(g) DOCOGLOSSA. Compared with the Rhipidoglossa the members of this group Localities possess a radula with a few strong teeth. Only three fam- In the descriptions of the various ilies, Acmaeidae, species the range indicated is in each case Patellidae (Fig. inclusive; thus Maine to Florida indicates 28) and Lepetidae that an individual species has been record- are placed here. ed from both Maine and Florida, besides in- The number of termediate points. (See Map of Florida, teeth in a row page 301.) range from two to A solitary beach specimen, without twelve. The rib- the living animal, might easily be carried bon is often very by the sea a long distance. The presence long, the teeth of several beach specimens together usual- heavy, deep-horn ly indicates that the species is living color, and some- somewhere nearby. what opaque. The The temperature of the sea water arrangement is largely affects mollusks. The species liv- somewhat compli- ing in shallow water of Maine or Canada, at cated with a mul- a given temperature may occur in the south tiplication of in much deeper water where the temperature identical cen- is similar. trals. In some It will be noted that the figures cases there is no include a number of shells from distant lo- Fig. 28 true central calities. These species also occur upon Radula of Patella tooth. Lateral the coasts of the United States. It has Patella vulgata L., showing and marginal been Impossible to illustrate local materi- the normal position of the teeth may be lost, al in every case but usually the figures radula, irtiich is doubled when present they will make identifications possible. back in a bow; the shell has are few in num- been removed, and the iriiole ber. visceral mass is turned for- Outside Dimensions of Specimens ward, exposing the dorsal of the Gastropoda, surface of the muscular foot; which have just The size of individuals is an im- gr, longitudinal groove on been discussed, portant matter in making comparisons of the this surface; i, i, intes- the radula occurs various species. Many are very constant in tine; 1, liver; m, m, mantle in the Amphineura the over-all length of the shell and the edge; mu, muscles (cut or coat-of-mail dimensions often furnish a clue in making through) fastening the vis- shells. In these an identification. However, the size is ceral mass to the upper it is unique, be- often influenced by the temperature of the sides of the foot; ov, ovaiy; ing composed of water and the food supply. These matters r, radula; u.f, upper or dor- thick and deeply should be taken into consideration and due sal surface of the foot. colored teeth, allowance made. For example West Indian greater in number specimens often are larger and more bril- than in the Docoglossa. In the Scaphopoda, liantly colored than the same forms living or tusk shells, the radula is large and pe- well up the continental coast. culiar. It occurs in Dentaliiim with a The figures on the plates are drawn broad plate representing the central tooth. or photographed to different scales. In the The one lateral tooth is robust, arched, explanations of the plates, and in the text, and a little cusped; the marginal a large the figures refer to the greatest dimension, quadrangular plate, quite simple. The length or width of the shell, not the ani- formula for the Scaphopoda would be mal. One millimeter is about one twenty-fifth. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 21 or four one-hundre dths of an inch. In the shell. The presence of a line indicates plates of drawings 60-73, derived from that the illustration is enlarged. The ab- Ball's Bulletin 37 of the U. S. National sence of a line indicates that the figure Museum, the figure s are life size, other- is approximately natural size or else re- wise the magnlfica tion or re duction is duced. shown on the plate itself. The term "Fig." together with a The length or width o f specimens, niameral and no plate number indicates a appearing on Plate s 1 to 59 1 s indicated in reference to a figure in the text and not many cases by a li ne, corresp onding in upon a plate. length to the over -all dimens ion of the CLASS AMPHINEURA

The Amphineura are one of the five ORDER POLYPLACOPHORA primary divisions of the Mollusca and in many respects the most primitive of all. Family Lepidopleuridae The Chiton consists of eight plates boxind together by a leathery girdle GENUS LEPIDOCHITON Gray 1821 of connecting tissue. Fig. 29 shows the (PRETTY CHITONS) details of the plates. They are bilaterally symmetrical; LEPIDOCHITON ALBA Linne. White Chiton. the anus is posterior and median; the head Shell small, under a microscope the sur- without tentacles or eyes. Upon the out- face beautifully graniilated, covered with side or dorsal surface, of certain species, bluish-black color which easily rubs off; are minute black eyes in great numbers valves slightly keeled, a feeble ridge of- which appear to refract light. ten dividing each side into two triangles; They may about twelve marginal teeth upon anterior be sought for on valve; margin yellowish, membranous and all except sandy with beaded granules as a covering. Length coasts. Some are V6 mm. Range in depth 1-337 fathoms. found upon rocks PI. 56, Fig. 6 at or near high Greenland to Massachusetts Bay tide, others between tides and LEPIDOCHITON MARMOREA Fabricius. Marbled at varying depths Chiton. Shell brownish or yellowish red clinging to shells, variegated with angular whitish lines, also stones or solid whitish points along the posterior edge of objects. A blunt valves, minute granules upon surface, mar- knife is useful gin pubescent (hairy). Length 35 mm. in detaching them PI. 56, Fig. 7 from rocks. They Greenland to Massachusetts; Cir- should be tied cumboreal to a flat stick, after capture, to LEPIDOCHITON RUBER Lowe. Red Chiton. prevent curling Shell small, oval, keeled, elevated lines Fig. 29 and bound with of growth visible upon valves; light brick- Plates of Chiton soft twine. This red or flesh color with streaks of crimson First, fourth, and eighth will support them upon one or more valves, often incrusted valves of a Chiton, showing until the tissues with a black foreign substance; margin with 1.1, laminae of Insertion; are relaxed when red and white dust arranged in alternate n, n, notches; s.l, a.l, they may be placed stripes; interior bright red. Length 20mm. sutural lajnlnae. X2 in alcohol. As Found mostly adhering to stones, an alternative 1-80 fathoms. they may be boiled and the soft parts re- PI. 56, Fig. 8 moved but in the tropics it is better to PI. 70, Fig. 9 preserve them in spirit. Labrador to Connecticut; Circum- The descriptions and illustrations boreal covering the coat-of-mall shells are largely derivea from Pilsbry's work in the Man- ual of Conchology.

SS .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 23

Family Ischnochltonldae remainder with dots like those on ajiterior valve. Length 1 inch. Range 3-12 fathoms. GENUS ISCHNOCHITON Gray 1847 PI. 57, Fig. 6 (SLENDER CHITONS) PI. 70, Fig. 10 Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to ISCHNOCHITON FLORIDANUS Pllsbry. Florida Florida slender Chiton. Shell elongated, narrow; valves roughly arched, not keeled; whitish GENUS CERATOZONA Dall 1882 or delicate green, mottled with olive or gray; interior pink, blue, and white, or Valves strong, exposed; girdle rarely all white or rosy. Girdle delicate- tough, bearing peculiar corneous spines ly marbled with bluish and gray, clothed similar to itself and generally bunched at with rounded scales. Length 41 mm. sutures. PI. 56, Fig. 5 Southern Florida to Key West CERATOZONA RUGOSA Sowerby. Wrinkled Chiton. Shell oblong, back broadly arched; surface ISCHNOCHITON LIMACIFORMIS Sowerby. Shell green olive or slate on sides, central elongated and narrow elevated; buff, gray, areas whitish along middle; tail valve or greenish, occasionally blotched with with broad pink ray behind; interior blue- red; interior stained with bright pink and green; girdle horny yellow, very tenacious, blue-green; anterior valves with eleven wide, yellowish with long pointed spines, slits, central valves with one, posterior most numerous around edge, slender flexible valves nine slits; teeth sharp, eaves sol- beards scattered among spines. Length 40 mm. id and grayish. Length 35 mm. PI. 57, Fig. 1 Lives under stones at low water. PI. 56, Fig. 4 PI. 56, Fig. 9 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to West Florida Keys; West Indies Indies

ISCHNOCHITON PAPILLOSUS C. B. Adams. Family Chltonidae Pimpled Chiton. The smallest of the Flor- ida or West Indian Ischnochitons. It is GENUS CHITON Linng 1758 uniformly granulated, the lateral areas (COAT OF MAIL SHELLS) very indistinctly defined; shell wide, greenish, closely spotted with whitish and CHITON TUBERCULATUS Linn§. Swollen Chiton. black; girdle finely scaly, alternately Color varying from light olive to dark greenish and white. Length 7 mm. olive brown, sometimes unicolored but gen- Dredged by the writer off the erally speckled on side areas and end Florida west coast, clinging to shell frag- valves, often clouded on central areas; ments, in about 2 fathoms and near Cape some valves with dark stripe on the ridge. Romano Interior blue-green, very smooth; girdle PI. 56, Fig. S buff, white or light green, with patches of Marco; No Name Key; Key West, blackish or dark green. Scales coarse, Florida convex, polished. Length 2.5-3.5 inches. PI. 56, Fig. 1 GENUS CHAETOPLEURA Shuttleworth 185S Florida Keys to Texas; West Indies

CHAETOPLEURA APICULATA Say. Bee Chiton. CHITON MARMORATUS Gmelin. Marbled Chiton. Shell convex, subcarinated, grayish or Shell oval, rather high; surface smooth, pale chestnut; three to four concentric polished; color variable, usually greenish lines upon anterior valve and many ele- or brown, with darker spots, streaks and vated distant dots arranged in regular lines; interior blue-green, each valve of- lines along edge; six following valves ten with darker posterior rays; anterior with elevated point like beads which at- valve with eleven to fourteen, central tain greater height than the dorsal trian- valves one, posterior valve thirteen to gles; posterior valve with dots similar to seventeen slits; eaves and slit-rays very dorsal triangles, a middle knob and the porous. Girdle touched with green and 24 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS light blue. Length 56 mm. each pore. PI. 57, Fig. 2 This species is separable on ac- Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies count of the dark glistening girdle and long white strokes along median line like GENOS ACANTHOPLEDRA Gullding 1829 exclamation points without the dots. It lives upon the reefs and is procurable at ACANTHOPLEURA GRANOLATA Gmelin. Grained low tide. Length 21 mm., breadth 7.5 mm. Chiton. Shell oblong, surface usually- (dried). eroded, dull; generally a patch of brown PI. 57, Fig. 4 on ridge of each valve; interior sea- Cape Florida; Key Largo; Key West; green, varying to lead blue, or on plates Tortugas, Florida fading to nearly white; girdle thick and fleshy, covered with short little spines ACANTHOCHITES HEMPHILLI Pilsbry. Elongated, which in turn are black or white and cal- valves of dried examples exceeding one- careous. Length 2.5 inches. The common third of total width; valves elevated, Chiton ^of the West Indies. keeled, red and spotted with white; inte- PI. 56, Fig. g rior light green at sides, rose-red in West Florida; Key Vacca; West middle and at posterior end of each valve; Indies. usually two slits in posterior valve together with six to eight unequal slits or Family Acanthochitidae niches between; girdle rusty brown with short microscopic spicules, fringed ones GENUS ACANTHOCHITES Risso 1826 at periphery and eighteen small tufts of whitish bristles. Length 24 mm., breadth Valves partially buried in, or 11 mm. covered by, girdle; exposed part consist- PI. 57, Fig. 16 ing of a smooth or striated band; side Key West, Florida areas granulated but this feature sometimes lacking; five slits on anterior ACANTHOCHITES PYGltAEUS Pilsbry. Allied to valve, middle valves with one slit on each A. splculus but much smaller and with a side; posterior valve with two or more high roof-like form, tufts also smaller. slits. Girdle variable, ranging from Length 8 mm., breadth 4 mm. hairy to naked but always with four bris- The smallest species of the genus, tle bearing pores around head valves and a often found in shallow water adhering to single series at sutures. bits of shell or on rock. PI. 57, Fig. 5 ACANTHOCHITES FLORIDANDS Dall. Narrow and Cedar Keys to Key West, Florida long; black, purple-black or light brown with white lined space at top of each ACANTHOCHITES SPICOLOSUS ASTRIGER Reeve. valve; valves entirely covered with excep- Shell oblong, depressed, not carinated; tion of round dot at apex of first and a valves of varying shades of green, often narrow band along ridge of other seven touched with brown on sides, frequently valves, band slightly swollen at apex of with wide white stripes on sides; interior each valve. blue-green; notch deep and wide; girdle Valves when separated are white, velvety, green and with eighteen large pink, or purple; girdle wide, leathery and greenish-white tufts or spicules, the same naked, when fresh the color and texture of also on periphery. Length 20-22 mm., a moist prune; each suture with minute breadth 9 mm. bristle-pore and four pores around head PI. 57, Fig. 3 valve, also with some short bristles upon Florida Keys; West Indies CLASS PELECYPODA

To this class belong the oysters, or tan color; ends of lobes rolled back. clams, scallops, mussels, and similar or- It has been collected on Chelsea ganisms, usually with bilateral symmetry. Beach, Massachusetts and off the coast of The shell is usually of two valves and man- Maine. Length 2 inches. tle of two lobes. Many of these live bur- Fig. g9a ied in mud or sand but often are attached Nova Scotia to Connecticut to rocks, shells, sponges, or other foreign objects. SOLEMYA VELUM Say (Awning Shell) . Shell The shell, in two parts, is often extremely thin and fragile; epidermis pale externally held together with an elastic brown with radiating lines; interior pur- hinge and internally bound by the strong plish white; cartilage support arched. muscles which must be severed to entirely The epidermis hanging over the separate the valves. It is a defensive edge like a veil at once distinguishes it. covering against enemies and irritation Length 1 inch. from without. PI. 2, Fig. 3 As will be noted from the descrip- PI. 73, Fig. 3 tions of the respective families there is Nova Scotia to Florida wide diversity in form, size and sculpture which result from the nature of the envi- Family Nuculidae ronment, external influences and heredita- ry traits. Shell transverse; no area for ligament between umbones; a straight series of teeth on each side, making an angle at ORDER PRIONODESMACEA a spoon-shaped pit which separates them.

An ancient group which has retained GENUS NUCULA Lamarck 1799 many early features through long periods of (Nut Shells) Geologic time. Lobes of mantle generally separated; shell nacreous and prismatic, NUCULA PROXIMA Say. Near Nut. Shell rarely porcellanous. small, thick, solid, very oblique in shape; anterior end perpendicular to base; sur- Family Solemyldae face sculptured with minute radiating lines; epidermis dark green; interior Shell equivalve, elongated; epider- pearly; margin of shell crenulated; twelve mis heavy and shining, extending far be- teeth before, eighteen behind umbones. yond margin. Length 12 mm. or less. Often taken in stomachs of fish in GENUS SOLEMYA Lamarck 1818 New England. Dredged abundantly in shallow water off Cape Romano, west Florida, SOLEMYA BOREALIS Totten. A much larger by the writer in August 1933. shell than S. velum. The valves are less PI. 2, Fig. 1 convex, more Nova Scotia to Charlotte Harbor, solid; grayish- Florida blue or lead

colored interi- Family Nuculanidae (Ledidae ) or; fifteen or twenty radiat- Line of teeth interrupted by an Fig. 29a ing lines upon oblique pit for the ligament; most of the Solemya borealis epidermis which teeth behind the pit; shell much produced 2 inches is of a brown behind. 25 26 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Most of the species occur below may be obtained by dredging or in the stom- low tide mark. achs of fish. Length 23 mm. PI. 2, Fig. 5 GENUS NUCULANA Link 1807 Labrador to North Carolina. (Leda Schumacher 1817) Family Arcidae NDCDLANA ACUTA CONRAD. Pointed Nut. Shell inflated, oval, anterior end rounded and Foot of animal deeply grooved. somewhat drawn out, ridged from umbones to Shell with numerous comb-like anterior base; sculpture of well-defined teeth, arranged in a line following hinge ridges which are mostly concentric; inte- margin and upon each valve. It is a very rior shining; color greenish olive. Length ancient family, there being many fossil 9 mm. Depth range 2-225 fathoms. species. A variable little shell- It is quite common in a few feet of water off GENUS ARCA Linn6 1758 the Florida west coast. PI. 2, Fig. 2 Shell elongated, strongly ribbed Off Martha's Vineyard to West or cancellated; umbones separated by a Indies lozenge-shaped area for the ligament. I In India Area scaphula lives in GENDS YOLDIA Muller 1842; the Upper Ganges a thousand miles from the Portlandia, Morch 1853 sea. The largest species lives at Panama.

(Pacific.) , Shell compressed, posterior end pointed; sculpture fine; covered with a ARCA AURICULATA Lamarck (A. deshayesii varnish-like epidermis; slightly pearly in- Hanley) . Eared Ark. Shell with about side. twenty-seven strong rounded ribs which are crossed by concentric threads; oblong in YOLDIA LIMATULA Say. Shiny Yoldia. Very shape, inflated; high umbones separated by smooth and shining; umbones near center; a narrow area; angle in front at hinge line; twenty- two teeth on anterior, eighteen on color whitish with a silky-brown epidermis. pointed side. Length 48 mm. or less. Length 65 mm.; height 45 mm.; diam. 45 mm. A very PI. 3, Fig. 8 beautiful shell, Florida Keys and West Indies living in moderate depths. ARCA CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelin. Environment It once was influences this species and its varieties Fig. 50 plentiful in to a very marked degree. It is largest loldia limatuJa Boston harbor. and coarsest at Cape Cod. There Is di- The writer has versity in the outline. The ribs on the a series from Raritan Bay, New Jersey which left valve are often narrower, flatter and was dredged around the year 1875. It prob- less conspicuous than upon the right. The ably is extinct there now. typical form is the rounded southern one. The animal is very active and will No very sharp line should be drawn in sep- leap to an astonishing height, in this re- arating the various races. The average spect exceeding the scallop (Pecten) shells, length is around 2 inches. Fig. 30-. PI. 4, Fig. 8 PI. 2, Fig. 4 Massachusetts to Texas Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Car- olina ARCA CAMPECHIENSIS PEXATA Say. Combed Ark. Oblong, vunbones large, pitted below them; inside margin deeply scalloped; epi- YOLDIA SAPOTILLA Gould. Pale yellowish dermis shaggy. Length 2.25 inches. green, translucent, thin, about rixteen It is known locally as the "bloody teeth on each side. Range 4-100 fathoms. clam" on account of the red fluid which It lives chiefly off Cape Cod and exudes from the tissues when the shell is EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 27 violently opened. Shell large, somewhat elongated; umbones PI. 2, Fig. 11 full and high, situated one fourth dis- Massachusetts to North Carolina tance between ends but closest to anterior end; about thirty-five ribs which are ARCA CAMPECHIENSIS AMERICANA Wood. Ameri- grooved in the middle and at anterior end can Ark. Ribs about thirty-five, each with of shell, posterior ribs rounded, all ex- a median impressed line, spaces between cept those upon the posterior slope some- ribs deeply cut; anterior end very short what beaded; hinge long and with many low and contracted; epidermis blackish brown; teeth; margin strongly toothed; color ligament area extremely narrow; lombones white, with brown shaggy epidermis. Length anterior and almost touching each other. 3.5 inches. This elongate form is common in This fine large Area is not rare Carolina waters. at Sanibel. A shell similar to this spe- PI. 2, Fig. 13 cies is found in the fossil beds west of North Carolina to Florida and Palm Beach. Texas PI. 3, Fig. 5 PI. 2, Fig. 10 ARCA INCONGRUA Say. Shell inequivalve, North Carolina to Florida and west rather short and much inflated; umbones to Texas well separated; ligament area wide and excavated; about twenty broad low ribs upon ARCA CHEMNITZI Phillppi (A. orbignyi Ko- surface and ten more behind the posterior belt) . Shell a little inequivalve, trian- ridge, these ribs with concentric elevated gular but irregular; very high incurved ridges upon their summits which are less umbones; about twenty-five nodulous ribs distinct toward the posterior end; ribs which are often flattened; epidermis in clearly visible inside shell and strongest grooves of anterior half inclined to be toward the margin; numerous erect, gradu- spiny; hinge short, teeth distinct, inner ated teeth upon hinge margin, becoming margin strongly toothed; color white under smaller toward the center. Length 2 Inch- the epidermis. Length 1.25 inches. es. PI. 3, Fig. 6 This very striking shell may read- Florida to Texas and West Indies ily be separated by its curved outer margin, which in shape resembles a weakly-defined SUBGENUS NAVICULA Blainville 1818 letter S, when the shell is viewed toward the posterior end. The plump shape is al- ARCA OCCIDENTALIS Philippl (A. noae of au- so characteristic. Mr. F. S. Webber, whose thors) Western Ark. Shell oblong, poste- specimens are figured, reports beach shells rior end wider and cut off, solid, inflat- plentiful at Wilbur, south of Daytona Beach, ed; epidermis shaggy; at base a long nar- Florida. row gap through which passes the attach- PI. 3, Fig. 2 ment byssus; surface plainly ribbed, larg- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to est ribs in the middle and smaller ones be- Texas tween them; lozenge-shaped area between umbones covered with a dark colored ligament; ARCA TRANSVERSA Say. Transverse Ark. Shell pallial line inside often slightly indent- transversely oblong, about thirty-five ed. Color brown, ornamented with zebra- ribs; umbones separated by a long narrow like stripes of brown. Length 2.5-3 inch- space and situated at one third the length es. of the hinge margin. Length 1.5 inches. PI. 3, Fig. 7 Not infrequent near the sands of North Carolina to the Gulf of Mex- Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, also in ico and West Indies shallow water off the v/est coast of Flor- ida. ARCA UMBONATA Lamarck. Beaked Ark. Shell PI. 4, Fig. 4 solid, inflated; posterior ridge sharp and Cape Cod to Key West with fine radiating ribs in front of it; about eight stronger nodulous ridges behind ARCA SECTICOSTATA Reeve. Cut-rib Ark. the posterior ridge; base gaping in front; 28 EAST COAST JIARINE SHELLS lozenge-shaped zone between umbones; color This species and the following purplish brown inside and out; epidermis live chiefly under sponges and coral rock shaggy, extending outward on posterior in shallow water, especially in the south. ridge. Length 1-2 inches. PI. 3, Fig. 4 PI. 3, Fig. 1 North Carolina to the West Indies North Carolina to Giilf of Mexico; and Texas West Indies ARCA ADAMSI E. A. Smith. Adams Ark. Shell SOBGENDS BARBATIA Gray 1847 inflated, roimded in front; hinge and basal line parallel; umbones moderately ARCA BARBATA Linne. Bearded Ark. Shell full, turned forward; teeth few, rather oblong, usually with rounded ends, slight- strong. Color whitish or brown. ly gaping below; umbones one fourth dis- This appears very close to the tance back from anterior end; surface European A. lactea but may be distinguished closely sculptured by different sized radi- by the fact that its radial riblets are ating ribs which are crossed by ridges as formed by rows of trailing blisters, or in A. Candida; epidermis shaggy at base hollow ones, which are very friable and and posterior end; hinge teeth few in niom- often entirely worn off, leaving the shell ber and feeble; color chestnut brown with smooth. Length 12 mm., height 7.5 mm., white rays near umbones and sometimes ex- diam. 7.5 mm. tending to margins, these rays visible in- PI. 3, Fig. 3 side as well. Length 1-2 Inches, North Carolina to the West Indies In Florida this is a much commoner species than A. Candida. GENUS NOETIA Gray 1847 PI. 4, Fig. 2 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to NOETIA PONDEROSA Say. Ponderous Ark. Shell Texas; West Indies heavy, swollen; umbones well separated, about two-fifths from posterior end; hinge

ARCA CANDIDA Guilding , Bright Ark. Shell area wide, flat, very dark brown; about compressed, gaping toward anterior base, thirty-two radiating flattened ribs; close- posterior end pointed; umbones elevated; set undulating concentric sculpture, strong- surface covered with fairly strong rough est between and becoming obsolete on the irregular growth lines and ridges which ribs, weaker toward the umbones; ground give a cancellated and beaded appearance, color yellowish white, dark brown shaggy this sculpture strongest upon the posteri- epidermis most persistent toward lower mar- or slope; epidermis heavy brown and shaggy; gin; interior yellowish white in center, teeth indistinct; ground color and interi- dull, becoming white and glossy toward the or white. Length 2-2.5 inches. scalloped edge; hinge teeth numerous, The beauty of this shell is en- turned backward at posterior end. Length hanced by the often golden-brown epidermis 2 inches. which is darker at the back of the shell, Single valves are usually taken up- where it extends like a fringe. Double, on the New England beaches. The species fresh shells have been taken at the Yamato is abundant at Sanibel, Florida. rocks, Florida. PI. 4, Fig. 1 PI. 4, Fig. 3 Massachusetts to Florida and Texas North Carolina to the West Indies GENUS GLYCYMERIS Da Costa 1778; SDBGENUS AGAR Gray 1847 Pectunculus Lamarck 1799 (BITTER SWEET SHELLS) ARCA RETICULATA Gmelin. Net-work Ark. Shell small, inflated; posterior ridge end- Shell solid, equivalve, convex, ing in point at posterior base; strong ra- epidermis velvety; hinge wide, curved, bear- diating ridges crossing stronger concentric ing a series of equal-sized teeth which are ones, some ridges scaly; hinge short, teeth faintest under the umbones, arranged fan- medium; edge of shell toothed; color whit- shaped; muscular impressions sub-equalj ish with yellowish-brown epidermis. Length pallial line simple. 18 mm. often less. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 29

Foot of animal crescent shaped; surface with wide, low, radiating ribs margins simple, with minute eyes. which together with the spaces between are covered with fine radiating lines; concen- GLYCYMERIS AMERICANOS Defranee (G. undatus tric growth lines fine and variable, form- of authors) . American Bitter-sweet. There ing a latticed surface; velvety epidermis are two sorts of modifications present in often lacking around umbones or on dead this species. One is due to variation, shells. the other correlated with growth and senil- In Florida the shells attain a ity. Very young shells show indistinct length of about 29 mm. The species may be sculpture, half-grown ones ribs well marked separated from the others by the almost and teeth delicate. In adults the ribs be- smooth surface and angular outline. come obscure distally, the cardinal tooth PI. 8, Fig. 7 area enlarged. In senile individuals the PI. 2, Fig. 7 cardinal tooth area is very large, only the Florida and the West Indies teeth at the extremities of the arch remaining and these enlarged, the concentric Family Plnnldae sciilpture strong. With these facts known the apparent great variation of the shells Shell wedge shaped, gaping on pos- can be explained. Diam. 29 mm. Depth terior end; hinge teeth present. Animal range 15-65 fathoms. spins a powerful byssus and is fastened by PI. 2, Fig. 12 large triple muscles to middle of each Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to valve. the West Indies The Pin- na s with knife- GLYCYMERIS AMERICANOS LINEATUS Reeve. like ends pointed Lined Bitter-sweet. This, the Antillian upward and, al- form is not uncommon and averages smaller most burled in than the preceding typical one. mud or sand, are In all forms of G. americanus the a menace to bare- reticulated sculpture is always present footed shell col- upon the umbones of a perfect shell, the lectors. When extension of the reticulation varying with young the shells the individual. Specimens from southern are extremely waters are more swollen and brightly col- thin, brittle, ored than northern examples. Length 1.5 translucent, and inches. Fig. 31 consist almost en- PI. 2, Fig. 6 Cellular Structiire tlrely of prismat- North Carolina to the West Indies of Pinna ic layers. Gloves and west to Texas have been manufactured by combining the byssus with silk GLYCYMERIS PECTINATUS Gmelln. Comb Bitter- and specimens are on exhibition in the sweet. Shell fan-shaped, solid, hardly in- British Museum. flated; usually about twenty-four rounded, Some of the species attain a length curved, ribs, sometimes as many as forty, of two feet. A small crab lives in the crossed by fine striae; teeth feeble or ab- gills and mantle and was noted by Aristotle sent near umbones; margin of shell crenu- who named it the Pinna guardian. The cel- lated; color white, spotted with brown, lular structure is shown in Fig. 31. sometimes in zigzag pattern. Length 20 mm. Depth range 2-175 fathoms. GENDS PINNA Linne 1758 PI. 2, Fig. 8 (SEA PENS) PI. 64-, Fig. 16 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Shell sulcate longitudinally or West Indies and west to Texas with a middle keel.

GLYCYMERIS PENNACEDS Lamarck. Feathered PINNA CARNEA Gmelln. Flesh Pen. Each Bitter-sweet. Shell solid, somewhat swol- valve has about eight strong ribs and less len, umbones high and full; ligament strong; distinct ones between; color orange or 30 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS reddish. and other warm seas. They are chiefly ex- An exceptionally beautiful specl- ported from Manilla. They afford both the men in Dr. Perry's collection, taken on mother-of-pearl and the "oriental" pearls the Tortuga s, measures 180 mm. in length, of commerce. The Hope's Pearl, said to be The byssus, which Is unusually silky, is the finest in the world, measures 2 Inches 80 mm. long and in two contrasting shades long and 4 around and weighs 1,800 grains. of brown, Single valves have been taken From the days of Pliny the pearl fisheries at Sanibel. of Ceylon and the Persian Gulf have been PI. 5, Fig. 1 celebrated and furnish the most lucrative Cap e Hatteras, North Carolina to trade. the West Indies GENUS PTERIA Scopoll 1777; GENUS ATRINA Gray 1840 Avicula, Lamarck 1799 (PEARL OYSTERS)

Valves unsulcate or without a mid- PTERIA COLYMBUS Roeding (A. atlantica Lam.). way keel; the internal nacreous layer en- Shell fairly solid, convex; wing broadly tire. notched; smooth, usually brown, rayed with light narrow bands with brown arrow-headed ATRINA RIGIDA Dlllwyn (Pinna muricata of spots. Length 3.5 inches. authors). Stiff Sea Pen. Shell somewhat PI. 5, Fig. 7 triangular, thickened; hinge line straight Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to or curved inward; mostly covered with low West Indies radiating ribs which are smooth or with scales, the scales elevated and often tubu- GENUS PINCTADA Roeding 1798; lar in shape; ventral area smoother and Margarltifera Humphrey 1797 (PEARL OYSTERS) often with prickly scales; inner layer dull brown and a little iridescent; color Less oblique than the other Pteriae, dark brown or blackish. Length 6-9 inches. the valves flatter and nearly equal; right Dall has pointed out that the va- valve with byssal notch and sinus near its riations are rarely associated, by the col- upper anterior part; valves winged; liga- lector, with the station where obtained. ment elastic. They are short and wide when taken on hard and stony ground, also with coarse irregu- PINCTADA RADIATA Lamarck. Shell thin, in- lar spines and distorted edges. On soft flated, somewhat oblique, winged at both bottom they are longer, spiny, or almost ends; surface ornamented with strong raised smooth. The handsomest ones occur on clean rows of elongated scales, variegated with fine sand being beautifully developed and colors; lateral teeth single in left valve perfectly preserved. and double in right; interior nacre bright, PI. 5, Fig. 2 surrounded by a prismatic wide border. North Carolina to South America Length 40 mm. Often the surface lacks the scales ATRINA SERRATA Sowerby (Pinna seminuda of referred to. These shells are sometimes authors) Saw-toothed Pen. Ribs very close brought in by the Greek sponge divers of together, scales much smaller and more nu- Tarpon Springs, Florida. merous than in the preceding, also diminish- PI. 5, Fig. 6 ing in nvunber toward umbones. Length 6-9 Georgia to the West Indies and inches. Gulf of Mexico PI. 5, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to GENUS PEDALION Solander 1770; the West Indies Melina Katz 1788; Perna Brug. 1799

Family Pterlidae Variable in form like Pteria; right valve with byssal sinus; muscular impres- Shell very Inequivalve, right valve sions inside double; hinge straight; no with opening for attachment byssus. teeth but with grooves where ligament is The "pearl oysters" which belong fastened. to this family are found in Ceylon, Panama, EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 51

PEDALION ALATA Gmelin. Winged-tree oyster. mangroves or other solid objects; edge of Shell greatly compressed, right valve al- valves sharply plicate-serrate, forming most flat, the left slightly convex; hinge interlocking teeth; interior border with line short, left valve heavier below hinge, wart-like ridge; umbones irregular, one in right valve with small sinus for byssal at- lower valve the longer, its hinge area tachment opposite the swelling outside; grooved in middle; color brown, reddish or surface smooth or scaly; interior pearly purple. Largest examples about 3.5 inch- layer not extending to margin; brown, pur- es. ple or blackish in color; young examples A more variable shell than 0. often rayed. Length 3 inches. virginica. The "tree oyster" attaches itself PI. 14, Fig. 9 to mangroves or any solid object in shallow Tampa, Florida to the West Indies water. It is gregarious, many shells often being fastened together. The writer ob- OSTREA EQUESTRIS Say. Horse Oyster. Shell served it living in Angel Fish Creek on the small, six to twelve teeth of larger valve Florida Keys. received into corre- PI. 5, Fig. 4 sponding cavities of Florida; Bermuda; West Indies the smaller valve; large valve depressed PEDALION LISTERI Hanley. Usually a high but a little folded; elongated shell; well developed at base; other valve convex three to seven pits in each tongue-like and attached to some process of porcellaneous material in base; foreign object; hinge Rolor variable, often rayed with a lighter narrow and curved. shade. Height 35 mm. Fig. 32 PI. 5, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, Florida Keys and West Indies North Caro- Fig. 32 lina to Flor- PEDALION SEMIAURITA Linne. Shell small, Ostrea equestris ida solid, very irregular, large pits in hinge line of each valve; byssal notch obscure. OSTREA FRONS Linne. Leafy Oyster. Shell Height 16 mm. thin, broad, adhering to roots by shelly It lives in the crevices of rocks lobes, purple-brown; hinge of left valve and corals. As variable as the oyster It small; generally attached crosswise to largely conforms to the surface and other some external object. local conditions. At the Blowing Rocks, Johnson reported this species from near Jupiter, Florida, it is plentiful not St. Augustine attached to a sea-fan (Gor- far from the high-tide mark. gonia) . Length 45 mm. PI. 5, Fig. 5 PI. 6, Fig. 5 Southern Florida and West Indies Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to Barbados Family Ostreidae OSTREA PERMOLLIS Sowerby. Shell more or Shell irregular, Inequlvalve, the less four sided, the two edges next to um- larger valve adhering to som'e solid object, bones comparatively straight; compressed, the outer moving forward as the shell ma- subequivalve, somewhat golden colored and tures; excessively variable according to bluish-white inside, with tendency toward the position during life and for this rea- greenish at edges; hinge narrow; upper son difficult to differentiate the species. valve slightly convex and with a soft brownish epidermis; concentric sculpture GENUS OSTREA Linne 1758 (OYSTERS) wavy and irregular. Height 1.5 inches. It has been taken in the bread OSTREA CRISTATA Born. Crested Oyster. sponge at Sanibel, Florida. Shell solid, very irregular, upper valve PI. 6, Fig. g concave or convex; valves with long tubu- Florida lar clasping processes for attachment to 32 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

OSTREA VIRGINICA Gmelin. Virginia Oyster. gated with red. Length 2-6 inches. Upper valve smaller, flatter and smoother The largest examples occur in the than the lower; leaf -like scales upon sizr- Gulf of Mexico. The frequent crimson col- face; muscular impression central. or is very striking and single valves, in In northern waters this oyster at- consequence, are conspicuous objects upon tains a length sometimes of a foot, being the beaches. long, narrow and tongue-like in shape. The PI. 6, Fig. 1 swinging aerial roots of the mangrove af- PI. 54, Figs. 1, 4 ford it support in the West Indies. When Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to living under flat stones and on timber it the West Indies often assumes a circular shape. PI. 6, Fig. 4 GENUS PLICATULA Lamarck 1801 Prince Edward Island to the West (PLAITED SHELLS) Indies Shell irregular; attached by umbo Family Dimyldae of right valve; two hinge teeth in each valve locking into corresponding hollows Shell inequilateral, inequivalve, in each valve; muscle scar simple. closed; upper or left valve slightly smaller, lower attached to some object; liga- PLICATULA GIBBOSA Lamarck (P. ramosa ment minute; hinge short, straight. Lamarck) Humped Plait Shell. Shell solid, with pale yellow or white raised folds; GENUS DIMYA Renault 1848 sometimes with short gray or red lines; fan-shaped, with strong radiating and of- DIMYA ARGENTEA Dall. Shell white, silvery ten dividing plications which terminate in outside; interior white, brilliant, porcel- a saw-toothed margin. Length 1 inch. laneous. Length 10.5 mm.; height 12 mm. The dark venous lines are some- Range 73-248 fathoms. times replaced with a brownish blush. PI. 62, Fig. 5a-b PI. 6, Fig. 5 Off North Carolina to West Indies Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies Family Spondylidae Family Pectinidae GENUS SPONDYLUS Linne 1758 (SPINY OYSTERS) Animal with mantle quite open, double margined, inner pendant-like cur- Shell irregular, attached by right tain finely fringed, at Its base a row of valve; ribbed, spiny or foliaceous surface; conspicuous round black eyes. umbones far apart; lower valve with trian- The yoving Pecten spins a byssus gular hinge area; hinge of two curved in- which is used as an attachment to some terlocking teeth in each valve. stationary object. The notch or opening The lower valve is usually spiny in shell permits manipulation of the byssus and less colored. Some of the species are without opening of the valves. found half embedded in coral reefs. The Adults, usually, are free swimmers Gulf of California is the home of many and the same applies to the fry. They pro- ornate forms but the species are never pel themselves through the water by rapid- strictly local and are widely dispersed. ly opening and closing the valves. They are popularly known as Chrysanthemum A Mediterranean form P. jacobaeus, shells on account of the form and vivid St. Joseph's shell, was worn by pilgrims red or yellow color. to the Holy Land as a badge of several orders of Knighthood. SPONDYLUS AMERICANUB Hermann. (S. spathul- More than two hundred and fifty re-

Iferus Sby. and S. echinatus Martyn) . Shell cent species are known, twice that number brown, purple, white, or red with well- fossil. defined border inside; scales of principal ribs narrow and erect at base, ribs between with smaller scales; umbones often varie- EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS SS

GENUS PECTEN Osbeck 1765 (SCALLOPS) or orange or dark brown, lower valve light- est; interior white and shining, left valve Generally large heavy shells with with rose-colored spot near umbones. Height valves very unequal; right valve strongly 3.5 inches. Range 10-179 fathoms. convex, left valve flat or concave; radial PI. 7, Fig. 2 ribs interlocking on margin. Greenland to Cape Cod, Massachusetts

PECTEN RAVENELI Dall (P. hemicyclica of PECTEN ORNATUS Lamarck. White, thinly authors; P. medius of authors, not Gmelin). spotted with purple or red, ribs strong but Ravenel's Scallop. Shell mostly white and often worn, covered with frail cup-like im- pinkish color, frequently with brown lines bricating lamellae which are rarely intact; in grooves of lower valve; usually white ribs twenty, several imaffected by purple; inside with color around margin; about posterior ear almost obsolete. twenty-five low rounded ribs; ears sub- The largest example in the United equal. Height 30-45 mm. States National Museum measures about 1 Often confused with P. ziczac but inch across. smaller, also color of convex valve and PI. 8, Fig. 4 sculpture quite different. Single valves Florida to West Indies are not rare in Florida. Living examples have been taken near the S. Inlet in Lake PECTEN EXASPERATUS Sowerby. Rough Scallop. Worth. It also occurs in the Pliocene of Valves uniform in color, usually rose or Florida. soft red; about twenty-one prominent ribs PI. 55, Fig. 20 which are cut by beautiful sculpture and PI. 22, Fig. 10 forming squarish projections when worn; North Carolina to West Indies ears ornamented with wave-like imbrications; ear adjacent to opening usually the PECTEN ZICZAC Linng. Upper or left valve most prominent; scallop edge distinct. slightly concave, with about thirty-five Length 31 mm. radiating ribs and areas at sides where A beautiful form often found liv- same are lacking; lower valve radiated ing upon the Sanibel beach in shallow pools with twenty-three grooves and additional left by the receding tide. The adult hinge lightly impressed ones at sides, fine ra- line shows transverse corrugations with diating lines between these grooves; ears great distinctness. nearly equal; interior upper valve mostly PI. 8, Fig. 5 smooth except at edge where ribs are dis- PI. 9, Fig. 4 tinct, purple brown except for light mus- North Carolina to Florida and cle area of attachment; right valve white Texas except for portion adjacent to ears. Height 3 inches. PECTEN SENTIS Reeve. Thorn Scallop. Valves The description is based upon a usually alike in color, commonly bright specimen from Bermuda in the writer's scarlet, sometimes purple, rarely white. collection. It has been taken living in Often confused with P. ornatus this form Lake Worth, Florida, during the summer has about forty ribs in the adult with months. erect low scales connecting the ribs. These PI. 7, Fig. 1 scales, which bridge the interspaces are PI. 22, Fig. 11 often damaged but seldom entirely lacking Southern Florida; West Indies in beach specimens. Interior white, with grooves corresponding to those outside; SUBGENUS CHLAMYS Roeding 1798 notch wide and shallow. Average length 33 mm. PECTEN ISLANDICUS Muller. Iceland Scallop. This is one of the commonest forms Valves equal, upper slightly more convex, upon the beaches but only single valves as covered with fifty to one himdred radiat- a rule are seen. It lives imbedded in ing ridges, bearing scales; the ridges in corals. groups forming ribs most noticeable inside PI. 7, Fig. 3 shell; valves closed except at notch; col- Southern Florida and West Indies U/l ^ M/Mec C*-M 34 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PECTEN IMBRICATOS Gmelln. Very flat, PI. 7, Fig. 7 trigonal in shape; hollow imbricated tu- PI. 72, Fig. 11 bercles regularly placed upon nine alter- Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas nating ribs; shell white, touched with pink or red, interior margin and hinge PECTEN IRRADIANS CONCENTRICA Say. More area purple, center yellow. Length 35 mm. inflated and solid than the preceding; Single valves have been taken near ribs seventeen; lower valve, yellowish, up- the Yamato rocks, south of Palm Beach, per blue-gray; interior of valves white, Florida and it apparently lives off the sometimes with brown blotches. Length of Florida Keys. adult, parallel to hinge line, slightly PI. 8, Fig. 2 under 1 inch. Florida Keys and West Indies New Jersey to South Carolina

SDBGENDS AEQOIPECTEN Fischer 1886 PECTEN NUCLEUS Born. Nut Scallop. A thin, small shell variegated with gray, white and PECTEN HELIACUS Dall. Shell of moderate dark brown; twenty-one to twenty-three size, mottled and zoned with pink or crim- ribs. It attaches itself to soft objects son upon a white surface; ribs about twen- rather than hard ones. Length 30 mm. ty, narrow, nearly keeled, interspaces PI. 9, Fig. 1 wider; valves equal, inequilateral, notch Florida Keys to Venezuela wide and shallow; right valve paler than left; pointed scales on top of ribs visi- PECTEN GIBBUS Linn§. Humped Scallop. The ble under a glass; interior clouded with ribs range from eighteen to twenty-three brownish purple and grooved to match out- and are rather rough; lower valve more side ribs. Length 40 mm. ventricose than the upper; ears nearly PI. 9, Fig. 5 equal in size, striated and obtuse. Southern Florida to West Indies The color forms are; a delicate pink mottled with brown, light blue mot- PECTEN ACANTHODES Dall. Shell subcircu- tled with dark brown and touches of white lar, olive brown with paler mottllngs; and yellow, also other combinations. Red twenty-two minutely splnose ribs, the examples are Infrequent. 1.5 inches. spines in three subequal rows, with two to An abundant shallow water form, three smaller prickly threads in the nar- very variable in its color manifestations row interspaces; ears subequal, the ante- but never attaining the size of its north- rior slightly larger, both with about five ern brethern. threads; hinge line cross-striated; height PI. 9, Fig. 2 32 mm., width 32 mm. PI. 7, Fig. 6 Compared with P. exasperatus this North Carolina to the West Indies shell is less inflated, wider and with less prominent spines. PECTEN GIBBUS AMPLICOSTATUS Dall. Many- PI. 9, Fig. 3 ribbed Scallop. A larger and heavier shell Southern Florida to West Indies than the preceding one; ribs twelve to fifteen; lower valve white, the upper gray. SECTION PLAGIOCTENIUM Dall 1898 PI. 8, Fig. 1 Texas to Columbia, South America PECTEN IRRADIANS Lamarck. A large thin- shelled form, gray and white, rarely yel- SUBGENUS LYROPECTEN Conrad 1862; low brown or red, generally purplish near Nodopecten Dall 1898 hinge; ribs seventeen to twenty; acutely scalloped upon basal margin; ears two PECTEN NODOSUS Linne. Knotty Scallop. thirds length of the shell, notch forming Valves nearly equal in size; entire sur- acute angle or narrow slit. Height 2.5 face covered with whitish radiating ribs, inches. divided into about ten raised knob areas Most abundant in the north, espe- with smaller zones between; interior with cially on the New Jersey coast where large excavated channels corresponding to ele- nvunbers are gathered for the markets. vated areas outside, reddish brown within .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 35 and shading to white in the lower centres. PI. 7, Fig. 4

Height 4.5, length 4.75 inches. , Labrador to North Carolina A very handsome shell not infrequently brought in by the Greek sponge SUBGENUS PSEUDAMUSIUM Morch 1853 fishers at Tarpon Springs on the west coast of Florida. PECTEN IMBRIFER Loven. A vitreous white PI. 8, Fig. 3 little shell, often with a grayish discol- PI, 28, Fig. 5 oration. Alt. 18.5 mm. PI. 9, Fig. 6 PI. 62, Fig. 4a, b North Carolina to Gulf coast of Arctic Seas; N. E. United States Florida PECTEN SIGSBEEI Dall. A plump, oval lit- PECTEN NODOSDS FRAGOSUS Conrad. Differs tle shell; shaped like an apricot stone; from the preceding in having fewer and surface without radiating sculpture. Alt. much larger ribs, narrower interstices 11.5 mm. Depth 158 fathoms. with transverse "laminae and in flatness of PI. 62, Fig. 2 inferior valve; ribs eight, of which six are Florida Strait very large. Length 2 inches, height the same. SUBGENUS AMUSIUM Roeding 1798 Cedar Keys, Florida to West Indies Shell smooth or slightly sculp- PECTEN ANTILLARUM Recluz. Antillian Scal- tured outside; radiating ribs inside; lop. Shell equivalve, convex-depressed; valves gaping at sides; ears small; shell ribs ten to eleven, color variable, green- free (byssif erous?) ish inside; ears subequal, old ones ab- The name Amusiuim has been in use breviated. The young shell is thin and more than two hundred years. Its first bi- glistening, the old worn and resembling P. nomial appearance (1798) was in an illus- siilcatus. The nodes are often absent. trated catalog following the Bolten system This species was described from a with references by Roeding who is now Guadeloupe specimen. Range 0-127 fathoms; recognized as the author of the species recently obtained in shallow water off the enumerated. Florida Keys. Height 15 mm. PI. 8, Fig. 6 AMUSIUM DALLI E. A. Smith. An extremely PI. 9, Fig. 7 thin, fragile and brittle shell. Alt. 62 Florida Keys and West Indies mm.. Ion. 59 mm., diam. 6 mm. Taken in 218-860 fathoms. SUBGENUS PLACOPECTEN Verrill 1897 PI. 62, Figs, la, lb Gulf of Mexico; West Indies PECTEN GRANDIS Solander (P. magellanica Dall. Gmelin) . Giant Scallop. A strong opaque AMUSIUM POURTALESIANUM MARMORATUM The shell when mature, thin and translucent typical form is pale and translucent; the when young; lower valve nearly flat, white; variety with brilliant mottling of orange upper valve moderately convex, brown or red, yellow or brown and combined with flesh color; valves gaping near hinge; opaque white flecks. Alt. lo.5 mm. Range sculptured with radiating lines or grooves, 13-805 fathoms. crossed by lines of growth, upon convex PI. 62, Fig. 3 valve scalloped over the radiating lines; Florida Strait; Gulf of Mexico ears equal, notch in lower valve rounded; interior white, smooth, shining, with Family Limidae small radiating lines not equal to those outside. Length 5-6 inches, height slight- Shell equivalve, white or yellow- ly more. ish, compressed; anterior end straight; It is most plentiful off the coast posterior end rounded, usually close; um- of Maine but fresh complete specimens were bones separated, eared; valves smooth, taken by the writer at Rockaway Beach, New ribbed or imbricated; muscle impression York City. Range in depth 10-100 fathoms. large and double. \

36 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

The Limas are free or spin a bys- LIMA SCABRA Born. Rough File. Shell thick, sus for attachment; some when adult mix to- rather straight, posteriorly slightly gap- gether sand, coral fragments and shells ing, anteriorly more so; roughened with forming an artificial burrow several times fine radiating ridges which are scaly; the length of the shell and closed at both margin of shell toothed by the sculptxire; ends. hinge area triangular; epidermis brown. Length 2-2.75 inches. GENDS LIMA Roeding 1798 (FILE SHELLS) This large and distinctive Lima is I frequently obtained by the sponge divers LIMA INFLATA Lamarck. Inflated File. Shell on the Florida west coast. very oblique, thin, inflated, gaping at PI. 10, Fig. 1 both ends so that valves only touch at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to hinge and base; ligament wide, triang\ilar; Trinidad, West Indies low, delicate ribs on surface, often with finer riblets between, their edges rough- LIMA TENERA Sowerby. Delicate File. ened; inner margin serrate and showing Closely related to L. scabra. The notched traces of ribs. Length 32 mm. ribs are much finer, when perfect they ex- The writer observed several nests, hibit small erect terminations to the notch- under stones, in Biscayne Bay, Florida, es. Length 1-2 inches. off Arch Creek. The animal is of a bril- This species may prove to be only liant orange color and provided with long a variety of L. scabra. tentacular filaments. When disturbed this PI. 10, Fig. 14 Lima rapidly opens and closes its shell, at Florida and West Indies the same time ejecting a stream of water upward. According to Johnson it propels GENOS LIMATULA Wood 1839 itself rapidly through the water by a quick movement of the valves but in the opposite LIMATDLA SDBADRICULATA Montagu (L. sulca- direction than Pecten. The Biscayne Bay tus Leach). Little Ear File. A minute specimens, although removed from the water, form with very faint costae and a broad sensed danger and instinctively went hinge margin. It has been taken on the through the motions of swimming. British coast. Length 14 mm. Depth range PI. 13, Fig. 14 15-50 fathoms. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to PI.- 10, Fig. 4 Trinidad, West Indies North Atlantic; Labrador to Porto Rico LIMA LIMA Linne (L. squamosa Lam.). Original File. Shell thick, oblique, gap- Family Anomiidae ing a little on both sides; ribs twenty to twenty-four, thick, rounded, with sharp Shell translucent, slightly pearly erect imbrications. Length 1-1.5 inches. inside; attached to oysters or any solid This delicately beautiful shell has object by a plug a wide distribution. It has been reported * passing through a from the Red Sea and Mediterranean. ^ e hole or notch in ^— /'"'^^ PI. 10, Fig. 5 — left or lower con- Southern Florida to Barbados cave valve; upper valve smooth and LIMA HIANS Gmelin. Gaping File. Shell convex; interior thin, smooth at sides, minutely striated with four muscular in the center of valves; slightly gaping at Fig. 35 impressions and sub- posterior end, widely so at anterior end; Shell development marginal pit. cardinal tooth area small. Length 44 mm. of Anomia The Anomias, A deeper water species, living in which have become 15-S8 fathoms. fixed during life, have practically lost PI. 10, Fig. 3 their foot. The development of the shell Florida Strait and West Indies is shown ip Fig. 33. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 37

GENUS ANOMIA Llnng 1758 (JINGLE SHELLS) tile, attached by a byssus. They sometimes spin a nest from bits of shells and ANOMIA ACOLEATA Linne. Thorny Jingle. sand, or burrow in soft wood or other sub- Much smaller than A. simplex; surface stances. Certain of them are concealerl in roughened by prickly scales; lower valve burrows of other shells. very thin; perforation almost circular. Diam. 1£ mm. Range 1-80 fathoms. GENUS MYTILUS Linnfe 1758 (SEA MUSSELS) PI. 72, Figs. 5-8 Arctic Ocean to Cape Hatteras, Shell wedge shaped; umbones ter- North Carolina minal; hinge usually without teeth; muscular impression club shaped. ANOMIA SIMPLEX Orbigny. Plain Jingle. The most plentiful species and the largest of MYTILUS EDULIS Linng. Edible Mussel. An- the genus on the Atlantic coast. It is terior margin usually straight, convex or irregular in shape, conforming to the sur- excavated; distinct opening for byssus; face upon which it lives; surface of shell violet color; epidermis glossy blue-black; waved or undulated. Diam. 1-3 inches. interior white, silver in centre, edge Single valves, almost invariably dark. the upper without hole, are frequently When the epidermis is removed four found upon the beaches. They are very teeth may be observed under the lunbones. fragile, brightly colored and have a pe- Length 2.5 inches. culiar sheen. This Anomia was dredged by Many sizes and colors occur, some the writer in large numbers off Cape Ro- beautifully rayed, smooth, dingy, the ju- mano, west Florida veniles often bearded. They live In count- PI. 10, Fig. 6 less numbers attached by the byssus on PI. 72, Figs. 1, 2 rocks and timbers in shallow water and not Nova Scotia to West Indies far from the high-tide mark. In Europe this species is used extensively as food GENUS PODODESMUS Philippl 1837 for man and is said to be quite palatable. PI. 11, Fig. 1 Left valve with only two muscular Greenland to North Carolina impressions, otherwise like Anomia. MYTILUS RECURVUS Rafinesque. (M. hamatus PODODESMUS DECIPIENS Philippi (Placunan- Say). Bent Mussel. Surface densely stri- omia rudis Brod.). Shell irregular, vary- ated, color dark; twisted below umbones. ing from oval to somewhat elongate; lower Length 1-2 inches. An abundant shell in valve flatter than upper; byssal opening Florida. round-oval or partially closed in old In- PI. 10, Fig. 8 dividuals; fine ridges crossed by scaly Rhode Island around coast to Texas; growth lines; inside lustrous, a brown West Indies spot often in center of lower valve. Col- or greenish or white. Length 40 mm.; MYTILUS EXUSTUS Linn6. More or less fan- diam. 6 mm. shaped, strongly longitudinally striated; There is one large muscular impres- often rayed with ochre color, or blotched sion and a smaller one below it. with black-brown or red inside and out. It PI. 10, Fig. 13 is known as the "Scorched Mussel." Length Cedar Keys, Florida to West Indies; 32 mm. Bermuda; Argentina PI. 11, Fig. 5 North Carolina around coast to Family Mytilidae Texas; West Indies

Shell equivalve; hinge ligament GENUS MODIOLUS Lamarck 1799; marginal and Internal, very long; anteri- Volsella of authors (HORSE MUSSELS) or muscular impression narrow and small, posterior one large and obscure. Wedge shaped; umbones very close The mussels are marine or fluvia- to anterior end. They burrow or make nests. 38 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

UODIOLOS MODIOLUS Linne. Horse Mussel. A North Carolina to the West Indies large coarse solid shell; epidermis deep chestnut color; groove for ligament deep; GENUS BOTOLA Morch 1853 animal dark orange or red. Length 4-6 inches. Usually a deep water shell. BOTULA CASTANEA Say. Chestnut Mussel. PI. 11, Fig. 6 Hinge elevated; anterior margin roxinded at Arctic Sea to Cape Hatteras, North tip; posterior margin large; base with a Carolina dilated but slightly impressed contraction before center; epidermis wrinkled; bluish UODIOLOS TULIPUS Llnn§. Tulip Mussel. inside. Length 15 mm. Shell smooth, bright yellowish or brown in South Carolina to Florida; West color with dark rays upon the posterior Indies portion; epidermis covered with scaly growth and bristly hairs. Length 1.25 BOTULA FUSCA Gmelin (M. cinnamomea Lam.). inches. Dusky Mussel. Shell small, almost smooth, Possibly the handsomest representa- inflated, epidermis dark brown; lambones tive of the family in this country. high; hinge line curved. Length 10 mm. PI. 11, Fig. 7 PI. 11, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to North Carolina to Florida; West West Indies Indies

J MODIOLUS DEMISSUS Dillwyn. Shell somewhat GENUS LITHOPHAGA Roeding 1798 pinched toward center. Interior piirplish (DATE SHELLS) brown; otherwise similar to the following subspecies. Length 2-3 Inches. Shell cylindrical, epidermis thick; Virginia to Florida umbones low and near rounded anterior end; posterior end wedge-shaped; hinge line MODIOLUS DEMISSUS PLICATULA Lamarck. Hum- without teeth; ligament internal. They ble Mussel. Shell brittle, with numerous are borers. radiating ribs becoming fine upon anteri- or portion; rather dingy; epidermis thin LITHOPHAGA ANTILLARUM Orblgny (L. corru- and with a varnished-like surface, variegata Phil.). Antillian Date. Shell gated with yellow-green. Length 3 inches. wedge-shaped when viewed from above; many Inhabits tide waters of small concentric furrows upon surface, particu- streams, often imbedded in soil of banks larly near posterior end; base with fine near high-water mark. ribs fading out at anterior end; epidermis PI. 12, Fig. 1 a rich chestnut brown becoming almost black Prince Edward Island to South in certain parts. Length 25-60 mm. Carolina PI. 12, Fig. 3 Southern Florida and West Indies MODIOLUS ABORESCENS Dillwyn. (M. papyria Conrad). Paper Mussel. Shell cylindrical- LITHOPHAGA NIGRA Orbigny (L. caribaea Phil.). ly oblong, thin, smooth, sides rounded; Black Date. Length 23 mm. color yellowish white or green, portions PI. 12, Fig. 4 of surface more or less iridescent. Length South Carolina to Brazil. 32 mm. PI. 12, Fig. 6 SECTION DIBERUS Dall 1896 Florida to Texas and West Indies LITHOPHAGA BISULCATA Orbigny (L. appendicu- MODIOLUS OPIFEX Say. Artist's Mussel. An lata Phil.). Two-furrowed Date. A mostly oval, reddish-brown shell; base contracted smooth and shining shell except for two behind center but not deeply so; between faint radiating sulcations, one above and this portion and the umbones the surface the other below the low rounded posterior blackish and wrinkled; iridescent inside, section; epidermis light chestnut color but brilliant; edge crenulated. Length 13 mm. surface of shell usually covered with a PI. 11, Fig. 2 calcareous incrustation. Upon the latter EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 39

are wrinkles and corrugations. Length with fine beaded ribs; fine concentric 30 mm. growth lines throughout; inner margin PI, 12, Fig. 2 toothed except in middle and ligament area. North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; Length 6 mm. to over an inch. West Indies The shell is remarkable for its rich chestnut color, becoming almost black SECTION MYOFORCEPS Fischer 1886 toward the umbones. It spins a fibrous nest. LITHOPHAGA ARISTATA Dlllwyn (L. caudlgera PI. 11, Fig. 8 Lam. and L. forflcata Rav.). Erect Date. Delaware Bay to Florida; West A white, thin, fragile shell; posterior Indies end with a third valve, a narrow projection; color light salmon inside. Length GENUS CRENELLA Brown 1827 31 mm. It has been taken alive in pieces Epidermis thick; umbones straight; of coral at Charleston bar. South Carolina. ligament small. These small mussels spin PI. 8, Fig. 8 a nest or else hide among roots of sea- North Carolina to West Indies; weeds and corals. They range in depth Mexico from 0-300 fathoms.

GENUS MODIOLARIA Beck 1838; CRENELLA DIVARICATA Orbigny. Shell small, Musculus Roeding 1798, not Martyn 1787 equilateral; umbonal region high; delicate ray-like ribs, a few of them curved; con- Shell inflated, often with three centric sculpture also delicate causing areas on disk; surface ribbed or smooth; the ribs to appear slightly beaded; inner umbones incurved, placed near anterior end. edge crenate throughout; color brownish yellow. Length 3 mm. MODIOLARIA CORRUGATA Stimpson. Shell oval, North Carolina to West Indies heart-shaped when viewed in front, upper margin compressed and arching; sixteen or CRENELLA GLANDULA Totten. Shell rounded more ribs on anterior compartment, those oval, rather swollen; umbones small, sep- in posterior compartment more crowded and arated; minute concentric growth lines, distant; minute wrinkles of epidermis crossed by minute close together radiating crossing ribs and middle section visible lines; epidermis brown or yellow; margin under a microscope; epidermis yellowish toothed inside, pearly within. Length 12 green; interior silvery, edge toothed by mm. Range 3-60 fathoms. the ribs. Range 2-100 fathoms. Length This is a mud dweller and is often 12 mm. found in the stomachs of fish off Mass. PI. 12, Fig. 9 It is a pretty and oddly shaped little PI. 72, Fig. 9 shell. Greenland to North Carolina; Cir- PI. 12, Fig. 8 cumpolar PI. 72, Fig. 10 Labrador to North Carolina MODIOLARIA NIGRA Gray. Shell thin; umbones prominent, scarcely touching each Family Dreissenlldae other, placed far from anterior end; surface with network of minute growth lines; GENUS MYTILOPSIS Conrad 1857; many fine radiating lines or ridges; epi- Congeria Partsch 1835 dermis rusty brown; interior livid with silvery lustre and fine radiating lines. Mantle of animal closed; byssal Length .75-1 Inch. Depth range 1-60 fath- opening small. Inhabits brackish water. oms. PI. 13, Fig. 11 MYTILOPSIS LEUCOPHAETA Conrad. Shell very Greenland to North Carolina rough, incurved; epidermis brownish; anterior end much depressed; hinge margins dug MODIOLARIA LATERALIS Say. Ends sculptured out and with faint teeth. Length 18 mm. .

40 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PI. 11, Fig. 3 Shell thin and fragile; one valve more con- Chesapeake Bay to Florida; West vex than the other and extending slightly Indies beyond; umbones inconspicuous; angular ridge extending from umbones to posterior margin; outside surface minutely wrinkled; ORDER ANOMALODESMACEA tooth long, narrow, with an accessory process below; color white and pearly. A much specialized order, the mem- Height 12 mm., breadth 17 mm. bers mostly of a burrowing nature. This It is quite a variable species and habit has shielded them from many vicissi- a rare one. tudes and as a result the perfecting proc- Pi. 26, Fig. 5 esses of selection have been retarded. The South Carolina to Gulf of Mexico members have lagged behind those of other orders and thus Indicate more clearly the PERIPLOMA UNDDLATA Verrlll. Wavy Spoon. character of the ancient types from which A small, thin shell obtained in 541-816 they sprang fathoms. Length 15 mm. PI. 4, Fig. 6 Family Perlplomatidae Off New Jersey to North Carolina

GENUS PERIPLOMA Schumacher 1817 SUBGENUS COCHLODESMA Couthouy 1824 (SPOON SHELLS) Shell inequivalve, gaping a little Shell almost equlvalve, gaping at ends, umbones small; spoon-shaped proc- slightly; hinge with a low spoon-shaped ess in each valve forming hinge, held by tooth in each valve to receive the carti- an oblique rib. lage, also a small process resting in front of the teeth and usually removed COCHLODESMA LEANUM Conrad. Shell thin and with the animal. brittle, rib bent backward, surface wrinkled by growth lines, interior dull white. PERIPLOMA ANGULIFERA Phillppi. Angulated Length 35 mm., height 25 mm. Spoon. Easily separable on account of the The foot of the animal is broad, very short posterior end. There is a compressed; siphons long, narrow, separate. sharp keel ending in a projecting angle on This species inhabits sandy beach- lower border of right valve. Length 21 mm. es of Cape Cod and Nantucket; also reported PI. 6, Fig. 7 south of Casco Bay, Maine. It appears to Georgia to Florida Keys and Texas be more plentiful in the south. It has been dredged in 3-16 fathoms. PERIPLOMA FRAGILIS Totten. Frail Spoon. PI, 22, Fig, 1 Shell thin, fragile, whitish and pearly, Gulf of St, Lawrence to North right valve most convex, surface marked by Carolina lines of growth. Length 15 mm., rarely much larger. Depth range 4-29 fathoms. Family Thraclldae Labrador to New Jersey GENUS THRACIA Blainville 1824 PERIPLOMA INAEQUIVALVIS Schiamacher. In- equal Spoon, Shell thin, fragile, twisted, Shell inequivalve, a little gaping pearly Inside; concentric lines numerous at both ends; umbones prominent, one per- and distinct; angular ridge moderately im- forated. pressed; tooth prominent and broad, A recent specimen from Sanibel, THRACIA CONRADI Couthouy. Shell thin, Florida, measures 16 mm. A fossil from smaller extremity truncated or chopped off; Clewiston, Florida, is 34 nim. in length. exterior pale ashy-white and pearly under- Pi, 12, Fig. 5 neath; hinge toothless; interior chalky- West Florida; Texas?; West Indies white. Length 3-4 Inches. When found entire, with both valves, PERIPLOMA PAPYRATIA Say. Paper Spoon. the difference in the size of the valves is EAST COAST MABINE SHELLS 41 at once apparent. It has been found abun- cated wedge. Length 18 mm. Animal with dantly off the Maine coast and Rhode Is- slender foot which is deeply grooved. land, It probably lives in sand at low- Fig. 29. water mark. Reported depths range from The radiated wrinkled surface is 3-16 fathoms. lonique among shells of the New England PI. 12, Fig. 7 coast. It is a form of epidermis. The Labrador to North Carolina pearly lustre is equally beautiful. It is a shallow water species. Family Pandoridae PI. 13, Fig. 2 Nova Scotia to Texas Shell irregular, compressed, pearly. SECTION PHILIPPINA Dall 1901

GENUS PANDORA Hwass 1795 LYONSIA BEANA Orbigny. Shell small, rath- (GRECIAN EVE) er thin, sxirface shining, decidedly inequilateral, gaping below. Length 17 mm. Shell inequivalve; right valve This is the only representative of flat, left convex; two diverging teeth in the family, in these waters, which exhib- right valve and grooves in the opposite its color. It was originally collected by one. M. Beau but the name misspelled In the description. PANDORA GOULDIANA Dall. A large rough spe- PI. 13, Fig. 3 cies in contrast to P. trilineata. Length North Carolina to Florida; West S5 mm. Range 0-30 fathoms. Indies PI. 13, Fig. 7 Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, Family Cuspidariidae North Carolina GENUS CUSPIDARIA Nardo 1840 PANDORA TRILINEATA Say. Shell white, of- (Naera Gray 1834) ten with iron-like deposit near hinge line; brilliantly nacreous internally. Shell small, rostrate, sculptured Often confused with the preceding or smooth; radial sculpture most prominent. species. It is much more fragile and beautiful. Length 20 mm. CUSPIDARIA GEMMA Verrill and Bush. Shell Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to thin, quite small, fragile, bluish white; Gulf of Mexico rostrum distinct; umbone smooth; ventral margin broadly rounded with slight angle at Family Lyonsiidae termination of each radial rib; three of these ribs upon posterior half and one less Shell inequivalve, subtriangular, distinct at about the center, the latter fragile, pearly; hinge provided with a rib rudimentary in left valve, none of the narrow ledge inside each valve to which ribs reaching the umbones; hinge margin the ligament is attached and against which thin and delicate; right valve with small adheres a four-sided plate. long lateral tooth separated from minute cartilage plate by a distinct notch; lat- GENUS LYONSIA Turton 1822 eral tooth supported by a small buttress. Length 5 mm., height 3 mm. LYONSIA FLORIDANA Conrad. Shell narrower This striking little shell was de- and often smaller than L. hyallna, ends scribed from specimens dredged in 16-17 somewhat pointed. Length 8-15 mm. fathoms off Cape Hatteras. The writer PI. 13, Fig. 1 found it in shallow water near Jupiter Florida and Gulf of Mexico Light and upon the bay side at Sanibel, Florida. It doubtless will turn up in oth- LYONSIA HYALINA Conrad. Glassy Lyonsia. ^r localities. A translucent, pearly, fragile shell, cov- PI. 13, Fig. 5 ered with ray-like wrinkles; plate a trun- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florida 4S EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

COSPIDAEIA ORNATISSIMA Orblgny. Range 2- Astartldae, and are more or less migratory. 124 fathoms. Length 9.5 mm. PI. 65, Fig. 21 Family Pleurophorldae North Carolina to West Indies GENUS CYPRINA Lamarck 1818 COSPIDARIA PERROSTRATA Ball. Length 8 mm. Range 58-416 fathoms. Shell large, heavy; no lunule but PI. 61, Figs. 3a, 3b a slight pit in its place; epidermis brown, South of Martha's Vineyard to West thick, wrinkled; edge simple. Indies

CYPRINA ISLANBICA Linn6 . A large thick GENUS LEIOMYA A. Adams 1864 shell with umbones pointed forward and In- ward so that they almost meet; ligament SUBGENUS HALONYMPHA Ball and Smith strong and prominent; epidermis shining and sometimes almost black; three cardinal Sharp cardinal tooth in right valve; teeth in each valve; marginal tooth blunt no other teeth in either valve; rib extend- and rather indistinct; interior white. ing posteriorly in both valves; surface Length 3.5 inches. striated or smooth. An abundant shell in northern waters, especially near the mouths of rivers. LEIOMYA CLAVICULATA Ball. Length 12 mm. Young examples are frequently taken in the Range 100-339 fathoms. stomachs of fish caxight in Massachusetts PI. 61, Figs. 2, ga waters. Florida Keys; Bermuda; West Indies It is one of our largest northern shells and might only be confused with Family Vertlcordildae Venus mercenarla. The black epidermis and lack of purple border easily separate it GENUS VERTICORBIA Wood 1844 from that shell. n. 13, Fig. 9 SECTION EUCIROA Ball 1881 Arctic Ocean to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina VERTICORBIA ELEGANTISSIMA Ball. Length 13-40 mm. Range 292-756 fathoms. Family Corblculidae PI. 61, Figs, la, lb Off Cape Canaverel, Florida, to GENUS POLYMESOBA Raflnesque 1820; Cuba Cyrena of authors, not Lamarck

SUBGENUS HALIRIS Ball 1886 Shell oval, often with rough epidermis; three hinge teeth in each valve; VERTICORBIA FISCHERIANA Ball. Length two lateral teeth In each valve. 10 mm. Range 84-229 fathoms. Foot of animal strong, tongue- PI. 61, Figs. 4a, 4b shaped. North Carolina to West Indies They are inhabitants of brackish or fresh water near the sea.

ORBER TELEODESMACEA POLYMESOBA CAROLINENSIS Bosc. Shell swollen, covered with rough shining epidermis; Animal vd.th reticulate gills, man- shell deeply eroded toward umbones; hinge tle lobes more or less connected; shell teeth small. Length 1.75 inches. porcellanous, or slightly prismatic, never The erosion upon these shells is nacreous; seldom inaequivalve. due to their living in brackish or almost Habits: Active or nestling; rare- fresh water where acids are prevalent. It ly sedentary burrowers; often imbedded but is abundant on marshes, subject to tides. mostly occupying excavations of other or- PI. 16, Fig. 2 ganisms. Many of them live burled in the South Carolina to Florida and Texas surface of the sea bottom, including the EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 43

POLYMESODA FLORIDANA Conrad. A much thin- ASTARTE QUADRANS Gould. A small qxzadrate ner and smaller shell than the preceding species with a glossy shell; anterior end one and not so swollen; surface dull; in- longest; ijmbones not inclined to either terior touched with purple at margins as side, pointed: surface smooth; small latin C. carolinensis. Length slightly under eral tooth on left valve and corresponding 1 inch. groove on right valve. Length 6 mm. PI. 13, Fig. 4 Depth range 5-104 mm. It has been found Big Pine Key, Florida, northward in fish stomachs. and westward to Texas PI. 22, Fig. 6 PI. 73, Fig. 4 POLYMESODA FLORIDANA SARASOTAENSIS Hender- Labrador to Chesapeake Bay son. PI. 25, Fig. 8 ASTARTE UNDATA Gould. Shell dark brown, West Florida variable in outline, ten to twenty-five ccn- centric ripples. Depth range 5-104 fath- Family Astartidae oms. PI. 73, Fig. 1 A family of ancient origin. Liga- Greenland to Massachusetts Bay and ment external; surface of shell often dull south in colder water to Chesa- but soft parts brilliantly colored, usual- peake Bay ly yellow orange or vermillion. The conditions of life favor many Family Crassatellldae individuals rather than number of species with consequent extreme variation. For Shell solid, slightly inequivalve, this reason many of the species are diffi- inequilateral; posterior end longer; three cult to identify. cardinal teeth in right valve, two in left; They live partly covered by mud or only concentric sculpture and that often sand, mostly in boreal seas, and form a present only near xombones. large proportion of the food consumed by walrus and many fish. GENUS CRASSATELLA Lamarck 1801, not 1798 There are a number of deep water species: the following are those which CRASSATELLA GIBBSII T. and H. (C. floridana

occur in comparatively shallow water and Dall) . Concentric grooves about 1 mm. are most likely to be found dead upon the wide, covered with fine bright brown epi- beaches. dermis; tip of umbones flattened; interior pinkish chocolate, pink or white; margins GENUS ASTARTE Sowerby 1816 smooth in all ages. Length 65 mm. Range 3-100 fathoms. Fossil in the Pliocene ASTARTE CASTANEA Say. Chestnut Astarte. marl near Clewiston, Florida. The typical form is smooth, polished, of a PI. 10, Fig. 10 rich reddish chestnut brown color. Margins North Carolina to West Indies sharply crenulated. Length 23 mm. PI. 13, Fig. 10 GENUS CRASSINELLA Guppy 1874 PI, 73, Fig. 7 Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, North Shell equivalve, often three-sided; Carolina lunule distinct; two cardinal teeth in one valve, one cardinal on other yalve; two an- ASTARTE CASTANEA PICEA Gould. Pitch-pine terior marginal teeth on each valve. Astarte. This variety possesses a blackish tarry epidermis. CRASSINELLA MACTRACEA Linsey. Shell small, Chelsea Beach, Massachusetts to almost quadrant-shaped; fine concentric New Jersey waves upon surface and minute radiating lines between them; lunule long and deep; ASTARTE CASTANEA PROCERA Totten. Epidermis color pale yellowish green. Diam. 6 mm. dxill yellowish brown. The peculiar shape and striae ra- Provincetown Harbor, Massachusetts diating from the umbones separate this 44 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS shell from others. Range 3-100 fathoms. gle triangular tooth which fits into the PI. 13, Fig. 6 cavity opposite. Length 6.5 mm. Range PI. 73, Figs. 11, 13 36-124 fathoms. Massachusetts to Florida Fresh examples are not uncommon upon the Florida beaches. J Family Cardltidae PI. 14, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of Hinge with a short, strong, erect Mexico tooth under umbones and an oblique one extending along margin. Family Chamidae

GENDS CARDITA Bruguiere 1792 Shell inequivalve, irregular, thick, attached to some solid object or CARDITA FLORIDANA Conrad. Shell with sev- its own kind; the free valve on right or enteen to eighteen heavy ribs with bluntly left side, fixed valve more convex and of raised scales upon them; ligament external; greater size than the other; hinge thick, color yellowish white, yoimg shells touched with anterior groove and with an oblique with piirple. Length 1 inch. arched cardinal tooth and a straight fur- This species lives mostly in pro- row. tected bays. It is quite common upon The shell consists of three layers; Florida beaches. external layer with oblique lines of growth; PI. 13, Fig. 12 middle layer of opaque white; inner layer Florida to Texas translucent and membranous.

CARDITA GRACILIS Shuttleworth. A long and GENUS CHAMA Linne 1758 narrow shell which is rarely found on the beaches. CHAMA MACEROPHYLLA Gmelin (C. macrophylla

PI. 11, Fig. 9 Gmelin) . Shell with many prominent folia- Tampa Bay to West Indies tions which are pointed and sometimes compressed; color varying from purple to yel- GENDS VENERICARDIA Lamarck 1801 low; interior margins conforming to exterior color; central and tooth areas whitish; Shell rounded-trigonal, radial margin of shell minutely crenulated. ribs the strongest, the ribs often beaded This species is often gregarious, especially in the young; hinge with two several individuals being fastened togeth- cardinal teeth in the left and three in er. A chisel and hammer are handy in sep- the right valve. arating them from rocks. Finely colored individuals live near Jupiter Inlet, VENERICARDIA BOREALIS Conrad. Shell thick; Florida. Length 43-65 mm. about eighteen rounded radiating ribs with PI. 14, Fig. 2 narrow spaces between; epidermis brown or East Florida; Tampa, Florida to black; margin crenulated; lunule small and Curacao, West Indies deep; ligament small and sunken; interior white. Length 1 inch. Range 3-250 fath- CHAMA CONGREGATA Conrad. Usually a small- oms. er form than the preceding, also with fin- PI. 13, Fig. 13 er foliations. Length 21 mm. PI. 73, Figs. 9, 10 An inhabitant of Upper Biscayne Labrador to Cape Hatteras, North Bay, Florida, where it may be found under Carolina stones. PI. 14, Fig. 4 VENERICARDIA TRIDENTATA Say. Shell minute Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to but ponderous, thick, about eighteen con- Yucatan vex ribs crossed by elevated concentric lines; margins Inside deeply crenulated; CHAMA SARDA Reeve. Shell small, attached two diverging teeth, with large cavity be- valve deepest of the two; surface with wavy tween, in one valve; in other valve a sin- scales; upper valve often with reddish rays EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 45 on the white ground; ligament short, not Go\ild reports it as taken from cod- straight; teeth blunt and rounded; left fish stomachs and its preference for sandy valve with tooth forward and pit behind; bottoms. right valve with pit in front and tooth be- PI. 73, Fig. 2 hind; border indistinctly crenulated. Greenland to Connecticut; Pacific Length 27 mm,, height 30 mm. A much smaller species than C. THYASIRA OBESDS Verrill. macerophylla, also separated by the ornate PI. 73, Fig. 12 color patterns and red stains of the free valve. Family Ongiilinidae (Diplodontldae) PI. 14, Fig. 3 Florida Keys and West Indies Animal like Lucinidae except in development of the gills; shell hinge with GENUS ECHINOCHAMA Fischer 1887 lateral teeth obscure or absent, margin of (SPINY CHAMA) valve plain, subcircular in shape.

ECHINOCHAMA ARCINELLA Linne. Shell in- GENUS TARAS Risso 1826 flated, solid; umbones curved forward over (Diplodonta Bronn 1831) a large wide lunule; ligament partly inside, surface covered with coarse granula- TARAS VENEZUELENSIS Dunker (T. punctata tions or small pustules, arranged in series Say) . Shell squarish, orbicular, valve and with eight to twenty curved ribs; large slightly longer than high; exterior and in- cardinal tooth in right valve which fits terior somewhat dull; short radiating into pit in left valve, left valve with striae not always visible; cardinal teeth one curved cardinal tooth; color white out^ minute, one in each valve bifid. Length side, white or purplish within. Height 11.5 mm., height 10.5 mm., thickness of 55 mm. including spines. both valves 7 mm. Depth range 0-180 fath- The young shell is attached by the oms. right valve in front of the umbone but lat- PI. 22, Fig. 12 er in life becomes free although always Gulf of Mexico and Florida Strait carrying the attachment scar. Sometimes they are found in clusters. When first Family Cyrenellidae freed from the egg the animal is unattached, the shell being crimson or brovm. GENUS CYRENOIDA Joannis 1835; Single valves are often common up- Cyrenella Deshayes 1835 on the west Florida beaches including Marco. Living examples are obtainable by dredging CYRENOIDA FLORIDANA Ball. Shell rounded, in a few feet of water off Sanibel. small, thin; epidermis pale yellow, silky; Fine fossil specimens have been siirface almost smooth; interior margin pol- taken in the Pliocene beds near Clewlston, ished, smooth; pallial line indistinct, of- Florida. ten broken; ligament short, external. PI. 14, Fig. 1 Length 10-13.5 mm., alt. 12.5 mm., diam. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to 8 mm. West Indies The shell resembles Diplodonta; the animal is much like Lucina, the foot being Family Thyasiridae long and slender. It has been taken abundantly in the Lunule minute, usually deeply im- outer edge of mangrove swamps, skirting the pressed; mostly minute shells. bay, in the vicinity of Miami, Florida. PI. 16, Fig. 11 THYASIRA GOULDII Philippi. Shell minute, Brunswick, Georgia south to the almost equilateral; interior with minute Everglades, north to Charlotte radiating lines; very small cardinal tooth Harbor, west Florida and no lateral ones; ligament rather large, partly concealed. Length 6 mm. Depth range 5-400 fathoms. .

46 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Family Luclnldae LUCINA MURICATA Spengler (L. scabra Lam.). Scaly Luclna. Concentric sculpture very Shell usually white; umbones de- indistinct; numerous spinous radial ribs; pressed; edge smooth or minutely crenulat- right anterior cardinal tooth obsolete. ed. Length 18 mm. Depth range 6-12 fathoms. Foot of animal often twice the The very striking radial ribs sep- length of shell but folded back upon it- arate this species from all others of the self and concealed between the gills. group PI. 15, Fig. 3 GENDS LUCINA Bruguiere 1797; Florida Keys and West Indies Phacoides, Gray 1824 SUBGENUS PSEUDOMILTHA Fischer 1887 LDCINA PENNSYLVANICA Llnn§. Pennsylvania Luclna. Shell Inflated, solid; high sharp LUCINA FLORIDANA Conrad. Florida Luclna. umbones turned forward; epidermis raised Siirface with rough concentric growth stag- into numerous elevated laminae; color es and pale epidermis; shell also much com- white throughout but old Individuals brown- pressed and heavy. Diam. 34 mm. ish. Dlam. 2 inches. PI. 15, Fig. 2 The beautiful light brown epidermis West coast of Florida to Texas is peculiar and characteristic of this Lu- clna. It may be recognized by touch. SUBGENUS LUCINOMA Dall 1901 PI. 15, Fig. 1 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to LUCINA FILOSA Stimpson. Shell compressed, Florida; West Indies white, thick; hinge margin straight; umbones small, extending forwards over a LOCINA JAMAICENSIS Lamarck (L. pectlnatus small smooth liinule; numerous separated Gmel.). Jamaica Luclna. Shell scarcely raised concentric ridges, between these Inflated, rather solid, sculptured with va- rounded thread-like lines; sometimes mi- riable ridges; muscle scars narrow, long nute radiating lines; cardinal tooth in and rather smooth; color dirt white or pale left valve; no marginal teeth. Length and salmon both inside and out. Dlam. S inch- height 2.5 Inches. Depth range 16-528 fath- es. oms. A shallow water shell, quite fre- A rare deep-water shell. Single quent in Florida waters. valves have been taken upon the beaches PI. 16, Fig. 1 after severe storms. St. Augustine, Florida to West PI. 14, Fig. 8 Indies; Uruguay PI. 73, Fig. 14 Casco Bay, Maine to Cape Florida SECTION CAVILUCINA Fischer 1887 SUBGENUS CALLUCINA Dall 1901 SUBGENUS LUCINISCA Dall 1901 LUCINA RADIANS Conrad. Rayed Luclna. Con- LUCINA NASSULA Conrad. Woven Luclna. Sur- centric sculpture fine and evenly placed; face beautifully sculptured with about radial lines faint; exterior scarcely shin- twenty raised concentric lines and a larg- ing; Internal margin crenulate; palllal er number of radiating ribs; tooth-like line punctated, muscle scars large; lunule projections upon surface recognizable by wedge-shaped, shallow. Length 17 mm. Depth touch; margin of shell crenulated. Length range 5-85 fathoms. 11 mm. PI. 20, Fig. 10 It was taken by the writer at San- Beaufort, North Carolina to Florida; ibel and in Lake Worth, Florida, in quite Porto Rico shallow water. The usual depth reported is from 7-200 fathoms. SUBGENUS PARVILUCINA Dall 1901 PI. 16, Fig. 8 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to LUCINA CRENELLA Dall. Shell small, rather Cuba and west to Mobile, Alabama strongly inflated, marked with feeble EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 47 cancellate ornamentation by the intersec- PI. 16, Fig. 5 tion of the concentric lamellae and weaker Massachusetts to Brazil radial threads. The posterior slope is weakly depressed in front of the margin. GENUS CODAKIA Scopoli 1777 Length 4-6 mm. Depth range 2-124 fathoms. PI. 23, Fig. 14 Shell large and heavy with more or Cape Henry, Virginia to Cuba less reticulate siirface sculpture; exteri- or white; color, when-present, chiefly up- SECTION BELLUCINA Dall 1901 on interior and near margins.

LUCINA AMIANTUS Dall. Shell small, solid, CODAKIA ORBICULARIS Linnfe. Shell large, white; about twelve strong low ribs which rather solid, narrov/ sharp umbones; numer- are crossed by strap-like threads; inner ous radiating ribs or narrow furrows which margin finely crenulate. Length 6 mm. cut the surface into ridges of varying Depth range 2-640 fathoms. widths; growth lines elevated making sur- This is an extremely elegant lit- face cancellated; color whitish or yellow- tle shell and can hardly be confused with ish, often touched with purple on border, any other. First found on the west coast chiefly above. Length 80 mm. of Florida it has since turned up in scat- Very abundant on sandy bottom at tered localities. depth of a foot or so, or among algae in PI. 15, Fig. 5 the Florida Keys. A very fine species. Cape Lookout, North Carolina to PI. 19, Fig. 5 West Indies Florida; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies GENUS DI VARICELLA V. Martens 1880 SUBGENUS JAGONIA Recluz 1869 Somewhat rounded semi-glossy shells with peculiar sculpture. CODAKIA OREICULATA Montagu. Shell of moderate size, covered with rather broad ra- DIVARICELLA DENTATA Wood. Larger than D. diating ribs, concentric lines not so strong, quadrisulcata, also distinguished by the often with several growth and rest lines; toothed dorsal margin and the lateral limbones nearest anterior end; shape oblique, teeth inside the shell. There is a tenden- moderately impressed; hinge inconspicuous; cy in old individuals toward obsolescence lunule large and wedge shaped; two pointed of these, particularly the lateral teeth. lateral teeth in each valve. Length 13 mm. The small and deep Ixmule is present in all Dredged in shallow water of Barnes ages. Diam. 1.5 inches. It lives in 10- Sound, Florida. 50 fathoms but single valves sometimes are PI. ,15, Fig. 6 found on the beaches. PI. 14, Fig. 8 PI. 16, Fig. 4 North Carolina; Florida; Vilest PI. 73, Fig. 6 Indies North Carolina to West Indies CODAKIA COSTATA Orbigny (L, antillara Rve.). DIVARICELLA QUADRISULCATA Orbigny. Shell Large and small radial ribs alternating or white, surface glossy, sculptured with in pairs; concentric sculpture least promi- grooves bent obliquely downward at both nent; lionule well impressed, narrow, almost sides; lateral teeth obsolete; margin of heart-shaped; muscle scar not deep, pallial. shell toothed, hinge margin almost straight; line narrow. Length 13 mm. Depth range one very small tooth in right valve, two 13-85 fathoms. small diverging ones in left; ligament al- PI. 15, Fig. 9 most concealed. Length 1 inch. North Carolina to Brazil Found on every Atlantic shore and remarkable for its wide dispersion; also GENUS LORIPINUS Monterosato 1883 frequent in fossil form. Range 10-50 fathoms. Much commoner upon beaches than the LORIPINUS CHRYSOSTOMA Phillppi. Shell preceding species. large and recognizable by its "mellow 48 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS orange suffusion." In early days it was GENUS MONTACUTA Turton 1822 called "The Apricot." The area of the rudimentary teeth is indicated outside by MONTACUTA FLORIDANA Ball. a peculiar extension of the shell with PI. 14, Fig. 10 sharp diagonal fold upon opposide side. PI. 4, Fig. 7 Dlam. 1.5-2 inches. West Coast of Florida It is taken in moderate depths and Is easily obtainable upon tidal flats of GENUS KELLIA Turton 1822; bays and protected waters. Lasea Leach 1827 PI. 15, Fig. 7 Florida and West Indies All the known forms are nestlers, adhering by a byssus to barnacles, cal- LORIPINDS SCHRAMMI Crosse (L. phllipplana careous algae and similar organisms. The of authors, not Reeve). A large, rotund, young Kellia are long retained within the chalky-white shell. It is more inflated, parent shell. larger, with smaller lunule than L. chrysostoma with which it is often con- KELLIA RUBRA Montagu. Varying from pale fused. Diam. 3 Inches. greenish yellow to purplish red. Under a Examples have been reported from microscope the epidermis appears very Sanibel, Florida. coarse. No two individuals exhibit the PI. 15, Fig. 4 same characters in the teeth. In the left PI. 16, Fig. 3 valve there is a minute "cardinal" tooth North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico and two diverging laminae; in the right valve a similar "cardinal" and each side a GENDS MYRTAEA Turton 1822 pair of laminae between which the single teeth of the opposite valve are received, MYETAEA LENS Verrill and Smith. Shell the so-called "cardinal" often being absent. much compressed; well separated concen- Height 3 mm. tric lines becoming raised near fold; ex- This very variable shell has long terior dull, often with thin greenish epi- been known from Bermuda, also southern dermis; lunule deeply excavated and form- California and Europe. At the Lake Worth ing a notch in margin; cardinal teeth de- Inlet, Florida it was found nestling in generate. Length 10.5 mm. Depth range barnacles. It may have been carried to 50-464 fathoms. the Pacific by ocean currents when a pas- PI. 16, Fig. 6 sage across the American isthmus was open. PI. 11, Fig. 10 PI. 20, Fig. 9 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Brazil Florida; Bermuda; Eiirope

Family Leptonidae Family Cardildae

GENDS ROCHEFORTIA Velain 1876; Valves with serrated (toothed) mar- Mysella Angas 1877 gins, frequently gaping behind; hinge teeth

arched (Cyclodont) , hinge plate obscure or ROCHEFORTIA PLANULATA Stimpson (Kellia undeveloped; ligament external and posteri- rubra Gould not Montagu)-. Shell thick, or. minute; umbones prominent and touching each other; lunule in front distinct; an- GENUS CARDIUM Linn§ 1758 (COCKLE SHELLS) terior end white with thin purple epidermis. Length 4 mm. Range 0-48 fathoms. SUBGENUS TRACHYCARDIUM Morch 1853 When containing the dried remains of the animal the shell has a ruddy tinge CARDIUM ISOCARDIUM Linn6. Narrow Cockle. and pale brown epidermis which are lost in Shell of elongated heart-shape; twenty- beach valves. seven to thirty radiating ribs; brown, PI. 24, Fig. 7 stained with darker shades; interior salmon Nova Scotia to Texas color or purplish pink. Height 3 inches; breadth 2.75 inches. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 49

PI. 17, Fig. 3 ple spots; posterior area brownish purple. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Height 4 inches or more. West Indies The largest and handsomest of our eastern cockles and an abundant one on the CARDIUM MURICATUM Linn§. Ribs thirty to Florida west coast. forty, each with a row of solid oblique low PI. 17, Fig. 2 scales; color whitish, buff or brownish, North Carolina to Brazil sometimes variegated; interior light, often marked or streaked with purple. Height GENUS PAPYRIDEA Swainson 1840 25 mm. A common shell on the Florida west PAPYRIDEA SPINOSUM Meuschen. Spiny Paper coast beaches. Cockle. Shell elongate, compressed, often PI. 17, Fig. 1 gaping, characterized by ribs which are in- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to conspicuous in the center of the valves West Indies but raised and provided with spines toward the extremities, some of the spines extend- SUBGENUS CERASTODERMA Morch 1853 ing over the margin; ligament area provided with deep grooves; exterior and interior CARDIUM CILIATUM Fabricius (C. islandicum mottled with lavender or yellow. Lam.). Iceland Cockle. A rather large This delicately beautiful shell is thin shell; anterior end shortest and nar- sometimes taken at Sanlbel where it at- rowest; umbones prominent, pointing inward tains a length of 1 inch. At Yamato, on and almost touching each other; about the Florida east coast, specimens are thirty-six sharp three-sided ribs; epider- smaller. mis yellowish brown with a bristling fringe; PI. 17, Fig. 8 interior straw colored, portion covered by Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to mantle pearly; inside grooves correspond- Brazil ing to ribs without, margins strongly notched; ribs well separated and with a PAPYRIDEA SEMISULCATA Gray. Shell whitish tendency toward angularity. Height 2 inch- yellow with broad, low, radiating ribs, es; breadth 1 inch. about twenty of these prominent, addition- A plentiful shell in moderate al and less conspicuous ribs toward anteri- depths off the New England coast. It is or end; posterior end with beautifully in- often found in the stomachs of fish. dented margin, the portion adjacent to the PI. 17, Fig. 6 ligament finely so; exterior dull, the in- Arctic Sea to Cape Hatteras, North terior glossy and showing the external Carolina ribs. Length 8-14 mm. It has been taken in drift in Palm CARDIUM PINNULATUM Conrad. Pointed Edge Beach County, Florida. Cockle. Shell small, fragile, thin, PI. 17, Fig. 9 obliquely orbicular; about twenty-six ribs PI. 10, Fig. 15 which become convex at base, crossed by Palm Beach County, Florida; else- evenly placed flattened scales; umbones a where? little raised and inclined inwards; color dirty white or yellowish. Length 12 mm. GENUS TRIGONICARDIA Dall 1900 PI. 20, Fig. 11 PI. 73, Fig. 5 A genus confined to Middle America, Labrador to Cape Lookout, North both coasts. The name indicates the pe- Carolina culiar form of the shell.

SUBGENUS DINOCARDIUM Dall 1900 TRIGONICARDIA ANTILLARUM Orbigny. Shell trigonal in shape, bluntly keeled behind; CARDIUM ROBUSTUM Solander. (C. magnum L.) about twenty-three broad, low radiating Strong Cockle. Ribs thirty- three to thir- ribs which are more or less nodulous, the ty-seven, regularly arranged; color yel- interspaces much narrower; lateral teeth lowish brown with rows of chestnut or pur- strong, the cardinals small. Length 20 mm.. 50 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

often less. Depth range 2-182 fathoms. of shell and emphasized by a lunule-like A frequent shell upon the West area outlined with a shallow groove; ante- Indian beaches, especially in the Bahamas. rior lateral teeth strongest; interior mar- PI. 17, Fig. 10 gin of shell toothed. Color whitish, cream Florida Strait and West Indies or pale brown with touches of brown. Height 2 inches. TRIGONICAEDIA CERAMIDUM Dall. Ribs eight- Usually larger than the typical een in number, the four middle much larger form, not so polished, brown bands more in proportion to the others. Alt. of large prominent. Upon the Florida west coast example 8.2 mm. Color yellowish. Off this is an outstanding form. Havana it was taken in 182 fathoms. Florida; West Indies PI. 62, Fig. 6 Florida Strait; West Indies LAEVICARDIUM MORTONI Conrad. Morton's Cockle. A comparatively smooth little SUBGENUS AMERICARDIA Stewart 1930 shell with a purple spot on posterior margin; interior bright yellow. Height 1 inch TRIGONIOCARDIA MEDIUM Linnfe. Shell inequi- or less. lateral, solid; about thirty-five strong Most plentiful in Long Island Sound almost smooth ribs; ten ribs upon posteri- and region of Martha's Vineyard. It lives or end rounded and with deep grooves be- in 1-5 fathoms of water in the north. Bril- tween, the remainder overhanging the deep liantly colored examples were dredged in grooves; teeth strong; color white or buff, the muddy waters of Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, touched with brown or purple. Height 85 run. Florida. The colors of this species ap- Florida examples 1 inch. pear to fade rapidly in the cabinet. A young example was dredged in PI. 17, Fig. 4 shallow water of Card Sound, Florida. It PI. 75, Fig. 8 usually prefers deeper water but single Nova Scotia southward to Brazil valves are often foimd on the beaches of the Florida Keys. GENUS SERRIPES Beck 1841; PI. 17, Fig. 5 Aphrodite Lea 1834, not Hubner 1816 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS Bruguiere. Shell large, surface with many radiating ridges GENUS LAEVICARDIUM Swainson 1840 which are coarsest at the posterior end; margin extending beyond the ligament; um- LAEVICARDIUM SERRATUM Linn6. Saw- toothed bones insignificant, curved inward and a Cockle. Surface nearly smooth, polished, little forward, almost in center of shell; creamy white, suffused with a golden tint, epidermis thin, pale brown, shining; car- often pink toward umbones; faint traces of dinal teeth almost absent, lateral teeth ribs; posterior edge less curved than an- small but distinct. Length under 3 inches. terior; scarcely gaping, delicately toothed The serrated margin of the animal's on margin; lateral teeth high and prominent, foot has suggested the name for the genus. cardinal teeth small. Height 1-2 inches. The shell is remarkable for a decided gape A specimen dredged by the author at the posterior end, also for its resem- in Lower Biscayne Bay, Florida, by wield- blance to Mactra. Depth range 2-260 fath- ing its powerful foot suddenly leaped from oms. its captor's hand. PI. 16, Fig. 7 PI. 17, Fig. 7 Greenland to Cape Cod, Massachusetts Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the West Indies. GENUS PROTOCARDIA Beyrich 1845

LAEVICARDIUM SERRATUM LAEVIGATUM Lamarck, PROTOCARDIA PERAMABILIS Dall. A small Shell rather large, usually but not always plump shell with high subcentral umbones; faintly ribbed, ribs numerous when present anterior end evenly rounded, the posterior but most apparent toward margin of shell, somewhat truncate; surface with numerous areas at ends smoother often than remainder radiating lines crossed by concentric EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 51 lines of equal Intensity, forming beads at dermis, often in shaded areas, is distinc- their intersection, the concentric lines tive. Height 2.5 inches. It is a rare becoming obsolete upon the posterior half, shell. becoming spinous at that end; internal mar- PI. 19, Fig. 2 gin serrate. Length 14 mm., height 14.5 Cape May, New Jersey to Vera Cruz, mm. Depth range 18-164 fathoms. Mexico; apparently absent from the PI. 62, Fig. 7 Antilles Rhode Island to the West Indies DOSINIA ELEGANS Conrad. A handsome flat Family Vereridae shell with uniformly placed concentric grooves. It is often confused with D. con- This family represents the culmin- centrica. The warm off-shore water is its ation of bivalve evolution so far as a sin- favorite habitat. Double fresh shells are gle family is concerned. In beauty of col- often abundant on the Sanibel beach. Length or and delicacy of pattern, variety of 2.5 inches. sculpture, wide distribution plus depth PI. 19, Fig. 1 range, they equal if not siirpass all other PI. 18, Fig. 3 bivalve groups. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to The animals are fully as beautiful Yucatan; West Indies as the shells "leading one to wonder why parts which are always covered by mud or GENUS TRANSENNELLA Dall 1883 sand should develop such beauties." The Lascar crews of ancient Span- Shell small, with the general form ish galleons used certain Venus for trade of Tivela; hinge with three cardinal teeth in the Orient and consequently erroneous in each valve, the middle left cardinal habitats were often recorded. The common bifid; an elongated lateral tooth on left Venus, or hard-shelled clam, of our east valve which corresponds to a socket in op- coast was used by the Indians for making posite valve; lunule defined; peculiar wampum and ceremonial belts. sculpture upon Inner margin of valves which are tangentially grooved. GENUS DOSINIA Scopoli 1777 One of the Pacific coast species produces its young alive. Animal with large foot, siphons closely united. Valves of shell usually TRAJISENNELLA CONRADINA Dall, Surface shin- compressed; ligament strong and placed in ing, concentric lines not very pronounced, groove; lunule small; sculpture usually crossed by finer radiating lines. Length consisting of elegant concentric grooves; 12 mm. epidermis thin and lustrous; color usually PI. 19, Fig. 7 pale, many of the species white. PI. 26, Fig. 6 St. Andrew's Bay, Florida to DOSINIA CONCENTRICA Born. Shell rotund, Florida Keys and northward to Palm partly compressed, white, grooved; umbones Beach prominent. Length 2 inches. A smaller shell than D. elegans, TRANSENNELLA STIMPSONI Dall. Shell white, more convex, sculpture less conspicuous on variegated with brown lines or spots; orange center and base of shell; lunule much larg- or deep purple inside, particularly toward er. middle of valves. Length 14 mm. It is rather rarely found on the Easily the handsomest member of the Florida Keys. genus. It lives in from 8-30 fathoms and PI. 19, Fig. 6 was first found off Egmont Key, Florida. Florida Keys to Brazil PI. 26, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to DOSINIA DISCUS Reeve. The most compressed Egmont Key, west Florida of our east coast Dosinias, also distinguished by the finer and closer concentric grooves. The darker yellowish-brown epi- 52 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

GENUS TIVELA Link 1807 J. H. Beal reports it from Santa Rosa Is- land, N. W. Florida. Shell porcellanous, smooth outside, It occurs in the Pliocene beds of color variable but with tendency toward Florida and Costa Rica. During the frigid brown or purple; valves subequilateral, Miocene age it migrated to warmer waters closing tightly, more or less convex, de- but returned with the Pliocene and has sur- void of sculpture; umbones prominent; lig- vived living well up th'3 east coast. ament short; teeth of hinge variable in PI. 20, Fig. 1 the respective species. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies; TIVELA ABACONIS Dall. Shell subtranslu- Brazil cent, white, rose or purple and a portion passing into white; only three small car- MACROCALLISTA NIMBOSA Solander. Shell dinal teeth in each valve. Length 11 mm., porcellanous, oblong, rather flat, smooth, smaller in Florida. pinkish fawn color with lilac spots ar- It was first described from Abaco, ranged In rays; interior white; anterior Bahamas. Entire fresh specimens are often end short, narrowed at end; posterior end abundant in Palm Beach County, Florida. long, squared; ligament long. Length 4 PI. 25, Fig. 1 inches. Florida; Bahamas; Vera Cruz, The most showy of the American Mexico Veneridae and the largest of the genus. It is plentiful at Marco and other points on TIVELA MACTROIDKS Born. Shell oval, valves the Florida west coast. trigonal, rayed with chestnut, intervening PI. 20, Fig. 2 white spaces narrower; umbones of adults PI. 54, Fig. 8 more tumid and pointet' than the Juveniles. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Length 2 inches. Cuba; west to Mobile, Alabama PI. 18, Fig. 1 Florida Keys; Bermuda; West Indies ^.ENUS PITAR Romer 1857; Pitaria of authors GENUS GAFRARIUM Roeding 1798 Shell plump, striate or rippled; GAFRARIUM CERINA C. B. Adams, Shell small, middle cardinal tooth stout, the other triangular, furrowed; hinge similar to slender. Astarte, lateral teeth present; pallial line without sinus. Length 13 mm. Range PITAR FULMINATA Menke. Normally white 1-95 fathoms. with zigzag painting of bright yellow under PI. 18, Fig. 6 a chalky epidermis; a purple spot close to North Carolina to Brazil umbones. Length 30 mm. PI. 19, Fig. 3 GENUS MACROCALLISTA Meek 1876 PI. 20, Fig. 3 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Shell ovate, large, with micro- West Indies; Brazil scopic radial lines; coloration vivid; IvmiHe well defined; three cardinal teeth PITAR MORRHUANA Gould. Shell thin, chalky, in each valve; right posterior tooth bifid. concentrically striated; pallial sinus very indistinct; lunule feeble, not impressed. MACROCALLISTA MACULATA Linnfe. Surface Length 2 inches. porcellanous with violet brown blotches or PI. 20, Fig. 4 waves; epidermis shining; interior white. Prince Edward Island to Cape Hat- Length 2.5-3 inches. teras, North Carolina A very handsome species. It has been dredged, in shallow water, on the PITAR SIMPSONI Dall. Shell trigonal, rath- Florida west coast. Single valves are er solid, painted with brown outside and sometimes taken in Palm Beach County but purple within. Occasionally it is pure it is rather rare on the east coast. Dr. white. Range 0-26 fathoms in Tampa and EAST COAST MARINj; SHELLS 53

Sarasota Bays, Florida. Length 18 mm. of about 2 fathoms. Height 1 inch. PI, 19, Fig. 10 PI. 21, Fig. 1 West Florida Cedar Keys, west Florida south through the West Indies to Brazil SUBGENUS HYSTEROCONCHA Fischer 1887 GENUS CHIONE Megerle von Muhlfeld 1811 Shell plump, concentric lines prominent and a portion sharply upright j lu- Attractive, trigonal, solid shells; nula and escutcheon in an impressed area, three cardinal teeth in each valve (except marked by deeply cut line; concentric in a few degenerate forms); valve margins laminae forming spines near edge of poste- scalloped; sinus always triangular; liga- rior area; tinted with color but not in ment inset but always visible outside; patterns; inner edge smooth; pallial sinus sculptiire variable, often with leaf-like tongue-shaped; hinge as in Pltar. processes. The concentric sculptixre, rather HYSTEROCONCHA DIONE Linn§. This very than the radial, is usually dominant. striking shell was the species selected by Llnne upon which he based the technical CHIONE CANCELLATA Linne. Shell almost terms used in describing the genus Venus. heart-shaped, gray, triangular, thick, It was widely known, years ago, as the crenulated, varices at regular intervals; "true Venus shell." There are two rows of dorsal area excavated and flat; generally spines, one more prominent than the other. with a patch of purple inside. Length 1 Length 35 mm. Color pinkish violet. inch. PI. 18, Fig. 4 A very common and variable species Texas and Vi/est Indies which lives in shallow water. It is abundant in Lake Worth, Florida. Larger exam- GENUS ANTIGONA Schumacher 1817; ples live near Beaufort, North Carolina. Cytherea Bolten 1798, not Fabriclus 1794 PI. 21, Fig. 5 PI. 7, Fig. 5 Shell strong and rotund, convex, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to sculpture strong, ligament deep-seated; Brazil left anterior lateral tooth the larger and with socket in right valve opposite; pos- CHIONE INTAPURPUREA Conrad. Shell moder- terior right cardinal tooth broad and bifid; ately pointed at posterior end; umbones pallial sinus small and triangular. small and low; luniile prominent and often dark brown; concentric ribs strong, radial ANTIGONA LISTERI Gray. Shell oblong, hinge lines weaker; margin of shell toothed; ex- line nearly straight, concentric and radial terior variously marked with brown; umbones, sculpture strong. Length 2-3 inches. margin and a portion of interior purplish. This well-known Vt/est Indian shell Length 35 mm. occurs at intervals in Lake Worth, Florida. PI. 54, Fig. 2 It is more frequent In Biscayne Bay and PI. 57, Fig. 8 still more so among the lower Keys. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to PI. 21, Fig. 11 Florida Keys and mainland to Texas; Lake Worth, Florida to West Indies; Honduras Marco, west Florida CHIONE MAZYCKII Dall. The quadrate form GENUS CYCLINELLA Dall 1902 and bright rose colored interior are the most prominent characters of this pretty • Three cardinal teeth in each valve; species. Length 12 mm. It lives in 15-1S7 limule circumscribed; siphons of animal sep- fathoms. arated. PI. 20, Fig. 6 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to CYCLINELLA TENUIS Recluz. A rather deli- Brazil cate, white, shell which somewhat resembles Dosinia. It lives in sand at a depth CHIONE PUBERA Valenciennes. A fine large 54 EAST COAST IIARINE SHELLS

shell with concentric sculpture forming PI. 21, Fig. 10 deep grooves; umbones well elevated; hinge Palm Beach, Florida to the West strong; ends somewhat pointed.. Length 3 Indies inches. PI. 20, Fig. 8 GENDS VENDS Linii6 1758 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies Shell large, earthy, trigonal in CHIONE SUBROSTRATA Lamarck (C. beavii Reel.). shape; lunule well marked; interior margin Concentric ridges more numerous than in C. crenulate; ligament strong and exposed. cancellata and more truncated; zigzag markings of darker shade than groxind color. VENUS MERCENARIA Linn6. Shell solid; um- Length 25 mm. bones far forward and projecting nearly to PI. 20, Fig. 7 front of shell, also elevated and curved; Southern Florida to Brazil lunule rough and heart-shaped; blunt point at posterior end of shell; ridges crowded SECTION TIMOCLEA Brown 1827 and most conspicuous at ends; interior white, often deep violet outside the mus- Radial sculpture the strongest, cular impressions; basal and interior mar- concentric lines faint; middle left and two gin crenulated. Length 3 inches or more. posterior right cardinal teeth grooved. This the common hard-shell clam of commerce is known "down east" as Quahog. CHIONE GRANDLATA Gmelin. Radiating ribs From the purple edge of the shell the crossed by scales which are not continued aborigines made their purple wampum while in the interstices; markings dark and vari- the white was manufactured from various egated; interior purplish at posterior end other species. and near margin. Length 25 mm. There are many mutations of this PI. 18, Fig. 12 species, some of the forms hardly deserv- Florida Keys to Brazil ing separate names. These are produced by various agencies among which might be men- CHIONE PYGMAEA Lamarck. Shell compressed, tioned the temperature, food, kind of bot- oval, resembling a miniature C. reticulata tom and salinity of the water. but longer and flatter; hinge area wide, In the Pleistocene fossil beds of hollow, smooth in one valve and marked with Sankoty Head, Nantucket Island there are prominent black transverse lines; lunule shells remarkable for their variety. Some impressed. Length 13 mm. of these are without parallel among the re- PI. 20, Fig. 5 cent species. Florida Keys (reefs); West Indies PI. 21, Fig. 6 Nova Scotia to Yucatan SECTION LIROPHORA Conrad 1863 VENUS MERCENARIA NOTATA Say. In addition Broad concentric waves very promi- to the usual characters this form exhibits nent, radially striate; ligament not cov- zigzag brown painting and usually lacks the ered by edge of valve. purple coloring inside. PI. 21, Fig. 3 CHIONE LATILIRATA Conrad (C. paphia Linn6). Massachusetts to Florida Shell triangular, swollen, solid; lunule

sunken so that portion of shell enclosing VENUS MERCENARIA ALBA Dall . Purple colora- it is incurved; strong concentric ribs fur- tion absent, no brown markings as in the rowed on upper side and almost smooth over preceding form. anterior three fourths of shell; color dirty white, marked with brown and with an VENUS MERCENARIA SUBRADIATA Palmer. The Indication of rays; very small pallial smooth middle portion of the disk shows sinus. Length 1.5 inches. fine and even radial lines between the Both old and fairly fresh valves concentric ones. have been taken in Palm Beach County, The two latter forms are found as- Florida. Frequent in the Pliocene beds of sociated with the typical. Florida. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 55

VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelln. A larger, West Indies. It is very variable both in rounder, much thicker shell than V. mer- form and color pattern. Length 21 mm. cenarla, usually white both inside and out; PI. 21, Fig. 8 lower posterior angle of the pallial line Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to more acute, scalloping of inner margin fin- West Indies; Brazil er, arrangement of cardinal teeth less fan- like. Length 4 inches. ANOMALOCARDIA CUNEIMERIS Conrad. Similar The juvenile shell is less convex to the preceding but surface smooth and than in the other species, lunule and es- with rather round concentric ribs; lunule cutcheon brown with fine pale zigzag lines. and dorsal area livid color. Length 17 mm. Inside the margin is invariably PI. 21, Fig. 7 white but occasionally in the umbones cav- Lake Worth, Florida; southward on ity a pale purple tinge is present. The shores of continent to U. S. of latter is entirely absent in V. mercenaria. Columbia The brown zigzag marks are in the form of lines which in V. mercenaria are broader GENUS GEMMA Deshayes 1853 and inclined to be blotchy. The mutations are similar to those Shell minute, animal characterized in V. mercenaria except that the center of by vivaparity. The young are carried for a the disk is never entirely smooth. Some- considerable time before being produced times a trace of purple may be found at the alive. margin which may stjggest interbreeding The shells are usually purple but with V. mercenaria. sometimes white. They live in mud or sand Beyond the Mississippi delta and on both of our coasts, Atlantic and Pacific, especially in Texas this is the persistent and have not been taken in any other re- type. It is also abundant in Yucatan. gions. PI. SI, Fig. 2 Chesapeake Bay to Cuba; Texas; GEMMA GEMMA Totten. Rounded-trigonal in Yucatan shape, external sculpture irregular, spaces between sulci varying in width. VENDS CAMPECHIENSIS ALBORADIATA Sowerby. Southern examples show relatively Brown rays on a pale ground characterize strong and regular sculpture. Length 4 mm. this race. PI. 18, Fig. 7 Gulf of Mexico Labrador to North Carolina

VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS QUADRATA Dall. Shell GEMMA PURPUREA Lea. More compressed than thin, small, subquadrate, uncolored. adult G. gemma, generally paler and often white, more triangular, VENUS CAMPECHIENSIS TEXANA Dall. Concentric less f-ull, not so lines toward center of disk coalescent, the elongated, vihite in- ribs flat-topped with polished tops; valves stead of purple. Length usually extremely convex. 2.8 mm. Texas Fig. 54 Fig. 54 Massachusetts Gemma purpiirea . „ GENUS ANOMALOCARDIA Schumacher 1817 2.8 mm. ^° Texas

Valves rostrate or pointed at end; GENUS PARASTARTE Conrad 1862 inner edge crenulate; ligament exposed; three cardinal teeth in each valve; con- Shell minute, heavy, umbones prom- centric sculpture the strongest. inent and elevated; shell equilateral, equivalve; lunule large, ligament short; ANOMALOCARDIA BRASILIANA Gmelln. Umbones surface smooth; color purple and white, in- elevated and angulated; major portion of ner margin toothed; one strong and two surface smooth; posterior angle beaded in faint cardinal teeth in right valve; two upper portion. strong cardinal teeth in left valve. The common Anomalocardla of the It appears superficially near 56 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Astarte but is more related to Gemma on ac- PI. 25, Fig. 6 count of being viviparous. The genus is Maine to South Carolina entirely American in distribution. GENUS RUPELLARIA Fleuriau 1802; PARASTARTE TRICUETRA Conrad. A genuine Choristodon Jonas 1844 Florida type, confined to the peninsula, both recent and fossil. Length 3 mm. RUPELLARIA TYPICA Jonas. Shell well PI. 21, Fig. 9 rounded in front, moderately produced and Palm Beach Inlet, east Florida, to gaping in rear; about forty strong radiat- the Florida Keys and northward to ing ribs which are finer tov.'ard the front Cedar Keys, west Florida and rear of the shell, growth lines between the ribs undulating, margins irregularly Family Petricolldae crenulate, one strong upright tooth in right valve. Length 25 mm. Shell elongated, rounded in front, This species bores in soft rock narrowed in rear; hinge almost toothless; between tides and is not rare. There is a ligament external. colony inside the N. Inlet at Palm Beach and in Biscayne Bay, off Arch Creek, Flor- GENUS PETRICOLA Lamarck 1801 ida. (STONE DWELLERS) PI. 25, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Florida; West PETRICOLA LAPICIDA Gmelln. The juvenile Indies specimens are characterized by a zigzag striation to which are added in the adults, GENUS CORALLIOPHAGA Blainville 1624 on the posterior end, coarse radiating (CORAL DWELLERS) ridges. Length 20 mm. It bores in coral and is well dis- CORALLIOPHAGA CORALLIOPHAGA Gmelin. Shell tributed in the Florida Keys. thin, cylindrical, gaping slightly behind; PI. 25, Fig. 11 two hinge teeth in each valve, also a pos- South Carolina to the West Indies terior tooth; pallial sinus wide and shallow. SUBGENUS PETRICOLARIA Stoliczka 1870 It lives in the burrows of other mollusks. Often several dead specimens to- PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS Lamarck. Shell gether with the original inhabitant are chalky white, sharply rounded in front, found in a burrow. Length 1.5 inches. covered with raised radiating lines and PI. 25, Fig. 14 ribs; each valve equipped with two teeth, West coast of Florida to Texas; the one in left valve deeply cleft. Length West Indies; Mediterranean 2.25 inches. Animal with two tubes or siphons Family Tellinidae extending from rounded end of shell and united at their bases. The orifice of one Shell compressed, rounded in front, of these is used for imbibing water. angular and slightly folded posteriorly; This shell is usually found boring ligament external, prominent. Animal with into hard clay on marshes at lowtide mark, slender diverging tentacles, foot broad. frequently in large nimbers. It has been On account of the great diversity and scope taken at Far Rockaway, New York City. of the family it is a difficult one to de- PI. 27, Fig. 2 fine in a few words. There are about five- PI. 25, Fig. 6 hundred species known, some living at con- Prince Edward Island to V.'est Indies siderable depths. Tellina often almost ap- proximates Venus in beauty of coloring and PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS LATA Dall. Shorter form. and broader than the preceding; radiating lines more numerous, about sixteen in num- GENUS TELLINA Linng 1799 ber, not so much raised; teeth shorter and (TELLIN SHELLS) grooved, large middle tooth folded. Length 1.75 inches. TELLINA INTERRUPTA Wood. Shell oval or EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 57 oblong, solid, not polished, surface with SUBGENUS ACROPAGIA Leach 1827 strong concentric lines; color wnite with crowded narrow zigzag streaks of brown or SECTION CYCLOTELLINA Cossmann 1886 purple; interior tinged with yellow. Length 3 inches. TELLINA FAUSTA Donovan. Favored Tellin. A peculiar narrow form, with piar- Shell solid, diill whitish, vertical deep plish spots, lives at Pass au Grille and interrupted lines; fold fairly distinct; elsewhere on the Florida west coast. ligament large, projecting; interior glos- PI. 22, Fig. 5 sy, white or tinged with yellow. Length North Carolina to Brazil. 2-3 inches. It appears to be plentiful in the TELLINA LAEVIGATA Linne. Shell solid, vicinity of Key West, Florida. glossy, nearly smooth; anterior end slight- PI. 22, Fig. 9 ly longer, rounded and swollen; posterior Off North Carolina to West Indies end less angulated; umbones prominent; ligament sunken; lateral teeth strong. SECTION MERISCA Dall 1900 There are two color varieties: a. White or flesh colored with orange rays. TELLINA AEQUISTRIATA Say. Shell ovate- b. White with bright orange-red on mar- orbicular with an elevated ridge or fold gins, umbones and interior touched with upon anterior margin; surface with fine yellow. raised and numerous concentric striae, The lombones are often worn where grooved between; cardinal teeth deeply they meet. Length of shell 35 mm. grooved; two lateral teeth. Length 22 mm., PI. 23, Fig. 2 usually less. Florida and West Indies; Bermuda PI. 13, Fig. 8 North Carolina to Brazil TELLINA LINEATA Turton. Lined Tellin. Height two-thirds of length; umbones high TELLINA CRYSTALLINA Wood. Crystal Tellin. find sharp; ridge at posterior end with a Shell white, exterior dull, interior glossy; short sharp ridge above. Color buff, white right valve flat, the left convex and larg- or pink; umbonal region generally deeper er; posterior eni ridged and forming a pro- colored. Surface with close concentric jection beyond margin; teeth inconspicuous. ridges; valves flexed to the right; right Length 2i mm. valve with two cardinal teeth, the posteri- PI. 19, Fig. 8 or one widely bifid, two strongly developed South Carolina to West Indies; lateral teeth. Length 30 mm. or less. Pacific coast of North America PI. 9, Fig. 8 Florida; West Indies; Brazil. TELLINA LINTEA Conrad. Linen Tellin. Length 22 mm. TELLINA RADIATA Linn6 (Rising Sun Shell). PI. 23, Fig. 7 Shell solid; surface white, smooth, pol- North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico ished, with zones of pale yellow color and SECTION EURYTELLINA Fischer 1887 broad rosy rays; ligament short; interior yellowish. Length 2-4 inches. TELLINA ALTERNATA Say, Shell rather solid, PI. 23, Fig. 3 compressed, glossy opaque white or yellow- South Carolina to West Indies and ish white; ligament conspicuous; sculptured Texas with rather wide concentric ridges; umbones slightly behind center; left valve with two TELLINA RADIATA UNIMACULATA Lamarck. Shell cardinal teeth (one bifid) and two faint the same as the preceding but without the lateral teeth; right valve with a strong pink rays, usually of a uniform yellow. bifid cardinal tooth and a narrow anterior PI. 23, Fig. 16 one, also a remote posterior lateral tooth. South Carolina to West Indies Length 2 inches. Sometimes the shell assumes a deep pink color. Single valves are rather frequent upon the beaches. PI. 22, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico 58 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

TELLINA ANGDLOSA Gmelin, Angulated Tellin. valve; pallial sinus very large. Length Dmbones nearly central, ligament rather 15 mm. prominent, both ends ridged, the furrows PI. 18 J- Fig. 10 near the outside margins; concentric lines South Carolina to the Bahamas fine and distinct, radiating lines less prominent but visible in a strong light; TELLINA PROMERA Ball. Similar to T. surface white, touched with rose color, tampaensls but larger, the lateral teeth interior deep rose, whitish between adduc- feeble and without definite projections, tor muscle areas and at margin. Length exterior duller and with a yellowish epi- 4S mm. dermis, concentric lines farther apart. PI. 20, Fig. 12 Length 20 mm. PI. 18, Fig. 9 PI. 22, Fig. 3 Florida Keys to Brazil Tampa Bay, Florida, to Curagao; Bermuda SUBGENUS MAERELLA Fischer 1887 TELLINA SAYI Dall (T. polita Say). Say's TELLINA MARTINICENSIS Orbigny. Martinique Tellin. Ligament edge straight and lesser Tellin. Shell small, anterior end rounded, extremity acute, also wedge-shaped. Sur- the posterior pointed; external surface face shining, no concentric sculpture. covered with regularly placed but rather Length 18 mm. distantly spaced raised lines which appear PI. 23, Fig. 4 to be a form of epidermis; a single dis- North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico tinct, distant, lateral tooth on each side of each valve and well removed from the TELLINA TAMPAENSIS Conrad. Tampa Tellin. umbo. Length 10 mm., height 8 mm., thick- Shell white or slightly pinkish, surface ness of both valves 5 mm. often iridescent when fresh, anterior end PI. 18, Fig. 11 rounded, the posterior end slightly pointed; Tampa Bay, Florida, to West Indies concentric lines very fine; radiating sculpture rough and indistinct; ligament SUBGENUS ANGULUS Megerle von Mohfeld 1811 prominent; central cardinal tooth distinct; one anterior lateral tooth. Length 14-16 TELLINA MAGNA Spengler. Great Tellin. A mm. large, smooth, polished shell with a pale It has been reported from the vi- series of orange rays near the umbones; cinity of Tampa and Sanibel, Florida. anterior end the longer, rounded; posteri- PI. 23, Fig. 17 or end narrow and angulated; fold distinct; Florida to Texas ligament sunken; interior whitish, touched with orange. TELLINA TENERA Say. Delicate Tellin. Shell Young shells are often deep orange small, delicate, thin, white, iridescent; outside with narrow pink rays; some adults concentric growth lines fine; marginal fold uniformly orange outside. Fine large distinct; ligament short and conspicuous; exsunples have been collected on Santa two cardinal teeth in each valve; lateral Rosa Island, northwest Florida. Single tooth, at longer end, distinct; other lat- valves are occasionally found in Palm eral tooth, nearest to ligament, very Beach County. Length 2.5 Inches. feeble. Length 12-15 mm., height 8-10 mm. PI. 23, Fig. 1 This attractive little shell some- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to times is tinged with rose color. West Indies PI. 18, Fig. 10 Fig. 34a TELLINA MERA Say. Pure Tellin. Shell Prince Edward Island to Gulf of small, thin, regularly striated transverse- Mexico ly; umbones forming an angle; ligament reddish; hinge with two teeth in each valve; TELLINA TENELLA Verrill. As in T. tenera posterior tooth small and triangular; an- this species varies from white to pinkish terior teeth thicker and blunt; a single color. The epidermis is often thicker than large triangxilar lateral tooth in left in that species, giving the shell a yellowish EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 59

Fig. 34a Fig. 34b Fig. 34c Fig. 34d Tellina tenera Macoma tenta Tellina tenella Tellina versicolor

cast. The hinge teeth are more equal in TELLINA IRIS Say. Shell fairly strong; size than In the preceding species. The white inside and out, yellow indistinct largest specimen in a lot is 12 mm. long, ray at umbones; front extremely rounded; 7 mm. high. '• posterior end short and wedge shaped. Fig. 34c Length 12 mm. Southern Massachusetts to New York PI. 23, Fig. 15 North Carolina to Florida Keys TELLINA VERSICOLOR Cozzens. The color is opalescent white, usually with rows of GENUS MACOMA Leach 1819 pink which widen toward the margin. Pal- lial line close to adductor muscle scar as Shell oval; hinge with small car- shown in illustration. Length of large ex- dinal teeth, no lateral teeth; ligament example 14 mm., height 8 mm. Range 15-50 ternal. fathoms. The four drawings of these small MACOMA BALTHICA Llnnfe. Shell slightly tri- Telllnas, together with a portion of the angular, thick, white or pale flesh color; descriptions, are from a paper by C. W. interior usually rosy, smooth not glossy; Johnson (Nautilus XLV, p. 109). anterior end rounded; posterior end angu- Fig. 34d lated but with tip rounded; ligament large Connecticut to West Indies and prominent; teeth small. Length 23 mm. PI, 23, Fig. 8 SECTION SCISSULA Dall 1900 Arctic Seas to Georgia

TELLINA SIMILIS Sowerby. Similar Tallin. MACOMA CONSTRICTA Brxig. Growth lines very Shell convex, glossy, white inside and out fine; posterior end pointed and with a fold but rayed with pink; few concentric lines in sh^ll forming a notch below; posterior and minute oblique sculpture, replaced be- end pushed to one side and giving a dis- fore reaching the umbonal ridge by close torted appearance; ligament long and nar- striae; ventral edge somewhat straight; an- row; surface dull white, epidermis yellow- terior end the longer, rounded; ligament ish. Length 2 inches. short; lateral teeth prominent. Length PI. 2, Fig. 9 20 mm. North Carolina to Brazil One of the most beautiful of the small Tellinas of Florida. Specimens not MACOMA TENTA Say. Shell small, white, thin, infrequently occur in lower Blscayne Bay. oval; much narrowed, twisted and gaping; PI. 22, Fig. 8 outer surface shining but not polished; Palm Beach County, Florida, to inside white, tinged with yellow and with a West Indies covering of fine radiating lines which indent the edge of the shell; hinge extreme- TELLINA CANDEANA Orbigny. Concentric lines ly delicate, two cardinal teeth on right fine, crossed by oblique striae which is valve and one on left valve; one lateral most persistent toward the posterior end; tooth nearest the ligament on the right anterior ridge not prominent; exterior valve and a groove opposite it on the left glossy; cardinal tooth minute, lateral valve. Length 20 mm. teeth feeble. Length 14 mm. The lines inside the shell are PI. 11, Fig.' 11 characteristic, also the widely gaping pos- Florida Keys; West Indies; Bermuda terior end. It appears to be a mud 60 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS dweller, living in the harbors along the ed; umbones behind center; surface sculp- New England coast. tured with regular parallel impressed PI. 6, Fig. 6 lines, no longitudinal striae, transverse Fig. 34b wrinkles minute. Length 11 mm. Maine to Florida There is a fold on the anterior margin. It is striking on account of the MACOMA CALCAREA Gmelin. A thin, white zigzag coiirse of the oblique sculpture shell with a greenish or dusky epidermis; over it. anterior end rounded, posterior end angu- PI. 18, Fig. 2 lar; two hinge teeth in each valve, lateral North Carolina to the West Indies teeth absent; umbones very indistinct. Length 1.25 Inches. STRIGILLA PISIFORMIS Linne. Shell small, It has been foiond in the stomachs rather solid; a distinct luniile in front of fish caught north of Boston and as far of the rather high umbones which are near- as Eastport, Maine. Depth range 5-40 fath- er to the forward end; series of upturned oms. ridges variable, some coarse and corrugated; PI. 16, Fig. 10 left valve with a high, bifid, cardinal Greenland to Long Island Sound, tooth and a small one back of it; two car- New York dinal teeth in right valve; two lateral teeth in each valve. Color pink, the um- SECTION CYDIPPINA Ball 1900 bones and a portion of interior red. Length 9 mm. MACOMA BREVIFRONS Say. Shell thin, frag- PI. 19, Fig. 9 ile, very slightly convex; color white, Florida Keys and Antilles touched with pale pink on umbones, interi- or deeper pink; umbones anterior to center, GENUS TELLIDORA Morch 1856 two cardinal teeth in left valve, one in right valve, lateral teeth absent. Length Delicate white, compressed, shells 35 mm. with a portion of the margin serrated. PI. 2-6, Fig. 9 New Jersey southward to Brazil TELLIDORA CRISTATA Recluz. Left valve flatter than the right, v;hile the reverse GENUS STRIGILLA Turton 1822 is the case of the Pacific T. Burneti. Length 25 mm. This exceptionally beauti- Surface arranged in two or three ful form, with its saw-tooth edge, cannot sculptured areas in which the ridges di- possibly be confused with any other. The verge or otherwise; posterior end not author dredged it alive in Tarpon Bay, flexed; hinge as in Tellina. Sanibel. Dr. Perry has taken it there also at low tide, the animal's position being in- STRIGILLA CARNARIA Linn§. "Recognizable dicated by a small slit in the mud or sand. by the fact that the upper part of the PI. 54, Fig. 6 pallial sinus connects the adductor scars." V/est Florida to Trinidad, West Sculpture often obsolete upon the umbonal Indies angle. Length 20 mm. The rose color, or reddish shade. GENUS APOLYMETIS Salisbury 1929; Is characteristic of this species. Metis H. and A. Adams 1853, not PI. 19, Fig. 4 Philippi 1843 North Carolina to Brazil Shell oval, thin; ligament exter- STRIGILLA ROMBFRGI Uorch. In this species nal. Siphons of animal long, slender. the pallial sinus does not touch the ad- Found living buried 5-6 inches deep, in a ductor muscle in front. Length 20 mm. vertical position, in the mud of streams PI. 18, Fig. 8 affected by the tide and near the sea. Florida to Brazil APOLYMETIS INTASTRIATA Say. A rather STRIGILLA FLEXUOSA Say. Shell white, an- large, thin, twisted shell, strongly lolded; terior end longest and less obtusely round- cardinal teeth extremely small for size of EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 61

shell, lateral teeth obsolete. Length 3 convex; concentric lines very minute and Inches. regularly placed; anterior extremity acute- Single valves, in the writer's ly rounded; umbones near the posterior ex- cabinet, were collected in Florida at San- tremity; basal margin arcuate; lateral ibel and in Lake Worth. This shell is of- teeth obsolete. Length 4.5 mm.; height ten confused with Macoma constricta, 3 mm. diameter 1.5 mm. PI. 22, Fig. 2 PI. 10, Fig. 7 East Florida southward from Lake North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; Worth; West Florida southward from West Indies Sanibel; West Indies SEMELE PURPDRASCENS Sowerby. Shell oval, Family Semelidae posterior end angled, anterior end rounded; color usually light yellowish; umbones Shell somewhat rounded, umbones purple; indistinct variegations of purple turned forward; fold upon posterior end; upon surface also; interior often deep two cardinal, two lateral teeth, the lat- purple; concentric lines moderately im- ter long and distinct in right valve; out- pressed, radial lines of similar strength. side ligament short, inside one long and Length 40 mm. oblique; pallial sinus well excavated, Fresh double specimens have been rounded. taken by the writer in Lake Worth, Florida, Some of these mollusks live deep near the North Inlet. Single valves, In mud or sand, the powerful foot being brilliantly colored, are not rare on the used for creeping. They have been observed shores of Kobe Sound where possibly it may ascending the sides of a vessel after be- live. ing captured. PI. 25, Fig. 12 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; GENUS SEMELE Schumacher 1817 West Indies

SEMELE BELLASTRIATA Conrad. Surface cov- GENUS ABRA 'Leach' Lamarck 1818; ered with distinct radiating ribs and rath- Syndosmya Recluz 1845 er strong concentric ridges; shell compressed, anterior end the longer; color Shell small, whitish, rather com- yellow, ochre or piirple, often rayed or pressed; posterior end shortest. spotted with violet inside. Length 25 mm. It has been dredged in 19 fathoms ABRA AEQUALIS Say. Shell orbicular, a off Key West, Florida. Beach specimens little oblique, rather thin, white, scarce- are infrequent at Sanibel. ly shining; minute concentric wrinkles near PI. 21, Fig. 4 margin and which become absent near um- North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico bones; no lateral teeth; one cardinal tooth and West Indies and a vestige of a second on left valve; one cardinal tooth and a feeble one behind SEMELE PROFICUA Pulteney. Shell slightly in right valve. Length 10 mm., height 8 longer than high, nearly equilateral; liga- mm., diameter 4 mm. ment small and placed in escutcheon; lu- PI. 23, Fig. 10 nule in front of umbones; concentric growth Connecticut to Florida; Texas lines strong, sometimes e levated into ridges giving a wrinkled appe arance to surface; ABRA LIOICA Dall. Shell small, thin, um- color white, straw or pur pie, often varie- bones prominent; growth lines faint; smooth gated. Length 60 mm. and shining; lambones nearest to posterior Specimens have be en taken at Palm end, opposite end rounded; left valve with Beach, Marco and Sanibel in Florida. one prominent cardinal and one small tooth PI. 23, Fig. 11 behind; right valve with two strong cardi- Virginia to Gulf of Mexico; West nals; lateral teeth absent in both valves. Indies Length 7 mm. Depth range 14-860 fathoms. It has been reported upon the SEMELE NUCULOIDES Conrad. Shell ovate. shore at Captiva Island, Florida. 62 EAST COAST UARIKE SHELLS

PI. 23, Fig. 13 PI. 25, Fig. 3 PI. 62, Fig. 8 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies North Carolina to the West Indies DONAX FOSSOR Say. Digging Wedge. Often GENDS CDUINGIA Sowerby 1-833 an olive-colored shell with bluish rays. Posterior end rounded; sides not angular; Shell gaping and pointed behind; radiating sculpture covered by a thin lay- concentrically laminated. er so that surface of shell is smooth. A slight magnification shows the radiating CUMINGIA TELLINOIDES Conrad. Surface dull lines. This species is thinner than D. except region of umbones, white or yellow- variabilis with consequent smaller crenu- ish; two lateral teeth very long; two car- lations upon the margin. Length 12-15 mm. dinal teeth small and with cup-shaped de- It is the most plentiful shell on pression between them; concentric lines Ir- the New Jersey coast. Johnson reports "At regular and rather prominent. Length 14 Anglesea I once saw them washed out of the mm. sand In pools around the stanchions of a Pi. 23, Fig. 6 wrecked vessel, almost a bushel of living Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico; West shells being present In each pool." Wood Indies recounts the results of a quantitative study, counting one thousand five hundred CDUINGIA COARCTATA Sowerby. Shell oval, and ten live Donax in one square foot. concentrically lamellated; anterior end These were in Cape May Coimty, New Jersey. high, rotund; margin dorsally declining. PI. 10, Fig. 12 Often found in sponges. Length 20 mm. Long Island, New York to Florida These two Cumlnglas are apparently Keys of common descent, the young being almost Identical. DONAX TDMIDA Phlllppl. (D. obesa Orb.). PI. 23, Fig. 5 Inflated wedge. Shell small, very stout, Florida Keys and West Indies polished, more rounded than D. variabilis, shell also more inflated; striae only vis- Family Donacldae ible under a glass. Length 10-12 mm. PI. 10, Fig. 9 Shell wedge shaped, closed; poste- St. Augustine, Florida, to Texas rior end produced, more or less rounded, anterior end short and straight; edge usu- DONAX VARIABILIS Say. Variable wedge. ally crenulated; ligament external; um- Posterior end obliquely truncate, the sides bones pointing backward. decidedly angular; the little ribs with The Donacldae live in clean sand interspaces of almost equal width being upon the ocean beaches. plainly visible to the naked eye. Length 20-25 mm. GENUS DONAX Linn6 1758 (WEDGE SHELLS) This, the commonest east coast wedge shell occurring in the south, is of- DONAX DENTICULATA Linni. Toothed Wedge. ten used in the preparation of broth. Shell solid, long triangular; anterior end There are almost countless color combina- narrow and rounded; base line a little tions on the shells. curved and with faint angulation in center; PI. 25, Fig. 10 fine radiating ridges on surface, peculiar- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to ly serrate on their edges; strong oblique Texas; West Indies ridges on posterior slope, with fine threads between them; inner margin of GENDS IPHIGENIA Schumacher 1817 shell toothed; palllal sinus deeply Im- pressed. Length 28 mm. Shell almost equilateral; two The color range is considerable. hinge teeth in each valve, one bifid, the Yellow, brown and violet tinted shells oc- other minute; lateral teeth far apart, ob- cur, often beautifully rayed. It is a com- solete in left valve; margins smooth. It mon shell In the West Indies. inhabits estuaries and quiet brackish water. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 63

IPHIGENIA BRASILIANA Lamarck. Shell solid, GENUS HETERODONAX Morch 1853 umbones a little closer to posterior end; surface showing faint radial lines from Shell oval in shape, rather flat, umbones; epidermis smooth, worn off in old thin, with fine concentric lines. specimens; interior white or purplish, the teeth frequently purple. Length 3 inches. HETERODONAX BIMACULATUS Linn§. A spotted This species is common in Lake shell, diverse in coloring, white and pur- Worth, Florida, where it is sometimes tak- ple being the most usual pattern. Length en for food. It prefers inland waters but 18 mm. subject to tidal influence. PI. 25, Fig. 9 PI. 24, Fig. 2 Fernandlna, Florida to West Indies; Indian River, Florida, to Brazil Pacific

Family Sanguinolarildae GENUS ASAPHIS Modeer 1793; Corbula Roeding 1798 Shell rather convex, mostly transparent, inequilateral; often finely con- Shell transverse, subequilateral; centrically striated; somewhat pointed at umbones rather prominent; hinge with two posterior end; each valve provided with cardinal teeth in each valve, anterior In two erect subbifid close together teeth; left valve and posterior in right valve muscular impression with a triangular si- bifid; ligament heavy. nus. ASAPHIS DEFLORATA Linne. (A. coccinea

GENUS SJlNGUINOLARIA Lamarck 1799 Llartyn) . Shell somewhat inflated; surface covered with numerous wavy ribs which are Shell of fair size, usually in- most apparent on posterior slope, the ribs clined toward rose or red color. cancellated at both ends by crossing of growth lines, sometimes inclined to be SANGUINOLARIA SANGDINOLENTA Gmelin. Shell scaly at rear of shell; pallial sinus large rather solid, inequilateral, convex; de- and rounded. Color varying from white cussately striated; whitish, tinged with through various shades of yellow, orange, rose adjacent to umbones; hinge external red, violet; portions of interior deep and prominent. Length 2.75 inches. Some violet. specimens are uniformly rose colored. This very striking and beautiful PI. 25, Fig. 13 shell is abundant in the Bahamas and else- Southern Florida and the West where in the Vifest Indies. It is rare in Indies Florida but has been taken near Miami. Length 3 inches but usually less. GENUS GARI Schumacher 1817; PI. 25, Fig. 12 Psammobia Lamarck 1818 Miami, Florida, to the West Indies

GARI VAGINOIDES Reeve. Shell oblong, rath- GENUS TAGELUS Gray 1847 er convex, ends rounded; finely decussate- ly striated; dull Shell elongated, equivalve, margins white with touch- nearly parallel, ends abruptly rounded; es of pinkish yel- hinge with two to three cardinal teeth in low near umbones; each valve; ligament prominent. straw-colored epidermis near mar- TAGELUS DIVISUS Spengler. Shell oblong, gin. Length 32 ram. with reddish stripe from umbones passing Fig. 35 slightly backward and indicating presence Fig. 35 Charlotte of obsolete rib inside; epidermis yellow- Gari vaginoides Harbor, ish; interior smooth and shining, thickened 32 nun. Florida by age. Length 1.5 inches. PI. 25, Fig. 17 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas 64 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

TAGELDS GIBEDS Spenglrr. Shell subcylln- SILIQUA COSTATA Say. Ribbed Pod. Shell drical, thick, roimded at posterior end thin, fragile, smooth, diaphanous; epider- and with umbones near extremity; hinge with mis shining and smooth, light yellov.'-green two awl-shaped cardinal teeth in each valve, blended with violet, rather Iridescent; curved, ascending; interior white, thick- internal ribs white, bending backward two ened. Length 4 Inches. to three over valves. Length 2 inches.

A much stronger shell than T. dlvisus. A shallow v/ater species, abundant PI. 25, Fig. 4 upon sandy beaches. It is one of the hand- Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Florida somest shells foxond in New England. Than and Texas the following it is much smaller and more delicate. There are two arrangements of col- Family Solenidae or in both rays and zones. Shell equlvalve, much elongated, PI. 25, Fig. 5 gaping at both ends. PI. 72, Fig. 3 Gulf of St. Lawrence to North GENOS ENSIS Schumacher 1817 Carolina (RAZOR SHELLS) SILIQUA SQUAMA Blainville. Scaly Pod. Shell Sides of shell almost parallel; rounded at both ends; umbones very small; cardinal teeth small, rounded; valves more white but covered with strong, shining yel- or less curved. lowish-green epidermis which is roughened at posterior end; prominent rib inside ex- ENSIS DIRECTUS Conrad. Shell curved, scab- tending from umbones about halfway across bard shaped; epidermis light yellowish shell. Length 2.5 inches. green; length of shell six times the width; It is often foxmd in the stomachs one tooth on hinge and sharp plate of one of fish caught at the Banks and off the valve' entering between; two teeth and dou- New England coast. ble plate upon other valve. Length 6 inches. PI. 16, Fig. 9 This species is almost identical to Banks of Nova Scotia and New England the European one. It lives on sandy beaches at low water mark, projecting a little Family Mactridae above the level of the sand. When disturbed it rapidly disappears. The animal is much Shell equivalve, close or slightly larger than the shell, the foot club-shaped. gaping; ligament external or internal and PI. 24, Fig. 8 contained in a deep pit; epidermis heavy; PI. 72, Fig. 4 hinge with two diverging cardinal teeth, Labrador to the Florida Keys lateral teeth present or absent.

GENUS SOLEN Linne 1758 GENUS MACTRA Linne 1767 (BEACH CLAMS) Umbones almost anterior; exterior polished; valves usually straight. Foot of cinimal strong, bent, tongue-shaped, adapted to life in the surf SOLEN VIRIDIS Say. Solen. Shell ob- Green and sands. long, compressed; hinge margin almost straight; lov;er margin curved; posterior MACTRA FRAGILIS Gmelln. Frail Clam. Shell end obliquely cut off, slightly reflected white, thin, covered with a light yellow- end rounded near base; anterior end roundish brown epidermis; decidedly gaping; ed; surface almost smooth; epidermis pale concentric sculpture closely placed. green. Length 2 inches. Length £ inches. PI. 24, Fig. 3 PI. 24, Fig. 6 Rhode Island to west coast of North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; Florida Brazil GENUS SILIQUA Megerle von Muhlfeld 1811 GENUS SPISULA Gray 1838 (POD SHELLS) SPISULA SOLIDISSIMA Dillwyn. This giant Shell compressed, moderately gap- and strong clam measures 4-7 inches in ing; umbones minute. length; cardinal tooth small, fragile. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 65

V-shaped; lateral teeth long, thin, stri- MULINIA LATERALIS CORBULOIDES Desh. ated on receiving surfaces; spoon shaped PI. 5, Fig. 10 cavity large, broad, housing internal lig- Beaufort, North Carolina to Texas ament which is dark colored. This'Spisula is easily found upon GENUS RANGIA Desmoulins 1832 the northern beaches. It is esteemed as (GNATHODON GRAY) food and is the largest bivalve upon tne Atlantic northeast coast. Shell ecuivalve; epidermis promi- PI. 57, Fig. 7 nent; umbones far apart; two small car- Labrador to Cape Hatteras, North dinal and two lateral teeth in right valve; Carolina one cardinal and two lateral teeth in left valve; ligament in trigonal internal pit. SPISULA SOLIDISSIMA SIMILIS Say. Less heavy than the preceding and smaller, also RANGIA CUNEATA Gray. Wedge Rangia. Shell brighter although not glossy. Length 4,5 thick and heavy; epidermis olive green and inches. thick; anterior end short; vunbones ele- The most abundant bivalve mollusk vated; posterior end angular, beaked at of large size upon the west coast of Flor- end. Length 2 inches or more. ida. From Cape Hatteras southward it re- In 1870 this was first taken in places the typical form. Lake Ponchartrain, New Orleans, and de- PI. S4, Fig. 4 scribed at that time. The city of Mobile Massachusetts to Florida and Gvilf is said to be built upon soil containing of Mexico the "bones" of countless Rangia. More recently it has been collected near Jackson- SPISULA POLYNYMA Stimpson (M. ovalis Gld.). ville, Florida and in Georgia. It usually Shell large; a little shorter in front of lives in the mud banks of brackish water the umbones which are slightly elevated; streams. lateral teeth short and not striated; V PI. 24, Fig. 1 tooth strong; pallial sinus deep; epider- Georgia; Florida; Gulf of Mexico mis tough, yellowish brown or dusky; interior bluish white. Length 3.5 inches. RANGIA CUNEATA ROSTRATA Petit. Beaked At Eastport, Maine, and Grand Rangia. In this variety the point at the Menan these clams have been found plenti- posterior end is very pronounced. ful at low water mark. It also occurs on PI. 18, Fig. 5 Georges Bank. Texas; Gulf of Mexico PI. 25, Fig. 15 Hudson Bay to Massachusetts GENUS ANATINA Schiomacher 1817 (LABIOSA MULLER 1832) GENUS MULINIA Gray 1857 Marginal teeth feeble; no lateral MULINIA LATERALIS Say. Shell small, tri- teeth. angular, distinctly convex, apparently smooth but with minute wrinkles; base ANATINA CANALICULATA Say. Channeled Duck. white, covered with brown epidermis; um- Shell pure white, thin and fragile; orna- bones nearly central, prominent; hinge mented with beautiful raised concentric strong, V-shaped marginal tooth. Length ribs; inflated and slightly gaping; shining 12-18 mm. white inside. Length 2,5 inches. An extremely common form living Single valves are common upon wind- on salt marshes and near the mouths of swept beaches from Cape Hatteras to Mexico. rivers. Southern examples are the smooth- The author has never seen or heard of a est. living example. PI. 24, Fig. 5 PI. 26, Fig. 3 New Brunswick to Texas; West Indies New Jersey to Gulf of Mexico

MULINIA LATERALIS NUCLEUS Conrad, 12 mm. ANATINA LINEATA Say. Lined Duck. Svirface PI. 3, Fig. 9 with fine regular growth lines, white or New England 66 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

a yellowish, exterior dull; anterior end Family Myidae (from Myax, Mussel ) wing-like, pointed, flaring so that shell gapes; pallial line, inside shell, glossy Hinge with spoon-shaped tooth in against an otherwise dull surface, one valve and corresponding opening in op- PI. E6, Fig. 2 posite valve. Joined by a cartilage. New Jersey to Texas; Brazil GENUS IJYA Linng 1758 Family Mesodesmatidae (SOFT SHELL CLAMS)

GENUS MESODESMA Deshayes 1830; Shell gaping at both ends, erect CERONIA GRAY 1855 tooth in left valve.

Shell oval, wedge-shaped, cut off MYA ARENARIA Linng. Sand Clam. Shell at posterior end; lateral teeth compressed chalky white; epidermis wrinkled, thin and furrowed. dirty brown; tooth inclined backwards and dovmwards, with oblique ribs in back. Nor- MESODESMA ARCTATA Conrad. Shell very in- mal length 3.5 inches. equilateral, wedge-shaped; epidermis yel- The soft-shell clam is familiar to low and shining; umbones slightly ele- everyone residing near the sea. It lives vated; deep spoon-shaped cavity in hinge between high-tide and low-tide marks and for the cartilage: cardinal tooth V-shaped exposed to the air a portion of the time. and placed at an angle; straight lateral PI. 26, Fig. 7 teeth on each side with striated surfaces. PI. 54, Fig. 3 Length 1.5 inches or more. Arctic Seas to North Carolina It is not infrequently found upon the beaches in considerable numbers, es- MYA TRUNCATA Linne. Short Clam. Shell pecially upon the outer shores of Cape oblong, rounded at anterior end, truncated Cod. at posterior end, widely gaping; color PI. 6, Fig. 8 dingy white, covered with a yellowish epi- PI. 26, Fig. 9 dermis which extends over edges of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to New Jersey shell. The truncated edges are slightly flaring while the rear of the shell is wide GENDS ERVILIA Tiirton 1822 open. Length 2.75 inches. The chopped off end is peculiar and ERVILIA CONCENTRICA Gould. Shell small, readily separates the shell from others. white or yellowish, compressed, vunbones After violent gales it is sometimes thrown close together and not prominent; concen- upon shores but is most abundant at Georges tric sculpture weak. Length 5 mm. and the Grand Banks where it is a favorite Specimens in the National Collec- food of codfish. tion were collected near Loggerhead Key, PI. 26, Fig. 8 Florida. Greenland to Massachusetts; Clr- PI. 26, Fig. 11 cumpolar Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to the Florida Keys and at Pensacola, Family Corbulidae Florida GENUS CORBULA Brugulere 1797 ERVILIA NITENS Montagu. Shell small, (BASKET SHELLS) whitish, tinted with pink inside and out, especially toward the centers; ends some- Valves uneqixal, the right often what rounded; concentric lines distinct, the larger; single large tooth below umbo evenly placed, at anterior end slightly in right valve, deep pit behind it but no broken by radiating sculpture. Length lateral teeth, the pit a repository for 7 mm. tooth of right valve; elevated process in PI. 26, Fig. 10 front of pit and sometimes a rudimentary South Carolina; Florida Keys; West tooth behind it; umbones conspicuous, the Indies one upon the right valve usually the strongest; no pallial sinus. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 67

CORBULA BARRATTIANA Orblgny. Barratt's The smaller valve is often pink, or pinkish Little Basket. Posterior end broadly brown. Length 8 mm. Range 5-805 fathoms. trvmcated, posterior slope well defined; PI. 60, Figs. 4a, b wide and undulating concentric ribs; niimer- North Carolina to West Indies ous distinct radial lines, especially upon slope; umbones close together and of moder- CORBULA KJOERIANA C. B. Adams. Differs ate size. Length 8.9 mm. from C. swiftlana In being less rostrated, Dredged by the writer off Tiger also more elongated behind; both valves Key, west Florida, in shallow water. Depth sciilptured alike. Length 12 mm. Range range 2-287 fathoms. 4-5 fathoms. Introduced for comparison. PI. 61, Figs. 7a, b, c PI. 60, Figs. 6, 6a, 6b Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to St. Thomas; Jamaica Jamaica CORBULA KREBSIANA C. B. Adams. Shell tri- CORBULA CHITTYANA C. B. Adams. Resembles gonal, very inequlvalve, inequilateral; C. barrattiana but thick and solid, very large valve rostrated; white, often tinged wide; two periods of growth like C. with pink; large valve closely and finely dietziana. Length 8.5 mm. Range 4-5 fath- furrowed; umbones very convex; teeth small. oms, rare. Included for comparison. Length 6.1 mm.; alt. 5.1 mm. Range 3-85 PI. 61, Figs. 6a, 6d fathoms. Kingston Harbor, Jamaica PI. 60, Figs, la, b Florida to the West Indies CORBULA CONTRACTA Say. Squeezed Basket. Shell white, covered with many concentric CORBULA NASUTA Sowerby. Length 8.5 mm. raised lines or ribs; anterior end rounded; Range 4-63 fathoms. somewhat pointed behind; basal margin con- PI. 61, Figs. 6a, b, c, d tracted in middle; hinge tooth slender, North Carolina to the West Indies erect. Length 5-lS mm. Range 3-63 fathoms. CORBULA SWIFTIANA C. B. Adams. Swift's Abundant about Rhode Island and Basket. Shell triangular, Inequlvalve; Martha's Vineyard. It also is plentiful posterior ridge sharp and distinct in both upon the Florida east coast. valves, terminating in sharp beak at base; PI. 8, Fig. 9 surface of Juvenile specimens almost smooth; PI. 60, Figs. 6a, 6b concentric lines becoming stronger with Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Jamaica, age and showing feeble radial ribs; color British West Indies whitish. Length 9 mm. The most plentiful Corbula in Flor- CORBULA CUBANIANA Orblgny. Length 12.7 mm. ida waters. It may easily be procured in A deep-water shell. Tarpon Bay, Sanibel. Range 0-450 fathoms. PI. 60, Figs. 3a, b, c PI. 57, Fig. 9 Florida Strait to Jamaica PI. 61, Figs. 5a, b, c Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to CORBULA CYMELLA Dall. A rare shell which Venezuela has only been taken in 68-75 fathoms at one station. Length 13.5 mm. GENUS BASTEROTIA PI. 60, Figs. 7, 7a Gordon Key, Florida Keys BASTEROTIA QUADRATA GRANATINA Dall. Length 10 mm. Range 6-640 fathoms. CORBULA DIETZIANA C. B. Adams. Length PI. 60, Figs. 2a, b 10.7 mm. Range 14-100 fathoms. Off west North Carolina to Texas; West Indies Florida it has been taken in 30 fathoms. PI. 60, Figs. 5a, b Family Saxlcavldae North Carolina to West Indies Shell slightly gaping at each end, CORBULA DISPARILIS Orblgny. A species va- elongate. Irregular; hinge toothless or riable in its proportions and sculptiire. with a rudimentary tooth in each valve; 68 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

ligament long and well developed. fossil beds of Europe and America but is rather rare in the living state. It inhab- GENUS SAXICAVA Fleuriau de Bellvue 1802 its the Banks of Newfoundland and the Arc- (STONE BORER) tic Seas of Europe. Range 25-115 fathoms. PI. 26, Fig. 1 SAXICAVA ARCTICA Linn§. Arctic Stone Bor- Arctic Ocean to Georges Bank er. An excessively variable shell, conforming to its place of attachment; ros- Family Gastrochaenidae trate in front; diagonal ridge spinous. Length 1 inch. GENUS GASTROCHAENA Spengler 1783 Often fastened by a silk-like byssus coming from inside of base. Foot of Shell equivalve, widely gaping, animal bright orange color. Range 1-100 umbones at anterior end; concentric sculp- fathoms. ture faint and forming flask-shaped bur- PI. 10, Fig. 11 rows (mostly in corals and shells) lined Greenland to West Indies with calcareous material or forming a tube, when burrow is absent, to which the ex- SAXICAVA AZAREA Dall. Length 1 inch. traneous matter is fastened. Range 13-14 fathoms. PI. 62, Figs. 9a, 9b GASTROCHAENA CUNEIFORMIS Spengler. The Charlotte Harbor, Florida to Texas giant hiatus, nearly as long as the shell, separates this form, also the blunt and GENUS PANOPE Menard 1807 wide extremity of the valves. Length 23 mm. PI. 14, Fig. 7 PANOPE BITRUNCATA Conrad. Oblong Panope. North Carolina to West Indies Shell short, contracted, obliquely cut off at anterior end; small cardinal tooth in GASTROCHAENA OVATA Sowerby. A narrower right valve; compressed and flattened on shell than the preceding; Interior of each posterior end; palllal sinus widely and valve with a long sharp projecting ridge bluntly rounded. Length 5.25 inches; which is placed in the middle; concentric width 3 incnes. sculpture closely set and irregularly ar- The individuals living in easily ranged. Length 30 mm. movable material such as sand or fine mud The shell of Spondylus is a favor- are thinner, longer, less distorted than ite host for these mollusks which have been those associated with gravel. found abundant in the Gulf of Mexico. P. floridana Dall, a Pliocene fos- PI. 14, Fig. 6 sil frequent in Florida, is identical. One South Carolina to West Indies of the fossil shells is represented in the present illustration. Family Pholadidae PI. 4, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Mobile Point, Shell gaping at both ends and with Mississippi teeth-like sculpture in front; no ligament or hinge; sometimes reinforced with addi- GENUS PANOMYA Gray 1857 tional valves.

Shell equivalve, gaping unequally GENUS PHOLAS Linn6 1758 at base and sides; a small upright tooth (ANGEL WINGS) in each valve. Hinge margin rolled out and tooth- PANOMYA ARCTICA Lamarck. Shell strong, less; tooth emerging from beak cavity very both ends gaping; anterior end rounded, prominent. other end truncated; three wave-like ridges cutting surface into three equal por- PHOLAS CAMPECHIENSIS Gmelin. Campeche tions; covered with a thick, dusty, wrin- Wing. Shell elongated, open anteriorly, kled epidermis. Length 2.5 inches. rayed all over with rounded rather dis- This species is plentiful in tlie tinct ribs; two accessory valves covering EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 69 umbones. Length 3.5 Inches. Fine specimens have been taken at PI. 87, Fig. 3 Nahant Beach, Massachusetts, and years ago it Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to was coimnon in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Central America rl. 27, Figs. 5, 7 Labrador to South Carolina GENUS BARNEA 'Leach' Rlsso 1826 GENUS MARTESIA Leach 1825 BARNEA TRUNCATA Say. Truncated Angel Wings. Shell white, very delicate, oblong; anteri- Valves lengthened behind; when or portion triangular and pointed; posteri- adult characterized by a plain border; um- or end trimcate; surface coarse with lines bonal valves one or two in number; margins and small ribs; one dorsal accessory shell often with narrow accessory valves. plate. Length 3 inches. Animal dark smoky color, siphon ta- MARTESIA CUNEIFORMIS Say. Shell small, pering. At New Bedford, Massachusetts, closed, divided obliquely by a serrated this species was taken in mud at a depth canal; marginal shields three, not uniform of two feet. in size. Length 14-18 mm. PI. 85, Fig. 16 This form bores in soft rock or Nahant, Massachusetts, to Florida wood. Keys Fig. 36 Connecticut to Trinidad BARNEA MARITIMA Orbigny. Length 3b mm. PI. 27, Fig. 4 MARTESIA STRIATA Linn6. Shell closed, West Florida to Texas obliquely divided in middle; extremely produced; one ventral shield, two dorsal BARNEA COSTATA Linne. Ribbed Angel Wings. ones. Length 18-23 mm. Shell large, white, covered with radiating It burrows in hard, often floating ribs with coarse growth lines producing timber which accounts for its wide dis- tooth-like elevations and corresponding in- tribution. Specimens varying greatly in dentations within shell. size were collected at Oceanus, Florida. Animal yellow, tips of siphons It is frequently found at Sanibel. stippled with reddish-brown; foot narrow Fig. 37 and long; extra valve cartilaginous and South Carolina to West Indies; spear-shaped. Length 6 inches. Europe; Pacific This species burrows several feet below the surface. Single valves are frequent upon the beaches of St. Augustine, Cape Sable and Marco, Florida. PI. 27, Fig. 6 PI. 54, Fig. 7 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to West Indies

GENUS ZIRFAEA 'Leach' Gray 1847

Valves of shell divided into two areas by a radial sulcus; accessory shell plates lacking or rudimentary; gape in front large.

ZIRFAEA CRISPATA Llnn6. Shell widely gaping at the ends but touching at center of the base; radiating toothed ribs present Fig. 36 Fig. 37 in front of a furrow which extends from the Martesia Martesia umbones across the center of valves; exte- cuneiformis striata rior with many coarse concentric ridges. Length 2 inches. 70 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

IIARTESIA C/JIIBAEA Orbigny. Shell broadly Family Teredidae wedge-shaped, inflated at anterior end which has fine Shell globular, open in front and wavy lines; pos- rear; valves three lobed with one trans- terior half marked verse furrow. by small concen- Animal worm-like, foot sucker-like; tric lindulations siphons very long, united almost to end. and growth lines. Length 9-17 mm. GENUS TEREDO Linne 1758 In 1904 (SHIP WORIVIS) C. W. Johnson collected this TEREDO NAVALIS Linn6. Usually one foot shell in soft ar- long but sometimes over two. It destroys tificial lime- soft v/ood quickly, even oak and teak do stone off the wa- not escape, therefore is one of the great- ter battery in St. est enemies to industrial mankind. The Augustine. It has "ship Teredo" invariably bores in the di- only been record- rection of the grain unless it meets the ed from limestone, tube of another Teredo or encounters a Fig. 38 or boring Into oth- knot. Martesla er shells, while In the Pacific another Teredo bur- caribaea the other Martesl- rows in the husks of floating cocoanuts as are more fre- and other woody fruits. The tube of the quently taken in wood. The illustrations giant Teredo arenaria attains a length of of the three species are from Johnson's o feet and a diameter of 2 Inches; a cross drawings. section presents a radiating prismatic Fig. 38 structure. New York to Florida; Texas; Cuba PI. 27, Fig. 1 Arctic Ocean to Florida, Europe i

DIPLOTHYRA Tryon

This genus is allied to Martesla , but differe in the double or divided dorsal valve. Shell short, ovate, divided in the middle by an oblique impressed line, posterior to which the surface is covered •with growth lines only, but anteriorly it is finely and sharply transversely sculptured and obsoletely radiately ribbed in some specimens.

The umbonal plates are generally much distorted so that no particular form can be traced throughout all specimens though the more perfect approach to that depicted in the magnified figure above.

Length: 6"; height and breadth: /;" ; habitat: Tottenville, Staten Island, burrowing in oyster shells. "The shells were all dead, and I have found as yet no evidence of the oysters being imported ones."

Specimens in collection of National Museum from Philadelphia; Crisfield, lid.j Staten Island; St. Augustine, Fla.; It^^le of Palms (Long Island); South Carolina; liorehead City, N. 3.

"'V. Quoted from : Tryon, Geo. 1863, "Description of a new genus and species of Philadidae." Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. ocience of Philadelphia, 1B62, 2d Series, Vol. VI, pp. U*9-L51. .

CLASS SCAPHOPODA

This class Includes the marine mol- DENTALIUT;! ANTILLARUM Orbigny. Shell small, lusks commonly known as tooth or elephant- moderately curved; tip when present point- tusk shells. The crescent-shaped shells ed and slender; surface white; opaque, with taper in size and both ends are open. From bands of translucent gray; texture hard, the larger end the foot is operated and porcellanous but not shining; nine primary used for digging in mud or sand. The head ribs, also secondary ribs; wide, shallow is not well defined but a radula is pres- apical notch usually on convex side. Length ent. The sexes are separate. There are 2S mm., without tip. comparatively few species known but indi- This very variable form is the com- viduals exist in great niombers. monest shallow water species in the West Indies and adjacent waters. The writer dredged it in shallow water off Tiger Key Family Dentaliidae and Lossman's River, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico. Foot of animal conical and pointed, PI. 55, Fig. 18 surrounded by a process like a wing-shaped Miami, Florida to the West Indies sheath, which in turn has a slit like a break in a fold on one side. The shell DENTALIUM CALLITHRIX Dall. Shell gradually characters include more or less sculpture. increasing in diameter; white porcellanous There is only one genus. but not shining; nine major ribs, as many as three secondary ribs between these. The GENUS DENTALIUM Linne 1758 sculpture is sometimes not continuous along (TOOTH SHELLS) the shell. Length S4-38 mm. A deep-water shell; sometimes taken Shell a tube opening at both ends, upon the beach at Sanibel. almost straight to curved, sculpture vary- PI. 63, Fig. 10 ing from faint indications to as many as PI, 55, Fig. 21 sixty prominent ribs. Often the senile Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to portion of the shell is smooth. There are Florida; Brazil also frequently intermediate transverse lines. The embryonic portion of the apex DENTALIUM CALLIPEPLUM Dall. Strongly and (smaller end) is fragile and minute. It is evenly curved like a scimitar; ivory or usually lacking in adult specimens. Usual- cream white, sometimes salmon tinted on tip; ly there is a notcli or slit in the smaller highly polished; no sculpture; a faint or apical opening. shallow notch. Length 62 mm. Range 25-169 The Dentaliums vary from needle- fathoms like forms to heavy shells 5 inches in PI. 63, Fig. 12b length. Some are very fragile. The sur- Gulf of Mexico; West Indies faces vary from chalky to porcellanous or glassy. White is predominant but greenish, DENTALIUM CARDUUS Dall, Sixteen narrow reddish or yellowish species also occur. longitudinal ribs; elevated transverse rib- They may be translucent, opaque, dull or lets producing a rasp-like surface; pure with glistening surfaces. white, not polished. Length 77-87 mm. The animal conforms in shape to the Range 100-338 fathoms. shell it occupies. The cylindrical foot PI. 63, Fig. 3 may be protruded or almost completely with- Bahamas; St. Lucia. drawn. Tentacles or eyes are absent. Fora- minifera and other minute organisms are DENTALIUM EBOREUM Conrad (D. matura Dall). supposed to be caught by a cluster of Color salmon pink or yellowish; curved, thread-like appendages just back of the slender, thin but strong; surface highly mouth. The sexes are separate. shining, vitreous but often with milky 71 .

72 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

patches; about twenty raised fine lines on treless; sixteen sharply defined riblets, tip only, remainder of shell mostly smooth; better developed upon posterior portion; deep narrow notch on convex side of tip. apical notch often obscure. Length 34 mm. Length 25-35 mm. Range 2-87 fathoms. Found in cold off shore water in PI. 65, Figs, 18, 18a depths varying from 20-1,000 fathoms. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to PI. 55, Fig. 16 west Florida; West Indies Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina DENTALIOM ENSICULUS Jeffreys. Shell fairly strongly arched, slowly increasing in DENTALIOT PERLONGUM Dall. Extremely long diameter; keel on both convex and concave and slender, slightly arched or almost sides; aperture flattened oval; grayish straight; long needle-like tip, opaque white, oily in appearance rather than pol- white, porcellanous but not highly polished; ished; no sculpture; notch wide. Length no sculpture, a smooth cylinder; notch var- 19-30 mm. Range 193-1813 fathoms. iable. Length 54-90 mm. Range 11-1,181 PI. 63, Fig. 18 fathoms. Georges Bank to West Indies Fresh specimens have been taken in shallow water in west Florida. DENTALIUM ENTALE STIMPSONI Henderson. Mod- PI. 63, Fig. 6 erately curved; section round; surface dull Cape Hatteras to Gulf of Mexico, ivory white, more or less discolored; tips south to Rio de la Plata much eroded; apical notch present. Length 33-38 mm. DENTALIUM SEMISTRIOLATUM Guilding. Trans- The American form is more chalky lucent white with milky patches, highly and shovjs the faint sculptural features polished, often reddish toward apex; slen- more clearly than the European D. entale of der, regularly curved; fine regularly spaced Linnaeus. grooves upon portions of shell, remainder PI. 55, Fig. 14 smooth; long narrow slit near apex not Maine to Cape Cod, Massachusetts present in all individuals. Length 25-34 mm. DENTALIUIJI GOOLDII Dall. Shell six sided; An abundant shore species especial- slightly curved, regularly tapering; sur- ly in the Lesser Antilles and the west face shining; six pinched up rod-like ribs, coast of Florida. microscopically fine lines between flat PI. 55, Figs. 13, 17 spaces; hexagonal section less apparent at Florida; West Indies aperture or larger end. Length 89 mm. Allied to D. texasianum. In Flor- DENTALIUM TEXASIANUM Philippi. Shell slow- ida it lives in shallow water or moderate ly increasing in diameter; hexagonal in depths. The variety obscurum is illustrat- section; color dull grayish white, opaque, ed. strong and solid; tip hexagonal, angles be- PI. 63, Fig. 4 coming rod-like ribs with flat spaces be- Florida; edge of Gulf Stream off tween; one to two, rarely three riblets be- the Carolinas and Georgia tween major ribs. Length 21 mm. without tip (a Sanibel specimen) DENTALIUM LAQUEATUM Verrill. Primary ribs This shell has not been reported nine to twelve, intercostal sculpture of from the Florida east coast or Florida Keys, latticed design. Length 45-68 mm. Range nor the Antilles. 10-193 fathoms. PI. 55, Fig. 19 Abundant in sandy mud along edge of Beaufort, North Carolina; West Gulf Stream in Florida Keys region, espe- Florida; Louisiana; Texas cially off Fowey Light. PI. 63, Fig. SI Family Siphonodentalildae Cape Hatteras region to Barbados; Gulf of Mexico GENUS CADULUS Philippi 1844

DENTALIUM OCCIDENTALS Stlmpson. Color dir- Small white shells, lacking sculp- ty white, occasionally Ivory; surface lus- ture, often swollen or with a bulging area; .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 73

opening at smaller end small when compared CADULUS CAROLINENSIE Bush. Medium sized, with Dentalitim, simple or with i-.wo to four no swelling; smooth rounded lip; apical slits; section flattened or circular; often opening very small, equipped with four shal- with a rounded rib within the smaller open- low slits or notches, producing four lobes ing. which are often damaged. Length 9.5 mm. Cadulus lives in sandy and muddy- Abundant in shallow water near Hat- stations. Individuals are very numerous. teras but rarer farther south. Taken in 3-107 fathoms. CADULUS ACUS Ball. A small slender shell, PI. 65, Fig. 19 slightly curved; growth lines forming PI. 55, Fig. 22 densely packed circular ribs; surface vari- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; egated by bands. Length 8 mm. Range 25- Florida 294 fathoms. These little shells resemble Denta- CADULUS CUCURBITA Dall. Depth 310 fathoms. lium tips and lack many of the Cadulus PI. 63, Fig. 12d characters. Off Bahia Honda, Cuba PI. 63, Fig. 11 Off Fernandina, Florida; Porto Rico CADULUS LUNULA Dall. Depth 805 fathoms. PI. 63, Fig. 8

CADULUS AEQUALIS Dall . Shell large, little Off Havana, Cuba swollen; no apical features observable. Length 15 mm. Depth 339 fathoms. CADULUS QUADRIDENTATUS Dall. Shell regu- PI. 63, Fig. 9 larly and gradually increasing in diameter; Off east Florida moderately curved; four deep slits in apex, leaving lobes. Length 7-10 mm. Depth CADULUS AGASSIZII Dall. A moderately range extends from 2 fathom? off Miami to curved, fairly solid shell; four broad shal- 50 fathoms near Fowey Light, Florida. low slits forming indistinct lobes comprise PI. 65, a variety. the apical features. Length 9 :nm. An PI. 63, Fig. 5 abundant species in its depth range, 17-293 PI. 65, Fig. 20 fathoms Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to PI. 63, Fig. 12c West Indies; Gulf of Mexico Off Chesapeake Bay to Florida Keys CADULUS WATSONI Dall. A highly polished CADULUS AMIANTUS Dall. A dubious species shell which is slightly curved. Length 13 which is not represented in the National mm Range 382-413 fathoms collection. Length 5.75 mm. Depth 310 PI. 63, Fig. 12a fathoms. Off Cuba and Bahamas PI. 63, Fig. 7 Off Bahia Honda, Cuba CLASS GASTROPODA

To this class belong the snails, PI. 40, Fig. 15 limpets, slugs, nudlbranchs (without shells), PI. 30, Fig. 14 whelks, and those provided with a more or PI. 29, Fig. 1 less spiral shell. All in this class pos- Florida; West Indies sess a foot, a mantle, and a mantle cavity similar to those of the clam or mussel but ACIJAEA CANDEANA ANTILLARUM Sowerby. An assuming quite different characters and elevated form, rayed with narrow light blue habits. stripes on a light ground. Interior bluish Three characteristics stand out white; body mark deep brown in young shells, with prominence: (l) asymmetry, (2.) the covered with white in the adult, border well-developed and consequently different- dark and articulated with white. Length ly functioning head, and, (3) the spirally 20 mm. colled shell which is in one piece. PI. 29, Fig. 2 The groups into which the Gastropo- Florida Keys; West Indies da have been divided are based upon the structure of the nervous system, together ACMAEA CUBENSIS Reeve. Surface outside with the respiratory and sexual organs. with narrow riblets, often obsolete; black lines upon a white ground, also blotched with black; edge of shell smooth. Length SUBCLASS PROSOBRANCHIA 21 mia. It probably will be found living or ORDER ARCHAEOGASTROPODA dead upon the Florida Keys and is included here for comparison. Family Acmaeidae PI. 29, Fig. 5 Bahamas; West Indies Shell dish-shaped, conical, apex more or less at one end. The shells may be ACMAEA LEUCOPLEURA Gmelin. Shell solid, separated from the Patellidae, a large fam- conic or depressed, apex near center; about ily living mostly in tropical seas, by the twelve strong ribs and twenty to thirty less distinct border around the aperture, around base; ribs white, spaces between also by the fact that they are never iri- dark brown or black; interior white, bor- descent. The Acmaeas live upon seaweed or dered with black dots, brownish in middle. adhere to rocks often exposed to the surf. Length 23 mm. Like other sedentary mollusks they are very This species is more coarsely variable, the shells ten being modified ribbed than A. cubensis. to conform to the environment. While a few PI. 29, Fig. 13 are from deep water the majority live be- South Florida and West Indies tween high-tide and low-tide marks. There are many more species upon the Pacific than ACMAEA PUNCTULATA Gmelin. Apex near cen- the Atlantic coast of the United States. A ter; surface sculptured with low riblets, radula of Patella Is shown in Fig. 28, every third or fourth rib more prominent; page 20. delicate pink or yellowish with reddish dots between riblets; epidermis lacking; GENUS ACMAEA Eschscholtz 1830 interior whitish, border narrow and gray in color. Length 1 inch, usually less. ACMAEA CANDEANA Orblgny. Shell gray or A very variable shell, the young buff, depressed, with radiating black lines, thinner and presenting quite a different often combined with seven to nine broad aspect. Florida examples are thinner and rays; interior white, brown tinted; wide narrower than those from the West Indies. edged with gray and close set brown lines. PI. 29, Fig. 14 Length 1 inch. Florida Keys; Bermuda; West Indies; Mexico 74 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 75

ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS AMAENA Say. Shell oval, FISSURELLA BARBADENSIS Gmelin. Barbados apex almost in middle; color yellowish gray Chink. Shell conical, orifice almost round with dark brownish stripes and a somewhat or oval; about eleven of the ribs most broken pattern; interior white with a large prominent; color gray, green or pink with dark central area; border tessellated with purplish brown blotches between the ribs. white arid brown. Length 35 mm. Interior with alternating green and white It is plentiful upon rocks exposed rings, interior orifice callus green and to surf, particularly upon the coast of usually bounded by brown; edge of shell Maine. The largest and finest examples in crenulated. Length 35 mm. that state are taken at Eastport. South of An extremely common species in the Boston it is much smaller and less plenti- West Indies and an excessively variable ful. American specimens are usually much one. larger than the typical European A. testud- PI. 30, Fig. 2 inalis of Muller. Charlotte Harbor, Florida to West PI. 30, Fig. 8 Indies North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, southward to Long Island Sound, FISSURELLA FASCICULARIS Lamarck. Bundle New York Chink. Orifice cross-shaped; margin waving; shell elevated in front and rear; sad- ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS ALVEUS Conrad. A very dle-shaped like F. pustula but the forty- small, thin, shell with a sharp and slight- seven radiating riblets coarser; color usu- ly hooked apex; striped with brown, interi- ally red, whitish between ribs; interior or showing exterior pattern. Length 8 mm. white, tinged with pink; opening upon in- This subspecies lives upon seaweed side sometimes tinged with red; edge crenu- or the fronds of Zostera, exactly matching lated. Length 20 mm. the background. PI. 30, Fig. 1 PI, 29, Fig. 17 Florida Keys and West Indies PI. 79° Fig. 7,g- Arctic Ocean southward to Cape Cod, FISSURELLA NODOSA Born. Knotty Chink. Massachusetts Shell elevated, base oval, about twenty- three strong ribs with nodes upon them; or- Family Fissurellidae ifice oblong, contracted in center and consequently dumb-bell shaped, opening one Shell limpet-shaped, with perfora- seventh to one ninth length of shell. The tion or anterior slit, sometimes a notch, color ranges from brown to white, interior for passage of excretions; horseshoe- white, edge toothed. Length 29-35 mm. shaped impression of adductor muscle in- PI. 30, Fig, 12 side shell; bilaterally symmetrical. Florida Keys and West Indies

GENUS FISSURELLA Brugulere 1791 FISSURELLA PUSTULA Lamarck. Blistered (LITTLE CHINK) Chink. Shell depressed, elevated in front and behind; orifice cross-shaped, toward Mantle edge of animal crenulated the front, bounded by red; color buff, above and below. The development of the white, or crimson with white; riblets sepa- shell is shown in Fig. 39. rated by narrow grooves; interior white with red near opening; edge crenulated. Length 1 inch. A well-known and interesting shell, PI, 30, Fig, 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to West Indies

GENUS LUCAPINA Gray 1857

Fig. 39 Orifice rather large, oval; surface Development of shell in Fissurella cancellated; edge of shell uniform and not raised at ends; margin finely crenulated. 76 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Shell imbedded in mantle of animal. striped with black or brown (eight stripes); summit curved forward; opening keyhole LUCAPINA ADSPERSA Philippi. Shell oblong, sliaped; interior white; margin crenulated; riblets of various size crossed by raised pit deep. Length 25 mm. threads; orifice oval with seven to nine This shell is sometimes washed upon broad rays of varying color and often brok- the beach at Cape May, New Jersey. en into dots and spots; interior bluish PI. 30, Fig. 5 white, outside pattern showing through the ChesapeakeBay to West Indies; Mexi- thin shell; exterior of orifice callus co often with a greenish streak on each side; edge crenulated. Length SI mm. DIADORA LISTERI Orbigny. Shell elevated, Taken by the writer under stones solid, summit slightly in front of middle; in Upper Biscayne Bay and beneath sponges slope straight in front, rear slope convex; off Lignumvitae Key, Florida. The animal sculptured with strong ribs crossed by is very bulky and the shell high above and cords and cutting the interspaces into far from the foot. quarish pits. PI. 30, Fig. 10 The color is grayish white or biiff, Florida Keys and West Indies sometimes with black stripes; ribs alternating in size, both large and small; opening LUCAPINA CANCELLATA Sowerby. Shell oblong, keyhole shape; interior white; border often stained with bluish black around ori- crenulated and with the teeth arranged in fice and interior of hole callus; color pairs. Length 40 mm. greenish or grayish; orifice oval, about It lives under stones in Upper Bis- one eighth length of shell. Length 23 mm. cayne Bay near Arch Creek and the Sunny A single beach specimen, quite Isles bridge. fresh, was taken at Boynton, Florida. PI. 30, Fig. 16 PI. 29, Fig. 15 Florida Keys and West Indies Florida Keys and VJest Indies DIADORA MINUTA Lamarck. Shell small, ob- GENUS LUCAPINELLA Pilsbry 1890 long, depressed, summit position one third length of shell; fine riblets crossed by Shell oblong, perforation large; sculpture forming beads; shell thin, yel- animal with fleshy foot much too large for low or white; seven to eight broad black shell but the latter not imbedded in man- rays visible also from inside; border tle. crenulated; sides arched so shell rests upon ends only when placed upon a plane LUCAPINELLA LIMATULA Reeve. Orifice ob- surface. Length 10 mm. Fresh beach shells long, corresponding to shape of shell; have been taken in Palm Beach County. large and small alternating riblets; interi- PI. 30, Fig. 13 or white, edges thickened at sides and Florida Keys and West Indies crenulated front and rear. Length 13 mm. Depth range 0-20 fathoms. GENUS EMARGINULA Lamarck 1801 PI. 30, Fig. 3 Cape Fear, North Carolina; Key Shell obliquely conical, apex re- West, Florida; West Indies curved backward; deep incision in margin.

GENUS DIADORA Gray 1881; EMARGINULA CANCELLATA Philippi. Apex half- Fissuridea Swainson 1840 way between center and posterior end; sixty- two to sixty-eight close ribs; interior Internal callus of orifice truncat- white; slit one fourth length of shell; ed or pitted behind; animal capable of be- color white or yellow. Length 12 mm. Depth ing contained in the shell. Often confused range 100-287 fathoms. with Fissurella. PI. 30, Fig. 11 Off North Carolina; Florida Strait; DIADORA ALTERNATA Say. Elevated conical West Indies surface latticed by ribs, every fourth rib a little larger; shell gray or yellow. .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 77

GENUS RIMULA Defrance 1819 Southern Florida and the West In- dies Like Emarglnula but with slit closed and forming a hole. GENUS PUNCTURELLA Lowe 1827

conical, elevated, apex re- RIMULA FRENULATA Dall . Apex small, sharp; Shell finely sculptured with radiating threads curved; opening in front of apex and with and with finer ones between each pair; an elevated border inside; exterior surface sculpture running across not forming nod- cancellated. ules; interior glossy. Length 6.S5 mm. Range 6-52 fathoms. PUNCTURELLA PRINCEPS Mighels (P. noachlna) A beautiful little shell. Shell decidedly conical, PI. 30, Fig. 9 bluish white; about North Carolina to Florida Keys twenty-two ribs on sur- /^l''>» face with, in addition, GENUS SUBEMARGINULA Blalnville 1825 \ smaller intermediate (CHINK SHELLS) i.7v»,- r w'/zi* ribs; diamond- shaped slit in summit, com- y^^ ; '''^S Rounded, oval shells; surface radi- ; munlcating with interi- ally ribbed; notch short, continued upward .„ ' or through a circular inside as a groove; muscle scar inside pe- aperture; margin crenu- culiar, its ends recurved and pushed in- Fig. 40 lated. Length 5 mm. ward in direction of apex cavity. Puncturella princeps, This strange 5 mm. little shell is often SUBEMARGINULA EMARGINATA Blalnville. Chief taken from the stomachs ribs ten, the three double in front the of fish. Range 25-310 fathoms. strongest; interior and exterior white; Fig. 36 edge of shell with about thirty-five teeth Labrador to North Carolina of various sizes; ends elevated. Length 25 mm. Family Stomatellldae PI. 30, Fig. 6 Florida Keys and West Indies Shell varying from spiral to depressed, sometimes Haliotls shaped or non- SUBEMARGINULA OCTORADIATA Adams. Shell spiral and limpet form; interior of large conical, oval; apex inclined toward rear aperture pearly. and to the right side, slope at back straight; eight evenly placed larger ribs, GENUS STOMATELLA Lamarck 1819 eight lesser ribs and also, in large speci- (LITTLE MOUTH SHELLS) mens, smaller riblets; all of the ribs nodulous; interior greenish, groove in front Shell oval, spire short; aperture narrow and deep; margin toothed. Length longer than wide; operculate. 24 mm. The ribs have no inclination to STOMATELLA PICTA Orbigny. A minute ear- double as in the following species. shaped shell; surface shining, many fine PI. 30, Fig. 7 unequal spiral threads which cut surface Florida Keys to the West Indies into granules; flesh colored, spotted with opaque white; columella white; whorls 2.5, SUBEMARGINULA PUMILA Adams (S. rollandi last large; aperture spotted inside. Great-

Fischer) . Shell small; anterior fissure est length 4 mm. three times as long as wide; front slope Dall and Simpson reported this from convex; twenty-two to twenty-eight radiat- the Florida Keys. ing, often beaded, riblets; smaller riblets PI. 30, Fig. 15 between the latter; apex recurved, color Florida; Cuba; St. Thomas varying from white to green or pale flesh; interior similarly colored but showing Family Scissurellidae white rays. Length 9.5 mm. PI. 29, Fig. 16 Very minute shells, not pearly. 78 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

aperture rounded, slit in the margin; oper- ture Haliotis. Dr. Dall pronounced this culate. Slit absent in Juvenile specimens. identical with the example taken so many They have been found in Piedmont on sea- years before. The illustration herewith weed. represents the second specimen. Obtained Animal with long tentacles, usual- at a depth of 90 fathoms, ly pale and translucent. The group is re- PI. 89, Fig. 3 lated to the l;.rge rlit shell (Pleuroto- 3 miles off Sand Key, on edge of maria) which lives in the West Indies, a Pourtales Plateau, Florida member of a family which is almost extinct. Family Trochldae SCISSURELLA CRISPATA Fleming. Length 4 mm. Range 4-790 fathoms. Shell nacreous inside; aperture en- PI. 68, Fig. 15 tire; lip generally not continuous. Oper- Greenland to New Hampshire culum thin, entirely corneous and multispiral. Family Haliotidae GENUS TEGULA Lesson 183S; Chlorostoma Shell spiral, often ear-shaped; Swain. 1840 (ROOF TILE) aperture very large, nacreous; holes or notch upon outer lip; operculum lacking. Distinguished by a prominent callus which extends from the Inner lip to and GiJNUS HALIOTIS Linne 1758 often covering the umbilicus. There are from one to several teeth at the base of Shell ear-shape, spire small, aper- the columella. ture iridescent and very wide; exterior dull, perforated by a series of holes, the TEGULA FASCIATA Born. Differs from others earlier ones closed; horseshoe-shaped mus- in the genus by the smooth surface and lack cle impression. of sculpture; ground color yellow with red, Foot very large, powerful and suit- black or brown arranged in diverse patterns; ed to clinging on rocks. two teeth at base of columella with white Haliotis is abundant on the Pacific callus above. Length 16 mm. coast of the United States, also Japan, the Taken by the writer in six feet of Channel Islands and elsewhere. Only one water upon weeds on Featherbed Bank, Lower species is known fiom the east coast and Blscayne Bay, Florida; also off Llgnumvitae that from deep water. Key. It is an abundant and well-distributed form on the Florida Keys. HALIOTIS PODRTALESII Dall. "Shell longer PI. 31, Fig. 4 than wide, holes seventeen, the last five Florida Keys; West Indies open; surface sculptured with fine spiral lines developing gradually into waving spi- TEGULA SEMIGRANOSA A. Adams. Shell coni- ral threads, with finer threads appearing cal, umbillcate; sutures not Impressed; and continuing to edge of aperture; color ground whitish with Irregular flames, lines wax-yellow with deeper patches of orange; and dots of yellow; whorls five to six, en- nacreous shining within." Length 11 mm. circled by many close-set spiral lines In 1869 a series of shells were ob- which are irregularly crenulated, ten to tained by the D. S. Fish Commission Ship twelve of these on last whorl above periph- Bibb, under the direction of Count Pourtales, ery; base a little convex and with eight in the Straits of Florida. When this ma- lines similar to those above; aperture ob- terial was sent to the National Museum in lique; umbilicus deep, large, edge ending Washington Dr. Dall was surprised to find a in a tooth at base of colximella, two addi- Haliotis in the lot. The specimen was sent tional smaller teeth below. Diameter 16 mm. to Chicago and destroyed in the great fire PI. 29, Fig. 4 there. Twenty years later Dr. Dall de- Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies scribed it from memory. In 1913 John B. Henderson, while dredging from his boat the GENUS LIVONA Gray 1842 Eolis along the inner edge of the Pourtales Plateau, secured a small and somewhat imma- Shell large, solid, surface spotted. . .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 79

Radula very peculiar, possessing a great CALLIOSTOMA OCCIDENTALIS Migh. and Ad. number of lateral teeth. Operculum shin- Shell solid, imperforate, subtranslucent; ing brown inside and with twelve whorls; raised spiral ridges light brown; suture green portion attached to foot of animal. distinct; outer lip crenulated by spiral ridge terminations. Length 13 mm. Depth LIVONA PICA Linne. Umbilicus deep, shell range 25-980 fathoms. solid, dull black above with spots or zig- This beautiful shell Is sometimes zag flames of white; folds upon shell ob- taken in fish stomachs. lique; interior of lip often edged with PI. 31, Fig. 16 black. Diameter 2.75 Inches, length slights Nova Scotia to south of Martha's ly less. Vineyard, Massachusetts Mr. Miller of the National Museum has observed this frequently in Indian CALLIOSTOMA EUGLYPTUM A. Adams. Shell im- burying grounds on the Florida Keys. Un- perforate; whorls six to five, convex; less the species was much more plentiful about eight rows of beaded ridges between during the days of the Indians, it may have periphery and suture; basal ridges about been brought from the Bahamas. Dead speci- ten in number and not so high as the others; mens are occasionally taken in Palm Beach color white, clouded with red or brown, County. white streaks showing through the color. PI. 31, Fig. 7 Length 15-20 mm. Depth range 15-50 fathoms. West Florida; West Indies; Palm This attractive shell is not in- Beach County; Florida Keys frequently found upon the beaches adjacent to Sarasota, Florida. GENUS CALLIOSTOMA Swainson 1840 PI. 31, Fig. 18 PI. 3S, Fig. 9 Shell conical, columella simple; North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of operculum thin and corneous. Mexico

CALLIOFTOMA JUJUBINUM Gmelin. Shell solid, GENUS SOLARIELLA S. Wood 1842 heavy, spire elevated; umbilicus narrow and (LITTLE SUN) funnel shaped, white inside; surface color brown with white streaks, base dotted with SOLARIELLA OBSCURA Couthouy. Shell solid, white; whorls ten. Length 33 mm. or small- small; two to three revolving ridges upon er. whorls; axial growth lines coarse; aperture Dead shells are frequent on the round; pearly inside; umbilicus broad and middle Florida Keys and northward on the deep; operculum horny. Length 7 mm. Depth west coast to Sanibel. range 6-35 fathoms PI. 31, Fig. 8 When the epidermis is removed the Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to surface is iridescent. The shell is not the West Indies Infrequently found in fish stomachs. PI. 31, Fig. 19 CALLIOSTOMA JUJUBINUM PERSPECTIVUM Philippl. PI. 71, Fig. 16 Broader than the preceding, fewer ribs and Labrador to Martha's Vineyard, all of them beaded; often white at the Massachusetts periphery. Length 2S mm. Georgia; Florida; East Honduras GENUS MARGARITES Leach 1819

CALLIOSTOMA ROSEOLUM Dall. Base-like Shell small, rather conical, few strings of beads, upon the spire every third whorled; aperture rounded; lip acute; um- bead crimson, alternating with rosy threads; bilicus deep. eight whorls, first five rounded, last three flattened. MARGARITES CINEREA Couthouy. An ash-colored This very beautiful shell has been shell of pyramidal shape with five to six taken in 15-200 fathoms. Altitude 9.5 mm. prominent spiral ridges and numerous lesser PI. 31, Fig. 12 ones; umbilicus rather broad and deep; lines Off North Carolina; Straits of inside aperture corresponding to external Florida; West Indies ridges. Length 9 mm. Depth range 5-200 fathoms 80 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

A somewhat rare shell which is thin, concave below, umbilicated, convex sometimes taken in fish stomachs. above; lip thin and acute; three whorls, PI. 31, Fig. 19 rapidly enlarging; operculum flexible, pel- Greenland to Massachusetts Bay lucid and thin. Animal blood-red, tentacles long and slender. MARGARITES GROENLANDICUS Gmelin (M. undu- Parasitic on Acoetes lupinus Stimp- of this large lata Sowerby) . Shell small, dark flesh son, living under the scales color with regularly placed spiral lines annelid. Diameter 2.5 mm. which alternate in size, both large and PI. 31, Fig. 17 small; base of paler color and smoother; Charleston, South Carolina; Florida umbilicus funnel-shaped; aperture oblique, Keys interior pearly, reflecting green and gold colors; operculum multispiral. Length 3.5 COCHLIOLEPIS STRIATA Dall. This little mm., breadth 6 mm. shell has two whorls, the globular nucleus This beautiful little shell, much being almost enveloped by the last whorl. resembling a tropic form, is abundant in The umbilicus is very wide. Average width the stomachs of fish. It has been taken about 6.5 mm., length 1.5 mm. living on the beaches. Very fresh examples It was taken years ago by Colonel are rose-red but usually it is brownish Jewett at Egmont Key near Tampa, Florida. red. Depth range 7-50 fathoms. Recently, fresh examples were obtained PI. 31, Fig. 13 after a September "blow" on a sandbar near Labrador to Massachusetts Bay the Palm Beach north inlet. The shell much resembles a miniature Sinum. MARGARITES HELICINDS Phipps. Shell small, PI. Fig, 14 depressed, translucent, light brown; fine 31, Florida spiral lines below; aperture round. Breadth 5 mm. GENUS VITRINELLA C, B. Adams 1850 A deep sea form which some years is abundant upon the beaches, especially on MULTICARINATA Dall. Shell mi- the large leaves of Laminaria. The iri- VITRINELLA polished, keeled; four descent shell, reflecting a bronze lustre, nute, translucent, five whorled; umbilicus deep, not very is characteristic. In contour it much re- to sim- sembles a land or fresh-water shell. wide, its walls vertical. Lip margin yellowish. Greenland to Massachusetts Bay ple, sharp. Epidermis thin and Maximum diameter 3 mm. MARGARITES OLIVACEA Brown. (M. argentata Smaller than V. gemma Holmes, an Old.) Shell small, umbilicated; four to allied species, also more keeled and de- five convex whorls, covered with minute pressed. spiral lines; interior pearly and irides- Off North Carolina (15 fathoms); cent; aperture round; suture well marked; Florida surface dull. Length 6 mm. Depth range 7-80 fathoms. Family Liotiidae Abundant in fish stomachs north of Boston. GENUS LIOTIA Gray 1842 PI. 38, Fig. 26 Labrador to Massachusetts Bay LIOTIA VARIABILIS Dall. A minute shell of surpassing beauty. The star-like projec- Family Cyclostrematidae tions upon the periphery, the close set wrinkles upon the surface and the curious About sixty species, members of projections within the umbilicus are char- this family, live mostly in deep water off acteristic features. Diameter 4 mm. Depth the Atlantic coast. The majority are very range 22-220 fathoms. small and are not well known. The follow- PI. 32, Fig. 8 ing have been taken in shallow water. North Carolina to the West Indies

GENUS COCHLIOLEPIS Stimpson 1858

COCHLIOLEPIS PARASITICA Stimpson. Shell .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 81

Family Phaslanellidae Family Turbinidae

GENUS PHASIANELLA Lamarck 1804 Shell top- or pyramid-shaped; in- (PHEASANT SHELLS) terior nacreous; marine, feeding upon sea- weeds; exterior brilliantly pearly beneath Shell generally imperforate; epi- the epidermis. Many of the shells are used dermis lacking; surface porcellanous, usu- for ornamental purposes. ally polished and varied with brilliant color patterns; operculum shelly, solid, GENUS TURBO Linne 1758 (WHIPPING TOP) externally white and convex. The diversity of form is consider- PHASIANELLA TESSELLATA Potiez and Michaud. able. Juvenile shells are not keeled so Checkered Pheasant. Whorls four to five, strongly and the spines when present are the last large and bluntly angled at differently arranged. Operculum calcareous. periphery; apex blunt; columella with white callus; umbilical area excavated, often TURBO CASTANEUS Gmelin. Chestnut Top. perforate; color white, yellow or red, Shell orange, brown, or gray, often banded clouded with white, red or brown; encircled with flame-like white spots; suture partly with narrow orange or red lines. Length channelled; whorls five to six with numer-

5 . 5 mm. ous spiral lines; aperture white, heavy This shell lives at low-tide mark callus upon columella. Length 30 mm. upon seaweed attached to rocks. It is Not infrequent upon grasses in shal- rather frequent at Palm Beach, Florida and low water of the Florida Keys. Range 0-25 for some distance southward. fathoms. PI. 29, Fig. 18 PI. 31, Fig. 11 Florida and West Indies North Carolina to West Indies; Gulf of Mexico PHASIANELLA AFFINIS C. B. Adams. Often found associated with P. tessellata this TURBO CASTANEUS CRENULATUS Gmelin. Ribs shell differs in the possession of close provided with less conspicuous tubercles. and regular punctations of pink or orange North Carolina to West Indies and white instead of the encircling lines, suture also more impressed; apex acute and TURBO SPENGLERIANUS Gmelin. Shell large, rose color. Length 8 mm. imperforate, white, spotted with brown, PI. 29, Fig. 19 spire sharp, whorls six to seven, rounded; Florida and West Indies sutures widely channelled; seventeen smooth encircling ribs, as wide or wider than the PHASIANELLA UMBILICATA Orbigny. Whorls spaces between; aperture white, outer lip five, very convex, sutures deeply impressed; sharp, broad white callus reflected over umbilicus narrow but distinct; shell white axis and below umbilicus, callus also ex- with red punctations and longitudinal tending upon inner wall. Length 2.5 inches. flames of red and white. Length 5 mm. Operculum pale brown inside, three PI. 29, Fig. 20 to four whorls, exterior white and convex. Florida and Cuba PI. 40, Fig. 14 Gulf of Mexico and West Indies PHASIANELLA BELLA Pilsbry (P. pulchella C. B. Adams). Pretty Pheasant. A very GENUS ASTRAEA Roeding 1798, Astralium small shell, usually less strongly angular Link 1807 (STAR SHELLS) than the example figured. Often the angles are absent altogether but the general form ASTRAEA LONGISPINA Lamarck. Long-Spined and absence of gloss are the same. Length Star. Shell low, almost flat below; whorls 2.5 mm six to seven; periphery sharply keeled, PI. 31, Fig. 20 with strong triangular flatted spines which Biscayne Bay to Florida Keys extend over the suture almost to apex of 82 EAST COABT MARINE SHELLS

shell, sixteen spines on final whorl; area ASTRAEA AMERICANA Gmelin. American Star. of umbilicus often excavated but usually Shell elevated, whorls seven, the last imperforate; interior silvery. Exterior whorl with thirty-six folds which terminate whitish or light brown. Length 16-20 mm., in knobs upon the keel of adults or spines diameter 30-60 mm. It lives upon grasses. in young specimens; outer lip generally PI. 31, Fig. 2 crenulated. Operculum convex outside, PI. 43, Fig. 9 white and with a granulose surface, interi- Florida Keys and West Indies or of operculum dark. Length 1 inch. Abundant among weeds on sandbars of ASTRAEA LONGISPINA SPINULOSA Lamarck, Spiny Card Sound, Florida. Star. Shell conically elevated, whorls PI. 31, Fig. 6 flattened above; keel usually with spines Florida Keys and West Indies or knobs; exterior of operculum white or brown, very convex and smooth. Diameter ASTRAEA IJffiRICATA Gmelin, Shell solid, 65 mm. imperforate, light brown or greenish in col- PI. 31, Fig. 1 or, whorls seven; eighteen to twenty folds Florida Keys and West Indies on last whorl, excavated at their centers, forming square descending spines on the ASTRAEA BREVISPINA Lamarck, Short-spined sharply keeled periphery; base flattened, Star. Shell sharply keeled, short triangu- radiately striate, also four to six concen- lar spines which decorate the suture and tric lines; aperture oblique, wide, scal- project there as well. Ten to fourteen loped at outer angle; columella two toothed spines upon the last whorl; area of umbili- below, its face a little grooved. Length cus excavated, whitish and surrounded by an 40 mm. orange-red area. Diameter 1.5 inches. PI. 31, Fig. 5 PI. 31, Fig. 9 Florida Keys and West Indies PI. 43, Fig. 6 Florida Keys and West Indies Family Neritidae

SUBGENUS LITHOPOMA Gray 1850 GENUS NERITA Linne 1758 (NERITES)

ASTRAEA TUBER Linne. Humped Star. Shell Animal with broad, short, muzzle dull white or green, spotted above with and long slender tentacles. brown; whorls six, the upper two smooth; Operculum calcareous with project- base almost smooth, aperture silvery. Diam- ing lobes upon the surface, the inner mar- eter 2 inches. It lives upon rocks near gin of aperture corresponding to the same. shore. Aquatic, although some species live out of Disabled specimens are frequent the water near the sea, upon the east Florida beaches after storms, PI. 31, Fig. 3 NERITA VERSICOLOR Gmelin. Variegated Jupiter Inlet, Florida to Marti- Nerite. Ribs upon surface broad and round nique with narrow grooves between, sometimes these almost absent; marked with zigzag ASTRAEA CAELATA Gmelin. Carved Star. Shell, stripes of red and black or spiral bands of imperforate, solid, whorls slightly convex, one of these colors or both; interior white, periphery subcarinate; below the suture a outer lip toothed within, three to four dis- series of strong ribs which are oblique, tant strong teeth upon columella margin. finer ribs between them, rest of surface Diameter 15 to 30 mm. with strong revolving ridges; aperture very PI. 29, Fig. 11 oblique; columella curved. Color greenish Florida; West Indies or white, presenting £> soiled appearance. Operculum oval, convex outside and white or NERITA PELORONTA Linne, Bleeding Tooth. brown with a granulose surface. Length 3 Ribs broad and flatly rounded, marked with inches, diameter the same. red and black; aperture white; outer lip PI. 31, Fig. 10 feebly toothed inside, columellar margin Florida Keys and Wust Indies with one to two strong central teeth, this EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 83

region more or less stained with red. Di- textile fabrics. The longitudinal darker ameter 1-1.75 inches. The operciilum is color lines are covered partly with spots shown as per the second figure reference be- of the ground color. Diameter 6-20 mm. low. PI. 29, Fig. 10 PI. 29, Fig. 9 PI. 29, Fig. 21 Florida; West Indies; Brazil Florida; West Indies SECTION SMARAGDIA Issel 1869 SECTION THELIOSTYLA Morch 1852 NERITINA VIRIDIS Linne. Green Nerltine. NERITA TESSELLATA Gmelin. Checkered Nerite. The smallest species and a brilliant green Ribs ten to twelve, deep narrow groove be- or yellowish, more or less interrupted with tween them; numerous teeth within lip, larg- white or black; area of columella greenish er ones above and below; columellar area white. Diameter 7.5 mm. with small teeth in center, flattened and It is frequently found in "drift" with few granules. Diameter 18-24 mm. A upon sandbars in protected waters. common shell. PI. 29, Fig. 7 All the Neritas live in rocky ocean South Florida; West Indies; Europe stations, often partially concealing themselves in crevices. They usually are abun- SECTION PUPERITA Gray 1857 dant and easily collected well above low- tide mark. NERITINA PUPA Linne. A smooth, white, PI. 29, Fig. 8 opaque shell, striped or finely reticulated Florida; West Indies with black lines; interior light orange brown. Diameter 8-13 mm. NERITA FULGURANS Gmelin. Lightning Nerite. PI. 29, Fig. 12 Shell with many rounded ribs which are sep- West Florida to West Indies arated by cut lines, crossed by black, white creamish yellow or gray; aperture white, among the numerous teeth inside lip ORDER MESOGASTROPODA the two above and two below are not prominent; columellar area flattened with two Family Epltoniidae (Scalidae ) minute middle teeth; adjacent area flattened. Length 1 inch. Shell usually pure white, lustrous, PI. 40, Fig. 16 many whorled, whorls rounded and often sepa- Boca Raton, Florida to West Indies rated, frequent transverse ribs representing rest periods; operculum horny. GENDS NERITINA Lamarck 1809 The animal exudes a purple fluid (NERITINEF) when disturbed. The "staircase shells" are among These are mostly fluviatile al- the most beautifully formed mollusks. though some inhabit t?ie sea or brackish water. A few exotic species are terrestrial, GENDS EPITONIUM Roeding 1798, clinging to foliage overhanging water. Scalarla Lamarck Others are amphibious, attached to the roots of Nipah and other palms. Animal predaceous. Dr. Gould fed them raw beef which they ate voraciously. NERITINA RECLIVATA Say. Shell light brown There are about two hundred known recent or dark green, often with zigzag black species and about the same number fossil. lines; interior and columellar region white. Diameter 15-23 mm. SUBGENUS NITIDOSCALA De Boury 1909 PI. 29, Fig. 6 Florida and Gulf of Mexico EPITONIUM ANGULATUM Say. Angled Staircase. Shell white, six to eleven separated whorls; NERITINA VIRGINEA Linne. Virgin Neritlne. nine to ten varices or ribs upon each whorl, A species excessively variable in color angular above. Length 15-20 mm. ornamentation. Fresh dead shells are very PI. 32, Fig. 1 attractive and suggest various patterns of Connecticut to Texas 84 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

EPITONIUM CENTIQDADRA Morch, Shell white, EPITONIUM KREBSII Morch. Kreb's Staircase. thin, surface decussated by fine growth Umbilicate, but narrowly so; surface pol- lines and spiral striae, the latter alter- ished; spiral striations irregularly placed; nating in size; eight whorls, ten to eleven color white, often light yellowish above varices. Length 15 mm. center of whorls; five to six convex whorls PI. 32, Fig. 13 which are hardly Joined; varices ten, Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina slightly toothed near suture. Length 7 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 5 EPITONIUM CLATHRUS Linn6. Trellis Stair- Boynton, Florida to West Indies case. Shell pyramidal, eleven varices on each whorl, distant and subexpanded at su- EPITONIUM LINEATUM Say. Shell white, ture, oblique on apical whorls; aperture whorls eight, sixteen to eighteen delicate oval; varices white but spaces between un- ribs; upon the last whorl an encircling iformly yellow or spotted with that color, raised line and one or more brown bands; bands when present blackish. Length 10- strong rounded lip; umbilicus absent. 27 mm. It is a rather variable shell, es- PI. 32, Fig. 19 pecially with respect to the number of ribs. Palm Beach, Florida, to West Indies Length 12 mm. PI. 32, Fig. 3 EPITONIUM EBURNEUM Potiez and Michaud. Vineyard Sound to Gulf of Mexico Ivory Staircase. Shell thin, delicate; twelve to thirteen erect, sharp varices; EPITONIUM MITCHELLI Dall. Shell yellowish whorls nine, very convex, separated; suture white with basal area and band above the well defined; color yellowish white. Length periphery dark reddish brown; thin; numer- 20 mm. ous spiral ridges crossed by about eighteen PI. 38, Figs. 2, Br distant vertical threads; base bordered by Palm Beach, Florida, to West Indies a low keel, imperforate; aperture higher than wide; decollate shell showing eight EPITONIUM FRAGILIS Gray. Frail Staircase. whorls, possibly three to four lost. Length Shell minute, imperforate; about twelve 36 mm. varices; nucleus glassy, bulbous, consist- The finest shallow water Epitoniiam ing of three to five whorls; five addition- on the Gulf coast. al rounded, regular whorls; suture well im- PI. 32, Fig. 14 pressed; color white. Length 4.5-6 mm. Matagorda Island, Texas PI. 32, Fig. 15 Palm Beach and Punta Rassa, Florida EPITONIUM MULTISTRIATA Say. Apex pointed, pale glassy few-whorled nucleus, followed EPITONIUM DENTICULATUM Sowerby. Toothed by a few faintly sculptured turns, varices Staircase. Shell pyramidal; minutely spi- becoming close and flattened over strong rally striated; varices numerous and with spiral sculpture; one to two varices may be tooth-like angle on each varii near suture. distinctly larger upon the final whorl; Length 7 mm. aperture more than one quarter length of One fresh beach shell has been re- entire shell. Length 12 mm. ported from Sanibel. Stimpson collected this species at PI. 40, Fig. 17 Beaufort, North Carolina and reported the Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; animal as "hyaline bluish white, spotted west Florida; West Indies with opaque white, the tentacles very slender and front edge of foot double." EPITONIUM HUMPHREYSII Kiener (S. sayana PI. 32, Figs. 11, 18

Dall) . Humphrey's Staircase. Spaces be- Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to tween the ribs polished smooth and with oc- Florida Keys casional faint microscopic spiral striae. The largest specimen examined by Dall had EPITONIUM PERMODESTUM Dall. Length 38 mm. nine whorls and was 18 mm. in length. PI. 32, Fig. 17 PI. 32, Fig. 6 North Carolina to West Indies PI. 69, Fig. 10 Massachusetts to Texas . .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 85

EPITONIOT SCIPIO Dall. Depth range 12-30 A rather rare species. fathoms. PI. 33, Fig. 14 PI. 32, Fig. 7 Florida Keys and West Indies North Carolina; Gulf of Mexico SUBGENUS CYCLOSCALA Dall 1889 EPITONIUM TOLLENI Dall. Shell narrow, whorls nine, gradually increasing in size; EPITONIUM DUNKERIANUM Dall, Shell minute, about seven lustreless varices on each texture glassy, about five lightly attached whorl; suture well impressed; height of whorls, each rounded, about eight indented aperture greater than width; surface shin- varices to each whorl; circular aperture, ing. Length 10-15 mm. peristome free from wall of shell; umbili- PI. 32, Fig. 4 cus large. Length 4.5 mm. North Carolina to West Indies A very distinct and beautiful little shell. EPITONimi TERES Bush. Range 14-16 fathoms. PI. 32, Fig. 10 PI. 65, Fig. 8 Palm Beach to Florida Keys; West Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Indies

EPITONIUM TURRICULUM Sowerby. Umbilicus Family Janthinidae partly covered, white, rather thin, often T;ith two faint chestnut bands; very close Fragile, whitish or purplish shells spiral sculpture; whorls eight to nine with of graceful form; no operculum. Animal twelve to thirteen ribs some of which are varicose. Length 18 mm. Range 16-2S fathoms but not infrequently found upon the beaches after storms. PI. 32, Fig. 18^ North Carolina to West Indies

SUBGENUS BOREOSCALA Kobelt 1902

EPITONIUM GROENLANDICUM Perry. Shell Fig. 41 elongated; whorls gradually increasing, ten Egg float of Janthina. Now life size in number, closely contacted, a little convex, eight to fifteen stout flattened ob- pelagic, living some miles from land, fas- lique ribs, the spaces between filled with tened to float in which eggs are attached; six to eight rounded ridges and revolving float composed of vesicles filled with air, lines; lip slightly expanded and producing Fig. 41. Radula with a great number of an angle above. Length 1 inch. elongated teeth, no central ones. Carnivor- It is found in the stomachs of fish ous and like Epitonium secretes a purple caught in Massachusetts Bay and upon the fluid when disturbed. beach at Nahant, Massachusetts Range 10-109 fathoms GENUS JANTHINA Roeding 1798 PI. 35, Fig. 15 (VIOLET SHELLS) Greenland to off Block Island, Rhode Island Eyes invisible, tentacles forked so that each appears like a pair. Float found SUBGENUS OPALIA H. and A. Adams 1853 in both sexes, some species viviparous (producing young alive) EPITONIUM CRENATUM HOTESSIERIANUM Orbigny. Shell thick, white, spirally striated; JANTHINA JANTHINA Linne (J. communis, J. twelve low, close spiral ribs, less dis- fragilis Lam.). Whorls sloping, convex, tant on center of last whorl, forming cren- violet white above, solid color below. Di- ulations at suture. ameter 1.5 inches. The variety differs from the typi- This the largest Janthina upon our cal West Indian shell in being much narrow- coast is sometimes blown ashore in consider. Length 11 mm. erable numbers after violent storms. When 86 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS the float is punctured the animal supposed- MELANELLA FDSUS Dall. A deep-water species ly drops from its host, violet-colored included for comparative purposes. Velellae and similar soft animals, and is PI. 33, Fig. 9 washed ashore. Off Havana Light, Cuba PI. 33, Fig. 1 Nantucket, Massachusetts to the MELANELLA SUBCARINATA Orblgny. Shell West Indies pyramidal; whorls eight, flat, the last bluntly carinated; suture margined. Length JANTHINA EXIGUA Lamarck. Upper portion of 3. 5 mm. whorls slightly flattened, blunt peripheral PI. 42, Fig. 11 angle, surface closely striate; decided North Carolina to Florida and West notch on outer lip, light violet color, Indies banded at suture. Diameter 12-18 mm. Apparently lives in the Gulf Stream GENUS LIOSTRACA H. and A. Adams 1853 off Florida. Quite common upon the east coast beaches, freshly dead. Shell minute, usually long and nar- PI. 33, Fig. 2 row, whorls a little flattened on side, Florida, Pacific, etc. polished, often banded with color, aperture narrow. Inner lip thickened and slight- JANTHINA GLOBOSA Swainson. A rounded, ly curved in center, outer lip sharp. whitish shell, dark violet toward base; spire short; whorls rounded. Diameter 12 LIOSTRACA ACUTA Sowerby. Shell elongated, mm. dull white, twelve rather flattened whorls, PI. 33, Fig. 3 aperture narrow; apex blunt. Length 8 mm. Florida and most warm seas Range 2-100 fathoms. (Marco, Florida 2 fathoms.) Family Melanellidae PI. 33, Fig. 15 Off North Carolina to West Indies Small shells, usually elongated, shining, polished; spire often curved to LIOSTRACA BILINEATA Alder. A narrow thin one side or distorted; outer lip simple, shell with a pair of bands in center of inner margin partly thickened. Mouth of whorl and an indistinct one below suture; animal without jaw or radula. some examples with a blotch of color at These mollusks are generally para- base. Length 8 mm. sitic, living upon sea urchins and similar PI. 33, Fig. 12 organisms. On account of their small size Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to and lack of sculpture it is somewhat diffi- West Indies; Europe cult to separate the various species. LIOSTRACA HEMPHILLII Dall. Length 3 mm. GENUS MELANELLA Bowdlch 1822 PI. 68, Fig, 11 Cedar Keys to Marco, Florida Many-whorled, polished shells with corneous operculum. GENUS STYLIFER Broderlp 1832

MELANELLA CONOIDEA Kurtz. A conical white Shell almost transparent, smooth, shell with about thirteen whorls. Length polished, apex sharp, often bent; inner lip 9 mm. smooth, outer slightly curved in center, no PI. 33, Fig. 10 operculum. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Parasitic upon sea urchins. Florida STYLIFER STIMPSONII Verrill. A white, MELANELLA INTERMEDIA Cantralne. Rather broad shell with a short spire and only solid, smooth, semlpellucid, white touched four to five whorls, the last of generous with light brown, whorls thirteen, aperture size and with a revolving cut line Just be- narrow. Length 7.5 mm. low the suture. Length 3.75 mm. Depth PI. 33, Fig. 11 range in the north 13-60 fathoms. PI. 71, Fig. 14 PI. 33, Fig, 4 New Jersey to West Indies; Europe George's Bank southward to Florida Keys EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 87

GENUS NISO Rlsso 1826 PYRAMIDELLA DOLABRATA Linn6. A smooth white shell with three to four chestnut spiral Shell deeply umbillcated, many lines on body whorl and two on upper whorls; whorled, apex acute, last whorl angulated outer lip often toothed inside. Length at periphery, operculum present. 1 inch. A very distinct and striking shell NISO INTERRUPTA Sowerby. A white, polished on account of its shining surface. It is shell, often spotted upon the varices. A quite frequent in the Bahamas and probably narrow band at the suture and periphery is lives among the Florida Keys. Dead shells usually characteristic. The varieties in- are sometimes found on the mainland beaches. clude one which is tri-colored. Length PI. 34, Fig. 18 19 mm. A variety is shown on PI. 65. Southern Florida and West Indies PI. SS, Fig. 17 PI. 65, Fig. 10 PYRAMIDELLA CANDIDA Morch. Shell pure Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to white, sometimes with an opaque white spi- Gulf of Mexico ral line on middle of whorl and one to two small teeth in throat. Both toothed and NISO SPLENDIDULA Sowerby. Surface smooth, toothless Individuals occur, possibly on whitish, highly polished; brown banded and account of local influences. Length 7 mm. sometimes spotted in center of whorl, also Dr. Rush dredged this shell at above and below suture. There are broad 6 fathoms in Turtle Harbor, Florida; the zones of yellow in the middle of the early writer off Tiger Key, Florida. It extends whorls and both above and below the periph- to a known depth of 200 fathoms. Fresh dead ery on body whorl. Length 1-1.5 inches. specimens have been taken on the beaches The specimen figured was taken by at various points. the U. S. Fish Commission in 111 fathoms, PI. 34, Fig. 7 mud, between the Mississippi Delta and North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Cedar Key. and West Indies PI. 33, Fig. 16 Off Cape Fear, North Carolina to PYRAMIDELLA FUSCA C. B. Adams. Shell light Gulf of Mexico brown, semi translucent; sutures well marked; base inflated; aperture large and ear- Family Pyramidellidae shaped, outer lip thin; columella slender, reflected portion forming narrow umbilicus; GENUS PYRAMIDELLA Lamarck 1799 oblique fold below insertion of columella; operculum very thin. Length 5.5 mm. Distinguished by an elevated shell PI. 34, Fig. 21 with sharp-pointed spire and numerous PI. 71, Fig. 15 whorls; columella straight, with strong Prince Edward Island to Florida spiral plications; operculum horny, semi- circular, notched to fit plaits on columel- PYRAMIDELLA PRODUCTA C. B. Adams. Shell la. light yellowish brown, translucent, suture well impressed, periphery of last whorl PYRAMIDELLA CRENULATA Holmes, Suture dis- well rounded; outer lip thin; columella ob- tinctly crenulated; shell rarely light col- lique, twisted and with a strong fold an- lored; columella brown and plaits on the terior to its insertion. Length 5.1 mm. same dark, even in pale specimens. PI. 34, Fig. 15 Animal pale, tentacles flat, black PI. 71, Fig. 13 eyes close together; movements sluggish. Massachusetts Bay to New Jersey Length 14 mm. On the west coast of Florida It PYRAMIDELLA WINKLEYI Bartsch. Shell semi- lives in from low water to 2 fathoms and translucent, light yellow; whorls eight, prefers seaweed or muddy flats. the postnuclear ones moderately rounded PI. 33, Fig. 8 with summits marked by growth lines and fine South Carolina to west Florida; microscopic striations; periphery and base West Indies of final whorl somewhat inflated; aperture 88 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

ear-shaped, outer lip thin; columella TURBONILLA CONRADI Bush. Shell waxen gray twisted with an oblique fold sllghitly above or yellowish; regularly colled; twelve its Insertion. Length 5.8 mm., diameter whorls in addition to the flattened nucleus 2 mm. which Is transverse to the axis; suture dis- The unique holotype was taken at tinct, a little undulating; transverse ribs the following locality. twenty- two, broad, rounded, slightly ob- PI. 34, Fig. 1 lique, spaces between ribs wider and shal- Branford River, Connecticut lower, the latter crossed by conspicuous Incised lines, the lines becoming deep PYRAMIDELLA ENGONIA TERES Bush. grooves above suture; base well rounded PI. 65, Fig. 9 with three incised spiral lines and other smaller ones; columella straight, thickened, GENUS TURBONILLA Rlsso 1826 well reflected. Length 8.5 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 3 Many whorled, usually slender, sin- Tampa Bay to Tarpon Bay, Florida gle fold upon columella, outer lip continuous; usually larger than Odostomla and TURBONILLA HEMPHILLI Bush. Allied to T. smaller than Pyramldella. dalli but more slender, longer, apex more pointed, whorls less convex, nucleus small- TURBONILLA CURTA Dall. Shell waxen white, er, ribs more numerous; twelve whorls in nine to ten Inflated whorls; nucleus sinis- addition to the small nucleus; transverse tral; last whorl with about twenty-five ribs about twenty, nearly perpendicular, close-set rounded ribs, extending from su- rounded, equally wide deep spaces between; ture to suture, but little curved; no spi- base rounded and smooth; surface covered ral sculpture; base almost smooth; surface with fine striae. Length 9 mm. polished; suture distinct. Length 8.3 mm. PI. 34, Fig, 6 Dead but fresh examples are not Sarasota Bay to Sanibel, Florida rare upon the Sanibel beach. Range 15-640 fathoms. TURBONILLA INTERRUPTA Totten. "Shell slen- PI. 34, Fig. 5 der, pale wax yellow; postnuclear turns North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico quite high between sutures; low axial ribs a little wider than the spaces between, TURBONILLA AREOLATA Verrlll. "Shell obe- ribs Increasing from twenty to twenty-four lisk-shaped, light yellow, nuclear whorls upon the penultimate turn, also 11-14 deep very small; postnuclear whorls almost flat, spiral lines, all except the one upon the crossed by strong low axial ribs, ranging periphery equal in strength and spacing, from twenty on the first to twenty-six upon the one immediately above periphery much the penultimate turn. The spiral sculpture heavier and forming a line of deep pits; consists of five rows of pits which cross peripheral band of last whorl free from the spaces but not the ribs; periphery of sculpture except for faint continuations last whorl smooth, except faint continua- of the axial ribs, well rounded; base short, tions of ribs; outer lip thin, showing ex- well rounded, with eight equally-spaced ternal sculpture within; columella slightly and strong cut spiral lines; aperture sub- curved." Length 5.1 mm. Range 2-8 fathoms. quadrate, outer and basal lip thin; columel- PI. 34, Fig. 8 la slightly curved and weakly reflexed." Vineyard Sound to Long Island Sound Length 5.7 mm. Range 2-107 fathoms. PI. 34, Fig. 2 TURBONILLA RETICULATA C. B. Adams. Smaller Casco Bay, Maine to West Indies than T. Interrupta; spiral sculpture with aspect of threads rather than grooves; TURBONILLA WINKLEYI Bartsch. "Shell wax twenty-six to thirty ribs stepping at yellow; axial ribs twenty-two on the first, periphery, sometimes faintly visible in increasing to twenty-two upon the penulti- front of it; columella simple, twisted and mate turn; spaces between of varying width; straight, often with distinct plait. Length base short, rounded, marked by feeble con- 2.5 mm. tinuations of the axial ribs and about North Carolina to West Indies fifteen feeble wavy strlatlons; columella EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 89 slender, curved." Length 7.9 mm. TURBONILLA MIGHELSI Bartsch (T. costulata A very variable form and the most Verrill) . Whorls with eighteen to twenty- abundant Turbonilla on our Atlantic coast. six strong axial ribs, spiral sculpture of The yellow color and the shape are the coarse line of pits at periphery and twenty most constant characters. Range 4-10 fine incised lines; the spiral markings fathoms. passing up sides of ribs but not crossing PI. 34, Fig. 1S3 them. Periphery of last whorl rounded; Salem to Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, ten feeble wavy lines on base. Length 3.8 Branford, Connecticut; off Penfield mm. Reef, Long Island Sound PI. 34, Fig. 20 Wood's Hole, Massachusetts TDRBONILLA DALLI Bush. A large, stout, bluish white, transparent shell with dull TURBONILLA ELEGANTULA Verrill. Range 2-10 lustre; suture deep; whorls very convex; fathoms. nucleus of two projecting whorls, followed PI. VI, Fig. 6 by twelve usual whorls; ribs about sixteen Vineyard Sound to off New Haven, to each whorl, often opaque, very strong, Connecticut a little oblique; wide spaces between ribs, concave, with squarish ends often just GENUS COUTHOUYELLA above suture; base short, smooth; outer lip thin, turning to meet the straight, thick- TURBONILLA STRIATULA Couthouy. "Shell ened, not reflected axial lip; surface en- strong, milk white; nucleus of about one tirely covered with fine microscopic striae. and one fourth smooth dextral turns, faint Length 8.4, diameter 2.2 mm. incremental lines covering entire surface A rather frequent beach shell on of shell; low spiral cords upon early the bars of Lake Worth Inlet Palm Beach, whorls which later become weak; sutures Florida. well impressed; base with eight spiral PI. 33, Fig. 20 cords; outer lip thick inside, curving to Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; sharp edge; columella curved." Length Palm Beach, Florida; Sarasota Bay, 13.6 mn. Florida Practically all the adults lose the early whorls. TURBONILLA BELOTHECA Dall. Shell white, PI. 34, Fig. 9 shining; whorls thirteen or more, gradually Nova Scotia to Buzzard's Bay Increasing in size, only slightly rounded, suture well impressed; broad prominent ob- SUBGENUS PARTHENIA Lowe 1840 lique ribs extending on upper whorls from suture to suture, closer together and more TURBONILLA CEDROSA Dall. Length 5.5 mm. numerous on body whorl; growth lines appar- PI. 68, Fig. 4 ent on base, columellar pillar almost Cedar Keys, Florida straight. Length 11 mm, PI. 34, Fig. 4 GENUS PERISTICHIA Dall 1889 Palm Beach; Florida Keys; West Florida; West Indies PERISTICHIA TORETA Dall. Shell slender, yellowish white, whorls thirteen; nucleus TURBONILLA VINEAE Bartsch. Shell wax yel- minute, glassy, set on edge, with but two low, nuclear whorls very small, two in num- whorls; suture distinct, with plain or wav- ber; axial ribs broad and low, about twen- ing thread behind it; behind this a strong ty-two upon each whorl; intercostal spaces nodulated spiral, then an Interval and two as wide as ribs, between sutures marked by more spirals close to each other and su- fine growth lines and seven to eight deep- ture behind them; about thirty-four nodules ly cut spiral lines of pits; aperture large, on circuit of last whorl; base with one outer lip thin, showing external sculpture strong cord and a deep sulcus outside it; inside. Length 6.3 mm.; diameter 2.9 mm. pillar of columella straight, three strong PI. 34, Fig. 11 internal lirae on outer edge; outer lip Wood's Hole, Massachuse its to Bran- swollen, varicose; callus joining pillar ford, Connecticut and outer lips distinct and continuous. Length 11 mm. .

90 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

This very distinct and attractive rounded, somewhat shouldered at summit; shell has been taken at Sanlbel, Florida. nodular axial ribs increasing from eighteen In Charlotte Harbor it has been dredged in upon second to twenty-four upon the fourth 2 fathoms. At Key West it has been col- and penultimate whorl; also four low spiral lected between tides. ridges which divide the space between su- PI. 34, Fig. 2S tures into four equal areas; spaces between West Florida to Key West spiral ridges about one-sixth as wide as ridges. The nodules are formed by the Junc- GENUS OSCILLA A. Adams 1867 tion of the spirals and axial ribs; sutures channelled; base of last whorl with about OSCILLA BISERIATA Gabb (T. nivea Morch) seven incised spiral grooves; aperture ir- Shell white, slender, three spiral ribs on regular, ear-shaped; outer lip thick inside each of the flattened whorls; two plain but edge thin; columella strong, twisted ribs below the nodulous ones on body whorl; and reflexed, provided with oblique fold." three encircling ridges beneath the periph- Length 3.8 mm. ery forming folds on columella; about twen- PI. 34, Fig. 17 ty-one nodules upon circuit of last whorl; PI. 71, Fig. 10 nucleus glassy, rounded. Length 8.5 mm. Prince Edward Island to Gulf of A single specimen was dredged by Mexico the author on Featherbed Bank, Card Sound, Florida. Fresh examples occurred in drift ODOSTOMIA TRIFIDA Totten. "Shell elongate- taken near the Shark Factory on Big Pine ovate, shining white; nuclear whorls small, Key, Florida. almost immersed in the first of the succeed- PI. 33, Fig. 13 ing turns; postnuclear whorls almost flat- PI. 68, Fig. g tened, sho\ildered at summit, crossed by Card Sound to Key West, Florida three deeply cut spiral lines and a faint one; these channels crossed by weak axial GENUS ODOSTOMIA Fleming 1817 threads; sutures faintly Impressed; base rounded, marked by about ten feebly cut Few whorled, minute, usually short spiral lines which are irregular in strength shells; columella fold single, outer lip and spacing; outer lip thin, showing ex- entire. In Florida they may be sought for ternal sculpture within; columella short, under oyster shells. with strong oblique fold at insertion; seven postnuclear whorls." Length 4 mm. ODOSTOMIA IMPRESSA Say. "Shell elongate, PI. 34, Fig. 14; PI. 71, Fig. 8 conic, milk white; nuclear whorls small, Maine to New Jersey about half immersed in first succeeding turns; postnuclear turns flattened, shoul- ODOSTOMIA BISUTURALIS Say. "Shell conic, dered above, marked by three strong deeply milk white; nuclear whorls at least two, cut spiral grooves, the grooves cut by spi- more than half immersed in the succeeding ral threads; spaces between spiral grooves turns; postnuclear whorls moderately round- rounded on sides and obliquely flattened on ed, somewhat shouldered at summit; spiral- top; sutures channelled, periphery marked ly marked by a deeply incised channel a by deep channel, like those above it; base short distance above the summits of the well rounded marked by seven spiral grooves whorls; deep channel crossed by many fine like spaces between sutures; outer lip thin, axial threads; aperture large; outer lip slightly sinuous at edge, showing external thin, columella slender, strongly reflexed, scxilpture within; columella very stout with with an oblique fold at insertion which is strong oblique fold at insertion." Bartsch. not visible when aperture is viewed square- Length 4.8 mm. ly; whorls eight postnuclear." Length 4.7 PI. 34, Fig. 16 mm. Range 1-2 fathoms. PI. 71, Fig. 11 PI. 34, Fig. 19 Massachusetts Bay to Gulf of Mexico PI. 71, Fig. 7 Gulf of St. Lawrence to Delaware ODOSTOMIA SEMINUDA C. B. Adams. "Shell very Bay. elongate-ovate, milk white, at least two nuclear whorls; postnuclear whorls well ODOSTOMIA BISUTURALIS OVILENSIS Bartsch. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 91

A larger shell than the typical, whorls Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to more inflated and rounded, fine spiral West Indies; tropics sculpture more developed. Length 5.6 mm. PI. 34, Fig. 12 ATLANTA GAUDICHAUDI Eudotix and Souleyet Sheepscott River, Wiscasset, Maine PI. 74, Fig. Ill

ODOSTOMIA MODESTA Stimpson. A shining, Family Naticidae yellowish white shell; sutures well impressed; base inflated; rounded fine growth The animal is conspicuous on ac- lines and faint spiral striations. Length count of its voluminous foot which cannot 3.2 mm., diameter 1.8 mm. always be entirely withdrawn into the shelL PI. 34, Fig. 10 The latter is partially or entirely covered Wood's Hole, Massachusetts by the animal when active. Shell more or less globular in Family Carinariidae shape; aperture semilunar, sometimes very large. Shell very delicate, symmetrical, glassy. GENUS NATICA Scopoli 1777 Animal large, translucent, granulated; tentacles long and slender, eyes Operculum calcareous (shelly); open near their base. It is an oceanic swimmer, umbilicus spirally ribbed. very agile, and propelled with a ventral fin. NATICA CANRENA Llnne. Shell brown, ornamented with longitudinal zigzag brown GENUS CARINARIA Lamarck 1801 streaks becoming darker upon the bands; um- (KEELED PAPER SHELLS) bilicus filled and covered with a white callus; length 1 inch. CARINARIA MEDITERRANEA Peron and Le Sueur. PI. 35, Fig. 7 The animal is a gelatinous mass, swollen, North Carolina to West Indies; Gulf transparent but with a well-developed head. of Mexico It is provided with a sucker for attachment to any solid object when at rest. The cup- NATICA LIVIDA Pfeiffer (N. Jamalcensis shaped shell, much smaller than the animal, C. B. Adams). Shell small, whorls five and is known as the "Glassy Nautilus" but is five tenths, nucleus always minute and gen- not related to the genuine Nautilus. Length erally dark brown; heavy brown callus ex- of shell about 2 inches but variable. tending partially over umbilical area and PI. 35, Fig. 1 upon wall above; usually one wide dark col- New Jersey to West Indies; West or zone, whitish below suture and at base, Indies band apparent inside. Length of a Jupiter, Florida, specimen 13 mm. Family Atlantidae Generally more elevated than N. maroccana, coloring like N. triserlata. GENUS ATLANTA Le Sueur 1817 PI. 35, Fig. 6 North Carolina to West Indies Shell fragile, transparent, whorls separated with distinct carina or keel; NATICA MAROCCANA Dlllwyn. Similar to N. aperture oval; operculum subtriangular; livida but chiefly distinguished by the Pelagic. operciilum with a double marginal rib, the outer half of which Is higher than the in- ATLANTA PERONII Le Sueur. Early whorls ner. The nucleus of the operculum is over- elevated into a low spire on upper side, laid by a thin irregular callus often of a later whorls openly coiled but connected by dark color. Length 55 mm. keel; surface with fine growth lines, PI. 35, Fig. 16 glassy. Diameter 12 mm. North Carolina to West Indies PI. 33, Fig. 22 PI. 66, Figs. 4, 4a PI. 74, Figs. 110, 110a 92 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

SUBGENUS TECTONATICA Sacco 1890 breadth slightly more. PI. 35, Fig. 9 NATICA PUSILLA Say. A very small suboval PI. 70, Fig. 12 shell, sometimes with one to two faint Massachusetts Bay to Gulf of Mexico bands; callus pressed laterally into the umbilicus which is almost closed. Length SUBGENUS EUSPIRA Agassiz in Sowerby 1838; 6 mm. Range 2-15 fathoms. Lunatia Gray 1847 The smallest Floridlan Natica. Often taken alive at Sanibel. POLINICES HERDS Say. Shell globose-ovate, PI 35, Fig. 11 thick ash-colored, shining when epidermis PI, 69, Fig. 21 is removed; growth lines distinct; whorls Casco Bay, Maine to Gulf of Mexico five, very convex; suture well marked; aperture ovate, lip sharp above, gradually NATICA CLAUSA Brod. and Sby. Shell small, rounded, thickened and expanded near the tinged with brown; whorls four to five, su- umbilicus; thin layer of enamel upon parie- ture distinct; outer lip sharp, thickened; tal wall; umbilicus large, round and show- interior white; operculum calcareous. ing the whorls to summit; operculum horny. Length 16 mm. Depth range 16-1537 fathoms. Average length 2.5 inches, breadth 2 inch- PI. 42, Fig. 15 es. Labrador to off North Carolina A voracious mollusk which devours dead fish. It plows through the sand, a GENUS POLINICES Montfort 1810 little below the surface, the position often being indicated by a heap of sand at Shell generally smooth; umbillcate the end of a trail. or closed by a callus; operculum corneous. The eggs are deposited in clusters which in shape and thickness resemble an POLINICES BRUNNEA Link. Shell conic, deep- orange peel, easily bent without breaking ly umbilicated and with broad entering cal- when damp. When held up to the light the lus; color brownish or orange-broTm, base individual cells may clearly be seen. Each and callus white. Length 30 mm. of these contains a gelatinous egg, with a PI. 35, Fig. 2 yellow nucleus which is the embryo shell. Palm Beach County to Florida Keys; Range 0-238 fathoms. Animal PI. 70, Fig.l. Texas; West Indfes PI. 35, Fig. 14 PI. 70, Fig. 11 POLINICES LACTEA Guilding. Shell ovate; Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Caro- epidermis when present thin and yellowish; lina umbilicus of moderate size, partly filled with entering callus. Length 1 inch. POLINICES TRISERIATA Say. Whorls five, It lives In Lake Worth, Florida. usually with three series of dark spots on The normal operculum is yellowish but occa- lower whorl, one on upper ones; umbilicus sionally claret colored. quite small, almost free; color yellowish PI. S5, Fig, 15 white, epidermis also yellowish. Length Palm Beach to Florida Keys; Texas, 17 mm. West Indies An ivory-white callus is the most constant character. It is a variable form SUBGENUS NEVERITA Risso 1826 found on mud flats at low tide. Range 1-63 fathoms. The early stages of growth are Operculum simple, corneous. shown on PI. 69. PI. 35, Fig. 8 POLINICES DUPLICATA Say. Shell solid, PI. 69, Figs. 18, 19 ovate, compressed above so as to give a Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Caro- pyramidal outline; whorls five or more; lina spire rather prominent; aperture ovate, very oblique; lip thin and sharp; callus upon POLINICES GROENLANDICA Moller. Shell sub- the parietal wall very heavy and wide; in- oval, ash colored; umbilicus partially cov- terior generally of a pearly lustre; umbil- ered; surface glossy; spiral lines micro- icus deeply grooved inside. Length 2 inches. scopic; whorls four, convex; suture deep; . ,

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 93

callus and interior white; operculum horny. A rare shell, more convex than the last. Length 18 mm. Depth range 70-80 fathoms. PI. 35, Fig. 5 It has been taken from fish stom- North Carolina to West Indies achs in the vicinity of Massachusetts Bay. PI, 35, Fig, 17 SINUM MARTINIANUM Phil. A rather solid Greenland to North Carolina chestnut-brown shell; growth lines rough; epidermis thin, fading to white on base; POLINICES IMMACULATA Totten. Range 5-110 Interior dark brown. Length 1-1.5 Inches. fathoms This species is very closely relat- PI. 69, Fig. 20 ed to S, maculatum. A living example has Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Caro- been collected in Lake Worth, Florida. lina PI. 53, Fig. 18 PI. 35, Fig. 18 GENUS AMAUROPSIS Morch 1857 Southeast Florida to West Indies

AMADROPSIS ISLANDICA Gmelin (N. helicoides GENUS EUNATICINA Fischer 1885 Johnston). Shell dingy white, almost smooth and with dark yellow epidermis; EUNATICINA SEMISULCATA Gray (Natica fordi- whorls four, suture channelled; umbilical ana Simp.). Umbilicus deep and wide, bound- opening very small; operculum horny. Length ed by an angle; whorls slantingly flat- 1 inch or slightly more. Depth range 27- tened above; color white, shining; five to 80 fathoms. six grooves encircling the shell. Length PI. 42, Fig. 14 14 mm. Labrador to Georges Bank PI. 35, Fig, 3 PI. 42, Fig. 17 GENUS SINUM Roeding 1798 Jupiter Inlet and Sarasota Bay, (Slgaretus Lamarck 1789) Florida to West Indies

Shell depressed, Family j^amellariidae spire minute, aperture extremely large; revolv- Shell small, thin, last two whorls ing striae upon exterior; rapidly enlarging; lip thin, aperture very white, epidermis when large; surface sometimes covered with a present very thin; oper- velvety epidermis; no operculum; animal culum minute and horny. carnivorous The mantle of the animal is highly de- GENUS LAMELLARIA Montagu 1815 veloped and covers the shell into which it is LAMELLARIA PELLUCIDA Verrill. Shell white, incapable of withdrawing very delicate, transparent, smooth; interi- entirely. Fig. 41a. or of spire visible only when viewed end- wise. Length 12-16 mm. SINUM PERSPECTIVUM Say. PI. 41, Fig. 9 Flatly convex, ground South of Martha's Vineyard to off Fig. 41a white, epidermis yellow- Delaware Bay; east Florida Sinum, ahowing ani- ish; covered above with mal, F. Foot waved spiral striae; base GENUS VELUTINA Fleming 1822 flattened. Diameter 1.5 Inches. VELUTINA LAEVIGATA Linn6. Shell very frag- This Sinum, the commonest on the ile, transparent, whorls three, the last east coast, lives upon the beaches. much expanded; epidermis brownish, arranged PI. 35, Fig. 4 in regular spiral folds; interior smooth New Jersey to West Indies and shining; aperture almost circular. Di- ameter 16 mm. SINUM MACULATUM Say. Chestnut yellow at It may be sought for among seaweed the suture, two series of spots or macula- upon the beaches and also in the stomachs tions upon the spire. Diameter 1.25 inches. of fish. Depth range 3-50 fathoms. .

94 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PI. 35, Fig. 12 rally curved; aperture somewhat circular; Labrador to Cape Cod, Massachusetts muscle impression horseshoe-shaped.

Family Xenophorldae CAPULUS UNGARICUS Linne (C. hungaricus of authors). Shell cornucopia-shaped with Shell trochiform; periphery carl- curved apex; white or dull brown under a nated; surface dull, soldering broken dead thin epidermis; finely ribbed, the ribs shells, stones and foreign objects to its less conspicuous or absent near the margin; upper surface; aperture very oblique, outer interior pink or white. Length 27 mm. lip thin; operculum horny. It ranges, from shallow water to 85 These mollusks frequent rough bot- fathoms, attached to rocks and shells, par- toms and scramble over the ground like ticularly oysters and scallops. In cer- Strombus instead of gliding evenly. tain tertiary fossil beds it is very abundant. Radula PI. 68, Fig. 8. GENUS XENOPHORA Fischer der Waldheim 1807 PI. 36, Fig. 15 (CARRIER SHELLS) Greenland to Florida

ZENOPHORA CONCHYLIOPHORA Born. Upper por- CAPULUS INTORTUS Lamarck. Shell white, tion of shell well covered with large bits epidermis light brown, thin, very obliquely of various shells and stones; face concave, spiral; surface faintly decussated by the strong curved growth lines and low narrow sculpture. Length 17 mm. ridges; no umbilicus but a mere chink in PI. 36, Fig. 4 young specimens; base brown in color. Di- Florida Keys and West Indies ameter 8 inches, often larger. This remarkable shell is well Family Hipponlcidae camouflaged with its attachments. It carries a heavier load than the species from Shell thick, non-spiral; apex for- deeper water. Often living coral is found ward and pointed backwards; surface varia- upon its back. Depth range 0-250 fathoms. ble; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped. It nas been collected living in Lake Worth, Florida, during the summer GENUS HIPPONIX De France 1819, months Amalthea Schumacher 1817 not Montfort 1810 PI. 36, Fig. 1 North Carolina to Florida; West HIPPONIX ANTIQUATA Linn6. Shell white, Indies apex forward; roughly and closely laminated, epidermis with short hairs. Length 19 mm. XENOPHORA CARIBAEA Petit. In this species PI. 36, Fig. 3 there are few if any attachments. The um- Florida Keys and West Indies bilical perforation is often a mere chink or absent in some individuals. It has Family Calyptraeldae been taken in 14 fathoms. PI. 59, Fig. 4 Shell limpet-like, with usually a Florida Keys and West Indies discernible spiral apex; interior simple or partitioned by a shelly process to which are XENOPHORA LONGLEYI Bartsch. A remarkable attached the adductor muscles. These "bon- shell which has only been obtained in deep net limpets" cling to stones or other shells water. Depth range 98-125 fathoms. Breadth and apparently remain fixed for life. about 4 inches. PI. 59, Fig. 3 GENUS CHEILEA Modeer 1793, Off Loggerhead Key, Tortugas, Mitrularia Schum. 1817 Florida Shell conical, often irregular; Family Capulidae apex somewhat posterior and directed backwards; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped. GENUS CAPULUS Montfort 1810 (LITTLE CAP) CHEILEA EQUESTRIS Linn6. Almost orbicular or irregular, solid or thin, exterior close- Shell conical; apex forward, spi- ly rayed with ridges or striations, edge .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 95

often crenulated; plate dish-shaped with PI. 59, Fig. 7 puckered edge. Diameter 32 mm. Florida and the West Indies (liv- This species will either excavate ing) a cavity for adherence or else secrete a shell-like support corresponding to the CRUCIBULUM AURICULA IMBRICATUM Sowerby. operculum. Range 0-189 fathoms. Like the preceding but with fine radiating PI. 36, Fig. 7 ribs upon the ribs. Occurs in the Caloosa- North Carolina to Texas; West Indies hatchie fossil beds of Florida. Pacific coast from Lower California GENUS CALYPTRAEA Lamarck 1799 to Panama (living)

Shell conical; apex posterior; half CRUCIBULUM AURICULA SPINOSUM Sowerby. Shell cup-like appendage upon posterior side and with radiating riblets, these provided fastened to apex, open in front. Exterior with tubular spines or tubercles. It oc- surface roughened or cancellated. curs in various tertiary beds of the southern states. CALYPTRAEA CENTRALIS Conrad. Shell very PI. 55, Fig. 4 small, thin, rounded, spire well elevated; Monterey, California to Panama growth lines rough, white. Breadth 5 mm. (living) Depth range 1-52 fathoms. This little shell lives in the shal- CRUCIBULUM AURICULA COSTATUM Say. Radiat- low water of Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, Florida. ing ribs strong but without fine sculpture PI. 36, Fig. 9 upon them. North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; West Indies (living) West Indies Family Crepldulidae GENUS CRUCIBULUM Sch\imacher 1817 (CRUCIBLE SHELLS) Shell oval, boat-shaped, spire imperfect; cavity partially divided within by Internal process of shell cup- a horizontal partition. shaped with margin entire and attached at one side of shell. GENUS CREPIDULA Lamarck 1799 (QUARTER DECK, SLIPPER SHELL) CRUCIBULUM STRIATUM Say. Shell oval, convex, with many slightly elevated, equal, CREPIDULA FORNICATA Linne. Boat Shell. equidistant radiating lines; summit in- Shell obliquely oval, apex turned to one clining toward the left side; inner process side, generally close to margin of aper- attached to shorter side of the shell. ture; epidermis yellowish; diaphragm white, Length 1 inch. Range 3-189 fathoms. occupying about one-half of opening, one PI. 36, Fig. 8 side marked by a distinct line, the other PI. 69, Figs. 27, 28 compressed against wall and united to it; Nova Scotia to Florida Keys free edge of diaphragm waving, one-half extending beyond the remainder. Length 32mm. CRUCIBULUM AURICULA Gmelin. The typical Animal shown on PI. 68, Fig. 16. C. auricula is depressed and with fine ra- PI. 36, Fig. 5 diating lines upon the outer surface. Di- PI. 69, Figs. 23, 24 ameter 1 inch or more. Prince Edward Island to Texas; West In Florida this species lives in Indies fairly deep water off shore and rarely if CREPIDULA GLAUCA Say. Gray Slipper. Shell ever has been found upon the beaches. In of a glaucous or grayish-green color, the West Indies it occurs in much shallow- freckled with dots of a lighter color; apex er water and is frequently collected upon pointed, projecting and central; interior the shore. The typical shell and its vari- dark brown or mottled, diaphragm white, mar- eties may easily be collected in the Plio- gin yellowish. Length 14 mm. cene fossil beds of Florida. Depth range Common on the ocean shore of Rhode 25-100 fathoms. I sland 96 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PI. 36, Fig, 6 TRUNCATELLA CARIBAEENSIS Sowerby. Shell Nova Scotia to Florida; Texas subcylindrical In adult state; amber color with delicate barely curved ribs, often be- CREPIDDLA GLADCA CONVEXA Say. Convex Slip- coming fainter in center of whorls; 3.5-4 per. Apex obliquely beaked; shell convex whorls, slightly rounded, the last Indis- or high backed, otherwise as in C. glauca. tinctly keeled; aperture oval, inner lip Length 14 mm. or more. thickened and pressed into the last whorl, C. glauca and its variety are very outer lip reflexed. Length 7 mm. closely related to C. fornicata. PI. 36, Fig. 11 PI. 69, Fig. isr Florida; West Indies Nova Scotia to Florida; Texas TRUNCATELLA CARIBAEENSIS PULCHELLA Pfeiffer. CREPIDULA PLANA Say (C. ungulformis Lam.). Light horn or amber color; lightly ribbed, Flat Slipper. Shell ovate, flat, concave, ribs not elevated; whorls 4-4.5, peristome or convex, thin, transparent, white; apex simple, expanding with slight ridge at minute, turned a little to one side; in- right extremity. Length 5 mm. terior brilliantly polished and iridescent; PI. 36, Fig. 12 diaphragm less than one-half length of Florida; West Indies shell. Length 30 mm. The radula is shown on PI. 68, Fig. IS. Family Rissoildae This mollusk lives attached often Inside dead shells inhabited by hermit- Shell small, often minute, more or crabs. It is frequently curved to conform less umbillcated; lip rounded; sculpture with the substance to which attachment Is variable. These little mollusks live upon made. The size and shape vary accordingly. algae, oysters. Pinna shells and beneath PI. 36, Fig. 14 sponges. PI. 69, Fig. 26 Prince Edward Island to Texas GENUS RISSOA Freminville 1814

CREPIDULA ACULEATA Gmelin, Thorny Slipper. Shell more or less oblong, often Exterior covered with radiating prickly or thick, white or yellowish; operculum corne- spiny ridges; often with brown rays upon a ous. In this and the genus Rissoina the white or yellowish base; interior frequent- animal is remarkably active and bold. It is ly spotted or rayed with brown; shelf white. provided with long, slender tentacles, the Length 25-37 mm. eyes being placed near their bases. They PI. 36, Fig. 2 quickly spin a byssal thread to use as a Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to ladder when detached from some solid ob- West Indies, California ject. There are hundreds of known species Family Truncatellldae and probably as many more awaiting discov- ery. They range to a depth of 100 fathoms Foot short and rounded; nead bi- but are most abundant in shallow water. lobed. Shell minute, shining, cylindrical, apex truncated; operculum subspiral. RISSOA EXARATA Stimpson. Shell minute. Im- These little shells are found under perforate; whorls five, evenly spaced; stones, wood, and seaweed between tide axial ribs elevated; lip thickened; aper- marks. They often remain weeks out of the ture small. Length 2.7 mm. Depth range water. 3-107 fathoms. Bay of Fundy to North Carolina GENUS TRUNCATELLA Rlsso 1826 (LOOPING SNAILS) Family Rlssoinidae

TRUNCATELLA BILABIATA Pfeiffer, Whorls 4.5- Shell turriculated; many, somewhat 5, convex, the last one no longer than the convex, whorls; apex mammillar; peristome others; peristome double, outer one white interrupted by canal below. and heavy. Length 5.5 mm. PI. 36, Fig. 13 Florida; Cuba; West Indies . .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 97

GENUS RISSOINA Orbigny 1840 GENUS ONOBA H. and A. Adams 1854

RISSOINA BRYEREA Montagu. Shell solid, ONOBA ACULEUS Gould. somewhat shining, white or yellowish; PI. 71 Fig. 12 whorls seven, conspicuously ribbed. Length Bay of Fundy to Long Island Sound 5. 5 mm. Frequent upon both of the Florida Family Amnicolldae coasts and the Keys. PI. 37, Fig. 19 GENUS HYDROBIA Hartmann (Paludestrina Florida; West Indies Orbigny 1840)

RISSOINA CANCELLATA Phllippi. Shell white; HYDROBIA MINUTA Totten. A thin, smooth ten convex whorls cancellated with sixteen shell with a blunt apex; suture distinct; to eighteen upright ribs and four to five color varying from yellow-brown to iron revolving ridges, many ridges on base; out- color when fresh; whorls five, surface fine- er lip strong, notch at base pronounced; a ly striate. Length 3.5-4 mm. faint encircling rib at base of shell. PI. 37, Fig. IS Length 8 mm., diameter 3 mm. New England to Florida PI. 37, Fig. 17 Florida Keys; West Indies HYDROBIA SALSA Pilsbry. A gray or greenish little shell; surface with lustre like dull RISSOINA CHESNELII Michaud. Shell white, silk, finely striated; whorls 5.5. Length shining; whorls eight, slightly convex; 3 .1 mm. about fourteen strong ribs to each whorl It is more broadly conic in shape with interspaces which are scarcely spiral- than H. minuta, the sutures less deep, aper- ly sculptured; oblique ridge at base of ture and last whorl larger. The first shell. Length 3.5-4 mm., diameter 1.5 mm. specimens were collected at Cohasset, Mass- PI. 37, Fig, 18 achusetts living with H. minuta and Odo- Florida; West Indies stomla impressa. It delights in salt-marsh pools RISSOINA DECUSSATA Montagu. A solid, white, PI. 7i, Fig. P? shining shell with about twelve flat whorls; Rowley, Massachusetts to Ocean Coun- twenty-five to twenty-eight delicate ribs ty, New Jersey crossed by fine spiral lines; outer lip heavy, almost semi-lunar, canal Indistinct. Family Lltiopidae Length 5-6 mm. PI. 37, Fig. S5 Shell minute, pointed; slight notch Florida; West Indies in front of aperture; outer lip thin and simple, inner one reflected; operculum spi- RISSOINA FENESTRATA Schwartz. Solid, white; ral. twelve to fourteen longitudinal ribs to each whorl which are crossed by spiral ones, GENUS LITIOPA Range 18S8 five on last whorl; lip varicose. Length (SIMPLE MOUTH SHELLS) 4.3 mm. Florida; West Indies LITIOPA BOMBYX Rang (L. melanostoma Rang). About nine whorls, slightly convex; color RISSOINA LAEVIGATA C. B. Adams. Shell some- light brown, often bordered Internally with what shining, white or pale amber color; black. Length 5 mm. outer lip well thickened, often dentate; Pilsbry writes "To ascend through nucleus of several whorls and peculiar the water this little pelagic animal emits shape. Length 4 mm. Depth range 1-2S an air bubble enclosed in a glutinous se- fathoms cretion, which draws out a thread as it Taken fresh after a September "blow" rises, and finally attaches itself to float- near the North Inlet, Palm Beach, Florida. ing seaweed." PI. 33, Fig. 6 Fresh seaweed, taken upon the beach, PI. 37, Fig. 16 often contains this shell. By placing the Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to weeds in fresh water the living shells im- Gulf of Mexico; West Indies mediately detach themselves and drop to the 96 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

bottom of a container. All over the world, ADEORBIS BEADI Fischer. Shell white, acute- in warm seas, this species occurs. ly keeled at periphery, an equally strong PI. 37, Fig. 10 keel below; about six fairly strong spiral Off Martha's Vineyard to the West ribs above periphery on last whorl with Indies three to four much finer ones between these; upper surface diill but ribs usually shin- GENDS ALABA H. and A. Adams 1853 ing; nucleus glassy; umbilicus wide and deep; base shining and with numerous fine Shell elongated, pointed; many spiral lines. Breadth 9 mm. rounded whorls; irregularly placed varices; Beautiful examples have been taken aperture oval, lip barely thickened, smooth at Sanibel and Palm Beach, Florida, upon inside. the beaches. It is a rather rare shell. PI. 44, Fig. 9 ALABA TERVARICOSA Adams. Whorls about Cedar Keys, west Florida to West thirteen, gradually increasing, often bulg- Indies; Palm Beach, Florida ing and giving shell a distorted appearance; first five to six whorls darker, re- ADEORBIS SUPRANITIDDS Wood. A small edi- mainder with delicate revolving threads tion of the preceding species; upper sur- which are crossed by growth lines; several face more shining, also an additional keel varices on each whorl. Length 6 mm. near the lombllicus. Breadth 2.5 mm. Depth This beautiful little shell is range 15-25 fathoms but also sometimes often very thin, the interior partitions found on the beaches. showing through the shell. It is rather PI. 65, Figs. 7, 7a frequent among drift along the beaches of North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Florida.

PI. 37, Fig. 11 Family Architectonicldae (Solarlidae ) Tampa Bay; Southern Florida; West Indies Shell widely and remarkably umblll- cated, the umbilicus bordered with a crenu- Family Skeneldae lated keel; solid, depressed; nucleus sinistral, oblique and with sculptured Shell minute or small, depressed, whorls; columella vertical; operculum horny few whorled; peristome continuous. Animal and with a tubercle upon Its inner side. similar to Rissoa. Found living under stones, on algae and among roots of Coral- GENUS ARCHITECTONICA Roeding 1798 lina. Solarium (SUNDIAL)

GENUS SKENEA Fleming 1828 ARCHITECTONICA BISULCATA Orblgny. Double- furrowed Dial, Shell small, umbilicus wide; Shell nearly discoidal, few ^orled. spire hardly raised; whorls flat and with revolving grooves cut by furrows into SKENEA PLANORBIS Fabricius. Shell very granules, the rows nearest the suture being minute, thin, opaque, brown or yellow in the strongest, also two rows on periphery; color; spire a little elevated; whorls four, about same sculpture on base. Color dirty suture deep; umbilicus wide. Diameter 1.4 white. Diameter 10 mm. Range 55-440 fath- mm. oms. PI. 71. Fig. 18 All of the four species described Greenland to Florida; Europe have been taken upon the Florida beaches. PI. 37, Fig. 1 GENDS ADEORBIS Wood 1842 •^•ape Cod to West Indies

Shell depressed, base flattened, ARCHITECTONICA GRANULATA Lamarck (S, verru- white and often subtranslucent; aperture cosum Phil.). Granulated Sundial. Whorls rounded, lip simple. Operculum corneous, spirally sulcate, four prominent sulcations smooth externally, the spire visible in and traces of others; growth lines of spire middle of inner side. breaking surface into granules; ximbilicus ,

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 99

contracted, crenulatlons very strong; col- black or brown; rarely ridged but hardly or brown or livid flesh with a band of smooth; aperture not so filled up as in L. brown spots next suture and elsewhere on saxitile; area of columella usually white; surface; many ribs and crenulatlons upon whorls six to seven; apex somewhat acute. base, ribs touched with brown. Diameter Length 1 inch. 8 inches, usually less. This European species is persistent- Many specimens have been taken ly pushing its way southward in this coun- alive in Lake Worth, Florida. try. It was first reported from Nova Scotia PI. 37, Fig. 4 in 1863. It is a rock dweller and although PI. 36, Fig. 10 the New Jersey beaches afford no foothold North Carolina to West Indies; Pa- it had reached the jetties at Cape May, New cific Jersey in 1987. PI. 37, Fig. 13 ARCHITECTONICA DELPHINULOIDES Orbigny. Labrador to New Jersey Dolphin Dial. Shell depressed, twelve grooves on body whorl, four on other whorls; LITTORINA OBTUSATA Linne (L. palliate Say), margin slightly crenulated; aperture round- Blunt Periwinkle, Shell small, thick, ed. Diameter 7.5 mm. smooth; spire small; usually of one color PI. 37, Fig, 3 but sometimes with stripes and spots of Yamato, east Florida to West Indies varying shades; suture faint; outer lip acute. Length 81 mm. ARCHITECTONICA CYCLOSTOMA Menke. Round The animal's head is orange colored, Mouth Dial. Spire of shell elevated; color darker above. It prefers a station exposed red or greenish black, often with broken to the open sea and clings to rocks and sea- white bands above suture and on periphery; weed, whorls longitudinally striated; ten spiral PI, 37, Fig. 88 ribs, the three above periphery the most PI. 70, Fig. 5 distinct. Length 13 mm. Labrador to New Jersey PI. 37, Fig. 8 Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies LITTORINA IRRORATA Say, Lined Periwinkle, A chalk-like shell of rather heavy build, Family Littorinidae yellowish white with tinges of purple upon the apex and elsewhere, columella touched Shell without umbilicus, colored; with orange. There are blunt elevated, en- aperture rounded, no notch in lip; opercu- circling lines, a white thick lip inside lum horny, pauclspiral, nucleus of opercu- but with a thin edge. The interior is lum peculiar. white. It prefers a quiet protected sta- GENUS LITTORINA Ferussac 1888 tion, such as a brackish water estuary, ^^^ERIWINKLES) where it often climbs upon the grasses. On the Indian River near Coronado Beach, Flori- Shell thick; whorls rounded, usual- da, it lives in abundance. Length 1 inch. ly few in number; outer lip acute, the in- PI 37, Fig. 80 ner flattened; aperture entire; operculum Massachusetts to Gulf of Mexico spiral, Radula is shown in Fig, 86, page 19, LITTORINA GUTTATA Philippi. Spotted Peri- Certain of the species rarely, if winkle. Shell thin, flesh color or dirty ever, enter or are covered by the sea, Lit- white, smooth, usually covered with a net- torina frequently lives upon bushes and work of fine brown lines arranged in an ob- trees well back from the shore and Dr, Cooke lique pattern. Length 8 mm. suggested that it may eventually become a PI. 38, Fig, 19 land shell. Cremnoconchus, practically a Florida Keys and West Indies Littorina in anatomy and radula, exists in India upon rocks 30-50 miles from the sea. SECTION LITTORIVAGA

LITTORINA LITTOREA Linne. Shore Periwinkle. LITTORINA SAXITILE Olivi (L, rudis Maton) Shell solid, slightly glossy; color red. Rock Periwinkle, Shell yellowish, ash. 100 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

greenish or orange color, usually one uni- GENDS TECTARIUS Valenciennes 1833 form color but sometimes banded with white; surface marked with distinct revolving Solid, subconic shells with spines lines and grooves; whorls four to five, con- or tubercles; operculum paucispiral. vex. Length 12 mm. Separated from L. obtusata by the TECTARIOS MURICATDS Linne. Shell perforate; higher spire, the striated surface and the eight rounded whorls which are slightly angle of the lip in front. It is also a shouldered above; surface sculpture of rock shell preferring the open coast. about four rows of sharp nodules, five to PI. 37, Fig. 23 eight on the base and fading out near the PI. 70, Fig. 6 umbilicus; color grayish white or yellow- Labrador to New Jersey ish, interior light chestnut; outer lip strengthened, groove down columella from SDBGENOS MELARAPHE "Megorle von Muhl- umbilicus. Length 1 inch or less. feld" Menke 1828 Near Boca Raton, Palm Beach County, this species lives shortly above to 25 feet LITTORINA ANGULIFERA Lamarck (L. scabra of above high-tide mark in coral-rock cup- authors). Keeled Periwinkle. Shell quite sliaped depressions, possibly excavated by thin, whorls well rounded, spire sharply the Tectarius.

produced; surface covered v ' th fine en- Quoy reports the radula as being graved lines and slightly decussated by the seven times the length of the shell. Pils- growth lines; aperture oval; periphery usu- bry records a specimen of this species ally carinated. The color varies greatly. which revived after being isolated in a cab- Gray, purple, yellow or red examples occur, inet for a year. often with darker oblique markings which PI. 37, Fig. 6 are sometimes very faintly present. Length Jupiter Inlet, east Florida around 1.25 inches. Keys to west Florida; Bermuda; West In Angelfish Creek, on the Florida Indies Keys, this species occurs in great numbers, living upon mangrove branches above but not TECTARIUS TRGCHIFORIvIIS Dillwyn. Shell im- distant from the water. It often lives perforate; eight whorls; sculptured with upon old piles and wharfs in p-otected revolving rows of sharp nodules; two more places. distinct rows on upper whorls, one below PI. 37, Fig. 5 suture and another lower forming a shoulder. St. Augustine, Florida to West In- On the last whorl there are three more dies; west to Texas; Central Ameri- prominent rows, the two lower forming a ca; Pacific double keel on the periphery. In addition to these there are revolving threads. The LITTORINA ZICZAC Gmelin. Striped Periwin- color is usually lead, the nodules lighter, kle. Whorls hardly rounded, well-marked interior dark, striped below. Length 18 mm. keel near base of final whorl; entire sur- The dark epidermis, covered with face covered with lightly imposed and wide- algae, make these little mollusks rather ly spaced grooves; lip projecting above the difficult to see on the rocks where they keel; aperture small. Color whitish, wavy usually live near the high-tide mark. They stripes of brown color. Sometimes there is are often very common and associated with present a faint band; interior dark. Length the preceding species although nearer the 6-12 mm. The commonest rock Littorina in water where touched by the spray. It lives Florida. chiefly upon the lower Florida Keys. PI. 37, Fig. 24 PI. 38, Fig. 20 Southern Florida and West Indies Lower Florida Keys

LITTORINA ZICZAC LINEATA Lamarck. Whorls GENUS ECHINELLA Swainson 1840 more convex than the preceding, keel less distinct and color pattern less pronounced; ECHINELLA NODULOSA Gmelin. Often confused grooves strong. Length 12 mm. with the preceding but provided with a PI. 37, Fig. 15 multispiral operculum which in T. trochi- Jupiter, east Florida to West formis is paucispiral. It is abundant on Indies rocks at Boca Raton, Florida, and elsewhere. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 101

Length 18 nun. GENUS TURRITELLA Lamarck 1799 PI. 37, Fig. 9 (TURRIT SHELLS) North Carolina to the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico SECTION HAUSTATOR

Family Lacunidae TURRITELLA VARIEGATA Linne. Variegated Turrit. Shell solid, apex acute, color Shell thin, few whorled; inner lip wl-ilte or purplish brown, often with reddish oblique; umbilicus forming a groove. striations; whorls fifteen to sixteen, spirally lined; suture deep, subchannelled, GENUS LACUNA Turton 18S7 aperture quadrangular, lip simple. Length (CHINK SHELLS) 80-90 mm. PI. 37, Fig. 14 LACUNA VINCTA Montagu. Superior Chink. Texas and West Indies Shell small, whorls five; four to five bands; suture well impressed; outer lip SECTION TORCULA Graj 1847 thin; operculum horny. Length 6-12 mm. Often found among roots of Lami- TURRITELLA EXOLETA Linne. Plain Turrit. naria and other marine plants, also on Shell v.hite or yellowish white, flamed with rocks and shells thrown on the beaches by brown; whorls sixteen to seventeen, a por- storms. It lives in 1-120 fathoms. tion concavely excavated; suture well PI. 31, Fig. 15 marked; lower rib upon body whorl double; PI. 71, Fig. 19 lip simple. Length 50-60 mm. Depth range Labrador to New Jersey. 45-170 fathoms. PI. 28, Fig. 9 LACUNA VINCTA FUSCA Gould. Dark Chink. Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico; West Shell shorter, darker, stronger and more Indies uniform in color than the typical; sometimes with one to two bands or dark areas; TURRITELLA SUBANNULATA ACROPORA Dall. Length the revolving ridges more prominent. 1 inch. Depth range 3-413 fathoms. It It is often yellowish or purple in has been taken, rarely, on tlie Sanibel color. beach. Maine to Connecticut PI. 28, Fig. 8 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; LACUNA PALLIDULA NERITOI- West Indies DEA Gould. Pale Chink, 'ffhorls 3.5, the last very GENUS TURRITELLOPSIS G. 0. Sars 1878 large; epidermis rough. Fig. 42 greenish yellow; outer lip TUERITELLOPSIS ACICULA Stimpson. Shell Lacuna pallida sharp, the inner like a small, white, thin; longitudinally striate neritoidea, rounded white rib, twisted and surrounded by transverse ribs, three of 5 mm. behind; umbilicus deep. these being the strongest; aperture round- Length 5 mm. ed, lip acute. Length 6 mm. Depth range Found on seaweed floated ashore, 1-50 fathoms. near Swampscott, Massachusetts and else- PI. 33, Fig. 5 where. Fig. 42. Labrador to Massachusetts Bay Greenland to Connecticut. GENUS TACHYRHYNCHUS Morch 1868

Family Turri tellidae • TACHYRFYNCHUS EROSA Couthouy. Shell pale Spire of shell very long, many broTm; ten whorls, grooved with three to whorled; lip not thickened; operculum spi- five blunt furrows; apical whorls often ral . eroded or broken off; aperture almost circular. Length 25 mm. The animal is shown 102 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

on PI. 68. to close its shell at the aperture and with- Young specimens may be separated draw far inside for safety. from T. acicula by the less convex whorls and weaker ribs. Depth range 7-60 fathoms. VERMICULARIA SPIRATA Philippl. Shell chest- PI. 33, Fig. 21 nut brown or lighter in color; longitudinal- Labrador to Massachusetts Bay ly carinated and striated. Length 6-9 inches.

Family Vermetldae (Worm Shells ) This well-known shell is sometimes a violet-brown. Depth range 0-175 fathoms. Shell often spiral when young, at- The writer found it abundant In shallow wa- tached or free, irregular In adult; aper- ter, with muddy bottom, in Cortez Bay, near ture round; operculum corneous. Sarasota, Florida. These animals live In sponges, mud, PI. 70, Fig. 4 upon shells or coral and are very variable Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to in growth, sculpture, size and color. West Indies and Texas

Family Caecidae

Minute shells which develop through three growth stages. In the first the young shell is spiral, this portion being discarded after the formation of the second stage. The second, or adolescent stage, comprises a curved tube which, in turn. Is subsequently lost. In the adult stage the tube is of a similar curved shape and again Fig. 43 closed by a septum or plug. Vermetus nigricana Protruding from the latter there is sometimes a mucro, or GENUS VERMETUS "Adanson" Daudin 1800 horn, formed by the apex of the cone. Development of shell VERMETUS NIGRICANS Dall. Shell brownish Fig. 44 is shown in Fig. 44. violet, irregularly convoluted. Development of Certain of the species According to Johnson this is the Caecum are beautifully sculptured. On species forming reefs of the so-called account of their small size "worm rock." they are frequently overlooked by collec- Fig. 43 tors. A Frenchman, De Folln, specialized West coast of Florida to Florida on these years ago and many of the species Keys were described by him. They often live in large numbers GENUS SERPULORBIS Sassl 1827 under stones or inside sponges. Once a colony is discovered many Individuals may eas- SERPULORBIS DECUSSATUS Gmelin. Shell rath- ily be obtained. Fresh dead specimens, be- er solid; solitary; whorls rounded, longi- longing to several species, are often taken tudinally sculptured; decussated by incre- in "drift" on the beaches. mental lines, color yellowish white, streaked with brown. Depth range 10-22 GENUS CAECUM Fleming 1817 fathoms. PI. 46, Fig. 4 CAECUM PULCHELLUM Stimpson. Adult shell North Carolina to Florida; West with about twenty-five rounded ribs and Indies somewhat equal spaces between them; plug rounded; operculum concave and with eight GENUS VERMICULARIA Lamarck 1799 whorls; young specimens with few well separated ribs. Length 2.5 mm. Depth 1-52 A thin membranous portion, sur- fathoms. rounding the operculum, permits the animal PI. 69, Fig. 22 New Hampshire to the Florida Keys EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 103

CAECUM CORONELLUM Dall. Shell GENUS MEIOCERAS Carpenter 1858 thin, not much tapered; twenty- four equal, only slightly raised, MEIOCERAS NITIDUM Stimpson. Shell minute, threads; interspaces wider than shining, whitish or pale brown; swollen in threads; the tube near adult aper- center, contracted near aperture; plug con- ture suddenly enlarging in size; vexly rounded; aperture concave. Length Fig. 45 plug hemispherical; mucro small; 2.5 mm. Caecum surface glistening when perfect; PI. 54, Fig. 9 coronel- young shell with much flattened Tampa, Florida to West Indies; Palm lUB, plug. Length 3.75-5.5 mm. Fig. 45. Beach, Florida; Newport, Rhode 4 mm. Off North Carolina (14-18 Island

fathoms) ; Egmont Key, Florida Family Trichotropidae

CAECUM CAROLINIANUM Dall. When living cov- GENUS TRICHOTROPIS Broderip and ered with a thin yellow epidermis; white or Sowerby 18S9 translucent underneath or streaked with white; shell stout, thick arched; lines Shell thin, keeled, umbilicated; very faint; aperture simple; posterior end epidermis horny, extending like hairs at an- simple; plug conical, mucro formed by apex gles of shell; operculum horny. of cone. Length 4.75 mm. PI, 54, Fig. 10 TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS COSTELLATUS Couthouy. Off North Carolina (15 fathoms); Whorls four, suture deeply channelled; sev- Egmont Key, Florida eral rounded ribs or keels; timbilicated. Length about 18 mm. Epidermis shown in CAECUM COOPERI S. Smith. About twenty-four Fig. 2. rounded longitudinal ribs crossed by numer- Damaged specimens are often taken ous rings, the latter not so distinct at in the stomachs of fish. Depth 7-60 fathoms. extremities of tube where ribs become obso- PI, 55, Fig. 15 lete. Plug mucronate with apex inclining Labrador to Massachusetts Bay to left; lateral profile concave; operculum concave. Length 3,5 mm. Family Planaxidae The color is white, shell not very thin, moderately curved. Shell imperforate, spirally sul- PI. 66, Fig. 8 cate; epidermis thick; spire sharp; oval Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to aperture notched below; border of columel- Florida la with a ridge of tubercle above; operculum oval, paucispiral, nucleus almost termi- CAECUM FLORIDANDM Stimpson. In the adult nal. stage it is recognizable by its comparatively large size and numerous an- GENUS PLANAXIS Lamarck 1822 (FLAT AXIS) nulations (those nearest the aperture being most distant PLANAXIS LINEATUS Da Costa. Shell small, and strongest); fine longitud- solid, whorls a little convex; sculptured inal striae, particularly be- with well-separated spiral grooves, most tween the rings. The plug has conspicuous upon the upper portion of spire a slender mucro, set to the and at base; outer lip heavy and slightly Fig. 46 right and projecting from an deflected above; notch below rounded; color Caecum flori- almost flat surface. Length yellowish or whitish with revolving brown danum, 2 mm. g mm. or whitish bands, sometimes entirely yellow. This species lives in Length 7 mm. shallow water and usually is This little shell is beautifully the most plentiful Caecum in "drift" on the variable in color ornamentation. The ground Florida beaches. Depth range 0-18 fathoms. color ranges from white to almost black and Fig. 46 the lines are often absent from the final North Carolina to Florida whorl. 104 EAST COAST JIARINE SHELLS

Inside the Inlet at Palm Beach It tle concave; base swollen, somewhat dug out lives under stones, between tides, espe- adjacent to the umbilicus; fine encircling cially in May or June. Often hundreds of cords upon surface which cross the lines of individuals are gathered together under one growth and form little knobs. Color gray small stone. or brown, with touches of white on the ribs; PI. 37, Fig, 8 base lighter. Length 15 mm. Southern Florida and West Indies This species also lives at Panama and northward in Central America. PLANAXIE NDCLEUS Lamarck. Much larger than PI. 38, Fig. 18 the preceding; color dark reddish brown or Florida Keys and the West Indies light chocolate, sometimes almost black both inside and out; cut with widely spaced Family Triphorldae grooves; notch at base well defined and deep. Length 12 mm. Shell minute, elongated, sinistral

Found at the same station as P. (left handed) , many whorled; aperture small, lineatus but deep under piles of rock and canal short. well above the low-tide mark. In addition to the sinistral form PI. 57, Fig. 7 these shells are remarkable for their re- Southern Florida and West Indies tention of the larval characters when almost fully adult. The nucleus should be Family Modulldae carefully studied.

Shell umbllicate, solid, sculptured; GENUS TRIPHORA Deshayes 1824 aperture rounded; columella with a sharp tooth at base. TRIPHORA DECORATA C. B. Adams. Shell white with large brown spots; three equal rows of GENUS MODULUS Gray 1842 and 1847 beads and deep channels between; whorls sixteen, suture deeply grooved. Length 14 MODULUS MODULUS Llnne. Spire low, periph- mm. ery sharply keeled; last whorl descending Key West, Florida and Gulf of Mex- at aperture; strong ribs and less prominent ico ridges upon surface; deep grooves between five to eight ridges at base; inside of lips TRIPHORA PERVERSA NIGROCINCTA C. B. Adams. with distinct ridges. Color white, spot- Shell dark brown, whorls thirteen to fif- ted with brown; at the base the color pat- teen; suture excavated; four rows of tuber- tern extending over the ribs. Diameter cles upon body whorl, two to three ridges 15 mm. below them; dark brown basal canal. Length The animal has long cylindrical 10 mm. Depth range 1-30 fathoms. tentacles with eyes placed at about one- PI. 38, Fig. 3 half their length. Massachusetts to Florida This species lives upon weeds in shallow protected water and may easily be TRIPHORA MELANURA C. B. Adams. Shell slen- observed with a water glass. It is very der, whorls about fourteen, with three re- abundant in lower Blscayne Bay, Florida. volving rows of nodules arranged in slight- PI. 37, Fig. 21 ly oblique rows; groove at suture the deep- North Carolina to West Indies est; aperture small; canal short, inclining a little to the right. Color white except MODULUS MODULUS FLORIDANUS Conrad. Instead the dark brown apex. Length 5 mm. of the whorls being nearly flat as in the PI. 38, Fig. 4 preceding this variety has them somewhat North Carolina to the West Indies convex and radiately ribbed. North Carolina to Gulf Coast of TRIPHORA TURRIS-THOMAE Dlllwyn. Shell with Florida about sixteen whorls, slowly increasing; suture indistinct; two revolving rows of MODULUS ANGULATUS C. B. Adams (M. catenu- nodules, upper row whitish, the lower brown;

latus Phillppi) . Shell solid with a high, the two rows covering entire surface of sharp-pointed spire; whorls flat or a lit- whorls and divided from each other by a EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 105

groove; final whorl smaller than the previ- This little shell also lives in the ous one; aperture very small; two canals Pacific and upon European shores. which are open only at ends. Length 6 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 1 PI. 38, Fig. 5 North Carolina to the West Indies PI. 65, Fig. 6 North Carolina to the West Indies SUBGENUS LASKEYA Iredale 1918

Family Cerithlopsidae CERITHIOPSIS SUBULATA Montagu (C. emersonii C. B. Adams). Light or brown, usually dark- Shell small, cylindrical, narrow, er at suture; whorls flat and divided into not varicose; whorls numerous; aperture three rows of granules by spiral sculpture, small, canal almost straight. Mostly liv- the middle row less prominent; suture deep- ing in temperate seas. ly grooved; base smooth with cord-like ridges. Length 12 mm. Depth 2-15 fathoms. GENUS CERITHIOPSIS Forbes and Hanley 1829 PI. 38, Fig. 2 PI. 71, Fig. 1 CERITHIOPSIS GREENII Adams. Shell small, Massachusetts to the West Indies reddish black; whorls ten to twelve; last whorl with twenty to twenty-five folds or GENUS SEILA A. Adams 1861 ridges; canal slightly turned, short and deep. Length 5 mm. SEILA ADAMSII H. C. Lea (C. terebrans It lives upon marine plants, short- C. B. A.). Ten flat whorls with sharp ele- ly below low-tide mark. Compared to the vated ridges; base short, smooth, bounded similar Bittium alternatum the shell bulges by a ridge; color chocolate brown or yel- more, the whorls extend out and the canal is lowish. Length 10 mm. more impressed. It is also a smaller shell This shell was taken by the author but the color is very similar. under sponges at Ligniim Vitae Key, Florida, PI. 38, Fig. 6 in shallow water. Dead examples may be PI. 71, Fig. 2 found almost everywhere among minute shells. Massachusetts Bay to the West Indies PI. 38, Fig. 22 PI. 71, Fig. 5 CERITHIOPSIS VIRGINICA Henderson and Massachusetts to Florida Bartsch, Shell minute, brown except for yellowish apex; sixteen to eighteen strong Family Cerithiidae axial ribs and three strong spiral cords on each whorl, forming tubercles where ribs Shell elongated, many whorled, and cords Join; rectangular pits between often varicose; aperture channelled in ribs and cords on all except last whorl front with an Inconspicuous posterior canal; where they are rounded; periphery of last operculum horny and spiral. whorl keeled; two spiral cords on base, outer lip thin. Length 2.9 mm., diameter 1 mm. GENUS CERITHIUM Bruguiere 1789 It was dredged in Virginia on eel- (HERALD'S HORN) ^rass. PI. 38, Fig, 23 Shell turreted, varices not pro- Bay at Chincoteague, Virginia; Mary^ nounced; aperture small. land CERITHIUM ALGICOLA C. B. Adams. Centers of SECTION METAXIA Monterosato 1884 whorls angulated; longitudinal ribs with more or less sharp knobs where they cross CERITHIOPSIS METAXAE Delia Chiaje. Whorls the angle; fine revolving raised threads narrow, convex; nodules placed so that covering surface; aperture rounded; columel- longitudinal ribs are visible; three spiral la concave; color white variegated with yel- series of nodules on the upper and four on low. Length 20 mm. lower whorls; last whorl keeled at periph- PI. 38, Fig. 10 ery, base smooth; lip cut out at base. Col- Southern Florida and West Indies or varying from light brown to red. Length 8 mm. Range 2-220 fathoms. 106 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

CERITHIUM EBURNEUM Bruguiere. Shell tuber- ribs and indistinct revolving ridges which culated or granose; one row of tubercles cut the ribs into nodules; between the re- larger and making an angle on center of up- volving ridges also faint threads; aperture per whorls; often pure white and with few fairly large with canal below turned well varices. Length 25 mm. to the left. Length 15 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 13 An excessively variable shell some- Southern Florida to West Indies times confused with C. variabile. It is not so solid as the latter and more glossy, the CERITHIUM FLORIDANUM Morch. Shell usually aperture usually larger and canal more de- larger and broader than C. atratum, three cidedly turned to the left. Some speci- to four strongly incised lines between mens, hov;ever, are difficult to identify. principal pair of nodules, aperture often Length 13 mm. more shouldered; outer lip thick and marked PI. 38, Fig. 21 by the terminations of the ribs which also Tampa to Florida Keys; West Indies are indicated inside the aperture. Length 30-35 mm. CERITHIUM MINIMUM SEPTEMSTRIATUM Say. The PI. 38, Fig. 7 name applied to specimens with a white su- North Carolina to West Florida tural band. Tampa to Florida Keys; West Indies CEKITHIDM ATRATUM Born. Shell with two rows of nodules, one of small nodules at CERITHIUM MINIMUM NIGRESCENS Menke. Uni- suture and another of larger ones below formly dark colored specimens. and upon body whorl; four rows of indis- Tampa to Florida Keys; West Indies tinct granules and also close lines; gray with dark brown shades or entire covering CERITHIUM MUSCARUM Say. Convex whorls of chocolate brown; aperture blue or vio- crossed by rounded ribs; white or brown with let when shell is dark. Length S5 mm. minute chestnut punctations. Length 20 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 15 PI. 38, Fig. 12 Southern Florida and West Indies Southern Florida to West Indies

CERITHIUM LITERATUM Born. White, with CERITHIUIii LUTOSUIil C. B. Adams. WTiorls granular interstices spotted with brown; seven, suture moderately impressed, about shouldered by a row of tubercles just be- seven rows of encircling nodules upon color low the suture, another just above base of zones which alternate from brown to yellow- body whorl; a wide low varix on body whorl ish and with finely incised lines between, almost opposite the lip; outer lip thick- all on the final whorl; only four rows of ened, extending above upon previous whorl; nodules on earlier whorls; Interior whitish canal short. Color white, spotted with but showing external color pattern. Length black, color pattern of exterior showing 9 mm. through inside. Length 20 mm. PI. 38, Fig. 24 PI. 38, Fig. 11 Palm Beach, Florida; West Indies Southern Florida and West Indies GENUS CERITHIDEA Swainson 1840 CERITHIUM VARIABILE C. B. Adams. Shell small, solid; whorls indistinctly rounded, Aperture channelled in front; oper- three rows of tubercles and seven to eight culum corneous. on final whorl; varices scattered and always one opposite outer lip; small aper- CERITHIDEA AGUAYOI Clench (C. varicosa ture. Color dark, sometimes variegated Sowerby) . Each whorl marked with a varix; with white. Length 12 mm. these previous lips irregularly placed; PI. 38, Fig. 8 whorls ten, about twenty-one vertical ribs South Carolina to Florida Keys; on each whorl; surface dark brown with Gulf of Mexico; West Indies lighter colored varices and band at periphery. Length 22 mm. CERITHIUM MINIMUM Gmelln. Jet black or PI. 38, Fig. 17 ashy, often with a white sutural band or Texas and Cuba white with a black band; low longitudinal EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 107

CERITHIDEA COSTATA Da Costa. Shell narrov/- parently reach maturity the second season. ly elongated, many rounded longitudinal PI. 38, Fig. 14 ribs, beaded more or less by spiral rib- PI. 71, Fig. 3t lets; suture well marked; color dark brown Prince Edward Island; Massachusetts and often white banded. Length 15 mm. Bay to North Carolina PI. 38, Fig. 9 Tampa Bay to Florida Keys SECTION DIOSTOMA Deshayes 1850

CERITHIDEA lOSTOMA Pfeiffer. Strongly BITTIUM VARIUM Pfeiffer. Thin, diaphanous, ribbed and varicose, spirally striate, grayish brown; plications lacking upon low- chocolate brown with narrow whibe central er portion of body whorl, that portion some- band. Length 22 mm. what varicose. Length 5 mm. A narrower shell than C. scalari- It has been taken abundantly in the formis. Metacumbe region of the Florida Keys; also South Carolina to Texas; West Indies at Palm Beach, Florida. PI. 38, Fig. 27 CERITHIDEA SCALARIFORMIS Say. Color vary- Virginia to Florida, Texas; West ing from whitish through light fawn to cho- Indies colate, with contrasting dark or light lines; suture well impressed and marked by SECTION STYLIFERINA A. Adams 1860 a narrow thread; riblets closely placed, spiral riblets less distinct. Upon the BITTIUM ADAMSI D&ll . Opaque white with a base of the last whorl there are exclusive- brown tint on early whorls; nine rounded ly spiral riblets. Length 1 inch. It is a whorls; nucleus acute and sculpture reticu- rather common shell on the Florida Keys, late; varices few, base imperforate, no living near high-tide mark. trace of notch anteriorly. Length 3 mm. PI. 43, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Florida and West Georgia to Florida and Texas Indies

CERITHIDEA TURRITA Stearns. A rather thin SECTION ALABINA Dall 1902; Elachista little shell, varying from white to choco- Ball 1901 late color with a feeble central line; ribs numerous upon the convex whorls; suture BITTIUM CERITHIDIOIDES Dall. Smaller than deeply grooved. Length 10 mm. the preceding and more elegant; nucleus of PI. 38, Fig. 16 three whorls and seven more following; West coast of Florida to Texas translucent with delicate brown painting; nucleus pale and glassy; at least thirty GENUS BITTIUM Leach 1847 fine regular concavely arched riblets arranged transversely. Shell elevated and with granular Dall states in his description that whorls; Inner lip simple; outer lip not re- it suggests a minute Cerithidea with an im- flected. Small shells living mostly In perfect lip and a faint varix. Length 3 mm. temperate seas. PI. 38, Fig. 25 North Carolina to the West Indies BITTIUM ALTERNATUM Say (Bittium nigrum Tot- ten). Shell small, covered with a network Family Aporrhaldae of raised lines; color gray or slate; upon upper whorls, lower ones usually much light- GENUS APORRHAIS Dillwyn 1823 er; whorls six to eight; aperture oblique, (PELICAN'S FOOT) rounded and flaring, canal a mere notch; operculum horny with four to five spiral Spire long; aperture long and nar- turns. Length 5-10 mm. row, ending in a straight canal in front Common on eelgrass at Nantucket and and a channel extending up the spire; outer New Bedford, elsewhere on seaweed and lip dilated and heavily thickened. stones. The young are sometimes so plentiful that the sand is not visible between APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS Beck. Western Peli- them. These are very dark in color and ap- can's Foot. Easily recognized by the 108 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

remarkably expanded lip. The sutures are jumps, turning the shell from side to side. well impressed, whorls numerous, ribs fre- When placed upon its back it can right it- quent. self by a somersault. It is usually plent- In perfect specimens the fine raised iful in shallow water and the habitat range spiral lines are perfectly distinct but of the individual species is quite exten- often less so upon the spire. sive. The typical form lives in the deeper waters of the Gulf of Maine and Gulf of GENUS STROMBUS Linn6 1758 (STROMBS) St. Lawrence. It varies in size from bO- 70 mm. and has been dredged in from 20-88 STROMBUS BITUBERCULATUS Lamarck. Double- fathoms. knobbed Stromb. Two large tubercles, upon PI. 39, Fig. 8 the back of the shell, distinguish this Northeast coast species; shell gray, banded with chestnut, aperture yellowish-white and rose color; APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS LABRADORENSIS John- both edges of operculum entire and smooth. son. Labrador Pelican's Foot. Much small- Length 3 inches. er than the typical form, spire more slen- Often this species is associated der, lines more numerous and lip less ex- with S. pugilis, living in shallow inland panded. Length of holotype 52 mm., taken waters connected with the sea but not far by Owen Bryant in 7 fathoms. from it. PI. 41, Fig. 4 PI. 39, Fig. 1 Egg Harbor, Labrador Jupiter Inlet, Florida to West Indies APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS MAINENSIS Johnson. Maine Pelican's Foot. Separated on account STROMBUS COSTATUS Gmelin. Ribbed Stromb. of its more slender spire and fewer longi- A large white or yellowish, short, thick tudinal costae, about eighteen on body shell with a single large tubercle upon the whorl and fourteen on the previous whorl. back of the final whorl and a smaller one The original lot described was between it and the margin; aperture whitish, dredged by Dr. C. W. Townsend off Northeast lip and columella touched with orange-brown. Harbor, Maine, in 5-6 fathoms. Growth Length 4.5 inches. stages are shown in PI. 39, Fig. 6 and rep- PI. 59, Figs. 1, 2 resent specimens secured by William Procter Florida and West Indies of Bar Harbor. PI. 39, Figs. 5, 6 STROMBUS GIGAS Linne. Giant Stromb. Shell Maine; Nova Scotia strong, spire small, spines large and long; epidermis yellowish brown, shell buff under- Family Strombldae neath; interior polished rose color. Length 8-12 inches. Shell with an expanded lip, deeply The fountain shell is one of the notched near the canal. Operculum, in the largest living gastropods, often weighing typical forms, claw-shaped, serrated on the five pounds. The earlier whorls, including outer edge, strengthened by a mid-rib. apex and spines, are, in old individuals, Animal with large, well-developed filled with solid material. From the Baha- eyes, placed on thick pedicels, tentacles mas great numbers of this species are ex- small, rising from the middle of eye-pedi- ported to Great Britain for manufacture into cels; foot narrow, not adapted to creeping. cameos and porcelain. Radula teeth single, three uncinal on each In the Florida Indian shell mounds side. various implements, including chisels, made Shells cut to show the interior from this shell have been found. sections exhibit remarkable elevated and It may be sought for in about ten complex plaits at the posterior end of aper- feet of water with a bottom of sand. ture, especially in young examples with a PI. 39, Fig. 2 narrow aperture. These are caused by a Lake Worth, Florida to West Indies posterior expansion of the animal's mantle. Strombus is a very active and pred- STROMBUS PUGILIS Linne. Fighting Stromb. atory animal. It progresses by a series of Shell deep orange-brown or purple with a EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 109

thin epidermis; body whorl sharply spinose; PI. 40, Fig. 1 lower portion of body whorl spirally stri- North Carolina to West Indies ate; anterior extremity truncated. Length 4 inches. GENUS SIMNIA "Leach" Risso 1826 A very abundant and well-known shell. It is especially characterized by SIMNIA ACICULARIS Lamarck, Shell varying the liration of the outer lip. The zigzag from yellow to purple, thin, smooth, narrow, pattern is more frequent in northern speci- ends rather blunt; lip evenly margined; cal- mens. West Indian examples usually are of lous mt-rgin on columella. Length 15 mm. a uniform color. A freak specimen is shown This and the following Simnia match on PI. 58, Fig. 3 in color the sea fans to which they may be PI. 39, Fig. 7 attached. Florida to Texas; West Indies PI. 40, Fig, S Off Cape Fear, North Carolina to STROMBUS PUGILIS ALATUS Gmelin. Winged West Indies Stromb. This, the spineless form, appears to be more common in Florida and the An- SIMNIA UNIPLICATA Sowerby. Shell yellowish

tilles . white to purplish in color, rather thin; The example figured is from the polished; transversely and minutely incised Pliocene fossil beds at Loxahatchee, Flori- with lines; narrow, with ends bluntly pro- da. duced; lip narrowly margined; posterior pli- PI. 39, Fig. 4 cations prominent. Length 15-18 mm, North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of PI. 40, Fig. 3 Mexico North Carolina to West Indies

STROMBUS GALLUS Linne. Cock Stromb. Nota- Family Cypraeidae ble for the remarkable extension of the aperture which is clearly shown in the il- Shell varying from cylindrical to lustration. The species is included for pyriform, Inflated, ribbed, or pustulate comparison with the Florida species. but generally smooth and covered with bril- PI. 59, Fig. 5 liant enamel; aperture elongated, narrow, West Indies more or less toothed; short canal at each end. Family Ovulidae The young Cypraea is quite different from the adult. It begins in a Bulla- Shell brightly colored, usually like form, thin and with an unfinished lip; long and narrow, conforming in hue and shape in the adolescent stage there is some thick- to the foreign object to which it is at- ening of the shell but the teeth are indis- tached. All the American species live upon tinctly formed. Upon reaching maturity the Gorgonias or sea fans. final color pattern is applied. The mantle of the animal almost completely covers the GENDS CYPHOMA Roeding 1798 shell when active, and deposits the calcareous substance which distinguishes the vari- CYPHOMA GIBBOSA Linne. Spire of shell en- ous species. When the two unequal lobes of tirely concealed under a heavy callus, sol- the mantle meet upon the back of the shell id, narrower above; aperture f\ill length of they form the "dorsal line," an area quite shell, contracted above, wider below; outer noticeable upon many Cypraea. lip thick, smooth inside and out, arched The animal is shy and often feeds above where there is a slight canal; dorsal upon coral animals. It has the power to ridge slightly above center and extending dissolve the interior partitions of the squarely across it; suggestion of canal at shell when more space is desired. base; color whitish, the extremities and The Cypraeas, or cowries as they sides of shell buff or cream color. Length are commonly called, are favorites with 1 inch. sl'.ell collectors. In India they are used Living examples have been taken in for various trappings upon elephants and Lake Worth, Florida and also in Biscayne horses. Cypraea moneta, the money cowry, Bay. has been used for centuries as a medium of 110 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS exchange, chiefly in countries near the ridged above with dorsal furrow; surface Niger. Uarco Polo observed them in use in scarcely shining; aperture narrow and long; Yunnan in the thirteenth century while in canal above and below very indistinct. the Baltic region they have been found in Animal quite different from Cypraea. prehistoric graves. TRIVIA CANDIDULA Gaskoin. Globosely ovate; GENUS CYPRAEA Linn6 1758 ribs strong, rather conspicuous. Length 9 mm. Surface brilliantly polished; spire PI. 40, Fig. 12 concealed by last whorl, or abbreviated and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to covered with enamel. Barbados

CYPRAEA CINEREA Gmelin. Shell brown, some- TRIVIA NIVEA Gray. Globose, extremities times ornamented with Jet black dashes; very obtuse; ribs narrow, wrinkled. Length sides purplish-flesh colored; base cream IS mm. white or like sides; interstices of teeth Florida Keys to Barbados purplish. Length 1-1.75 inches. This species has been collected TRIVIA PEDICULUS Llnn6. Marbled with pur- alive under stones on the Tortugas. plish brown upon a flesh-white ground; dor- PI. 40, Fig. 4 sal furrow deep and straight, from which Florida; West Indies radiate coarse ridges over shell and Into aperture; dark spot each end of furrow and CYPRAEA EXANTHEMA Linne. A rather inflated another each side in centre. Length 15 mm. pale chocolate-colored species with large The largest of our east coast Tri- round whitish spots and often with rings; vlas and a rather common one. teeth very dark brown; dorsal line whitish PI. 40, Fig. 7 and straight. Length 3-4 inches. St. Augustine, Florida to Barbados PI. 40, Fig. 5 North Carolina to Florida Keys; TRIVIA QUADRIPUNCTATA Gray. Color purplish Gulf of Mexico; West Indies pink, often darker at ends, two darker spots each side of furrow, the four forming a CYPRAEA EXANTHEMA CERVUS Linne. Shell brown zigzag row; ribs fine. Diameter 5 mm., with small white spots, base usually dark length 8 mm. brown. PI. 40, Fig. 9 Shell more inflated, not so long, Jupiter Inlet, east Florida to Bar- spots not ringed as in the typical C. exan- bados thema, also usually smaller. PI. 40, Fig. 19 TRIVIA SUBROSTRATA Gray. Globose, dark North Carolina to Florida Keys; chocolate-brown color; extremities slightly Gulf of Mexico; West Indies beaked; dorsal line well marked. Length 7 mm. CYPRAEA SPURCA Linn6. Shell spotted with PI. 40, Fig. 13 yellow-brown upon a whitish ground; base Florida Straits to Barbados buff or white; aperture slightly curved; teeth strong, short; sides pitted and mot- TRIVIA GLOBOSA Gray. Shell white, rounded tled with yellow, often with brown spots on like a pea; aperture narrow; dorsal line pits and sides. Length 30 mm. well incised and extending to ends of shell. Fresh dead specimens are frequently Length 11 mm. Depth range 23-640 fathoms. found upon the lower east coast of Florida, PI. 40, Fig. 8 living under rocks at low tide in May. Cedar Keys, west Florida to West PI. 40, Fig. 6 Indies Florida; Mediterranean; East At- lantic TRIVIA SUFFUSA Gray. Shell pinkish, ends touched with dark pink; ribs five and not GENUS TRIVIA Gray 1832 very distinct; variegated with brown, base of a lighter shade. Length 9 mm. Shell generally small, subglobular; PI. 40, Fig. 10 .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 111

Cedar Keys, west Florida to West CASSIS TESTICULUS Linne. Longitudinally Indies ridged, cut by spiral grooves, flesh color or darker; columella plicated entire GENUS ERATO Risso 18S6 length; strong teeth upon outer lip; margins shaded and cross banded with orange Shell minute, lips minutely crenu- brown. Length 2-3 Inches. lated; animal similar to Trivia. This PI. 41, Fig. 3 group is related to Marginella, being in- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to termediate between that and Trivia so far Trinidad as the shell characters are concerned. CASSIS TUBEROSA Linn6. Triangularly ovate ERATO MAOGERIAE Gray. Gray or flesh color, in shape; three rows of tubercles or knobs; shining. Length 5-6 imn. spotted with chestnut and chocolate color. Taken alive by the writer upon Length 6-8 inches. twigs in shallow water at low-tide in Lake PI, 41, Fig. 5 Worth, near Lower Inlet, Florida. Beaufort, North Carolina to Barba- PI. 40, Fig. 11 dos Florida; West Indies CASSIS FLAMMEA Linne. Shell cream colored, crescent-marked with brown, Family Cassididae (Metal Helmet Shells ) clouded and these markings also on face which is stained Shell solid; spire short; whorls with dark brown between ridges, interstices often varicose; aperture ending in short of teeth on outer lip also dark colored; recurved canal; columella often plicate; three to four rows of separated blunt tuber- outer edge of lip strengthened, toothed cles; spire longitudinally ridged, usually within; opercul\im corneous. only below. Length 4-6 inches. Animal active and voracious; food PI, 41, Fig. 8 consisting mostly of bivalve mollusks, South Carolina; Lake Worth, Florida, proboscis cylindrical; mantle and foot of to Florida Keys; West Indies generous size. GENUS MORUM Roeding 1798 GENUS CASSIS Lamarck 1799 Shell solid, surface covered with CASSIS MADAGASCARENSIS Lamarck. (C. cameo rows of prominent warty nodules; outer lip Stimp.). Surface spirally ridged but not thickened, toothed inside; canal short, cal- honeycombed; interstices of teeth and ridges lus of columella region extending over base inside deep chocolate brown. Length 8-10 and nodulous inches. Observed, by the writer, living in MORUM ONISCUS Linne. Shell with low spire, shallow quiet water of Lake Worth, Florida, whorls often sharply shouldered; three rows close to the inlets connecting with the At- of nodules on body whorl; color white, spot- lantic. Only a small portion of the shell ted with brown or gray; outer lip dotted, was visible above the surface of the sand. interior white, callus white or purple. PI. 1, Fig. 1 Length 1 inch. Beaufort, North Carolina to the PI. 53, Fig. 7 West Indies Palm Beach (beach specimens); Florida Keys; West Indies CASSIS INFLATA ABBREVIATA Lamarck. Spiral grooves placed equal distances apart; sur- Family Tonnidae face spotted with square zones of light chestnut upon a yellowish-white ground; Shell ventricose, spirally furrowed; columella granulate; outer lip toothed, spire small, aperture very large; no opercu- often greatly thickened. Length 3-4 inches. lum in the adult. PI. 41, Fig. 1 Animal large, mantle dilated; foot Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to with horizontal groove. Brazil 112 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

GENUS TONNA Brunnich 1772 is used as a horn by the Australian and Dolium Lamarck 1801 (TUN SHELLS) Polynesian islanders. In the West Indies and the Mediterranean live forms very sim- Shell thin, globosely oval. ilar to it.

TONNA GALEA Linn6. May be distinguished by GENUS CYMATIUM Roeding 1798, the sunken sutures and somewhat twisted Triton of authors columella; whorls seven; spiral ribs close set; chocolate-brown markings within the CYMATIUM FEMORALE Linne. Epidermis yellow aperture. Length 9 inches, usually less. brown, the strongest ribs white where PI. 41, Fig. 6 crossed by the varices, interior white, vi- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to olet or rose color. Length 3-7.5 inches. Texas; West Indies PI. 42, Fig. 3 Southern Florida and West Indies TONNA PERDIX Linn^. Shell inflated; about twenty low revolving grooves which are CYIJIATIUM AQUITILE Reeve (T. plleare L.). rather widely spaced, sometimes crossed by Shell light brown with contrasting white or the growth lines; outer lip hardly thick- dark revolving bands; whorls rounded, often ened; umbilicus behind the reflexed, curved with nodules on periphery, fine and coarser columella; color brownish or purple, occa- ridges crossed by faint ribs; canal often sionally marked with white spots. Length reflexed; interior and outer lip orange or 4-9 inches. red, teeth whitish, upper portion inner lip PI. 41, Fig. 7 often almost black; epidermis hirsute, thin Florida Keys to Brazil; Pacific; and light green. Length 2-6 inches. west Africa PI. 42, Fig. 4 Florida Keys; West Indies; Pacific GENUS FICUS Roeding 1798, Pyrula Lamarck 1799 (FIG SHELLS) CYMATIUM CHLOROSTOMA Lamarck. Color dirty white, varying to reddish ash, faint red or Shell fig or pear shaped, spirally brown spots and revolving cut colored lines, ribbed or decussated; canal open and long; interior reddish. Length 1-3 inches. spire short; lip thin; no operculiom. Sculpture similar to C. aquitlle Animal with very large foot; mantle but with stronger ribs, often humped on covering sides of shell; siphon very long body whorl, varices strong, outer lip ex- and narrow. tremely heavy and with a double row of teeth within aperture. FICUS PAPYRATIA Say. Shell brownisn white, PI. 42, Fig. 5 interior somewhat darker; about thirty Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to West spiral ribs with less distinct ones be- Indies; Pacific tween; growth lines irregular; spire sunken. Length 3.5 inches. SECTION TRITONOCAUDA Dall 1904 On Sanibel Island, west Florida, thousands of this species are washed upon CYMATIUM CYNOCEPHALUM Lamarck. Light yel- the ocean beach after winter storms. low with darker indistinct bands; interior PI. 41, Fig. 8 pale yellow; columella with brown spot. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Length 2-3 inches. Gulf of Mexico PI. 42, Fig. 9 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies Family Cymatildae SECTION GUTTURIUM Morch 1852 Shell with disconnected varices, representing rest periods, not more than CYMATIUM TUBEROSUM Lamarck. Shell short; two of these to each whorl against three In canal recurved; sculptured with irregular Uurex; canal prominent; teeth upon lips. ribs which are nodulous; the interstices of These shells are closely related to Murex the ribs Urate; often a strong hump on the but also show affinity to Cassis and Tonna. body whorl and one or two smaller ones; out- C. tritonis, the largest species. er lip varicose with teeth inside. Color EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 113

white, marked with brown, often banded. In- and brown. This variety is heavier, short- terior dark, aperture white, Length 2 inch- er and more shouldered than the typical es. which lives in the Indo-Pacific region. PI. 42, Fig. 7 Length 16 inches. Florida Keys and West Indies PI. 1, Fig. 3 Palm Beach County, Florida to West SECTION LINATELLA Indies

In form and sculpture the species GENUS DISTORSIO Roeding 1798 placed under this section approach the Ton- (WRITHING SHELLS) nidae. Aperture contracted and toothed, CYMATIUM CINGDLATDM PENINSULDM Maxwell narrow; columella reflected upon last whorl. Smith. Surface and interior whitish; numerous revolving ribs, yellowish brown in DISTORSIO CLATHRATA Lamarck (D. reticulata

color, the ribs alternating in size, wide Link) . Shell whitish under a velvety yel- and narrow; sutures well marked; termina- lowish-brown epidermis; canal long; surface tions of deepest grooves between ribs divided into squares by the strong ribs; marked with orange brown on outer lip; ca- columella plait and lip varying from light nal short and oblique, whorls 4.5; epider- to dark salmon color. Length 1.25 inches. mis rather heavy; operculiim small. Length An off-shore shell which has been 2.75 inches. taken living at certain times of the year One living example has been col- in Lake Viforth, Florida, also upon the beach- lected in Lake Worth and a number of fresh es. Depth range 22-124 fathoms. dead specimens. It may eventually be found PI. 42, Fig, 8 as far north as Cape Hatteras. The typical Lake Worth, Florida to West Indies shell occurs in the West Indies and Central America. On PI. 44 a specimen of the vari- GENUS GYRINEUM Link 1807; Ranella, ety is shown with the epidermis and opercu- Lamarck in Part (FROG SHELLS) lum. PI. 1, Fig 2 Shell nodulous, two rows of varices PI. 44, Fig. 5 opposite each other; outer lip toothed, in- Lake Worth, Florida ner one wrinkled; canal at base short, usually reflexed; operculum horny. SUBGENUS MONOPLEX Perry 1811 GYRINEUM AFFINE CUBANIANUM Orbigny. Shell CYMATIUM COSTATUM Born (T. olearium of au- yellow or flesh-colored, often rose tinted thors). Shell lighc brown, varices and lip near apex; surface spotted with brown or marked with brown; red. The angles and tubercles vary In dif- ribs often in pairs, ferent individuals. Length 1.75-2.5 Inches. sometimes broken by It has been collected on the Dry Tortugas. granules; epidermis PI. 43, Fig. 8 thin and partly hair- North Carolina to West Indies like, shown in Fig. 47. PI. 42, Figs.l, GYRINEUM CRUENTATUM Reeve (Ranella thomae Orbigny?). Shell short, yellowish or brown- Cape Hatteras, ish white, often spotted with red; revolving North , WM ,: Carolina ridges with tubercles, those on the periph- ' X^ 'mt^f'i to West Indies ery the strongest; posterior canal small, anterior canal reflexed; aperture white or GENUS CHARONIA Gistel purple, often with reddish spots on inside •# 1848 (Septa Perry 1811) wall. Length 1 inch. A fresh beach specimen was tak.^n at CHARONIA TRITONIS NO- Boynton, Florida, apparently the first rec- Fig. 47 BILIS Conrad. A fine ord for the United States. Cymatium costatum, large shell, brilliant- PI. 42, Fig. 6 showing hairy epidermis ly painted with red Boynton, Florida to West Indies .

114 EAST COAST fiARINE SHELLS

ORDER STENOGLOSSA This is a small species compared with its cousins living in the Pacific. Family Murlcldae Fresh dead specimens have been taken by the writer at Palm Beach and living Shell provided with a straight pos- ones dredged on the Featherbed Bank in Low- terior canal; aperture entire; animal with er Biscayne Bay, Florida. a broad foot. PI. 48, Fig. 7 PI. 45, Fig. 10 GENUS MUREX Linn4 1758 (ROCK SHELLS) Palm Beach County, Florida to West Indies Ornamented with broad longitudinal varices, or rlb-llke thickenings, which MUREX MESSORIUS RUBIDUM Baker. The deep represent rest periods in the development rose-pink form which apparently is confined of the shell by the animal. to the west coast of Florida. Except for The purple fluid which exudes from the color it agrees with M. messorius. It these mollusks was utilized by the ancients is not infrequently found at Sanibel. for a dye. Heaps of dead shells, largely Cedar Keys to Marco, Florida broken, beside caldron-shaped holes may still be seen, as evidence, upon the Tyrlan SUBGENUS CHICOREUS Montfort 1810 shore. The radula of M. tenuisplna is MUREX RUFUE Lamarck. Remarkable for its shown in Fig. 25, page 19. frond-like spines which are most striking near the outer lip and adjacent to the ca- MUREX BEAUI Fisher and Barnard!. In this nal; color brownish, pinkish when worn; fine and remarkable species the adults from aperture more rounded than in other species, rocky stations are frilled or webbed in notched above; canal almost closed; about form. These are invariably from deep waten ten ribs upon the body whorl. Length 1.5-2 Specimens from muddy bottoms and all young Inches. shells are comparatively smooth, showing no This very attractive shell may eas- trace of the frills or webs. Range 82-183 fathoms ily be obtained at Sanibel and elsewhere. The young specimens, as well as faded old PI. 44, Fig. 3 ones, are of a vivid or pale-pink color. Cedar Keys, Florida to West Indies PI. 44, Fig. 4

MUREX CABRITII . Barnard! An adult shell Cape Fear, North Carolina to Carte- may be pinkish white or of a fine uniform gena, Columbia pink, without dots or marking whatever. It may be very spinous or the spines may be MUREX BREVIFRONS Lamarck. This shell pos- absent entirely. It may be separated from sesses long fronds in addition to spines, the other spiny Murlces by the short thick also close revolving striae; one to two nod- spines when present. In 1880, when the Man- ules or knobs between the varices; interior ual was written by Tryon, only a solitary white or chocolate broTm. Length 3 inches. specimen was known and that without habitat. PI. 44, Fig. 2 Since then it has been dredged in from 25- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to 164 fathoms. Cartegena, Columbia A specimen taken upon the beach at Sanibel measures 55 mm. in length. It has SUBGENUS PHYLLONOTUS Swainson 1833 also been collected on the shore at Marco, Florida. FULVESCENS (M. PI. 44, Fig. 1 MUREX Sowerby splnlcostatus Marco, Florida, north and west to Val.). Whorls about eight, many prominent Texas; West Indies spines which are often orange-brown in contrast to the thin light brown epidermis and MUREX MESSORIUS Reeve. Almost spineless white shells; spines connected with raised but varices thick, crossed by elevated ribs; canal narrow, almost closed in part, lines, partly cut into tubercles, the lat- interior white; operciilum convex, dull out- ter sometimes developed into short spines; side, interior varnish-like, except central no color dots or lines, epidermis heavy; portion or place of attachment which resem- canal much shorter than in the preceding bles a large fingerprint. Length of shell species its nearest relative. Length rare- about 6 inches. ly more than 2 inches. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 115

This magnificent species was brought When adult the shell presents a in from fairly deep water off Wilbur, Flor- well- cancellated surface. There are five ida, by fisherman and through the efforts transverse riblets on the back of the last of F. S. Webber. Depth around 30 fathoms. whorl, between two varices; three riblets PI. 43, Fig, 2 in front. Length 12-25 mm. North Carolina to Florida, west to PI. 45, Fig. 14 Texas PI. 69, Fig. 11 Cape Cod to Florida Keys MUREX POMUM Gmelin. In this species there are no spines, a short canal, nodulous sur- EUPLEURA CAUDATA SULCIDENTATA Dall. Spire face, dark brown bands and a lip sometimes more elevated than the preceding; spiral tinted with chocolate color. The normal threads, except on varices, often absent or color of the aperture is pale salmon picked obsolete; generally whiter in color, larger out with deep brovTi. Usually there are in size; in adult form three flattish ribs three varices but there may be four. Length on the back and two to three in front. 2-3 inches. Length 1-1.5 inches. PI. 43, Fig. 3 PI. 45, Fig. 2 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Gulf coast of Florida; Cuba Venezuela GENUS ASPELLA Morch 1877 MUREX CHRYSOSTOMUS Sowerby. This shell is characterized by one or two spur-like spines ASPELLA OBELISCUS A. Adams. Shell elevated, on a varix near the aperture. These spurs whorls about eight, nucleus smooth; later are generally at the left but sometimes on whorls with three major and three minor the back varix, rarely on the right hand varices; arranged alternately; narrow, near the margin; lips and interior more or sharp, elevated riblets which overlap the less tinged with orange color. Length 2.5 varices and form slight spines at their in- inches. tersection, chiefly on the major varices; PI. 43, Fig. 4 canal long; narrow and plainly recurved. Southern Florida and West Indies Length 1 inch, breadth 11 mm. The specimen illustrated was found SUBGENUS PTEROPURPURA Jousseaume 1880 by Mrs. Frank Lyman at Boynton, Florida, apparently the first record for the state. MUREX TRISTICHUS Dall. Shell delicate; Tryon confused this species with Trltonalia varices placed at one-quarter of a revolu- intermedia. tion each around the spire; aperture pear- A. obeliscus is descended from the shaped; canal bent to right; canal belong- Pliocene A. engonatus Dall which occurs in ing to preceding varix behind it, persist- the marl at Clewiston, Florida. Living ex- ent and bent to left; nucleus large, loose- amples of the recent shell will eventually ly coiled. be dredged off the Florida coast. This Murex is quite different from PI. 49, Fig. 11 any of the shallow v/ater species. Length Palm Beach County, Florida; Texas; 10-20 mm. Depth range 152-450 fathoms. St. Thomas, West Indies PI. 57, Fig. 18 Florida Strait and West Indies GENUS TRITONALIA Fleming 1828, Ocinebra Leach 1847 GENUS EUPLEURA H. and A. Adams 1853 (BORERS) Varices numerous; operculum similar to Thais. The radula of Murex, the operculum of Thais and the shell resembling Gyrineum TRITONALIA CELLULOSA Conrad. Aperture indicate relationship to various groups. small, purplish inside, large prominent ribs with wrinkled lines between them. EUPLEURA CAUDATA Say. Color varying from It lives chiefly 1" oyster beds; whitish to brown; livid inside; varices also observed by the writer living on coral and intermediate ribs present. The peculiar rock, close to mangrove roots, on Little shape of the shell is evident in the il- Pine Key, Florida. Length 12 mm. Range lustration. 0-14 fathoms. , .

116 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PI. 45, Figs. 7, 11 teeth; apex often reddish color. Length North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; 25-40 mm. Depth range 1-25 fathoms. West Indies PI. 44, Fig. 7 Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies TBITONALIA INTERMEDIA C. B. Adams. Shell elongated, spire elevated; whorls seven to GENUS UROSALPINX Stimpson 1865 eight, convex, sutures deep; six to eight (OYSTER BORERS) revolving scaly ribs; aperture small, canal short; color white or yellowish. Length Somewhat coarser and stouter shells, under 1 inch. canal deflected. PI. 45, Fig. 20 Florida Keys; West Indies, Bermuda UROSALPINX CINEREUS Say. Shell light brown or yellow, rarely with red bands; aperture GENUS MURICIDEA Swainson 1840 pink, flesh color, brown or purple; about ten rounded ribs on body whorl which are Closely related to the preceding widest and strongest in center of shell, genus these crossed by about fifteen spiral ridges; outer lip thin and crenulated. Average MURICIDEA ^JULTANGULA Philippi. Shell whit- length 1 inch. ish v/ith pale brown flecks, often with This the well-known oyster drill purplish or rosy suffusion about the aper- probably also attacks other mollusks. ture; when perfect the epidermis slightly PI. 45, Fig. 1 hairy. Length 18 mm. PI. 69, Fig. 6 A very variable shell in color but Prince Edward Island to Florida the rich pink mouth is most frequent. Ex- amination of the radula is desired as this UROSALPINX PERRUGATUS Conrad. A strongly may prove to belong to a totally different shouldered shell with a longer canal than family. Fresh specimens possess a hispid the preceding species; radiating lines more epidermis with little triangular projection pronounced and wavy; some individuals much points. more slender; interior usually chocolate- It lives in shallow water, particu- brown color. Length 28 mm. larly in the south, but has been dredged in PI. 45, Fig. 15 95 fathoms. Cedar Keys to Key West, Florida PI. 45, Figs. 3, 12 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; UROSALPINX TAIilPAENSIS Conrad, Shell broad- West Indies ly shouldered; surface latticed by whitish vertical and horizontal ribs; outer lip MURICIDEA OSTREARUM Conrad. Shell gray; well extended, the terminations of the spi- interior livid purple. ral ribs forming projections; interior of This shell is often confused with aperture grooved to correspond with exteri- Urosalpinx perrugatus with which it lives or surface; ground color often brownish in- in the oyster beds. It may be separated by side and between ribs. Length 1 inch. a longer, more sculptured and less excavat- This shell very much resembles ed shoulder to the whorl, also a wider and Eupleura with which it might be confused by shorter canal. The operculum is also total- the novice. ly different with an apical nucleus (Dall) PI. 45, Fig. 5 Depth range 0-lS fathoms. Length Cedar Keys to Cape Sable, Florida of shell 1 inch. PI. 45, Fig. 18 PI. 43, Fig. 5 GENUS TROPHON Montfort 1810 Tampa Bay to Cape Romano, West Florida Shell fusiform; varices numerous; spire conspicuous; aperture ovate; canal MURICIDEA HEXAGONA Lamarck. Shell whitish, open, often deflected. epidermis pale brown or yellowish; about five rows of spines on body v.horl, becoming TROPHON SCALARIFORMIS Gould. (T. clathrata less prominent below; canal long and open; of authors, not Linne) . Whorls eight, aper- outer lip thickened inside and with small ture half length of shell; thirteen to .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 117 sixteen varices which are arched like tiles; color whitish, blotched and streaked v/ith faint revolving sculpture on adult speci- brown. The interior is often pale brown 1-2 mens . with a white border inside lip. Length This the largest American Trophon inches. sometimes attains a length of 53 mm. It is This shell is common upon rocks al- chiefly obtained from haddock stomachs. most everywhere in Florida and along the PI. 42, Fig. 16 gulf coast. The radula is shown on Plate Iceland to Labrador; Newfoundland 64. Banks to Massachusetts Bay PI. 45, Fig. 9 PI. 48, Fig. 3 TROPHON TRUNCATUS Strom. V.'horls six; num- PI. 64, Figs. 3, 4 erous low, close-set varices which are North Carolina to Texas; West often obscurely crenulate; suture well im- Indies pressed; canal short and obliquely truncate; aperture and canal shorter than spire. THAIS FLORIDANA HAYSAE Clench. Shell large, Length 12-17 mm. Depth range 10-50 fathoms. dull gray or brownish gray, whorls six to The most common North Atlantic seven; two rows of large tubercles on each Trophon. whorl slightly above center, these in turn PI. 44, Fig. 13 two to three ridged, becoming two ridged at Finmark to Greenland and south to base; spire acute and produced; inner mar- Georges Bank gin of lip crenvilate; pinkish or orange inside; suture deep. Length 3.5 inches. Family Thaisldae PI. 45, Fig. 13 Grand Bayou, Mississippi Delta, Shell striated, imbricated or tuber- Louisiana culated; spire short; aperture usually small. Animal similar to Murex. THAIS DELTOIDEA Lamarck. Principal rows of Many of these mollusks produce a nodules placed above periphery, bluntly fluid which creates a crimson dye. This pointed and indistinct row below; parietal may be observed by exerting pressure upon callus broad, pink color and blotched with the operculum. They are largely predatory brown; blotches sometimes upon lip which is and in Europe are destructive to the mussel slightly crenulated; axis slightly twisted beds to form a short canal. Length 1 inch. A chunky form, usually well covered GENUS THAIS Roeding 1798; Purpura with incrustations and therefore not readi- Brugulere 1789, not Martyn ly detected upon coral rocks. PI. 44, Fig. 10 SUBGENUS PATELLIPURPURA Dail 1918 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida to St. Vincent, West Indies THAIS PATULA Linne. This species develops a capacious aperture and numerous nodules SUBGENUS NUCELLA Roeding 1789 upon the back of the shell. These knobs are less distinct in mature specimens. The THAIS LAPILLUS Linne. An excessively vari- outer lip has sharp teeth inside the edge, able shell, both in form and color. It is the base being hardly notched. The color very largely influenced by environment. is dark brown, interior often bluish. Very thick heavy specimens are found in ex- Length 1-3 inches. posed situations on the coast of Maine. A widely distributed species wl.ich The shell is generally pointed at varies considerably in size. both ends. It is variegated with yellow, PI. 45, Fig. 8 brown and white. Upon the surface are Jupiter Inlet, Florida to Brazil; coarse revolving ridges. The aperture is Pacific thickened and has teeth inside. It lives on ocean rocks everywhere within its range SUBGENUS STRAMONITA Schumacher 1817 and is also common in northern Europe. Length 1-1.75 inches. THAIS FLORIDANA Conrad. With or without The ovicapsules are shown on PI. 69, two rows of low tubercles; sculpture strong; Fig. 3. 118 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PI. 45, Fig, 19 Carysfort Reef, Florida Keys. PI. 69, Figs. 1, 2, 3 PI. 45, Fig. 16 Newfoundland to Connecticut PI. 59, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Florida Keys; THAIS LAPILLUS IMBRICATUS Lamarck. This West Indies beautiful variety lives in quieter and more protected stations. As the name indicates CORALLIOPHILA DEBURGHIAE Reeve. This extra- the exterior resembles shingles on the roof ordinary species lives in deep water and oc- of a house. curs in both the Atlantic and Pacific. It PI. 45, Fig. 21 is remarkable for the range in depth and Maine to Massachusetts varying temperature of the water. The most foliaceous and largest examples come from GENUS SISTRUM Montfort 1810 the greatest depths. Length 30 mm. Depth (RATTLE SHELLS) range 56-878 fathoms. PI. 58, Fig. 5 Shell small, thick, tuberculated or Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina spiny; aperture contracted by projections to West Indies upon each side. Many of the Pacific Ocean species are brilliantly painted inside with Family Colubrarildae orange or purple color. The following is rather a dusky representative. Shell elongated; aperture small; canal short. SISTRUM NODULOSUM Adams. A greenish lead color or blackish shell; nodules black, in- GENUS COLUBRARIA Schumacher 1817 terior dark, teeth lighter. Length 12 mm.

A colony has been observed living COLUBRARIA LANCEOLATA Menke . A flesh-col- under stones inside the Palm Beach Inlet and ored or yellowish-white shell, spotted with another in Upper Biscayne Bay, Florida. It brown; eight to nine varices. Length 25 mm. is often associated with Planaxis. Florida specimens are usually small- PI. 45, Fig. 4 er in size than those from the West Indies. Palm Beach, Florida to West Indies It has been collected living under pieces of coral, in shallow water, off Little Pine Family Coralliphilidae Key, Florida. During the summer it also occurs in Lake Worth. The members of this family are usu- PI. 45, Fig. 6 ally distinguished by shells with spines or North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; undulating ribs, usually covered with fine West Indies close-set growth lines; interior white or more frequently pink or purple. The indi- COLUBRARIA TESTACEA Morch (T. obscura Reeve). vidual species are widely distributed, very A light brown shell with one or two revolv- variable, and mostly found below low-tide ing zones of brown blotches; spire straight; marks. They prefer coral, broken stone or varices far apart. Length 1-2 inches. shell bottoms. PI. 42, Fig. 10 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; GENUS CORALLIOPRILA H. and A. Adams 1853 West Indies; Cape Verde Islands; (CORAL SNAILS) Indian Ocean

CORALLIOPHILA ABBREVIATA Lamarck. Interior GENUS MONOSTIOLUM Dall 1904 pinkish violet, or whitish, including the rather long open canal which is anterior; Varices absent; surface usually nodules crossed by ribs and very fine close- sculptured. set sculpture, the ribs terminating upon outer lip in delicate crenulations. Length MONOSTIOLUM SWIFTI Tryon. Whorls seven to 20-25 mm. Depth range 15-100 fathoms. eight; aperture more than one-half length At Fort Lauderdale, Florida, this of shell; axial ribs most prominent upon species was brought in on coral from off spire, crossed by many spiral lines which shore. It has also been collected on bridge the ribs; canal broadest at posterior EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 119 end; outer lip thickened, toothed Inside GENUS ANACHIS H. and A. Adams 1855 with one denticle upon opposite side; color white, mottled with brown. Length 22.5 mm. ANACHIS AVARA Say. Greedy Anachis. Shell Florida records of this species are ovate in shape, light straw-colored; whorls dubious but it probably lives among the six, nearly flat; suture distinct and some- Keys. what scalloped near folds upon the shell; PI. 42, Fig. 13 aperture one-third length of shell; length- Bermuda; West Indies ened teeth within margin; operculum horny. Length variable. typical form is abundant in Family Pyrenidae (Columbellldae ) The Florida but does not extend southward of Shell small, aperture long and nar- that state. It is rather small, dull col- row; outer lip thickened, particularly in ored, with only about ten ribs to the whorl the middle, toothed; inner lip crenulated; and spindle-shaped. operculum very small. PI. 46, Fig. 24 Wellfleet, Massachusetts to Florida GENUS PYRENE Roedihg 1798 Keys

PYRENE OVULATA Lamarck. Whorls about seven; ANACHIS AVARA SEMIPLICATA Stearns. Speci- suture fairly distinct; entire surface mens of this form are long, slender and of lightly spirally grooved; Interior of mar- a greenish color. The size is considerably gin lightly toothed; shell white, clouded larger than the other races. It is abun- or mottled with red or brown. Length 15 mm. dant on the bay side of Sanlbel, Florida, PI. 46, Fig. 25 particularly In Tarpon Bay. Length 13 mm. Florida Strait and West Indies PI. 46, Fig. 7 Cedar Keys to Sanibel Island, SUBGENUS COLUMBELLA Lamarck 1799 Florida

PYRENE MERCATORIA Linne. Trader Pyrene. ANACHIS AVARA SIMILIS Ravenel. A dwarf Shell oval, thick, color variable; spire race, otherwise similar to translirata. short; whorls five to six, spirally grooved; Length 7 mm. aperture two-thirds length of shell; outer PI. 46, Fig. 19 lip strongly toothed inside; columella with Massachusetts Bay to Florida Keys; about six small teeth below, two to three Gulf of Mexico larger teeth above. Length 17 mm. An abundant form and a variable one. ANACHIS AVARA TRANSLIPJITA Ravenel. This PI. 46, Fig. 8 the commonest race of all Is brightly col- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to ored and many ribbed. It is also the most West Indies widespread in distribution. Often it is identified as the typical. Length 10-14 mm. PYRENE RUSTICOIDES Heilprin. Rustic Pyrene. PI. 46, Fig. 23 Shell smooth, white or orange color with North Carolina to Florida Keys; white angular star-like spots near suture; Gulf of Mexico spire short and sharp; whorls seven; outer lip with small white teeth; interstices of ANACHIS HOTESSIERI Orbigny. Shell oblong; teeth dark chocolate color; epidermis hairy. long ribs well separated; spirally striated; Length 18 ram. spire short; whorls seven; suture moderate- The dark spaces between the teeth ly impressed; aperture sinuous; six teeth separate this from the preceding with which inside lip; columella subplicate; color yel- it might readily be confused. An European lowish brown and spotted. Length 7 mm. Pyrene, P. rustica, is similar to but not Depth range 35-85 fathoms. identical with this species. North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico PI. 46, Fig. 2 Florida; West Indies ANACHIS OBESA C. B. Adams. Fat Anachis. 120 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Shell ventricose in shape, longitudinally Florida Keys; West Indies, Pacific ribbed, chestnut banded near suture and below on body whorl. Length 5-7 mm. GENUS MITRELLA Risso 1826; Astyris, PI. 46, Fig. 5 H, and A, Adams 1858 (LITTLE MITRES) North Carolina to Florida; West Indies MITRELLA FUSIFOR'JIS Orbigny, Shell white or yellowish, spirally sulcate; spire long, GENUS NITIDELLA Swainson 1840 apex sharp; whorls nine; aperture oval, (GLISTENING SHELLS) canal distinct, outer lip white and toothed. Length 6 mm. NITIDELLA CRIBRARIA Lamarck. Shell oblong, This species lives at moderate pyramidal, spotted often with whitish col- depths but is very rarely taken upon the or; tip generally broken off; whorls seven beaches, to eight; upper teeth. Inside outer lip, PI, 33, Fig, 19 larger than tl^e others; epidermis usually Southern Florida and West Indies heavy and almost black or dark brown. Length 10 mm. MITRELLA LUNATA Say. Shell small, surface This species is often abundant on smooth, red-brown, two series of crescent- rocks, between tides, on the Florida Keys shaped whitish spots; aperture oval in and in Biscayne Bay. shape, outer lip dark brown and toothed in- PI. 46, Fig. 5 side. Length 5 mm. Palm Beach County to Florida Keys; Their station is Just below low- West Indies tide mark, clinging to weeds and bits of shell. It is said to be abundant from the NITIDELLA LAEVIGATA Linne. Shell thin and North Shore, above Boston, around to Buz- shining under a light epidermis; base zards Bay, often associated with Bittium white with zigzag lines and chocolate-col- alternatum. In the spring of the year they ored spots, the latter often upon the venture out on the sands. periphery; outer lip toothed, aperture PI. 46, Fig. 18 large; whorls five to seven. Length 17 mm. Prince Edward Island to Gulf of In old specimens the apex is apt to Mexico be obtuse. PI. 46, Fig. 15 SECTION PLECTARIA Dall 1924 Palm Beach to Florida Keys; West

Indies MITRELLA ALBELLA lONTHA Ravenel . Whorls about six, flattened, deeply channelled at NITIDELLA NITIDULA Sowerby. Surface smooth, suture; about fourteen slightly oblique shining, whitish marked with brown; six axial ribs upon final whorl and spire but whorls, the last one equal to three-fourths not extending below periphery; spiral the length of the shell; aperture narrow, grooves below periphery which extend in- twelve teeth inside outer lip., black be- ward upon columella; color white, often tween the teeth. Length 15 mm, clouded with amber or brown color. Length A strikingly beautiful little shell, 6 mm. especially if obtained alive. It may be It is not rare upon the beaches at taken among seaweed, at extreme low tide, Sanibel, Florida. upon the ocean rocks at the north end of PI. 46, Fig. 1 Palm Beach, Florida, Gulf of Mexico and West Indies PI. 46, Fig. 9 Jupiter Inlet, East Florida, south- MITRELLA PURA Verrill. The writer has not ward to West Indies seen this species. PI. 69, Fig. 13 NITIDELLA MOLECULINA Duclos. Surface whitish with an open network of chestnut which Family Nassariidae become curved and darker near the suture; sometimes very dark colored but still ex- Ovate-shaped shells, variously hibiting the pattern. Length 10 mm, sculptured, inner lip smooth with enamel PI. 46, Fig, 6 spreading over wall of shell; outer lip EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 121 toothed, internally crenulated. NASSARIUS AiffilGUA Montagu. A short, solid form, whorls well rounded or shouldered; GENUS NASSARIUS Dumeril 1805, Nassa of suture deep and distinct, sometimes with Authors (BASKET SHELLS) canal; thirteen to fourteen almost straight well-marked rounded ribs, extending from Animal with broad foot, with horns suture to suture, crossed by many fine in front and two little tails behind; very ridges which alternate in size; aperture quick and active in its movements. small, almost circular, outer lip thickened; color yellowish or white, spotted or banded NASSARIUS OBSOLETUS Say. Obsolete Basket. with brown. Length 8-15 mm. Shell dark reddish brown, covered with net- PI. 46, Fig, 16 work of lines, often folded; aperture deep Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to violet; outer lip sharp. V.'est Indies Animal mottled with slate color and very active. It feeds upon dead fish or NASSARIUS ACUTUS Say, Pointed Basket. crabs and may be observed living in count- Shell acute, whitish, cancellations resem- less numbers upon muddy shores away from bling granules; transverse grooves deeper the surf. Brackish water, well drained at than the spiral ones; spire longer than low tide, is preferred. No shell of equal body whorl; suture moderately impressed; size is so abundant upon the north Atlantic outer lip incrassated. Length 12 mm. coast. Related to N. ambigua but a much Old individuals are much eroded, rarer shell. The peculiar lip separates it particularly the early whorls, consequently from the last species. adolescent examples provide better cabinet PI. 46, Fig. 17 specimens. A greenish mould-like plant North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico vegetates upon this Nassarius. Length 1 inch. NASSARIUS CONSENSA Ravenel. Harmonious PI. 46, Fig. 12 Basket. A rather slender shell with fine PI. 69, Fig. 9 spiral threads and somewhat scalariform Nova Scotia to west Florida spire. The restricted callus area adjacent to the columella is a feature. Range 5-50 NASSARIUS TRIVITTATA Say. Three-Banded fathoms. Basket. Shell greenish white, surface cov- PI. 46, Fig. 11 ered with network of lines giving a cross- North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico barred effect, often three dark bands on lower whorls; shouldered at suture; raised NASSARIUS HOTESSIERI Orbigny. Hotessier's lines within lip. Length 16 mm. Basket. In this species the spiral sculp- Animal whitish, spotted with pe'.e ture is rather pronounced, the ribs some- lilac; see PI. 68, Fig. 13. what infrequent, and the colinnellar callus Worn examples are frequently taken moderately extended. It is from deeper wa- upon the beaches. ter than the other species, occurring in PI. 46, Fig. 10 38-85 fathoms. PI. 69, Fig. 7 PI. 46, Fig. 14 Nova Scotia to St. Augustine, Flor- North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; ida West Indies

NASSARIUS VIBEX Say. Shell thick and short; Family Buccinidae surface with waving folds and revolving lines, zoned with light and dark areas; Shell notched in front, or with ca- thick enamel upon inner wall of shell with nal reflected; animal carnivorous. granulations below. Length 10 mm. A common shell in Florida waters, GENUS BUCCINUM Linne 1767 (WHELKS) rare in the north. Fresh dead specimens exhibit attractive coloring. There are a Shell few whorled, aperture large, number of variations. canal short. PI. 46, Fig, 13 The whelk is dredged in Great PI. 69, Fig. 8 Britain for the market and eagerly sought Cape Cod to V.'est Indies by those with a slender purse. It may be 122 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS caught by baiting a basket which should be the last becoming smooth; aperture fully left down over night. half length of shell; outer lip toothed on The egg outer edge; inner lip callus rising into a capsules are lip; frequent teeth at base of columella, arranged in white plaits on wall above and with canal roundish masses above them. Color brownish purple with which, upon narrow darker bands and white arrowhead- reaching shore, like spots. Length 54 mm. are distributed PI. 47, Fig. 9 by the wind. Florida Keys and West Indies Each capsule contains five PISANIA VARIEGATA Gray. Whorls eight to to six young. nine, suture indistinct; about nine strong Mostly inhabi- nodules to each whorl; longitudinally Fig. 48 tants of north- grooved with raised lines which are darker Egg case of Buccinum undatum ern and Antarc- than the ground color, the color of these tic Seas they often interrupted; last whorl much swollen range from the at termination; outer lip elevated and fine- shore to a depth of 100 fathoms. ly crenulated; canal slightly oblique; small tooth-like plait above and extending BDCCINUM UNDATUM Linne. Waved Whelk. An inside shell. Length 19 mm. opaque, almost lustreless shell, sculptured A specimen collected under a sponge with many fine thread-like spiral ridges at Llgnumvitae Key, Florida affords the arranged in groups; whorls seven to eight; above measurement. It is a rather blackish shell wall glazed near inner lip; opercu- shell. lum pale yellow with layers of growth re- PI. 47, Fig. 5 sembling the epidermis of shell. Length Florida Keys to Trinidad; west 2.5 inches. Africa There are many extraordinary varie- tal manifestations of this species, dwarfs, GENUS CANTHARUS Roeding 1798; keeled, elongated, thin, reversed, two to Tritonidea Swain. (POT SHELLS) three operculated shells. Some of the most remarkable have been taken off the English Surface generally cancellated; epi- coasts. It lives from tide mark to consid- dermis thick; spire pointed; outer lip erable depths. In America the specimens thickened; Inner wall with tooth above. are slightly smaller than the European ones. Tons of these whelks are carried to CANTHARUS TINCTUS Conrad. Colored Pot. the British fish markets. In the year 1504, Spire conical; low longitudinal ribs when Warham was enthroned Archbishop of crossed by riblets; constriction at shoul- Canterbury, there were provided for a feast der leaving nodules; outer lip thickened, "8,000 whelks at 5 shillings per 1,000." strongly ridged inside, inner lip with se- The curious spawn cells are called ries of plaits; color purplish brown, some- "Sea Wash Balls" on account of their being times varied with white. Length 1 Inch. used by sailors to wash their hands. PI. 47, Fig. 4 PI. 47, Fig. 6 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Newfoundland southward to Charles- Mexico ton, South Carolina; Iceland to Mediterranean Coast of France CANTHARUS CANCELLARIA Conrad. Cross-Barred Pot. Aperture half length of shell; indis- GENUS PISANIA Bivona 1832 tinct longitudinal plicae; crossed by waving lines which are more elevated than the Shell oblong; spire prominent; out- plicae, finer ones between; sharp distinct er lip thickened, canal short; operculum lines inside lip; plait at base of columel- ovate. la. Length 1 inch. PI. 46, Fig. 22 PISANIA PUSIO Linne. Whorls ten to eleven; South Carolina to Florida and Texas growth lines almost rib-like on upper whorls. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 123

CANTHARUS AURITULA Link. Shell short, sol- PI, .68, Fig. 6 id,; about eleven strong ribs upon last Florida; West Indies whorl, also carried to spire; also intermediate threads which are cut by the growth GENUS ENGINA Gray 1839 lines; whorls high, shouldered; strong nodules Just below suture; outer lip swollen Shell thick, nodulous; lip heavy, behind with a prominent tubercle where a toothed inside; operculum claw-shaped. sutural series ends; strong deep entering plait on opposite side; color brownish, ENGINA TURBINELLA Kiener. Whorls seven; clouded with white. Length 22 mm. strongly ridged at periphery and tapering Allied to T. tincta this form is from this to base; row of low knobs just shorter and more solid; the shoulder is al- above suture and continuing around periph- so more developed, while the strong tuber- ery of last whorl; surface with delicate cle on upper outer lip is a characteristic revolving threads which cross growth lines feature. and forming fine reticulations; aperture PI. 47, Fig. 11 somewhat narrow and extended below; six to Florida; West Indies eight knobs within outer lip, the upper separated from the others; color black or GENUS PROS Montfort 1810 (LIGHT SHELLS) reddish brown, nodules often white. Length 11 mm. Spire elevated; base notched; col- PI. 47, Fig. 8 umella with folds at base; operculvun claw- Key West, Florida; West Indies shaped. GENUS NASSARIA Link 1807 PHOS CANDEI Orbigny. Whorls nine to ten, rounded; numerous slightly curved longitudi- SUBGENUS NASSARIM Dall 1889 nal ribs (about sixteen on last whorl) crossed by threads of three sizes; outer NASSARINA GLYPTA Bush. Length 4.5 mm. lip thick, with varix extending backward, Range 14-63 fathoms. sometimes varices scattered over shell; PI. 65, Figs. 5, 5a notch near base of lip well marked as in North Carolina to Florida Keys Strombus; plaits on columella; color yellowish white to brownish, with faint broken Family Neptuneidae bands. Length 1 inch. It lives in 25-180 fathoms. One A group which is largely boreal In beach shell was taken at Palm Beach. distribution. The species mostly lack col- PI. 46, Fig. 20 or except in the genus Busycon. The forms Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to are highly diverse in shape and sculpture, West Indies the individual species themselves being excessively variable. PHOS PARVUS C. B. Adams. Shell small, whorls about eight, separated by deep su- GENUS NEPTUNEA Roeding 1798, Chrysodomus ture; eleven distinct, elevated, rounded Swain. 1840 (NEPTUNE SHELLS) longitudinal ribs, crossed by riblets; fine revolving threads between ribs making sur- Mostly colorless shells with a face finely reticulate; varix behind lip light brown or yellowish epidermis. very high and strong; notch of lip feeble; color pale brownish, knobs darker; white NEPTUNEA DECEMCOSTATUS Say. Many-Keeled bard below middle of body whorl. Length Neptune. Shell oval, contracted above and 16 mm. below; ashy-white surface; about ten round- Depth range 2-15 fathoms. ed reddish-horn colored keels upon lower PI. 46, Fig. 21 portion of body whorl and two upon upper Charlotte Harbor, west Florida to portion of whorls, the keels evenly spaced Barbados, West Indies but one larger than the others; between the ribs and suture a broad excavated shoulder; PHOS PARVUS INTRICATUS Dall. Length 13.2 umbilicus imperfect; interior white, mm. grooved with brown near edge; operculum 124 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS horny. Length 3 inches. Range 0-50 fath- BUSYCON CANALICULATUS Say. Shell large, oms. pear-shaped; marked with revolving lines; It may be sought for on the beaches whorls six, gradually diminishing, ending after severe storms on Massachusetts Bay in a long and nearly straight canal; periph- but particularly northward. From Brooklln, ery beaded, nodulous and upon most promi- Hancock County, Maine, it has been report- nent part of each whorl; broad, deep chan- ed by Mrs. Alice Thayer as living close to nel at suture so that upper whorls are com- the shore. posed of an upright portion almost horizon- PI. 47, Fig. 10 tal, forming a winding terrace which termi- Nova Scotia to Massachusetts nates in the pointed apex; epidermis dense yellow-brown with stiff curved hairs; GENUS COLUS Roeding 1798, Slpho of brightly polished Inside; operculum small Authors for size of shell, its Inner side strengthened by a varnish-like deposit. Length COLUS STIMPSONI Morch (Fusus islandicus 6 inches.

Gould, not Gmelln) . Stimpsons Distaff. The animal's foot is orange color. Shell elongated, bluish white; epidermis According to Stimpson, in eating it applies somewhat velvety and horn colored; eight the end of the proboscis to a clam's foot whorls with evenly spaced encircling lines; and with a sudden jerk of the radula in- aperture same length as spire; polished ward and sidelong extracts a strip of flesh. porcelain white inside, outer lip thin. The writer has collected this spe- Length 2.75 inches. cies living upon the beach at Far Rockaway, Animal white with specks of black, New York City. eyes black. PI. 49, Fig. 2 This off-shore shell is occasional- PI. 48, Fig. 2 ly found upon the beaches, particularly in Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico Maine and northward. Depth range 1-471 fathoms. BUSYCON CARICA Gmelin. Shell pear-shaped, PI. 47, Fig. 3 spire not turreted, suture not channelled; Labrador to North Carolina a series of tubercles Immediately above suture; canal long; interior brick red; apex COLUS STIMPSONI BREVIS Verrill. Short Dis- of operculum at one end, strengthened by an taff. A short form which Is readily recog- entire rim of a dark substance. Length nized. Range 10-17 fathoms. 7 inches. Maine to Massachusetts The largest convoluted shell on this portion of the Atlantic coast and the COLUS PYGMAEUS Gould Pygmy Dl staff. Shell largest mollusk north of Cape Hatteras. small, six whorled, proportions similar to Juvenile specimens and those from southern C. stimpsoni. It ha s two more whorls than waters are the most brilliantly colored. the young C. stimpso nl of slmll ar length, PI. 49, Fig. 6 the apex of the pres ent form be ing sharply Cape Cod to St. Thomas, West Indies pointed in contrast to the "dis torted but- ton" usually found 1 n convolute d shells, BUSYCON CARICA ELICEANS Montfort. When Range 1-640 fathoms, Length 26 mm. Ana- young like normal B. carica, later becoming tomy PI. 68, Fig. 9. more thickened, the spines more conspicuous PI. 47, Fig. 1 and fewer in number, columella whitish. PI. 69, Fig. 4 Sinistral specimens have been taken and Con- Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Caro- rad named it B. gibbosum. Una PI. 48, Fig. 6 North Carolina to Florida GENUS BUSYCON Roeding 1798; Fulgur, Montfort 1810 BUSYCON PERVERSUM Linn6. Shell sinistral, aperture brownish white; suture simple, tub- Shell somewhat pear-shaped; spire ercles distinct upon body whorl, less so abbreviated; body whorl well developed, upon spire. Animal Jet black. Old shells terminating below in a long and twisted ca- attain a length of 12 Inches. A freak is nal. illustrated on PI. 58, Fig. 1 and a dextral EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 125 example on PI. 40. MELONGENA CORONA INSPINATA Richards, Spines Easily recognizable on account of on edges of square shoulders entirely ab- the left-handed shell. sent; no traces of knobs in place of the PI. 49, Fig. 7 spines; a few (six to eight) sub-basal PI. 40, Fig. 18 (Dextral) spines present. PI. 48, Fig. 4 Specimens have been collected at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Sarasota and Terra Ceia, Florida. Cuba PI. 47, Fig. 7 Florida west coast BUSYCON PYRDM Dillwyn. Shell with deeply channelled sutures, no tubercles or spin- MELONGENA CORONA MINOR Sowerby. The dwarf ous processes; ornamented with inconspicu- form, 2 inches long more or less, which ous ribs or striae; epidermis hairy; color lives in great profusion upon mud flats. a yellowish rust inside and out. Length Like the typical it may have few spines in 3-4 inches. It lives in shallow water, a circle at base or spines at shoulder usually on sand. alone. In the Indian River region it has PI. 42, Fig. 12 the tendency to become longer, being near- Cape Hatteras to Gulf of Mexico er the form altispira. PI. 58, Fig. 9 GENUS MELONGENA Schumacher 1817; Florida Galeodes Roeding MELONGENA CORONA PERSPINOSA Pilsbry. Large, Shell solid, spire short, spiny; heavy, wider than corona; shoulder spines canal short; outer lip simple; operculum projecting at right angles and doubled or claw-like, nucleus apical. tripled by accessory spines below the regular series; lower series of spines invari- MELONGENA CORONA Gmelln, The spines which ably well developed. The example figured crown this species are gracefully arranged, by Pilsbry measured 109 mm. in length. often in double or triple series. It is an PI. 58, Fig. 6 abundant shallow water shell, often living Tampa Bay south to Marco Pass and in and covered with mud. Length of typical Lossmans Key shell S-5 inches. The range westward is doubtful. MELONGENA CORONA SUBCORONATA Heilprin. Authentic records from Alabama to Texas are Shell wider and shorter than corona; strong desired. shoulder spines extending at right angles PI. 47, Fig. 2 and with basal series always present. PI. PI, 48, Fig. 1 58, Fig. 7 represents a form near this. PI. 58, Figs. ?, 8 Found fossil in the Caloosahatchie Indian River region; Florida; River Pliocene beds. Florida Keys; west coast of Florida PI. 28, Fig. 4 The varieties recently reviewed and PI. 58, Fig. 7 described by Pilsbry in "The Nautilus" are Florida (Pliocene) ecologic and not true races. For convenience they may be arranged as follows: MELONGENA MELONGENA Linne. Differs from M. corona in the possession of a distinct MELONGENA CORONA ALTISPIRA Pilsbry. An ex- groove close to the suture. There are from tremely long, narrow form. The diameter is one to three rows of spines on upper por- about one-half the length or less. Length tion of body whorl and an additional row' be- 71 mm., diameter 31 mm. low. Length 3-5 inches. This form lives near the northern PI. 48, Fig. 5 limit of the species on the Florida east Florida Keys; West Indies coast. PI. 58, Fig. 4 Oceanus, Brevard County to Mate- cumbe Key, Florida; west coast of Florida 186 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Family Fasclolarlldae It is sometimes confused with F. distans but is always sculptured near the GENUS FASCIOLARIA Lamarck 1801 suture, a feature lacking in F. distans. PI. 49, Fig. 1 Shell rather solid, no umbilicus; PI. 1, Fig. 6 spire elevated and sharply pointed; aper- North Carolina to the Antilles ture with canal in front; outer lip simple, provided with raised lines internally; FASCIOLARIA TULIPA SCHEEPMAKERI Dunker. In columella area concave with a few oblique this variety the spiral grooves and ridges plaits below. Operculum pointed at top, cover the entire shell. its nucleus apical. North Carolina to the Antilles

FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA Klener. Shell very FASCIOLARIA DISTANS Lamarck. Both Tryon large, solid, whorls ten, with strong re- and Rogers place this species under volving ribs and less distinct ones between F. tulipa but Dall Indicated its validity. these, large nodules near middle of whorls It is a smaller and smoother shell with which become less distinct on the body only indistinct spiral sulcatlons. An in- whorl; outer lip ridged internally; canal ternal ridge on the body whorl, in front of long, open; three folds below columella; the suture, is peculiar. epidermis reddish or brown over the salmon There are blue, gray or brown mass- or chamois-colored surface. Animal red and es of color upon the whitish base together very conspicuous. Length of shell 2 feet with five to six dark brown bands, some- or less, diameter 7-10 inches. times with additional feeble bands. The One of the largest of Gastropod length varies from 2.5-3.5 inches. mollusks. It is often plentiful in quiet PI. 49, Fig. 4 shallow waters and upon the open coast. At PI. 1, Fig. 5 Sanlbel, Florida, it occurs in tidal pools. North Carolina to Florida and west- PI. 39, Fig. 3 ward to Mexico North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico GENUS LATIRUS Montfort 1810 FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA REEVEI Jonas. Shell smaller than the preceding, nodules less Shell turreted, spire produced, prominent or lacking, shell also thinner. outer lip thin; columella straight, with Length about 6 inches. several plaits in front. It is not infrequent on the Gulf coast. Specimens have been collected at LATIRUS BREVICAUDATUS Reeve. Shell brown, Marco, west Florida. with encircling dark brown cords; aperture Gulf of Mexico light brown. Length 1.5-2 Inches. PI. 28, Fig. 7 FASCIOLARIA TDLIPA Linne. Shell with about Florida Straits to Brazil nine well-rounded whorls, suture distinct, both growth lines and revolving sculpture LATIRUS INFUNDIBULUM Gmelln. A spindle- present; color pattern variable, often with shaped shell with open canal and spiral an ash-colored or almost white base, over- ridges which are most prominent upon the laid with clouds and blotches of light nodules; small revolving ridges between the brown, orange or red. Length 6 inches. larger ones; three to four plaits upon In the typical shell the protoconch columella; color brown with ridges of a (that portion which emerged from the egg) much darker shade. Dead specimens are and half whorl of the young shell are often orange colored. Length 2-2.5 inches. smooth, followed by whorls with longitudi- PI. 52, Fig. 16 nal ridges which gradually give place to Florida Keys and West Indies beaded ones on the ultimate whorls. Some Bahaman examples are shoul- GENUS LEUCOZONIA Gray 1847 dered upon the body whorl. There are from twenty-six to thirty-three dark spiral lines Shell keeled or shouldered; both on the body whorl. Simpson writes "A mahog- spire and canal short. any colored form is occasionally found on the Keys." LEUCOZONIA CINGULIFERA Lamarck. Whorls about EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 1S7 eight, form very variable, strong tubercles Found living, by the writer, upon a on middle of whorls forming a strong shoul- small Key inside Sugar Loaf and at Saddle der on middle of body whorl but not present Bunch, Florida Keys. in all examples; distinct growth lines and PI. 49, Fig. 5 faint revolving threads together form a Florida Keys and West Indies reticulated surface. Outer lip grooved inside or smooth, sometimes a small tooth Family Volutidae present; four plaits on columella. Color varying from pale brown to almost black, An aristocratic family, well dis- usually white banded Just above base. tributed in tropical seas and long a favo- Length 2 inches. rite with shell collectors. The majority It lives mostly on coral reefs. of the species live in fairly deep water, PI. 45, Fig, 17 among rocks, and are difficult to obtain PI. 47, Fig. 12 even with a dredge. Florida; Texas; West Indies Those from warm seas are often brilliantly colored and attractively ornamented LEUCOZONIA OCELLATA Gmelin. Shell solid, with prominent spines. rows of nodules on middle of whorls, a sec- Often the nuclear whorls, which ond and Inferior row above shoulder; small emerged from the ovum, are quite different revolving ridges on surface with fine in sculpture from those which follow. Dall raised threads in the interspaces; canal in his extremely valuable summary of the short, three plaits on columella. Color Floridian species, including junonia, states dark brown or bluish with white knobs, in- that the true Volutes, typified by V. musi- terior bluish white with a dark blotched ca and including V. virescens, look as if border. Length 1 inch. their regularly coiled nucleus was shelly PI. 44, Fig. 8 from the outset while in Maculopeplum Cedar Keys to Florida Keys and West Junonia the earliest shell substance may be Indies soft and this protoconch is lost, perhaps while still in the ovicapsule. A bulbous Family Xancidae or mamillar nucleus is shown on page 13. In this family the Shell thick, heavy; spire short; colximella is plaited, the several plaits upon columella; operculum lowest plaits generally be- claw-shaped. ing most oblique. The "Chank Shell" of the Hindus is A West Indian spe- carved by the Cingalese and left-handed ex- cies (V. musica) suggests amples are held sacred, in its color pattern bars Fig, 49 and notes of written music GENUS XANCUS Roeding 1798; Turbinella Nucleus of Voluta upon the back of the shell. Lamarck 1799 (VISHNO SHELLS) musica The nucleus of V. musica is shown in Fig. 49, the shell XANCUS ANGULATUS Solander (T. scolymus PI. 54, Fig, Voluta radula Fig. 24, Gmelin). Shell ponderous, yellowish white page 19. under a thin epidermis; interior and columella pinkish. The young shell is much GENUS VOLUTA Linn6 1758 (VOLUTES) more nodulous. Length 8-10 inches. PI. 49, Fig, S VOLUTA VIRESCENS Solander. Greenish Volute. Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies Compared with V. musica the shell is lighter, the columella lip straighter, the plaits GENUS VASUM Roeding 1798 (VASE SHELLS) smaller and more numerous. There are six brown spots on the outer lip, interior yel- VASUM MURICATUM Born. Rough Vase. A pon- lowish-cream color. Over the entire sur- derous shell, easily recognized by its face there are sharp grooves and threads in numerous knobs and heavy raised horizontal the interspaces near the canal. The ground lines, also by the plaits extending inside color is dark brown with three to four pal- columella; epidermis brown and very per- er bands; eleven ribs on last and twelve on sistent; interior white. Length 2-3 inches. preceding whorl. The chief difference. "

1S8 EAST COAST MAEIKE SHELLS however, Is in the nucleus of two turns, PI. 64, Fig. 5 the first white and swollen. In the adult Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina to form there are 4.5 whorls plus those of the Florida Keys and Gulf of Mexico nucleus, about six in all, against 7.5 in V. musica; further there are sometimes fif- Family Mitridae teen plaits on the columella against twelve at the outside in V. musica. The early Shell thick, fusiform in shape; whorls and nucleus of both species are spire acute, usually well developed; aper- shown in Figs. 49, and 50. ture small, notched in front; columella Two beach speci- plaited; operculum horny, almost transpar- mens in the National Museum ent, very small or absent; epidermis, when were collected in the year present, very thin. 1847 on the coast of Texas Animal provided with long proboscis; near Mesquital. A third some species with a purple fluid with nause- example, also in Washing- ous odor and emitted when animal is dis- ton, came from Cartagena, turbed; eyes on ends of tentacles or at Fig. 50 Columbia and measures 32x52 their base. Nucleus of Voluta mm. This species is also The Mitras range from low water to virescens known as V. polygonalis, considerable depths, living chiefly in warm- Lamarck. er seas. They lurk in holes of rocks, on PI. 51, Fig. 10 seaweed in crevices, under stones and dead Texas and West Indies corals; others burrow in sand or mud. Some of the larger species, living GENUS MACULOPEPLDM Dall 1906 in the Pacific, have been associated with the church and bear ecclestlastical names MACULOPEPLUM JUNONIA Chemnitz. Juno's such as the Cardinal's, Pope's and Episco- Volute. Shell ovate-fusiform, smooth, very palian Mitres. finely decussated; round and square chestnut spots arranged in double transverse GENUS MITRA Lamarck 1799 (MITRE SHELLS) rows; apex acute; outer lip somewhat thickened within; four folds on columella. MITRA BARBADENSIS Gmelin. Shell yellowish Length 2-4 inches. brown, shining, whorls six, suture dis- Dall has called attention to cer- tinct; surface covered with numerous raised tain details which follow: "The beginning horizontal lines with less distinct ones be- of the nucleus is livid purple, second tween; vertical sculpture readily discerni- whorl pale waxen white with dark purple- ble under a pocket lens; lip and columella brown spots, two additional series of these whitish, the latter with three prominent upon the last half whorl; epidermis very plaits above and three minor ones below, thin, smooth, very pale brown. With respect from which the wall descends almost straight to the sculpture, the embryonic shell is to canal. Length 1 inch or more. finely granulose, the next half turn pol- It lives upon the coral reefs of ished and finely striate, then narrow ribs the Tortugas. (about twenty-four) appear which develop on PI, 50, Fig. 2 the third whorl and begin to disappear at Lower Florida; West Indies end of that whorl. The direct progenitor of the recent MITRA NODULOSA Gmelin. Knobbed Mitre, genus Maculopeplum is found in the Eocene Whorls about ten, scarcely rounded but (Vicksburg and Red Bluff deposits) and de- slightly shouldered above; suture distinct, scribed under the name of Caricella demissa impressed; longitudinal ribs cut by furrows Conrad. into nodules; basal notch deep; four plaits At Sanibel, Florida, specimens of on columella; color light or dark brown; M. junonia are thrown upon the ocean beach teeth whitish. Length 35 mm. by winter storms. It is not infrequently PI. 51, Fig. 14 brought in by the Greek sponge-divers of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to west Florida. Depth range 10-30 fathoms. West Indies PI. 50, Fig, 1 PI. 1, Fig. 4 MITRA FLORIDANA Dall. Florida Mitre. Shell EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 1S9

small, black or gray, surface cancellated PI. 51, Fig. 13 by horizontal and vertical ribs, forming PI. 50, Fig. 3 nodules v/here they cross and giving a lat- Florida Keys and West Indies ticed appearance; nucleus and interior broifmish; outer lip crenulated by termina- GENUS VOLUTOMITRA Gray tions of the spiral sculpture. Length 7 mm. It was taken living under a stone, VOLUTOMITRA GROENLANDICA Gray. A whitish in shallow water, off Pumpkin Key. The shell under a brown epidermis. Length 12- author also dredged it in shallow water of 20 mm. The character of the peculiar radu- lower Card Sound and obtained beach speci- la is shown on PI. 64. mens at No Name Key, Florida. PI. 64, Figs. 6, 7 PI. 50, Fig. 5 Greenland PI. 68, Fig. 5 Card Sound to Key West and to Family Marginellidae (RIM SHELLS ) Marco, Florida Shell smooth, shining, porcellanous, MITRA PUELLA Reeve. A dark brown or black imperforate, some with longitudinal ridges; chunky little shell with flames or spots of spire short, sometimes sunken; aperture white; polished externally and with faint long, outer lip thickened, sometimes pro- decussating sculpture. Length 9 mm. vided with teeth; columella with three to This attractive little shell was four plaits. collected at extreme low tide upon the rocks at Palm Beach, Florida. GENUS MARGINELLA Lamarck 1801 PI. 50, Fig. 4 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to MARGINELLA APICINA Menke. Usually pale yel- West Indies low, sometimes white, pinkish or dark, often with several spots on edge of outer lip. MITRA HANLEYI Dohrn. A delicately marbled Length usually under 12 mm. species, ranging from gray or yellow, with The most plentiful Marginella in dark columella area, to nearly white. There Florida v;aters. A left-handed example, in are about eleven strong, smooth, swollen tlie author's collection, was collected in nodules on body whorl and fewer on earlier Tampa Bay, Florida. whorls; color darker between the knobs and PI. 50, Fig. 22 below columella; fine incised horizontal North Carolina to Gulf of Mexicoj lines. Length 7 mm. West Indies One of the finest little shells in Florida. It was taken under sponges at MARGINELLA APICINA BOREALIS Verrill. A Lignuiavitae Key and dredged in Card Sound, heavier, whiter shell than the preceding Florida. one. Range 64-100 fathoms. PI. 51, Fig. 15 Off Martha's Vineyward, Massachu- Card Sound, Florida to the West setts to Virginia Indies MARGINELLA APICINA VIRGINEA Jousseaume. A MITRA HANLEYI GEMMATA Sowerby. A variety pale flesh-colored form, pinkish inside. of the preceding which is nearly black with Florida Keys and West Indies white or yellowish ribs. Length 7 mm. Charlotte Harbor, Card So\ind, MARGINELLA CARNEA Storer. An orange or red- Florida dish shell with a narrow white band, lip and callus white. Length 18 mm. MITRA SULCATA Gmelin. Shell small, hrovm PI. 49, Fig. 8 with rather wide white bands; aperture half Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to length of shell; strong whitish plications West Indies on columella. Length 10 mm. The specimen illustrated was ob- MARGINELLA DENTICULATA Conrad. This shell tained near the ferry landing on No Name varies considerably in size, especially in Key. stoutness: pure white or banded spirally 130 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS with yellow. It is further characterized in 400 fathoms it may be secured upon the by strong, even, plaits on the columella, shore at Sanibel during low tides. The the lower ones the stronger; outer lip animal of translucent beauty is exceedingly toothed only in the central part. Some- active and when extended much larger than times, among the fossil specimens, there its diminutive shell. is a tendency toward angulation at the PI. 48, Fig. 8 periphery. Length 3-4 mm. Georgia and Florida PI. 50, Fig. 81 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; MARGINELLA AVENA Valenciennes. Surface West Indies with three pale yellowish bands upon a milky white ground; spire somewhat glazed; outer MARGINELLA DENTICULATA OPALINA Stearns. lip slightly incurved at the middle; four Shell a uniform amber color, sometimes with strong plaits on columella, the lower ones suggestions of bands. It has been dredged slightly stronger. Length 12 mm. in shallow water on the west coast of Flor- In Florida waters this little shell ida including Tarpon Bay. Length 3-4 mm. lives under sponges in shallow water on the PI. 50, Fig. 19 Keys. West Florida PI. 50, Fig. 20 Florida Keys; Texas; West Indies MARGINELLA GUTTATA Dillwyn. Shell flesh color, broadly banded with a darker tint MARGINELLA CATENATA Montagu. Spire con- and surface covered with white flecks; two cealed, covered by last whorl; aperture nar- to five broad bands or stripes upon outer row, curved, wider below, fine plications lip and base. Length 16-25 mm. inside outer lip; heavy callus upon columel- PI. 50, Fig. 18 la, four strong plaits below and indistinct Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to ones above; color whitish with revolving West Indies chain-like bands of brown or milk-white markings. Length 3.5 imn. MARGINELLA MINDTA Pfeiffer. Shell white, A Gulf of Mexico species, chiefly four plaits on columella; lip finely toothed Central American, taken by the author among inside. Length 2.5 mm. drift at Yamato, East Florida. A rather common species but easily PI. 50, Fig. 14 overlooked on account of its extremely Yamato, Florida to West Indies small size. PI. 50, Fig, 15 MARGINELLA LACTEA Kiener. Shell minute, Florida; West Indies; Mediterranean white, pale yellow banded, shining, translucent, spire short, apex obtuse; four plaits MARGINELLA ADREOCINCTA Stearns. Whorls on columella; lip simple. Length 9 mm., five, sutures slightly impressed, spire el- diameter 3.4 mm. Depth range 1-10 fathoms. evated, outer lip well thickened; color PI. 49, Fig. 9 whitish with two amber colored bands; four Florida Keys and West Indies plaits upon columella. Length 4 mm. This very attractive minute shell MARGINELLA PALLIDA Linn§. Shell cylindri- was dredged by the writer from mud bottom cal, yellowish white or yellow, translucent; and shallow water in Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, spire inconspicuous, four minute whorls, Florida. Also it was taken in Barnes Sound, apex brownish and shining, swollen; suture Teatable Key and at Palm Beach. Though more distinct, base of aperture rounded, four slender it is like a miniature M. denticu- plaits on columella. Length 15 mm., major lata. It has been reported in from 3-44 diameter 7 mm., aperture 15 mm. Depth range fathoms. 10-170 fathoms. PI. 50, Fig. 24 PI. 50, Figs. 13, 16 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Florida Keys and West Indies

MARGINELLA LACHRIMDLA Gould. A minute white MARGINELLA OBLONGA Swainson. Shell flesh species with indistinct spire; lip slight- color, faintly and broadly banded with a ly toothed inside. Length 1.5 mm. darker shade; two chestnut spots on outer Originally reported from off Georgia lip; sometimes flecked with white. Length EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 131

18 to 25 mm. brown. The aperture is white. Length 35- Florida Keys to Mexico 58 mm. No specimens have been taken alive MARGINELLA SUCCINEA Conrad (M. nitlda north of the Florida Keys. PI. Fig. 18 Hinds) . A thin pellucid form, white or 51, amber color, spire lengthened. PI. 50, Fig. 23 It has been found living in dead Florida Keys and West Indies horseshoe crabs at Gulfport, Florida, Length 17 mm. OLIVA RETICULARIS OLORINELLA Duclos. A PI.. 50, Fig. 11 color variety which is uniformly light yel- Fernandina, Florida to West Indies low. Florida Keys and Bahamas MARGINELLA FAUNA Sowerby. Shell oval, pale red, spire short; columella with four ob- OLIVA RETICULARIS BOLLINGI Clench. A larger lique plaits; outer lip incurved in middle. and heavier shell than the typical form, Length 8-12 mm. color markings stronger, ground color not PI. 50, Fig. 12 as white or creamy. Length 61 mm. Florida Keys and West Indies The holotype was taken in crab- traps off Miami in about 200 feet of water. MARGINELLA VELIE Pilsbry. Spire high; aper- PI. 51, Fig. 9 ture wide; four plaits upon columella; Off Miami, Florida outer lip well thickened; color white or yellowish. Length 15 mm., breadth 7 mm. OLIVA SAYANA Ravenel (O. lltterata Lamarck). It has been reported from Captiva Spire produced; usual zigzag markings and and Sanibel, Florida. sutural ornamentations, also two bands of PI. 49, Fig. 10 hieroglyphic-like markings. Length 50-62 West Coast of Florida mm. A wider shell than 0. reticularis. Family Olividae It lives in large numbers at low-tide mark upon the west Florida beaches but colonies Brilliantly polished shells, oblong, are often difficult to locate. Freak subcylindrical in shape; final whorl cover- shells are shown on PI. 44. ing most of the previous ones, spire short; PI. 50, Fig. 9 aperture long, a little dilated in front; PI. 44, Figs. 6, 12 columella vertical, more or less folded; PI. 64, Figs. 8, 8g lip simple, thick, no reflection or teeth; North Carolina to Texas notch above becoming a canal at suture; canal at base of shell abbreviated but dis- OLIVA SAYANA CITRINA Johnson. The uniform- tinct; operculum absent. ly yellow form. Gulf coast of Florida GENUS OLIVA Bruguiere 1789 GENUS OLIVELLA Swalnson 1840 OLIVA RETICULARIS Lamarck. A slender shell which is swollen a little in the middle; Distinguished from Oliva by the spire somewhat raised; ridges on columella small size and more developed spire; more many and strong. Upon the whitish-ground readily separated by the presence of a color there are faint purplish-brown retic- large thin, horny operculum which is ab- ulations, often as white triangular spots. sent in Oliva proper. A variety has two darker bands near the These little shells live in sandy middle of the final whorl and groups of stations, often burying below the surface. brownish lines near the suture. Length 35- Their presence is usually indicated by a 50 mm. track on the surface of a tidal flat. Zigzag longitudinal markings of pink and brown are characteristic; fascicu- OLIVELLA FLORALIA D clos. Shell highly lations (pointed markings) of the same col- polished, much narrower than 0. jaspidea or around the suture. Some specimens are and 0. nivea; spire tipped with dark brown almost uniformly covered with chestnut or yellow, also with a distant brown zigzag 132 EAST COAPT MARINE SHELLS

pattern. Length 8-10 mm. muscular and funnel-shaped, according to The most abundant Ollvella upon the Dall, the victiu: being squeezed, smothered Florida beaches and readily detected on ac- and sucked to death simultaneously. The count of its glistening surface. movements of the animal, when kept in cap- PI. 50, Fig, 7 tivity, are very sluggish. In May small Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to round ovicapsules, 1 mm. in diameter, are West Indies found upon the shells, probably of the same species. OLIVELLA JASPIDEA Gmelin. Shell yellowish There is no jaw or radula but a white, fasciculated with dark brocvn color constriction of the proboscis appears to at sutures; surface with cross-cut scxilp- contain the poison fangs in the form of ture and tiny holes. Length lS-18 mm. grooved prickles. PI. 51, Fig. 19 At Sanlbel, Florida, this species Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to lives in great numbers upon the ocean beach West Indies near the lighthouse. At low tide its tracks may be seen near those of the little Ollvel- OLIVELLA MOTICA Say. Intermediate in size, la mutica. The movements of the milky sometimes broader than the other Olivella white animal are slow but graceful. of our southern coasts; white, yellow or PI. 51, Fig. Z- brown, frequently banded; very dark speci- Virginia to Florida and westward to mens caused by merging of the bands; middle Texas band commonly the broadest; spire produced. Length 10-16 mm. TEREBRA DISLOCATA RUDIS Gray. A large form When the bands are very wide they with coarse sculpture. give the appearance of very narrow white PI. 51, Fig. 16 bands between them. Southern Florida and West Indies PI. 50, Fig. 6 PI. 64, Figs. 1, 2 (Anatomy) TEREBRA CONCAVA Say, Whorls concave, both Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to sides of the suture nodulous; no costae, West Indies spirally grooved; color white; whorls thirteen. Length 19 mm. OLIVELLA NIVEA Gmelin. Body whorl fascicu- Dead specimens have been tak^n at lated, pinkish at suture; much larger than Sea Island City, New Jersey. 0. mutica and narrower than jaspidea. PI. 33, Fig. 7 Length 12-25 mm. North Carolina to Georgia PI. 51, Fig. 11 PI. 50, Fig. 8 TEREBRA CONCAVA VINOSA Dall. Grooves re- West Florida to the West Indies placed by channels separating raised threads; wine color or variegated. Length Family Terebrldae 18 mm. Depth range 2-30 fathoms. PI. 33, Fig. 18 Shell long and narrow with indis- North Carolina to Florida tinct suture; whorls flattened and columella without plaits; operculxim horny. SECTION ACUS H. and A. Adams 1857 Some of the species are provided with a poison gland. There are approximate- TEREBRA PROTEXTA Conrad. Whorls convex and ly two hundred known species distributed with numerous small plications; chocolate throughout warm seas. color inside and out; sutural band sometimes present upon a grayish ground. Length GENUS TEREBRA Bruguiere 1789 18-25 mm. Depth range 1-50 fathoms. Not a difficult shell to find upon TEREBRA DISLOCATA Say. Longitudinally pli- the west coast of Florida. cate, grooved upon the spire; small knobs PI. 51, Fig. 12 upon the sutural band; usually a light zone North Carolina to Florida and Texas at the periphery. Length of shell 25-35 mm. The animal's proboscis of giant TEREBRA PROTEXTA LUTESCENS E. A. Smith. A size is extruded base first. It is very yellow variety. Depth range 1-20 fathoms. Off North Carolina and Gulf of Mexico . .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 133

SECTION PERIRHOE Dall 1908 PI. 51, Fig. 4 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico SUBGENUS HASTULA H. and A.Adams 1853 CONUS MUS Hwass. Mouse Cone. Ash white, TEREBRA CINEREA Born. A comparatively streaked and spotted with chestnut brown; smooth shell, polished, minutely plicated white tubercles upon the spire and usually below the suture; pattern of light chest- white banded below the periphery; interior nut spots in series with a white band often chestnut brown with a white center line. present at the periphery. Length 36-65 mm. Length 1-1.75 inches. Large numbers are sometimes seen PI. 51, Fig. 6 at Jensen, Florida, upon the sandy beaches Jupiter Inlet, Florida to West at low tide. Indies PI. 51, Fig. 2 Florida to Texas; West Indies CONUS PROTEUS Hwass. Variable Cone. Shell white with encircling series of spots and TEREBRA HASTATA Gmelin. A whitish shell cloud-like marks of brown or yellow with a with two to three bands of fawn or orange tendency toward broken bands; base grooved. brown color, sometimes in the form of Length 1.5-2.5 inches. blotches instead of bands, occasionally un- PI. 51, Fig. 5 iform in color; closely plicated, forming Both coasts of Florida and West crenulations upon the suture. Length 27 mm. Indies Fresh beach shells have been taken at Yamato rocks, Florida. CONUS PYGMAEUS Reeve. Dwarf Cone. Shell PI. 51, Fig. 1 broad shouldered and inflated above, slight- Florida Keys and West Indies ly pinched and grooved below; almost white with many small brown spots and clouds of Family Conidae violet or brown forming three faint bands; interior white or violet. Length 1-1.25 Shell conical, tapering regularly; inches whorls numerous, spire short; outer lip PI. 51, Fig. 8 notched at suture; operculum pointed. Florida Keys; Gulf of Mexico; West The Cones inhabit fissures and Indies holes in rocks, also shallow pools of coral reefs from low water to moderate depths. CONUS PEALII Green. Peals Cone. Breadth They are all predatory, boring into other at sharply keeled shoulder less than half mollusks and extracting the juices. Appar- the length; smooth behind, grooved on an- ently dreaded by other shellfish a Pacific terior half; spire slightly excavated or Ocean Strombus mimics a Conus in design of channelled; color livid gray with chestnut the shell and in consequence is free from blotches and sides with narrow fillets of molestation. Equipped with a poison Conus brown and white, brown spots always the sometimes bites when handled, the larger smaller and sometimes lacking, the white species inflicting painful and even danger- sometimes translucent and brightest on the ous wounds keel; interior of aperture white and dark In Equatorial seas live the largest brown; middle of outer lip arched forward and handsomest species. There are roughly (Dall) . Length 18 mm. five hundred known forms, some of them very This shell is often confused with rare. Only a few penetrate into temperate C. florldanus. It is not uncommon on the regions. Florida west coast and the Keys, preferring a grassy bottom in shallow water. GENUS CONUS Linne 1758 PI. 51, Fig. 7 North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico CONUS FLORIDANUS Gabb. Florida Cone. Spire and West Indies elevated, last whorl with straight sides, grooved below; yellowish white blotched CONUS VERRUCOSUS Hwass. Rough Cone. Shell with brown; indistinct central white band grooved all over, white and yellow, varie- and a narrower one at shoulder; brown spots gated with orange-red; spire short. Length frequent between bands. Length 1.5-2 inch- slightly more than 1 inch. es. This species and C. mus are the 134 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

two commonest Cones in the Antilles. presence of this gland, together with the PI. 51, Fig. 17 notch in the shell, indicate affinity with Florida Keys and West Indies the Conidae. The species are extremely numerous, CONUS DADCDS Bruguiere. Shell orange or also difficult to define and classify. In- carrot color, indistinctly banded, turbi- dividuals are usually few in numbers. Many nate in form with a low spire; spiral sculp- have been described from solitary examples ture present. and a considerable number inadequately il- Fossil specimens have been col- lustrated, if at all. lected in the Caloosahatchee beds of Flori- da and it possibly may still be living near GENOS TURRIS Roedlng 1798, Pleurotoma the Florida Keys. Length 1.5-2 inches. Lamarck 1799 (TOWER SHELLS) PI. 52, Fig. 8 West Indies TURRIS VIRGO Wood (T. alblda Perry). Color whitish; about five prominent raised spiral CONDS NEBULOSDS Solander. Cloudy Cone. ridges which are most conspicuous near the Shell solid, turbinated; zones of brownish periphery; additional, similar, closer ones color crossed by fine spiral lines of below; pairs of finer ridges between some slightly darker shade, these lines becom- of the larger ones; suture well impressed; ing dots or dashes of white and dark below, canal long, narrow. Length 2.5-3.5 inches. toward the base becoming granular; spotted Depth range 26-150 fathoms. with white irregularly upon surface; blunt- A single example, occupied by a ly crowned with short tubercles at the hermit-crab, was taken in Lake Worth, Flor- shoulder; interior mostly whitish. ida. In the West Indies it lives in com- This very beautiful shell is appar- paratively shallow water. ently unrecorded from the United States. PI. 52, Fig. 15 Several specimens collected upon the Flori- Palm Beach County, Florida; Gulf of da beaches during the winter of 1935-1936 Mexico; Antilles have been called to the writer's attention. The fine shell illustrated was secured at SUBGENUS ANCISTROSYRINX Fort Lauderdale by W. A. Royce. Another worn specimen has been reported by Dr. B. A very elegant group of deep-water R. Bales from Pelican Shoals, about eight- shells which also occur in the Eocene fos- een miles northeast of Key West. Tryon sil beds at Jackson, Mississippi and also reports the species as occurring in the probably in Europe. West Indies and adjacent coasts of North and South America. ANCISTROSYRINX ELEGANS Ball. In this shell PI. 51, Fig. 21 the anterior portion of the whorls is cov- Palm Beach County, Florida to the ered with graniilose spirals, one more prom- V^est Indies inent than the rest in front of which the suture coils; sinus comparatively short,

Family Turridae (Turrltidae ) banded outside by an elevated keel. The spines are very small and curved toward the Shell fusiform, apex; nucleus brownish, glassy and with one spire elevated, canal keel. Length 27 mm. long and straight; slit PI. 38, Fig. 28 on outer lip, near su- Florida Reefs; off Havana, 805 fath- ture, an opening for ex- oms cretions and shown in Fig. 51. GENOS CYMATOSYRINX Dall 1889, Drillia Animal with sinus of Authors in Part upon right margin and corresponding with slit CYMATOSYRINX FURCATA Reeve. Shell faintly in shell. A poison channelled above periphery; ribs usually gland is often present six in number, rounded, not strong, not in- Fig. 51 and used in connection terrupted at periphery but extending to su- Slit of Turrls with the radula. The ture; peculiar hump or varlx back of body EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 135 whorl; color yellowish white, banded with CLATHRODRILLIA ALBINODATA Reeve (C. zebra yellow or orange-brown. Length 21 mm. Lam.). Shell orange or brown in color with Depth range 14-50 fathoms. a double row of knobs on the periphery; PI. 52, Fig. 11 one to two lesser white bands upon knobs or Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to below in addition to more prominent ones. West Indies Length 9 mm. A very striking little shell taken CYMATOSYRINX PAGODULA Dall, Length 18 mm. only once by the writer inside the North Depth range 50-175 fathoms. Inlet at Palm Beach, Florida, apparently PI. 50, Fig. 10 the first record for the east coast. Four Florida and West Indies examples were found living under a single stone in about eight feet of water. Later CYMATOSYRINX THEA Dall. Whorls eight; it was found in a similar station in Upper often pale brown with a shiny, thins epi- Biscayne Bay, near Arch Creek. dermis, interior aperture brown; eleven PI. 52, Fig. 10 short, oblique ribs, most prominent at Charlotte Harbor, west Florida; periphery and fading away above; some Palm Beach to West Indies strong raised threads at base. Length 15 mm. Depth range 3-15 fathoms. CLATHRODRILLIA LEUCOCYMA Dall. Angle at PI. 52, Fig. 1 periphery bearing a pair of close revolving PI. 68, Fig. 1 ribs, more prominent than remainder of spi- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to ral sculpture and tipped with white where Florida Keys crossing the longitudinal ribs. Length 15 mm. GENUS CLATHODRILLIA Dall 1918, Drillia There are about eight prominent of Authors in Part double whitish knobs upon each of the latter whorls. The shell is grayish black in CLATHRODRILLIA OSTREARUM Stearns. Whorls color. It is common at Sanibel, Florida. nine, roiinded, clearly shouldered; suture PI. 52, Fig. 13 well Impressed and bordered below by a PI. 68, Fig. 7 rather broad flattish excavated area in the Florida; Yucatan center of which runs an elevated somewhat interrupted keel together with finer lines; CLATHRODRILLIA EBENINA Dall. A dead-black parallel with the latter on body whorl shell when taken alive, fading to brown; about fourteen spiral ridges and fewer upon eleven whorls, two of these belonging to the spire; the ridges crossed by stronger smooth, dark brown, nucleus; final whorl axial ribs which number about twenty-one more than half length of shell; about fif- upon the final whorl; notch moderately deep; teen transverse ribs on final whorl and ex- color usually brownish. Length 22 mm. cluding the varix in addition to the sharp A very variable shell which is elevated ribs; spaces between ribs much wid- rather common and well distributed. Depth er; varix large; fine, uniform, spiral range 1-15 fathoms. threads with wider interspaces, not cutting PI. 50, Fig, 17 the ribs on periphery; suture distinct; ca- North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico nal wide, short; notch circular, almost closed in front. Length 16.5 mm. CLATHRODRILLIA EBUR Reeve. Shell solid, This shell is sometimes found in whitish with a pale yellow epidermis; su- the Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie beds, ture distinct and somewhat puckered from Florida. It lives in shallow water on the the axial rib terminations; seven rounded Florida Keys. axial ribs upon final whorl which are PI. 52, Fig. 7 crossed by numerous close-set spiral lines Florida Keys which almost completely and uniformly cover the surface; notch U-shaped. Length CLATHODRILLIA HARFORDIANA Reeve. Strongly 13 mm. Depth range 14-95 fathoms. and widely indented below suture; brownish PI. 51, Fig. 3 red. Length 18 mm. North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico It has been reported from Sanibel, Florida. 136 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PI. 52, Fig. 5 Labrador to off Newport, Rhode Florida; West Indies? Island

GENUS LORA LORA NOBILIS Moller. Whorls seven; about fifteen prominent rather sharp axial ribs; Shell small, fusiform in shape; spiral sculpture between ribs also strong; spire elevated; canal short; outer lip shoulder well marked; canal wide and short. lightly notched. These little mollusks are Length 12-17 mm. Depth range 7-15 fathoms. inhabitants of cool water and occur mostly PI. 47, Fig. 13 off the coast of New England and Canada. Greenland to Maine

LORA BICARINATA Couthouy. Shell small, LORA PLEUROTOMARIA Couthouy. Whorls eight; brownish or purple with usually a darker shell narrow and tapering; eighteen to interior; whorls six, the last keeled above; twenty oblique rounded axial ribs and very whorls of spire keeled in centers; last indistinct spiral sculpture; body whorl whorl shouldered by continuation of same more than half length of shell. Length keel; fine axial and spiral striae forming 11 mm. Depth range 5-235 fathoms. a decussated surface. Length 5-10 mm. PI. 47, Fig. 15 Depth range 6-100 fathoms. Labrador to Martha's Vineyard, It has been taken at extreme low Massachusetts tide in Casco Bay, Maine but is more often obtained in fish stomachs. GENUS MANGILIA Rlsso 1826 PI. 52, Fig. 18 PI. 69, Fig. 15 Slit at suture of shell; no opercu- Labrador, to New York lum; aperture oval-elongate, usually narrow and ending in short truncate canal. LORA CANCELLATA Mighels and Adams. Whorls Animal sluggish in its actions but seven, convex; suture well marked; apex capable of sustaining itself upon surface acute; aperture narrow, lip thin and crenu- of water, shell downward. lated by the spiral sculpture terminations.

Length 11 mm. MANGILIA ATROSTYLA Dall . Shell small, sol- A very graceful little shell which id, usually yellowish; lip thick, broad, has been taken from haddock and other fish often indented; about eleven rounded axial stomachs. Depth range 7-312 fathoms. ribs upon body whorl; notch not deep; su- PI. 47, Fig. 14 ture deeply cut. Length 7 mm. Labrador to Massachusetts PI. 47, Fig. 16 PI. 65, Figs. 4, 4a LORA HARPDLARIA Couthouy. Whorls seven to North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico; eight, flattened above and forming a shoul- West Indies der; about sixteen oblique rounded axial ribs and many spiral lines; flesh color, MANGILIA CERINA Kurtz and Stimpson. Whorls which is constant. Length 10-15 mm. seven, well shouldered; about ten strong PI. 69, Fig. 17 axial roxmded ribs which taper off toward Labrador to off Block Island, the sutures, parallel sculpture fine and Rhode Island indistinct, the latter crossed by more prominent spiral lines which are less ap- LORA INCISULA Verrill. A chunky little parent upon the axial ribs. Length 9-11.5 shell in which the axial r ibs are more mm. prominent at the posterior end and forming PI. 33, Fig. 23 a crown at the shoulder; s pecial sculpture Massachusetts to Florida consists of rather broad 1 ight incised lines which upon the body whorl are more MANGILIA CERINELLA Dall. Whorls eight, su- numerous and closely place d in the region ture deeply impressed, horizontal sculp- of the columella; the latt er broadly spread ture distinct; strongly ribbed vertically, out with a yellowish callu s. Length 6.5 mm. about seven ribs on body whorl; aperture Depth range 5-110 fathoms narrow. Length 11 mm. Specimens have been PI. 53, Fig. 20 taken at Sanibel. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 137

PI. 52, Fig. 5 to twelve, crossed by about same number of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to strong ridges and sometimes producing nod- Florida and Texas ules; color gray or reddish brown, interior dark, dead shells whitish. Length 6-8 mm. MANGILIA GUARANI Orbigny. Color brown, This species may easily be secured often with narrow and lighter bands; ribs in Tarpon Bay, Sanibel, with a small dredge rounded, conspicuous and crenialating the operating on mud bottom in shallow water. suture; revolving lines elevated. Length It is a widely distributed and not uncom- 5 mm. mon form. PI. 5S, Fig. IS PI. 52, Fig. 2 Palm Beach, Florida PI, 69, Fig. 14 Cape Cod, Massachusetts to west MANGILIA LANCEOLATA PSILA Bush Florida PI. 65, Fig. g MANGILIA QUADRATA Reeve. Two strong angles MANGILIA LIMONITELLA Dall. Shell small, on the body whorl characterize this shell; thin, translucent, lemon yellow; whorls ribs distinct and far apart; color white or eight to nine, turreted, angulated by ribs yellow, spaces between ribs chestnut brown. on the periphery, nucleus nearly smooth, Length 9 mm. sharply sculptured subsequent surface; spi- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to ral sculpture of numerous sharp threads, Mexico quite fine, and extending over entire shell; two stronger threads at the Indistinct su- MANGILIA QUADRATA RDGIRIMA Dall. Ribs ture; transverse sculpture of strongly about eight to each whorl; revolving sculp- marked lines and about a dozen narrow, ture close-set, fine, easily felt by touch; sharply elevated riblets, extending from su- color white or yellow, spaces between ribs ture to suture; notch distinct, canal short sometimes dark; whorls eight. Length 9 mm. and straight. Length 6.75 mm. It lives PI. 52, Fig. 4 upon mud flats between tides. Sanibel, Florida PI. 52, Fig. 6 PI. 68, Fig. 3 MANGILIA STELLATA FILOSA Dall. Shell tur- Cedar Keys, Florida to the Tortugas reted, yellow, touched with red brown; whorls seven, shouldered above, twelve to MANGILIA OXIA Bush. More sparsely trans- thirteen ribs; lip much thickened outside, versely sculptured, surface smoother and notched deeply near suture. Length 6 mm. more polished than the variety melanitica. It has been reported by Dr. Perry The ribs are also sharper, the shell red- as occurring at Sanibel. dish brown all over and pillar not so dark. PI. 44, Fig. 11 Depth range 10-25 fathom i. Length 5 mm. PI. 52, Fig, 14 Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Tampa to Key West, Florida

MANGILIA OXIA MELANITICA Dall. Spire slen- MANGILIA EXSCOLPTA Watson. A deep-water der, base short; whorls nine, first two species. rounded and smooth, the rest with revolving PI. 52, Fig. 9 lirae; last four whorls with faint ribs; Giilf of Mexico aperture wider below than above; notch deep and rounded, surrounded by inflated raised GENUS DAPHNELLA Hinds 1844 rim. Length 4.5 mm. PI. 65, Fig. 3a DAPHNELLA LYMNAEIFORMIS Kiener. (D, decora- Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to ta C. B, A,). Whorls seven, shouldered Haiti next to suture; surface covered with rather closely placed light spiral lines which are MANGILIA OXYTATA Bush. Range 14-51 fathoms. crossed upon the early whorls by equal sized PI. 65, Fig. 1 axial sculpture which upon that portion Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina form a reticulated surface. The spiral lines are not uniform in MANGILIA PLICOSA C. B. Adams. Ribs eleven size, large and small ones alternating upon 138 EAST COAST BiARINE SHELLS the body whorl. The shell is whitish and upon angle of last whorl and two less dis- tinted with yellow. Length 16 mm. tinct rows of nodules below, between these A beautiful little shell and the ribs of varying size; two plaits on columel- only representative of the genus living in la. Color yellowish or white. Length 20 mm., shallow water upon our coast. usually less. PI. 52, Fig. 17 A single fresh dead example was tak- Florida Keys and West Indies en on the beach at Boca Raton, Florida. It occurs more frequently on the Florida Keys GENUS CYTHARA Schumacher 1817 and in the Pliocene beds near Clewiston, Florida. CYTHARA BALTEATA Reeve. Whorls bluntly and PI. 51, Fig. 20 slightly angulated in center; few ribs, Palm Beach County, Florida to West .these narrow and with wide smooth spaces Indies between; shell white with middle brown zone. Length IS mm. GENUS ADMETE Kroyer 1842 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Barbados Canal absent or very short; shell turreted; columella plaited. Family Cancellariidae ADMETE VIRIDULA Jay. Greenish Admete. GENUS CANCELLARIA Lamarck 1789 Whorls five to six; three folds upon col- (CROSS-BARRED SHELLS) umella; apex acute; spiral lines coarse; axial ribs most prominent near shoulder; Shell strongly cancellated; strong epidermis thin but persistent. Length 12.5 oblique folds upon columella; canal short. mm. Depth range 10-60 fathoms. "The animal is very shy, rarely Rather abundant at times in stom- showing more than the tips of the tentacles achs of fish. It is frequently inhabited beyond the front edge of the shell. It has by hermit-crabs. the power of considerably extending the PI. 51, Fig. 22 fore part of the foot, using it as an ex- Labrador to Massachusetts Bay ploring organ."

CANCELLARIA RETICULATA Linne. Netted SUBCLASS OPISTHOBRANCHIA Cross-Bar. Whorls ribbed and grooved, the ribs low and flat, crossed by weaker longi- ORDER PLEUROCOELA tudinal ribs; two prominent raised plaits on columella; color yellowish white, with Family Acteonldae brownish bands or variegations. Length 1.5- 2.5 inches. An albinlstic form of this has Shell small or minute, spirally been discovered at Marco, Florida. grooved on suture, whorls few, outer lip PI. 53, Fig. 11 thin and simple, inner lip or columella Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to twisted to form a fold; no folds or teeth Guadaloupe upon adjacent wall.

CANCELLARIA CONRADIANA Dall. Conrad's GENUS ACTEON Uontfort 1810 Cross-Bar. A narrower shell than C. reticulata. It is abundant in the Pliocene of ACTEON PUNCTOSTRIATUS C. B. Adams. Broken- Florida but lives only at considerable Line Acteon. Shell minute, white, whorls depths. four to five, last one large, lower half of PI. 43, Fig. 1 same with revolving punctured lines; suture Gulf of Mexico deep and bordered with revolving grooves; color variable. Length 3-6 mm. SUBGENUS TRIGONOSTOMA Blainville 1826 Fresh dead specimens are frequent upon the inner sandbars near the North In- CANCELLARIA TENERA Philippi (C. stimpsoni let at Palm Beach, Florida. Calkins). Delicate Cross-Bar. l\'horls PI. 53, Fig. 3 PI. 71, Fig. 22 strongly shouldered, about thirteen nodules PI. 65, Fig. 17 Cape Cod southward to Haiti EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 139

Family Acteoclnldae (Tornatinidae) GENUS RETUSA Brown 1827 (BLUNT SHELL)

Shell cylindrical or fusiform; RETUSA PERTENUIS Mighels. Thin Blunt Shell. spire conic or flattened; apex projecting, Shell very small, white; aperture narrow mamillar and left handed; suture channelled; above, wide below; no spiral sculpture. one fold upon columella at Junction with Length 2.5 mm. Depth range 10-294 fathoms. the whorl. PI. 57, Fig. 14 PI. 71, Figs. 25, 26 GENUS ACTEOCINA Gray 1847; Tornatina, Greenland to Fernandlna, Florida A. Adams 1850 RETUSA CAELATA Bush. Range 15-294 fathoms. ACTEOCINA CANALICULATA Say. Channelled PI. 65, Fig. 15 Little Acteon. Shell almost cylindrical, North Carolina to Fernandlna, spire elevated slightly; top of whorls Florida grooved; white, shining, faint growth lines; whorls five. Length 3-5 mm. GENUS VOLVULA A. Adams 1850 not PI. 71, Fig. S7 Sistel 1848 (WRAPPER SHELLS) Cape Cod southward to Haiti VOLVULA ACUTA Orbigny. Range 15-124 fath- ACTEOCINA CANDEI Orbigny. Shell small, oms. widest on shoulder; surface smooth except PI. 65, Fig. 11 for faint growth lines, shining, milk Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to white; outer lip advanced in center; fold West Indies on columella moderate. Length 2.5 mm. A rather frequent shell in Florida VOLVULA OXYTATA Bush. Shell minute, dull but not so often taken alive. milk white; much produced and pointed above; PI. 53, Fig. 14 upper half of aperture very narrow, gradual- PI. 65, Fig. 13 ly increasing in width below; inside wall Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to with distinct callus; columella oblique, West Indies outer lip acute and curving inward at center; interior lustrous. Length 3.5 mm. ACTEOCINA RECTA Orbigny. Straight Little Range 5-63 fathoms. Acteon. Shell oblong, cylindrical, shin- A single example was taken by the ing, thin, white, spirally and lightly sub- writer on the North Inlet bar at Palm Beach, striate; spire short, suture channelled; Florida. indistinct fold on columella. Lengths mm., PI. 53, Fig. 1 diameter 1 mm. PI. 65, Fig. 12 Separated from A. candei by the Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to spiral sculpture and indistinctness of the Cuba columella fold, from A. bullata by its smaller size. GENUS ATYS Montfort 1810 PI. 57, Fig. 10 Florida Keys and West Indies ATYS SHARPI Vanatta. "Shell small, subcylindrical, solid, porcellanous, glossy, ACTEOCINA BULLATA Kiener. Shell ivory translucent bluish white, very finely spi- white, solid, a little contracted in center; rally striate, striae strongest above and spiral striae fine and covering surface but below. Apex with an external small perfora- becoming fainter at shoulder; apex mamil- tion; base umbilicate; aperture narrow lar, minute, projecting and turned over; above, broader below. The lip rises from suture well channelled, whorls not concave the right side of the apical perforation above; one strong fold on columella, outer and describes a more or less even arc above lip somewhat inflexed. Length 11 mm., without the twist so common to this genus. diameter, 5 mm. The outer lip describes a gentle curve and The largest West Indian Acteocina. the basal lip is arcuate. The columella is PI. 53, Fig. 21 concave with a slight twist." Length 7.8 Florida Keys and West Indies mm., diameter 3.8 mm. 140 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

The original specimen came from St. ing lines; summit depressed into a shallow Martin, West Indies. pit; columella twisted to form an oblique PI. 53, Fig. 6 pit, at its base ending abruptly to form a Palm Beach County, Florida to West blunt tooth; no umbilicus. Length 4 mm. Indies Range 2-4 fathoms. It has been found in the mud of New ATYS CARIBAEA Orbigny (A riiseana Orb.?). Bedford and Newport harbors. An oblong, thin, smooth, shell which is PI. 71, Fig. 23 distinctly striated at both ends; spire in- Maine to Connecticut visible and with an umbilical depression above; aperture not wide; color white. Family Bullidae Length 5-8 mm. Not uncommon after storms upon the Shell oval, external or partially beaches at Boynton and Yamato, Florida. covered by the animal; aperture longer than PI. 53, Fig. S3 shell; rounded at ends, lip sharp; coliimel- North Carolina to West Indies la short and concave.

GENUS DIAPHANA Brown 1827 GENUS BULLA Linne 1758 (BUBBLE SHELLS)

DIAPHANA DEBILIS Gould, Shell small, trans- BULLA OCCIDENTALIS Adams. Western Bubble. parent, inflated, smooth; whorls four. Ovately oblong, opaque, solid; color usual- Length 4 mm. Range 6-16 fathoms. ly pale red, variegated with waved lines PI. 71, Fig. 24 and brownish spots. Length 25 mm. Greenland to Connecticut The most plentiful Bulla in Florida waters. GENUS CYLICHNA (CUP SHELLS) PI. 53, Fig. 10 Florida to Texas; West Indies CYLICHNA ALBA Brown. White Cup. Shell smooth, whitish, size of a grain of rice, a BULLA SOLIDA Gmelin. Solid Bubble. Shell pit in place of the spire; covered with a oblong, white, solid, epidermis light brown; rusty epidermis; many minute revolving strongly grooved at each end, smooth in lines; aperture narrow, becoming suddenly center; last whorl keeled in middle, lip double the width; lip sometimes waved in- twisted and expanded; slight fold in col- ward at the center. Length 5 mm. Clrcum- umella. Length 35 mm. boreal in distribution. Range 10-1091 PI. 53, Fig. 9 fathoms. Dead shells are not rare on the Florida Keys and West Indies beaches. PI. 53, Fig. 12 BULLA STRIATA Bruguiere. Threaded Bubble. Greenland to Block Island, Rhode Shell ovate, solid, variegated with red- Island brown and red; apex umbilicated; aperture partly dilated below, narrowed above, outer GENUS CYLICHNELLA Gabb 1872 lip depressed in middle; both ends spirally (LITTLE CUP SHELLS) striated. Length 1 inch, often less. PI. 53, Fig. 17 CYLICHNELLA BIDENTATA Orbigny. This tiny Palm Beach County; Clearwater, shell has two distinct folds upon the col- Florida umella. Length 4 mm. Range 7-168 fathoms. It is not infrequently taken upon Family Hydatinidae the beach at Sanibel, Florida. PI. 53, Fig. 19 Shell oval, highly colored; spire PI. 65, Fig. 14 wide, depressed, outer lip sharp. Animal Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to with large foot extending beyond shell; Florida; Texas; West Indies eyes small and black.

CYLICHNELLA ORYZA Totten. Rice Cup. Shell minute, white, shining; last whorl covering all the others and with only a few revolv- .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 141

GENUS HYDATINA Schumacher 1817 slight fold above. Length 18 mm. (WATER-BLISTER SHELLS) It has been observed living upon tidal flats near the mouth of New River at HYDATINA PHYSIS Linne. Shell thin, semi- Fort Lauderdale, Florida. A few also were pellucid, whitish, with waved lines. Length taken in Upper Biscayne Bay. It is usually 1 inch. a larger shell than H. antillarum and more This remarkably handsome and strik- deeply colored. ing shell is said to live upon clean sand PI. 53, Fig. 4 but Frank Lyman reports its occurrence on White Water Bay and west Florida, weeds in Lake Worth, Florida. northward on east coast to Fort PI. 53, Fig. 13 Lauderdale, Florida Southern Florida; Gulf of Mexico; West Indies HAMINOEA ELEGANS Gray. Shell thin, pellucid, white or yellowish; sculptured with GENUS MICROMELO Pilsbry 1894 (Bullina Fer.) clear-cut incised straight spirals as if machine engraved; entire surface scored with MICROMELO UNDATA Brugulere. Shell oval, minute, mingled with much coarser unequally umbillcated; yellowish white with trans- spaced, grooves. Length 12 mm. verse red lines, grooved surface, spaces Rather frequently taken in drift, between grooves punctured; apex sharp, when conditions are favorable, near the whorls four; single fold on columella. Yamato rocks, east Florida. It probably Length 14 mm. It was first collected on lives somewhere nearby. the mainland by Mrs. Frank Lyman. PI. 53, Fig. 8 PI. 53, Fig. 8 Florida to Brazil; Texas Deerfield, Florida to Florida Keys; West Indies HAMINOEA PETITII Orbigny. Shell truncated above, rounded below; color light yellowish Family Akeridae green; imperforate; columella rather straight, not folded above. Length 9 mm. GENUS HAMINOEA Turton and Kingston 1830 Similar to H. antillarum but more (Hamlnea "Leach" Gray 1847) cylindrical and columella straighter than in other West Indian Haminoea. Small, very delicate shells; not PI. 57, Fig. 11 strictly vegetarian. They inhabit muddy Tampa, Florida to West Indies places near mouths of rivers. Animal much larger than shell which is more or less in- HAMINOEA SOLITARIA Say. Shell bluish white, ternal. fragile, last whorl enveloping all others; surface shining; fine, deeply impressed spi- HAMINOEA ANTILLARUM Orbigny. Shell narrow- ral grooves; vertex white, impressed in mid- er above, swollen below, subtranslucent, dle. Length 10 mm. often slightly greenish, normally horn col- The imperfect opening in the region ored; thickened outer lip starting from of the spire is characteristic. It is not right side of center, produced high above rare upon the New England coast and New vertex; upper portion of aperture twice Jersey. width of lower. Length 10 mm. PI. 71, Fig. 20 The typical shells from the Florida Massachusetts to Georgia west coast, almost white in color, are abundant HAMINOEA SUCCINEA Conrad. Shell cylindri- PI. 53, Fig. 2S cal, very thin, diaphanous, amber color; Tampa, Florida southward; West sculptured with minute wrinkled lines; Indies columella concave or channelled below; animal dark brown. Length of shell 10 mm. HAMINOEA ANTILLARUM GUADALUPENSIS Sowerby. It is said to be common in Tampa Shell thin, distinctly compressed above, Bay. greenish yellow; surface with unevenly PI. 56, Fig. 10 placed growth wrinkles; columella extremely Florida; Texas; West Indies concave and with white callus, making a 142 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Family Rlnglciilldae veloped; shell thin with small pointed apex and concave posterior sinus. GENUS RINGICDLA Deshayes 1839 TETHYS PROTEA Rang. Variable Tethys. Back Shell solid, nearly white, aper- much swollen, neck slender, tails pointed, ture channelled and notched at base; outer foot of generous size, ring-shaped dark lip thickened and often toothed or crenu- marks scattered upon surface. Shell 3 lated inside; columella edge strongly cal- inches in length. loused with two to four folds. The variations in the color markings of the animal are considerable. It RINGICULA NITIDA Verrill. Columella edge may be sought for in protected bays and with two folds; whorls five, suture well tide pools. The very light shells become impressed; aperture crescent shaped. Length brittle when dry and are quickly scattered 4.2 mm. by the wind. PI. 53, Fig. 16 PI. 50, Fig. 25 Bed of Gulf Stream off Florida; Florida; Bermuda; West Indies West Indies; Europe TETHYS WILLCOXI Hellprin. Color of animal Family Philinidae sea-green, tinged with purple, blotched and speckled with spots of lighter color. GENUS PHILINE Ascanius 1772 Shell about 2 inches in length, internal, horny-calcareous, deeply emarginate, both Shell internal, translucent, oval, longitudinally and transversely striated. spire rudimentary. Animal pale, eyeless. Length of animal 7-8 inches. The egg capsules are arranged in a It emits a brilliant crimson fluid. single series on a long spiral thread. It should be sought for at a depth of 2-3 feet and also upon the surface of the water. PHILINE SAGRA Orbigny. Shell minute, pale A variety has more recently been discovered yellow, finely spirally striate, exterior in southern Massachusetts, Rhode Island and slightly lustrous; outer lip thin, deflect- at Cape May, New Jersey. ed above, crenulate below; callus upon in- PI. 53, Fig. 15 terior wall only discernible in center. Little Gasparilla Bay to Marco, Length 4 mm. Florida A single fresh example was dredged by the writer in the shallow water of Lake Worth, Florida, near the South Inlet. It ORDER PTEROPODA was probably washed in from the ocean. PI. 53, Fig. 5 This group of animals is entirely PI. 65, Figs. 16, 16a pelagic, living upon floating gulf weed and Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; essentially adapted to that environment. Palm Beach County, Florida; West In the tropics they may be seen in count- Indies less numbers, swimming by a vigorous flap- ping of a pair of fins, upon the surface of Family Tethyidae (SEA PIGEONS) the sea. Certain of the larger forms have lingual teeth and therefore may be gregari- Neck and head narrower than the ous in spite of their small size. In the body; mouth an upright fissure; two folded north they form food for countless birds lobes above head; two raised rhinophores and also whales. Weeds from the Gulf behind these, in front of which are the Stream, containing the shells, are frequent- eyes. ly thrown upon the Florida beaches but the Shell nearly or quite covered by specimens are often somewhat damaged, the the mantle, a mere concave plate. delicate seines being lost. These organisms are allied to the GENDS TETHYS Linn6 1758, Aplysia of Gastropoda but are much lower in structure. Authors They are said to be sensitive to light, heat, and perhaps odors. The true foot, Swimming lobes and foot well de- strictly speaking, is only rudimentary EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 143 but the more usefiil fins largely replace It. CAVOLINA LONGIROSTRIS Le Sueur. Shell These fins are placed near the mouth and marked with five concentric ridges, upper neck. face almost hemispherical, dorsal face When the shell Is present it is ribbed, forming in front a long, folded, usually glassy, often translucent, with depressed beak; lateral spines compressed, dorsal and ventral plate united. Old, worn, middle spine truncated and short. Length or dead specimens often appear opaque. 4 mm. The sexes are united, each individ- PI. 49, Fig. 12 ual possessing male and female organs which N. 47° to S. 40° are located on the right side of the neck. These mollusks show no affinity CAVOLINA GIBBOSA Rang. Shell somewhat in- with the bivalves. There are certain char- flated, ventral face with high sharp ridge, acters which suggest the Cephalopoda but this portion striated, the rest finely the Pteropoda are unique and deserve com- reticulated; dorsal face convex, almost plete isolation in a separate order. They smooth or with seven faint ridges; upper are possibly closest to the Gastropoda. lip turned sharply downward; lateral spines short, close together, middle spine stout, Family Limaclnidae short and a little curved upward. Length 9 mm. Shell minute, spiral, sometimes PI. 59, Fig. 8 operculate. The true fry are left-handed N. 43° to S. 41° and on this account may easily be separated

from Atlanta, Carinaria, and other Gastro- CAVOLINA TELEMUS Linne (C. trldentata) . One pods. of the largest forms in this group and often represented in collections. Length GENUS LIMACINA Cuvler 1817 18 mm. PI. 74, Fig. 113 Shell umbillcated, umbilicus mar- PI. 59, Fig. 9 ginal; no operculum. N. 40° to S. 40°

LIMACINA TROCHIFORMIS Soul. The smallest CAVOLINA UNCINATA Rang. Much swollen ven- of the American Pteropods. Diameter 1 mm. trally, surface finely and evenly reticu- N. 42° to S. S8° lated, fine ridges in front; dorsal surface with three low radiating ribs, evenly round- LIMACINA BULIMOIDES Orbigny. Another very ed at aperture, turned downward; lateral small form. Length 2 mm. spines compressed and curved a little back- N. 35° to S. 48° ward; middle spine short, stout and turned upward. Color pale amber. Length 9 mm. LIMACINA HELICINA Phipps. The illustration PI, 74, Fig. 116 is of the radula enlarged. N. 40° to S. 40° PI. 68, Fig. 14 Arctic Seas to Gulf of Maine CAVOLINA INFLEXA Le Sueur. Shell long, compressed, ventral face a little inflated; Family Cavoliniidae dorsal face indistinctly three ribbed; lateral spines small, turned backward slightly; GENUS CAVOLINA Gioeni 1785, Hyalaea central spine long, stout and curved upward. Lamarck 1801 Length 5 mm. N. 40° to S. 42° CAVOLINA TRISPINOSA Le Sueur. Shell compressed; three straight spines, one longer GENUS CRESEIS Rang 1828 behind; longitudinally ribbed on ventral face; color whitish, almost transparent, CRESEIS ACICULA Rang (S. recta of authors). smoky tinted. Length 10 mm. Pelagic. PI. 59, Fig. 12 (Shell) PI. 74, Fig. 118 PI. 74, Fig. 115 N. 48° to S. 40°; Gulf of Mexico N. 60° to S. 40° 144 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

CRESEIS CONICA Eschscholtz (S. vitrea Ver.) Family Clionidae Pelagic. PI. 74, Fig. 112 GENUS CLIONE Pallas 1774, Clio of N. 40° to the tropics; Gulf of Authors Mexico CLIONE LIMACINA Phipps. GENUS HYALOCYLIS Fol 1875 PI. 74, Fig. 122 Davis Strait to N. 37"^ HYALOCYLIS STRIATA Rang. Pelagic. PI. 74, Fig. 119 N. 40° 6', W. 68° 6', alive to ORDER ACOELA S. 40°; Gulf of Mexico Family Umbraculidae GENUS STYLIOLA Le Sueur 1826 GENUS UMBRACULUM STYLIOLA SDBULA Quoy and Guimard. Length 10 mm. Shell limpet-shaped, much depressed, PI. 59, Fig. 11 concentric growth lines well marked; apex N. 41° to S. 40° oblique and very little raised; edge sharp; muscle impression well marked inside shell. GENUS CLIO Llnne 1767; Cleodora Peron A curious feature is the very minute left- and Le Sueur 1810 handed nucleus. The animal is extremely large, the mantle not extending beyond the Shell pyramid-shaped; three sided, shell. ventral side flat, dorsal side keeled; aperture triangular; apex acute. UMBRACULUM PLICATULUM Martens. Coiled Um- The internal organs, including the brella, This apparently is the first rec- heart and gills, may be seen functioning ord for the species within the United States. in living examples through- the glassy shell, The specimen obtained upon the beach at Deerfleld was perfectly fresh but did not CLIO PYRAMIDATA Linne. The specimen il- contain the animal. Length 28 mm, lustrated is from off Georges Bank in 1290 PI. 28, Fig, 1 fathoms, temperature 40°. Length 15 mm. Deerfield, east Florida to West PI. 57, Fig. 15 Indies Spitzbergen to S. 40° Family Pleurobranchidae SECTION BALANTIUM Benson 1837 GENUS KOONSIA Verrill 1882 CLIO RECURVA Children. PI. 59, Fig. 10 KOONSIA OBESA Verrill, Range 192-312 fath- Pelagic N. 40° to S. 33° oms. PI, Fig. GENUS CUVIERINA Boas 1886 66, 7 Off Delaware Bay Cuvieria Rang 1827

CUVIERINA COLUMNELLA Rang. Length 12 mm. Family Heterodoridae PI. 74, Fig. 117 N. 43° to S. 40° GENUS HETERODORIS Verrill and Emerton 1882

Family Cymbuliidae HETERODORIS ROBUSTA Verrill and Emerton. 458 fathoms. GENUS COROLLA Dall 1871 PI, 66, Fig. 5 Off Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts COROLLA CALCEOLA Verrill. PI. 74, Fig. 120 1 mile off Gay Head, Massachusetts and in N. 40° 6', W. 68° 6' EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 145

Family Dorlgitatldae times with tooth-like folds on inside; sharp white teeth below inner wall and a smaller GENUS GEITODORIS Bergh 1891 one above it. Length 8 mm. This shell probably was introduced GEITODORIS COMPLANATA Verrill. Range 85- to America from Europe through commerce. 146 fathoms. PI. 55, Fig. 3 PI. 66, Fig. 6 Nova Scotia to West Indies South of Martha's Vineyard GENUS TRALIA Gray 1840

SUBCLASS PULMONATA TRALIA PUSILLA Gmelin. Shell a rich deep (Air Breathers) chestnut-brown color, often almost black; varying in shape from oval to elongate; one ORDER BASOMMATOPHORA fold upon columella, two upon parietal wall; outer lip thickened, inflected in center Family Ellobiidae (Auriculidae) with single revolving ridge on its inside. Length 13 mm. Amphibious mollusks, breathing air Collected by Earl Moore at Miami, but apparently dependent upon plenty of Florida. moisture, living close to the sea. Members PI. 55, Fig. 6 of certain genera are covered by the tide PI. 67, Fig. 5 four hours out of twelve. Miami, Florida southward to Guade- Shell spiral with a horny epider- loupe, West Indies mis; aperture long, with strong folds on inner lip, outer lip often toothed or GENUS PEDIPES Scopoli 1777 grooved inside. (STEPPING SHELL) Animal with respiratory orifice on the right side. Foot of animal divided inferiorly by a transverse groove. Shell subrounded, GENUS AURICULASTRUM Fischer 1883 transversely ridged, spire short; inner lip (EAR SHELLS) with three plaits, outer lip with two internal teeth, lip margin sharp. Mantle margin of animal thickened; The generic name was applied on ac- foot simple. count of the peculiar mode of progression. The animal moves by a series of little AURICULASTRUM PELLUCENS Menke. Transparent steps and the strange movements are execut- Ear Shell. This was collected by Rhoades ed with such rapidity that Pedipes is one near Miami, Florida, only in and under the of the most agile of mollusks. soft rotten mangrove branches which lay on the mud in the mangrove swamps along the PEDIPES ELONGATUS Dall . Shell longer and bay side. They deeply imbed themselves in more pointed than the following species; the rotten wood. It also has been reported comparatively smooth; suture lightly im- from Sanibel and Highland Point, west Flor- pressed. Length 4 mm. ida. Length 18 mm. PI. 67, Fig. 4 PI. 55, Fig. g Marco, west Florida Cedar Keys, west Florida to Demerara PEDIPES MIRABILIS Muhlfeld. Shell small, whorls about four, sometimes shouldered; GENUS PHYTIA Alexia Gray 1847 whorls lirate spirally; outer lip sometimes callous and with low teeth inside, both Shell thin, spire pointed; inner sometimes absent. Length 3 mm. wall with one to five teeth, outer lip with This Pedipes enters shallow water teeth or thickening inside. near the inside of the North Inlet at Palm Beach, apparently to deposit its eggs in PHYTIA MYOSOTIS Drap. Shell semitranspar- the late spring, later returning to deeper ent, smooth, shining; whorls seven to eight; water. It may be observed under stones be- outer lip expanded and thickened, some- tween tide marks. A variety is shown on PI. 67, 146 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

PI. 55, Fig. 8 flow. It clings to grass-like plants in PI. 67, Fig. 17 shaded spots, close to the ground, and also Tampa, Florida to West Indies; Palm crawls about in wet places. When a colony Beach, Florida is discovered there are usually countless numbers of individuals. Family Siphonarildae MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say (M. lineatus Say). Shell limpet-shaped; apex near cen- Shell horn-colored or reddish; whorls four ter; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped; to five; spire short, body whorl 5/6 the on right side a deep siphonal groove, mak- length of shell; grooves sometimes present ing a slight projection on the margin. inside outer lip; single tooth upon inside The animals are remarkable in pos- wall, also tooth-like fold below and extend- sessing both lungs and gills, being amphib- ing inside. Length 10 mm. ious. They live between tide marks and Very common upon salt marshes near usually individuals are numerous. South high-water mark. The young shells, shining Africa appears to be their metropolis so and banded are prettier than the adxilts. far as number of species is concerned. The PI. 55, Fig. 11 largest one lives at Panama. PI. 67, Fig. 18 This interesting family, in a way, New England to the West Indies connects the marine mollusks with their gills, and the pulmonates which are equipped MELAMPUS COFFEUS Linni. Cone-shaped, solid, with lungs. and heavy; surface fawn colored under epidermis; narrow white band at shoulder, two GENUS SIPHONARIA Sowerby 1824 narrow light bands below upon a lead or (SIPHON SHELLS) lurid brownish ground; umbilicus rimate or closed; numerous ridges inside outer lip; SIPHONARIA ALTERNATA Say. Alternated two white folds on inside wall, the upper Siphon. Shell conical; thirty or more obso- one most prominent. Length 18 mm. lete ribs, hardly elevated, unequal in size; The remarkable fact about this form apex curved and its tip pointed nearly in a is that the interior partitions and axis parallel direction with surface of shell; are often entirely absorbed by the animal color brown, rayed with white; breadth 8mm. to afford more space. The light-colored It is abundant on No Name Key, bands are sometimes absent. Florida, near the ferry dock. At Cape Sable, Florida and on some PI. 55, Fig. 10 of the Florida Keys very large races of Bermuda; east Florida; Cuba, Yuca- this species occur. tan PI. 55, Fig. 7 PI. 67, Fig. 3 SIPHONARIA NAUFRAGUM Stearns (S. lineolata Southern Florida; West Indies

Orblgny) . Ship-Wrecked Siphon. Shell white or brown with radiating blackish lines MELAMPUS FLAVUS Gmelln. Shell varying from which are plainly visible; groove distinct; brown to chestnut; usually with two but sculpture fine and close. Length 1 inch. sometimes three bands, the upper on the A very plentiful shell upon the strong shoulder; base sometimes white; sin- rock Jetties in Palm Beach County, Florida. gle fold upon columella; white teeth inside PI. 55, Fig. 9 outer lip rather irregular. Length 14 mm. Florida east coast; Cuba The single columellar fold is the most constant character but this shell is GENUS MELAMPUS Montfort 1810 often difficult to separate from M. coffeus. (BLACK FOOT) There are usually two columella folds in the latter. Aperture of shell long, narrow; in- PI. 55, Fig. 12 ner lip with several tooth-like projec- PI. 67, Fig. 1 tions; outer lip sharp and with ridges ex- West Florida to Florida Keys; West tending inside. Indies Melampus lives mostly out of the water upon land which is subject to over- MELAMPUS FLORIDANUS Shutt. Shell thin. .

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 147

smooth; grayish with brovm bands; whorls In the mightiest of rivers sucn as ten; aperture narrow, angular, lip acute. the Amazon and its tributaries, the Ganges, Length 7.5 mm. and the Nile, live the largest and finest PI. 55, Fig. 5 species. A South American bird has a beak PI. 67, Fig. S especially designed for entrance under the Tampa Bay, Florida to Florida Keys operculum of a Pomacea.

GENUS DETRACIA Gray 1840 GENUS POMACEA Perry

DETRACIA BULLOIDES Montagu. Shell heavy, All of the species which inhabit thick, shining, brownish with white revolv- the Western Hemisphere are provided with a ing bands; whorls ten, tapering toward horny operculum and are placed under this base; six to eight elongated ridges inside genus but not quite reaching outer lip. Length 11 mm. POMACEA PALUDOSA Say. Spire of shell much On Big Pine, one of the lower Flor- depressed, whorls four, pale olive or brown ida keys, Detracia lives under stones and with greenish or brownish lines. Length bits of wood not far from the ocean beach. 1.5 inches. PI. 55, Fig. 1 This fresh-water snail apparently PI. 67, Fig. 7 lives in every Florida county. It prefers Cedar Keys, West Florida to Florida a muddy station and a sluggish stream or Keys pond. At night it is most active and shoxild be sought for with a flashlight. The writer GENUS SAYELLA Dall 1885 observed a large number of adolescent individuals living under water hyacinths in the SAYELLA CROSSEANA Dall. Length 2.5 mm. St. John's River near Orange, Florida. In PI. 67, Fig. 10 Volusia County it also occurs plentifully Egmont Key, Florida; West Indies as a fossil in the shell-gravel pits, the material from which is used as a top dress- SAYELLA HEMPHILLII Dall. Length 3.75 mm. ing for minor roads. Large numbers of dead PI. 67, Fig. 11 and bleached specimens may be seen upon the Cedar Keys, Florida banks of canals throughout the state and elsewhere In the south. The eggs are shown GENUS BLAQNERIA Shuttleworth 1854 in Fig. 52. PI. 57, Fig. 13 BLAUNERIA HETEROCLITA Montagu. South Carolina to Louisiana PI. 67, Fig. 14 Tampa, Florida to West Indies; Europe

Family Piliidae

The "apple snails" are fluviatile. The breathing cavity being partly closed Fig. 52 they are able to remain out of water for Eggs of Pomacea long periods, even years in times of drought. The animal's tentacles are long, POMACEA PALUDOSA FLAVA Pilsbry. A striking the lips so modified that they resemble an yellow shell, without bands. This variety additional pair of tentacles. On the left has been collected in canals near Plnecrest side of the mantle is a long siphon; large on the Tamiami Trail. pulmonary sac on each side of mantle cavity; Central Everglades and near Miami, operculum usually completely closing aper- Florida ture. CLASS CEPHALOPODA

Here are placed the octopods, the two to three revolu- nautili, cuttlefish, Splrula, and other tions not making contact. highly organized forms. Structurally Breadth 1 inch. these are similar to other mollusks but This interesting their mode of living is entirely differ- shell, much resembling a ent. Many of them are active swimmers, ram's horn, is common upon swift in motion, contrasting with the rel- southern beaches. atively slow clam and inall. PI. 28, Fig. 6 The common squid (Loligo pealii) Nantucket and Cape remains in deep water during the winter Cod, Massachusetts but about May 1st enters shallow water in southward to the order to lay its eggs. tropics The orders under the Cephalopoda are arranged with respect to the number of SPIRULA SPIRULA LINNE gills together with other internal organs and also the character of the shell. Charles W. Johnson, late editor of "The Nau- tilus" after hearing a pa- SUBCLASS DIBRANCHIATA per read by J. Henry Blake at a meeting of the Boston ORDER DECAPODA Malacological Club com- Fig. 53 posed the following lines Family Spirulidae Splrula splrula. which admirably describe Showing position the history and habits of Animal with elongate tentacular of internal Splrula. arms; cups numerous, evenly spaced, in six shell series and very small; body sometimes provided with a thickened belt and a small "The chambered shells of the Splrula fleshy fin on each side; eyes covered with As they float upon the sea. skin, lower eyelid present. Are cast on a thousand beaches Shell internal, of shelly nature, For any one to see; spiral, chambered, the chambers provided But the animal that made this shell with a siphon, the last of sufficient Was long a mystery. size to contain a very small portion of the animal. See Fig. 53. Linne called it Nautilus splrula Which was not a very bad guess. GENUS SPIRULA Lamarck 1799 Lamarck called it Splrula peroni (SPIRAL SHELLS) Crhough he'd first named it fragilis); And thus quite early was started Whorls of shell separated from A nomenclatorial mess. each other; septa or plug outwardly concave, provided with a funnel-shaped siphon Some said with that disk-like sucker on inner or curved side and reaching into Attached it must surely grow. each cell without these directly communi- While the rudimentary fins would prove cating with each other. As a swimmer it must have been slow; Then the chromatophores would indicate SPIRULA SPIRULA Linnl. The only known That it lived in the mudi; you know. species of the genus. It lives in the open sea. The shell Is white and pearly;

148 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 149

'Twas the Dana Expedition animal, provides a repository for the eggs, Thai, discovered Spirilla's home also a protection and serves in their in- Far above the oozy bottom cubation. It is nearly equivalent to the And below the great waves' comb; float in Janthina. The Argonauta literal- For bathypelagic is the Spirilla ly sits in its boat with the sail-shaped And there's where it loves to roam. arms close to its sides and used as oars. Propulsion is accomplished by ejection of It only lives in the warmer seas, water from the funnel but when crawling it Ao more than a thousand feet. assumes a reversed position with the shell Suspended head down in the water upon its back like a snail (Power and Rang). A position hard to beat- The male Argonauta is said to be Though doubtless it is its chambered only an inch in length and provided with a shell sac in the form of a separate arm which is That aids it in this feat. used in mating time.

And now they say that the "sucking disk" GENUS ARGONAUTA Linne 1758 Is really a lamp instead. (ARGONAUTS) And perhaps its lighter color is due To its standing on its head: ARGONAUTA ARGO AMERICANA Dall. The well- specimen fig- But, alas I poor little Spirula known "Paper Nautilus." The Can't rest in the ocean's bed." ured is abnormal in that a break in the shell necessitated a resumption of construction on the outer edge which resulted ORDER OCTOPODA in a break of the continuity. Average length 5 inches. Family Argonautidae This fine shell is often taken on the beaches of Florida after winter storms, Male very small, without arms or sometimes containing the animal. Depth shell; female provided with a symmetrical range 0-1917 fathoms. shell which is secreted by thin terminal PI. 28, Fig. 2 expansions of the two dorsal arms. All PI. 66, Fig. 1, la, lb other molluscan shells are secreted by the Massachusetts to West Indies; warm mantle but Argonauta uses its arms to per- oceans generally. form this function. Prior to the year 1839 two eminent ARGONAUTA HIANS Solander (A. gondola naturalists of their day. Gray and de Dillwyn.) Shell with few, well-separated, Blainville, advanced a fantastic theory ribs; surface smooth, polished. The speci- with respect to the animal of Argonauta. men illustrated measures 28 mm. and was Their strange hypothesis maintained that taken at Boynton, East Florida. the inhabitant of the "Paper Nautilus" was PI. 28, Fig. 3 a parasite incapable of producing a pro- South Atlantic; Pacific tection of its own while the original builder was a Heteropod. Family Octopodidae In 1839 Madame Jeannette Power working in her vivarium at Messina, Sicily, Among the Cephalopoda the Octopus made a series of observations upon Argonau- stands at the head being the most highly ta. She demonstrated that the young when developed, possibly, of all mollusks. It first excluded from the egg is naked, and presents a decided contrast to the other that after ten to twelve days the shell be- sedentary and harmless mollusks which begins to appear being deposited by the two long to the other great classes. Fig. 54. web-like arms and that when broken it is The Octopus is indeed the pirate repaired through the same agent. or outlaw of the sea. It usually lives in The body is thin and translucent, some rocky hole, the approaches to which not shaped to conform to the body of the are often strewn with the bones or remains animal nor attached by shell muscles. The of its victims. The suckers are used for hollow of the spire, not occupied by the attachment to its prey and also to prevent 150 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

dlslodgement from some solid object to The head is large, arms long and which it has become fastened. The color more or less webbed. There is considera- changes of the body are significant and ble variation in the size and length of the denote the emotional changes which take arms in the different species. They are very voracious and exceedingly active animals. The eggs are deposited on seaweed or in cavities of dead shells. The chestnut-brown ink which is discharged for a smoke-screen is characteristic and well known. Viewed in the dark the animals are slightly phosphorescent. In the male Octopus the right arm is more developed than that upon the opposite side and is used for breeding purposes.

GENUS OCTOPUS Lamarck 1798

OCTOPUS VULGARIS Lamarck. In this species the body is small, the arms very large and unequal in length. The over-all length is often around 2 feet. Widespread in Atlantic; Med- iterranean; Red Sea; Pacific

OCTOPUS RUGOSUS Bosc. Body purse- Fig. 54 shape, back granular, rough, with a Octopus, a At rest, b Swimming, f Funnel deep ventral groove; color violet- place when the animal is distiirbed or at- brown, white underneath, brown lines form- tracted by food. It is possible for the ing network on sides of arms. Length about Octopus to escape detection by assuming a 8 Inches. color which harmonizes with its environ- Confirmation of the presence of ment. The pigment cells connect with the these two species in east coast waters is optic nerves so that what the animal sees desired. results in a reflex action suited to the North Carolina to Florida; warm battle for existence. seas elsewhere PLATES

151 PLATE 1

1. Cassis madagascarensis Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 10 inches, p. 111. 2. Cymatium cingulatum peninsulum Smith. Lake Worth, Florida. 2.75 inches. p. 113. 3. Charonia tritonis nobilis Conrad. Key West, Florida. 16 inches, p. 113. 4. Maculopeplum Junonia Chemnitz. West Florida. 3 inches, p. 1£8. 5. Fasciolaria distans Lamarck. West Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 126. 6. Fasciolaria tulipa Linne. West Florida. 3 inches, p. 126.

168 PLATE 1 PLATE S

1. Nucula proxima Say. West Florida. 12 mm. p. 25 2. Nuculana acuta Conrad. Sanlbel, Florida. 9 mm. p. 26. 3. Solemya velum Say. New England. 1 inch. p. 25. 4a, 4h. Yoldia llmatula Say. Raritan Bay, New Jersey. 2 inches, p. 26. 5. Yoldia sapotllla Gould. Maine. 23 mm. p. 26. 6a, 6b. Glycymeris americanus lineatus Reeve. Yamato, Florida. 29 mm. p. 29. 7. Glycymeris pennaceus Lamarck. Yamato, Florida. 29 mm. p. 29. 8. Glycymeris pectinatus Gmelin. Florida Keys. 29 mm. p. 29. 9. Macoma constricta Bruguiere. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 59. 10. Area secticostata Reeve. Sanibel, Florida. 3.5 inches, p. 27. 11. Area campechiensis pexata Say. Long Island, New York. 2.25 inches, p. 26. 12. Glycymeris americanus Defrance. Vieques, Porto Rico. 60 mm. p. 29. 13. Area campechiensis americana Wood. North Carolina. 3 inches, p. 27. PLATE 2 la. .ff^^^'^^T^ la, PLATE 4 PLATE 5

1. Pinna carnea Gmelln. Tortugas. 9 inches, p. 29. 2. Atrina rigida Dillwyn. Sanlbel, Florida. 9 inches, p. 30. 3. Atrina serrata Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 9 inches, p. 30. 4. Pedallon alata Gmelln. Angel Fish Creek, Florida. 3 inches, p. 31. 5. Pedalion semiaurlta Linne. Near Jupiter, Florida. 16 mm. p. 31. 6. Plnctada radiata Lamarck. V/est Florida. 2 inches, p. 30. 7. Pteria colymbus Roeding. Sanibel, Florida. 3.5 inches, p. 30. 8a, 8b. Pedalion listeri Hanley. Florida Keys. 35 mm. p. 31. PLATH 5 PLATE la, lb. Spondylus americanus Hermann. Florida Keys. 3.5 inches. ing spines, p. 3S. 2. Ostrea permollls Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 1.5 3. Ostrea frons Linne. Sanibel, Florida. 45 mm. p 4. Ostrea virglnica Gmelin. Virginia. 8 inches, p 5. Pllcatula gibbosa Lamarck. Sanibel, Florida. 1 6. Macoma tenta Say. Bermuda. 15 mm. p. 59. 7. Periploma angiilifera Philippi. Charleston, South Carolina. 8. Mesodesma arctata Conrad. New England. 1.5 inches, p. 66 PLATE PLATE 7

1. Pecten zlczac Linne. Bermuda. 3 Inches. 2a. Pecten Islandicus Muller. 3.5 Inches, p. 3i 2b. Same, interior of right valve, p. 33. 3a, 3b. Pecten sentis Reeve. West Florida. 33 mm. 4. Pecten grandis Solander. Bay of Fundy. 6 inches, p. 35. 5. Chione cancellata Linn§. Lake Worth, Florida. 1 inch. p. 53. 6. Pecten glbbus Linn6. Pawley's Id., South Carolina. 1.5 inches, p. 34. 7a, 7b. Pecten irradlans Lamarck. Long Island, New York. 2.5 Inches, p. 34. PLATE 7 1. PLATE 8

4.5 la. PLAl E 9

:b PLATE 10

la, lb. Lima scabra Born. West Florida. 2.75 Inches, p. 36. 2. Papyridea semlsulcata Gray. Yamato, Florida. 8 mm. p. 49. Sa, 3b. Lima hians Gmelin. 44 mm. p. 36. 4. Lima subauriculata Montagu. Oban, Scotland, p. 36. 5. Lima lima Linne. West Indies. 1.5 inches, p. 36. 6. Anomla simplex Orbigny. Off Gulfport, Florida. 1.5 7. Semele nuculoides Conrad. Off Key West, Florida. 8. Mytilus recurvus Rafinesque. Mexico. 2 inches. 9. Donax tumida Philippi. St. Augustine, Florida. 10. Crassatella gibbsl T. and H. Tertiary, Florida. 11. Saxicava arctica Linne. Brooklin, Maine. 1 inch. 12. Donax fossor Say. Florida. 12 mm. p. 62. 13. Pododesmus decipiens Philippi. Argentina. 3 inches, p. 37. 14. Lima tenera Sowerby. Gulf of Mexico. 1.5 inches, p. 36. PLA IK 10 la. PLATE \\ ^

10 1 < >i '^^^li^ PLATE 12

1. Modiolus demlssus plicatulus Lamarck. New York. 3 inches, p. 38. 2a, gb. Llthophaga blsulcata Orbigny. Sanibel, Florida. 30 mm. p. 38. 3a, 3b. Llthophaga antlllarim Orbigny. West Indies. 1.5 Inches, p. 38. 4. Llthophaga nigra Orbigny. Bermuda. 23 mm. p. 38. 5. Perlploma Inaequlvalvis Schumacher. Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 40. 6. Modiolus aborescens Dlllwyn. Sanibel, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 38. 7. Thracla conradl Couthouy. Duxbury, Massachusetts. 3.5 inches, p. 40. 8a, 8b. Crenella glandula Totten. Off Massachusetts. 13 mm. p. 39. 9. Modiolaria corrugata Stimpson. New Eiigland. 12 mm. p. 39. 10. Telllna mera Say. Florida. 15 mm. p. 58. 174 PLATE 12 la. PLATE 15 PLATE 14

la,: Echlnochama arclnella Linne. Sanlbel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 45. Chama macerophylla Gmelln. West Indies. 55 mm. p. 44. Same, Florida, p. 44. Chama sarda Reeve. West Indies. 32 mm. p. 44. Chama congregata Conrad. 21 mm. p. 44. Venericardia tridentata Say. Beaufort, North Carolina. 6.5 mm. p. 44. Gastrochaena ovata Sowerby. Bermuda. 24 mm. p. 68. Gastrochaena cuneiformis Spengler. Off North Carolina. 23 mm. p. 68. Codakia orbiculata Montagu. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 13 mm. p. 47. Ostrea cristata Born. Gulf of Mexico. 2.5 inches, p. 31. 10. Montacuta floridana Dall. West Florida. 14 mm. p. 48.

178 PLATE 14 PLATE 15 la, lb. Lucina pennsylvanlca Llnn6. Lantana, Florida. 2 inches, p. 46. 2. Lucina floridana Conrad. Sanibel, Florida. 34 mm. p. 46. 3a, 3b. Lucina murlcata Spengler. Jamaica. 18 mm, p. 46. 4. Loripinus schrammi Crosse. Sanibel, Florida. 3 inches, p. 48. 5. Lucina amiantus Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 47. 6. Codakia orbiculata Montagu. Barnes Sound, Florida. 15 mm. p. 47. 7. Loripinus chrysostoma Philippi. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches, p. 47. 8. Lucina filosa Stimpson. Off Portland, Maine. 1.5 inches, p. 46. 9. Codakia costata Orbigny. Bermuda. 13 mm. p. 47. PLATE 15

I 1 1. PLATE 16 PLATE 17

1. Cardlum muricatum Llnne. Sanibel, Florida. 35 mm. p. 49 2. Cardium robustijm Solander. Sanibel, Florida. 5 inches, p. 49. 3. Cardium isocardium Linne. Florida. 3 inches, p. 48. 4a, 4b. Laevicardlum mortoni Linn6. Tarpon Bay, Florida. 1 inch. p. 50 5a, 5b. Trigonicardia medium Linn6. Florida Keys. 3.5 inches 6. Cardium cilia turn Fabricius. New England. 2 inches. 7. Laevicardlum serratum Linn6. Blscayne Bay, Florida. 8a, 8b, 8c. Papyridea spinosiam Meuschen. Florida. 8-16 mm. p. 9. Papyridea semisulcata Gray. Yamato, Florida. 10 mm. 10a, 10b. Trigonicardia antillarum Orbigny. Bahamas. 20 mm. p PLATE 17 PLATE 1 8

1. PLATE 18 1. PLATE 19 1. PLATE ZO PLATE 21 la. PLATE 21 PLATE 22

1. Cochlodesma leanvun Conrad. Casco Bay, Maine. 20 mm. p. 40. 2. Apolymetls intastrlata Say. Palm Beach, Florida. 3 Inches, p. 60. 3a, 3b. Tellina promera Dall. Bermuda. 14 mm. p. 58. 4. Tellina alternata Say. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches, p. 57. 5. Tellina interrupta Wood. West Indies. 3 inches, p. 56. 6. Astarte quadrans Gould. Maine. 6 mm. p. 43. 7. Venus campechlensis Gmelin. Sanibel, Florida. 3 inches, p. 55. 8a, 8b. Tellina similis Sowerby. Barnes Sound, Florida. 20 mm. p. 59. 9. Tellina fausta Donovan. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 57. 10. Pecten ravenell Dall. St. Martin's Reef, Florida. 45 mm. p. 33. 11. Pecten ziczac Linne. Lake Worth, Florida. S.5 inches, p. 33. 12. Taras venezuelensls Dunker. 11.5 mm. p. 45.

194 PLATE 22 PLATE 23

1. Telllna magna Spengler. Bermuda. 2.5 Inches, p. 58. 2. Tellina laevigata Linn6. Bermuda. 35 mm. p. 57. 3. Tellina radlata Linn6. Boynton, Florida. 3 inches, p. 57. 4a, 4b. Tellina sayl Ball. Angelsea, New Jersey. 18 mm. p. 58 5a, 5b. Cumlngia coarctata Sowerby. Punta Gorda, Florida. 18 mm. p. 62. 6. Cumlngia tellinoides Conrad. 14 mm. p. 62. 7a, 7b. Tellina lintea Conrad. Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina. 22 mm. p. 57. 8. Macoma balthica Linne. 1 inch. p. 59. 9. Macoma brevlfrons Say. St. Petersburg, Florida. 35 mm. p. 60. 10a, 10b. Abra aequalis Say. Sanibel, Florida. 10 mm. p. 61. 11. Semele. proficua Pult. Sanibel, Florida. 30 mm. p. 61. 12. Semele purpurascens Sowerby. Palm Beach, Florida. 43 mm. p. 61. 13. Abra liolca Dall. Captlva, Florida. 7 mm. p. 61. 14.r Luclna crenella Dall. Florida. 5 mm. p. 46. 15. Tellina iris Say. 12 mm. p. 59. 16. Tellina radiata unimaculata Lamarck. West Indies. 3 inches, p. 57. 17. Tellina tampaensis Conrad. Sanibel, Florida. 14 mm. p. 58. PLATE Z3

7a PLATE 2 4

1. Rangia cuneata Gray. Jacksonville, Florida. 2 inches, p. 65. 2. Iphigenia braslliana Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 3 inches. 63. 3. Solen viridis Say. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 64.

4. Spisula solidissima simills Say. West Florida. 4.5 inches, i 65. 5a, 5b, Mulinia lateralis Say. 12 mm. p. 65. 6. Mactra fragills Gmelin. 2 inches, p. 64. 7. Rochfortia planiilata Stimpson. 4 mm. p. 48. 8. Ensis directus Conrad. Long Island, New York. 6 inches, p. 64.

PLATE 25

1. Tivela abaconls Dall. Yamato, Florida. 11 mm. p. 52. 2. Petrlcola pholadiformis lata Dall. Beaufort, North Carolina. 1.75 Inches, p. 56. 3a, 3b. Donax denticulatus Llnne. Nicaragua. 28 mm. p. 62. 4. Tagelus gibbus Spengler. 4 inches, p. 64. 5. Siliqua costata Say. Swampscott, Massachusetts. 2 inches, p. 64 6. Petrlcola pholadiformis -Lamarck. Far Rockaway, New York. 2.35 inches. p. 56. 7a, 7b. Rupellaria typlca Jonas. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 56. 8. Polymesoda floridana sarasotaensis Henderson. Tampa Bay^ Florida. 1.25 inches, p. 43. 9a, 9b. Heterodonax blmaculatum Linne. 20 mm. p. 63. 10. Donax variabilis Say. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 62. 11a, lib. Petrlcola lapicida Gmelin. Gordon Pass, Florida. 20 mm. p. 56. 12. Asaphis deflorata Linn6. Miami, Florida. 2 inches, p. 63. 13. Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin. Jamaica. 40 mm. p. 63. 14. Coralliophaga coralliophaga Gmelin. Bermuda. 1.5 inches, p. 56. 15. Spisula polynyma Stimpson. Grand Manan, N. B. 3.5 inches, p. 65. 16. Barnea truncata Say. 28 mm. p. 69. 17. Tagelus divisus Spengler. New England. 1.5 inches, p. 63.

200 PLATE 25 PLATE S 6

1. Panomya arctlca Lamarck. Off Owl's Head, Maine, 8.5 Inches, p. 68. £. Anatlna llneata Say. Sanibel, Florida. 2 inches, p. 65. 3. Anatina canaliculata Say. 2.5 inches, p. 65. 4a, 4b. Ti'ansennella stimpsonl Ball. Egmont Key, Florida. 14 mm. p. 51. 5. Periploma papyratia Say. 17 mm. p. 40. 6. Transennella conradina Dall. West Florida. 12 mm. p. 51. 7. Mya arenaria Linn6. Stonington, Connecticut. 3.5 inches, p. 66. 8. Mya truncata Linne. New England. 58 mm. p. 66. 9. Mesodesma arctata Conrad. North Triiro, Massachusetts. 2 inches, p. 66. 10a, 10b. Ervilia nitens Montagu. Antilles. 8 mm. p. 66. 11. Ervilia concentrica Gould. 5 mm. p. 66. PLATE 26 1. PLATE 27 PLATE 88 la, lb. Umbraculvun pllcatulum Martens. Deerfield, Florida. 28 mm. p. 144. 8. Argonauta argo americana Dall. Florida, p. 149. 5a, 3b. Argonauta hians Solander. Lantana, Florida. 28 mm. p. 149. 4. Melongena corona subcoronata Heilprin. Pliocene, Florida, p. 125. 5. Pecten nodosus Linne. Interior of valve, p. 34. 6. Spirula spirula Linn4. 1 inch. p. 148. 7. Latirus brevicaudatus Reeve. St. Thomas, W. I. 2.75 inches, p. 126. 8. Torcula subannulata acropora Dall. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 101. 9. Turrltella exoleta Linn6. Havana, Cuba. 40 mm. p. 101. PLATE 28 PLATE 29

1. Acmaea candeana Orbigny var. Yovmg. Key West, Florida. 10 mm. p. 74. 2a, 2b. Acmaea candeana antillarum Sowerby. Guantanamo, Cuba. 20 mm. p. 74. 5a, 3b. Hallotls pourtalesli Dall. Off Key West, Florida. 11 mm. p. 78. 4a, 4b. Tegula semigranosa A. Adams. Yamato, Florida. 16 mm. p. 78. 5a, 5b. Acmaea cubensis Reeve. Nassau, Bahamas. 15 mm. p. 74. 6. Neritina reclivata Say. Lake Worth, Florida. 20 mm. p. 83. 7. Neritina viridis Linne. Palm Beach, Florida. 7.5 mm. p. 83. 8. Nerita tessellata Gmelin. Boynton, Florida. 18 mm. p. 83. 9. Neritina virginea Linne. Palm Beach, Florida. 12 mm. p. 83. 10. Nerita peloronta Linn6. Jupiter, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 82. 11. Nerita versicolor Lamarck. Florida, 20 mm. p. 82. 12a, 12b. Neritina pupa Linne. 10 mm. p. 83. 13a, 13b, 13c. Acmaea leucopleura Gmelin. 23 mm. p. 74. 14a-14d. Acmaea punctulata Gmelin. 24 mm. p. 74. 15. Lucapina cancellata Sowerby. Boynton, Florida. 23 mm. p. 76. 16. Subemarginula puinila A. Adams. Dominican Republic, 8 mm. p. 77. 17. Acmaea testudinalis alveus Conrad. Interior, Maine. 8 mm. p. 75. 18a, 18b. Phasianella tessellata Potiez and Mlchaud. Boynton, Florida. 5.5 mm. p. 81. 19. Phasianella affinis C. B. Adams. St. Martins, W. I. 8.5 mm. p. 81. 20. Phasianella umbilicata Orbigny. Bonair Id., W. I. 7 mm. p. 81. 21. Nerita peloronta Linne. Operculum, p. 82. PLATE 29

13b 14 d 16 He PLATE 30

1. Flssxirella fascicularis Lamarck;. Rum Key, Florida. 20 mm. p. 75. 2a, 2b. Flssurella barbadensls Gmelln. Bahamas. 33 mm. p. 75. 3. Lucaplnella limatula Reeve. Off Cape Fear, North Carolina. 9 mm. p. 76. 4. Flssurella pustula Lamarck. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 75. 5a-5d. Diadora alternata Say. 1 Inch. p. 76. 6. Subemarglnula emarginata Blalnville. 1 inch. p. 77. 7. Subemarglniila octoradiata Adams. 1 inch. p. 77. 8. Acmaea testudinalis amaena Say. Maine. 35 mm. p. 75. 9a, 9b. Rimula frenulata Dall. Off Cape Lookout, North Carolina. 6.25 mm. p. 77. 10. Lucapina adspersa Philippi. Lignumvitae Key, Florida. 21 mm. p. 76. 11. Emarginula cancellata Philippi. Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. 4 mm. p. 76. 12a, 12b. Flssurella nodosa Born. 35 mm. p. 75. 13. Diadora minuta Lamarck. Boynton, Florida. 10 mm. p. 76. 14. Acmaea candeana Orbigny. p. 74. 15. Stomatella picta Orbigny. Florida Keys. 4 mm. p. 77. 16a, 16b, 16c. Diadora listeri Orbigny. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 40 mm. p. 76.

210 PLATE 30 .-J^^

9 a- PLATE 31

1. Astraea longispina spinulosa Lamarck. 65 mm. p. 8S. S. Astraea longispina Lamarck. 40 mm. p. 82. 3. Astraea tuber Llnne. Boca Raton, Florida. 2 Inches, p. 88. 4. Tegiila fasclata Born. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 16 mm. p. 78. 5. Astraea imbricata Gmelin. 40 mm. p. 8S. 6. Astraea amerlcana Gmelin. Florida Keys. 1 inch. p. 82. 7. Llvona pica Linne. West Indies. 2.75 inches. p. 79. 8. Calliostoma jujubinum Gmelin. West Florida. 33 mm. p. 79. 9. Astraea brevispina Lamarck. West Indies. 40 mm. p. 82. 10. Astraea caelata Gmelin. Lantana, Florida. 3 inches, p. 82. 11a, lib. Turbo castaneus Gmelin. Florida Keys. 30 mm. p. 81. 12. Calliostoma roseolum Ball. 9.5 mm. p. 79. 13. Margarites groenlandicus Gmelin. Maine. 6 mm. p. 80. 14. Cochllolepis striata Dall. Palm Beach, Florida. 6.5 mm. p. 80. 15. Lacuna vincta Montagu. Maine. 8 mm. p. 101. 16. Calliostoma occidentalis Michels and Adams. Casco Bay, Maine. 15 mm. p. 79. 17a, 17b. Cochllolepis parasitica Stimpson. 2 mm. p. 80. 18. Calliostoma euglyptum A. Adams. Sarasota, Florida. 18 mm. p. 79. 19. Solariella obscura Couth. Casco Bay, Maine. 9 mm. p. 79. 20. Phasianella bella Pllsbry. Florida Keys. 2;,5 mm. p. 81. PLATE 31 PLATE 32

1. Epitonlum angulatum Say. 16 mm. p. 83. 2. Epitonlum eburneum Potiez and Michaud. Palm Beach, Florida. 20 mm. p. 84. 3. Epltonium lineatum Say. Cape Caneveral, Florida. 12 mm. p. 84. 4. Epitonlum tolleni Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 13 mm. p. 85. 5. Epltonium krebsli Morch. Boynton, Florida. 13 mm. p. 84. 6. Epitonlum hvmiphreysli Kiener. Maine. 15 mm. p. 84. 7. Epitonlum sclplo Dall. Vera Cruz, Mexico. 6 mm. p. 85. 8. Llotla variabilis Dall. 4 mm. Off Florida, p. 80. 9. Calllostoma euglyptvim A. Adams. Sarasota, Florida. 18 mm. p. 79. 10. Epitonlum turrlculum Sowerby. 8 mm. p. 85. 11. Epitonlum multlstriatum Say. Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. 13 mm. p. 84. 12. Epitonlum dunkerianum Dall. Palm Beach, Florida. 4.5 mm. p. 85. 13. Epitonlum centiquadra Morch. Palm Beach, Florida. 8 mm. p. 84. 14. Epitonlum mltchelli Dall. Matagorda Id., Texas, p. 84. 15. Epitonlum fragllis Gray. Punta Rassa, Florida. 5 mm. p. 84. 16. Epitonlum sp. Abnormal. Palm Beach, Florida. 2 mm. 17. Epitonlum permodestum Dall. 38 mm. p. 84. 18. Epitonlum multistriata Say. Isle of Pines, North Carolina. 13 mm. p. 84. 19. Epitonlum clathrus Linn6. Yamato, Florida. 18 mm. p. 84. PLATE :V2 PLATE 33

1. Janthina janthina Llnne. Lantana, Florida. 1.5 Inches, p. 85 2. Janthina exlgua Lamarck. Lantana, Florida. 12 mm. p. 86. 3a, 3b. Janthina globosa Swains. Lantana, Florida. 18 mm. p. 86. 4. Styllfer stlmpsonl Verrlll. Off Block Id., Rhode Island. 3.75 mm. p. 86. 5. Turitellopsls acicula Stlmpson. Frenchman's Bay, Maine. 6 mm. p. 101. 6. Rlssolna laevigata C. B. Adams. Palm Beach, Florida. 4 mm. p. 97. 7. Terebra concava Say. Sarasota Bay, Florida. 23 mm. p. 132. 8a, 8b. Pyramldella crenulata Holmes. Palm Beach, Florida. 14 mm. p. 87. 9. Melanella fusus Dall. Off Morro Light, Havana, Cuba. p. 86. 10. Melanella conoldea Kurtz and Stlmpson. Palm Beach, Florida. 9 mm. p. 86. 11. Melanella Intermedia Cantraine. Tiger Key, Florida. 7.5 mm. p. 86. 12. Llostraca billneata Alder. 8 mm. p. 86. 13. Oscllla biserlata Gabb. Big Pine Key, Florida. 8.5 mm. p. 90. 14. Epitonium crenata hotessieriana Orbigny. Dtilla Id. 12 mm. p. 85. 15. Llostraca acuta Sowerby. Off Marco, Florida. 8 mm. p. 86. 16. Nlso splendldula Sowerby. Between Mississippi Delta and Cedar Keys, Florida. 28 mm. p. 87. 17. Nlso Interrupta Sowerby. Deerfield, Florida. 14 mm. p. 87. 18. Terebra concava vlnosa Dall. Tampa Bay, Florida. 18 mm. p. 132. 19. Mitrella fusiformls Orbigny. San Domingo. 7 mm. p. 120. 20. Turbonilla dalli Bush. East Florida. 8.4 mm. p. 89. 21. Tachyrhynchus erosa Couthouy. Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. 26 mm. p. 101. 22. Atlanta peronii Le Sueur. Boynton, Florida. 12 mm. p. 91. 23. Mangilla cerina Kurtz and Stlmpson. Woods Holl, Massachusetts. 9 mm. p. 136. PLATE 33 PLATE 34

1. Pyramidella wliikleyi Bartsch. 5.8 mm. p. 87. 2. Turbonllla Interrupta Totten. 5.7 mm. p. 88. 3a, 3b. Turbonllla conradi Bush. West Florida. 9.5 mm. p. 88. 4. Turbonllla belotheca Dall. Palm Beach, Florida, p. 89. 5. Turbonllla curta Dall. Sanlbel, Florida. 8.3 mm. p. 88. 6. Turbonllla hemphllll Bush. 4 mm. p. 88. 7. Pyramidella Candida Morch. Off Tiger Key, Florida. 7 mm. p. 87. 8. Turbonllla areolata Verrlll. 5 mm. p. 88. 9. Turbonllla strlatula Couthouy. 13.6 mm. p. 89. 10a, lOb.Odostomla modesta Stlmpson. 3.2 mm. p. 91. 11. Turbonllla vlnae Bartsch. 6.3 mm. p. 89. 12. Odostomla blsuturalls ovilensls Bartsch. 5.6 mm. p. 90. 13. Turbonllla winkleyl Bartsch. 7.9 mm. p. 89. 14. Odostomla trlflda Totten. 4 mm. p. 90. 15. Pyramidella producta C. B. Adams. 5.1 mm. p. 87. 16. Odostomla Impressa Say. 4.8 mm. p. 90. 17. Odostomla semlnuda C. B. Adams. 3.8 mm. p. 90. 18. Pyramidella dolobrata Llnne. Nassau, Bahamas. 1 Inch. p. 87. 19. Odostomle blsuturalls Say. Woods Holl, Massachusetts. 4.7 mm. p. 90. 20. Turbonllla mlghelsl Bartsch. 4.7 mm. p. 89. 21. Pyramidella fusca C. B. Adams. New Bedford, Massachusetts. 5.5 mm. p. 87. 22. Perlstlchla toreta Dall. Sanlbel, Florida. 11 mm. p. 89.

aiB PLATE 34 PLATE 3 5

1. Carinaria mediterranea Peron and Le Sueur. Atlantic. 2 inches, i 91. 2. Polinices brunnea Link. Boynton, Florida. 30 mm. p. 92. 3. Eunaticina semisulcata Gray. Boynton, Florida. 14 mm. p. 93. 4a, 4b. Slnum perspectlvum Say. Delray Beach, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 93. 5. Sinum maculatum Say. 1.25 Inches, p. 93. 6. Natica livlda Pfelffer. Palm Beach, Florida. 13 mm. p. 91. 7. Natica canrena Linne. Lake Worth, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 91. 8a, 8b. Polinices triseriata Say. Maine. 17 mm. p. 92. 9. Polinices duplicate Say. Far Rockaway, New York 2 inches, p. 92. 10. Same. Monstrosity. Sanibel, Florida, p. 92. 11. Natica pusllla Say. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 92. 12. Velutina laevigata Linne. 16 mm. p. 93. 13a, 13b. Polinices lactea Guilding. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 92. 14. Polinices heros Say. New York. 2.5 inches. p. 92. 15. Epitonium groenlandicum Perry. Maine. 1 inch. p. 85. 16a, 16b. Natica maroccana Dillwyn. Lake Viorth, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 91. 17. Polinices groenlandica Moller. New England. 18 mm. p. 92. 18. Slnum martinianum Philippi. Florida. 1 inch. p. 93. PLATE 35

• —' 11 PLATE 36

la, lb. Xenophora conchyliophora Born. Palm Beach, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 94. 8. Crepidula aculeata Gmelin. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 96. 3a-3c. Hipponix antiquata Linn6. Florida Keys. 19 mm. p. 94. 4. Capulus intortus Lamarck. 17 mm. p. 94. 5a, 5b. Crepldula fornlcata Linne. Sanibel, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 95. 6a, 6b. Crepidula glauca Say. Westerly, Rhode Island. 14 mm. p. 95. 7. Cheilea equestris Llnn6. Boynton, Florida. 32 mm. p. 94. 8a, 8b. Crucibulum striatum Say. Brooklin, Maine. 1 inch. p. 95. 9a, 9b, 9c. Calyptraea centralis Conrad. Diam. 10 mm. p. 95. 10. Architectonica granulata Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches, p. 98. 11. Truncatella caribaeensis Sowerby. Florida Keys. 7 mm. p. 96. 12. Truncatella caribaeensis pulchella Pfeiffer. 5 mm. p. 96. 13. Truncatella bilabiata Pfeiffer. Palm Beach, Florida. 5.5 mm. p. 96. 14. Crepidula plana Say. Lake Worth, Florida. 50 mm. p. 96. 15. Capulus ungaricus Linne. 1 inch. p. 94. PLATE 36 PLATE 37

1. Archltectonica bisulcata Orbigny. Yatnato, Florida. 10 mm. p. 98. 2. Architectonica cyclostoma Menke. Matecvunbe Key, Florida. 13 mm. p. 99. 3. Archltectonica delphinuloides Orbigny. Yamato, Florida. 7.5 mm. p. 99. 4. Architectonica granulata Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 2 inches. p. 98. 5. Llttorina angulifera Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 1.25 inches. p. 100. 6a, 6b. Tectarlus miiricatus Linne. Boca Raton, Florida. 1 inch. p. 100. 7. Planaxis nucleus Lamarck. Palm Beach, Florida. 12 mm. 104.

8. Planaxis lineatus Da Costa, Palm Beach, Florida, 9 mm. . 103.

9. Echinella nodulosa Gmelin. Boca Raton, Florida. 18 mm. . 100. 10. Litiopa bombyx Rang. Yamato, Florida. 5 mm. p. 97.

11a, lib. Alaba tervaricosa C. B. Adams. Boynton, Florida. 6 mm. . 98. 12. Hydrobia minuta Totten. 4 mm. p. 97. 13. Llttorina littorea Linne. New England. 1 inch. p. 99. 14. Turritella variegata Linn6. 3.5 inches, p. 101. 15. Llttorina ziczac lineata Lamarck. Jupiter, Florida. 12 mm, 100. 16a, 16b. Rissoina laevigata C. B. Adams. Palm Beach, Florida. 4 mm. 97. 17. Rissoina cancellata Philippi. Florida Keys. 8 mm. p. 97. 18. Rissoina chesnelli Michaud. West Florida. 4 mm. p. 97. 19. Rissoina bryerea Montagu. Palm Beach, Florida. 5 mm. p. 97. 20. Llttorina irrorata Say. Coronado Beach, Florida. 1 inch. P- 99. 21. Modulus modulus Linne. 15 mm. p. 104. 22. Llttorina obtusata Linn§. New England. 22 mm. p. 99. 23. Llttorina saxitile Olivi. New England. 12 mm. p. 99. 24. Llttorina ziczac Gmelin. Boca Raton, Florida. 12 mm. 100. 25. Rissoina decussata Montagu. 6 mm. p. 97. PLATE 37 e. 9 mm. PLATE 3&

f f PLATE 39 la, lb. Strombus bltuberculatus Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 3 inches, p. 108. 2. Strombus gigas Linne. Lake Vtforth, Florida. 12 Inches, p. 108. S. Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Sanibel, Florida. 10 inches, p. 126. 4. Strombus pugilis alatus Gmelin. Tertiary, Florida. p. 109. 5. Aporrhais occidentalis malnensis Johnson. Maine. S.5 inches, p. 108. 6. Same. Growth stages, p. 108. 7. Strombus pugilis Linn§. Lake Vilorth, Florida. 4 Inches, p. 108. 8. Aporrhais occidentalis Beck. Off Maine. 2.5 Inches, p. 107.

PLATE 40

1. Cyphoma glbbosa Llnne. Tortugas. 1 inch, p, 109. 2. Simnla aclcularis Lamarck. Sanibel, Florida. 17 mm. p. 109. 3. Simnla uniplicata Sowerby. 15 mm. p. 109. 4a, 4b. Cypraea cinerea Gmelln. Tortugas. 1.75 inches. p. 110. 5. Cypraea exanthema Linn^. Florida Keys. 4 inches, p. 110. 6a, 6b. Cypraea spurca Linn6. Boynton, Florida. 30 mm. p. 110. 7a, 7b, 7c. Trivia pediculus Linne. Lantana, Florida. 15 mm. p. 110. 8a, 8b. Trivia globosa Gray. 11 mm. p. 110. 9a, 9b. Trivia quadripiinctata Gray. 8 mm. p. 110. 10. Trivia suffusa Gray. 9 mm. p. 110. 11a, lib. Erato maugeriae Gray. East Florida. 6 mm. p. 110. 12. Trivia candidula Gask. Off Barbados. 7 mm. p. 110. 13. Trivia subrostrata Gray. Antilles. 6 mm. p. 110. 14. Turbo spenglerianus Gmelin. West Indies. 2.5 inches, p. 81. 15. Acmaea candeana Orbigny. 1 inch. p. 74. 16. Nerita fiilgurans Gmelin. Key West, Florida. 1 inch. p. 83. 17. Epitoniiam denticxilatum Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 7 mm. p. 84. 18. Busycon perversum Llnn6. Dextral. Off Daytona Beach, Florida. 2 inches. p. 124. 19. Cypraea exanthema cervus Linne. Florida. 2.75 inches, p. 110. PLATE 40 PLATE 41

1. Cassis Inflata abbreviata Lamarck. Florida. 3 2. Cassis flammea Linne. Florida. 5 3. Cassis testlculus Llnne. Lantana, Florida. 4. Aporrhais occldentalls labradorensls Johnson 5. Cassis tuberosa Linne. Lake Worth, Florida. 6. Tonna galea Llnn§. 9 inches, p. 112. 7. Tonna perdlx Linne. 8 inches, p. 112. 8. Ficus papyratla Say. Sanibel, Florida. 6.5 9. Lamellaria pellucida Verrill. Deerfield, Florida 10. Margarites hellcinus Phipps. New England. PLATE 41 PLATE 4 2

1. Cymatium costatum Born. 4 inches, p. 113. 2. Cymatlum costatum Born. var. Brazil. 4 Inches. 113.

3. Cymatium femorale Llnne. Florida Keys. 5 inches. . 112. 4. Cymatium aquitile Reeve 3 inches, p. 112. 5. Cymatium chlorostoma Lamarck. Florida Keys. 3 inches, p. 112. 6. Gyrlneum cruentatiam Reeve. Boynton, Florida. 1 inch. p. 113. 7. Cymatium tuberosum Lamarck. West Indies. 2 inches, p. .112. 8. Dlstorsio clathrata Lamarck. Lake Worth, Florida. 1.25 inches, p. 113. 9. Cymatium cynocephalum Lamarck. West Indies. 2.5 Inches, p. 112. 10. Colubraria testacea Morch. Palm Beach, Florida. 2 inches, p. 118. 11. Uelanella subcarinata Orbigny. 3.5 mm. p. 86. 12. Busycon pyrum Dillwyn. Florida. 3.5 inches, p. 125. 13a, 13b. Monostiolum swifti Tryon. Bermuda. 18-22 mm. p. 118. 14. Amauropsis islandica Gmelin. New England. 1 inch. p. 93. 15. Natica clausa Brod. and Sowerby. Off New England. 16 mm. p. 92. 16. Trophon scalariformis Gould. Georges Bank. 30 mm. p. 116. 17. Eunaticina semisulcata Gray. Palm Beach, Florida. 14 mm. p. 93.

234 PLATE 42, PLATE 4 3

1. Cancellaria conradiana Dall. Gulf of Mexico. 1.5 Inches, p. 138. 2. Murex fulvescens Sowerby. Off Vifilbur, Florida. 6 inches, p. 114. 3. Murex pomum Gmelin. West Florida. 3 inches, p. 115. 4. Murex chrysostomus Sowerby. West Indies. 8.5 inches, p. 115. 5. Muricidea ostrearum Conrad. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 6. Astraea brevispina Lamarck. West Indies. 1.5 inches, p. 82, 7. Cerithidea sc£.lariformis Say. 1 inch. p. 107. 8. Gyrlneum affine cubanianum Orbigny. Tortugas. 2.5 inches, p. 113. 9. Astraea longispina Lamarck. Florida Keys. 18 mm. p. 81. PLATE 43

/ >^iS»'-^ r ' V

\\ J#*

^ ^' \ r 9 PLATE 44

1. Murex cabritll Barnardi. Gulf of Mexico. 2 inches, p. 114. 2. Murex brevlfrons Lamarck. v;est Indies. 3 Inches, p. 114. 3. Murex beaul Fisher and Barnardi. South of Cuba. p. 114. 4. Murex rufus Lamarck. Florida. 2 Inches, p. 114. 5. Cymatlum clngulatum penlnsulum Smith. Lake Worth, Florida. 2.5 Inches. p. 113. 6. Ollva sayana Ravenel. Spire much produced, a freak. West Florida, p. 131. 7. Murlcldea hexagona Lamarck. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 8. Leucozonla ocellata Gmelln. Florida Keys. 1 inch. p. 127. 9a, 9b. Adeorbls beaul Fischer. Florida. 9 mm. p. 98. 10. Thais deltoldea Lamarck. Florida. 1 inch. p. 117. 11. Mangllla stellata fllosa Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 137. 12. Ollva sayana Ravenel. Freak, shouldered form. West Florida, p. 127. 13. Trophon truncatus Strom. New England. 12 mm. p. 117. PLATE 44 PLATE 45

1. Urosalplnx clnereus Say. Long Island, New York. 37 mm. p. 116. 2. Eupleura caudate sulcidentata Dall. West Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 115, 3. Muricidea multangula Phillppi. 19 mm. p. 116. 4. Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Adams. Blscayne Bay, Florida. 12 mm. p. 118. 5. Drosalpinx tampaensis Conrad. West Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 6. Colubraria lanceolata Menke. Florida. 1 inch. p. 118. 7. Tritonalia cellulosa Conrad. Florida Keys. 12 mm. p. 115. 8a, 8b. Thais patula Linne. Boynton, Florida, p. 117. 9. Thais florldana Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 117. 10. Murex messorius Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 114. 11. Tritonalia cellulosa Conrad. 12 mm. p. 115. 12. Muricidea multangula Philippi. 20 mm. p. 116. 13. Thais floridana haysae Clench. Louisiana. 3.5 inches, p. 117. 14. Eupleura caudata Say. 1 inch. p. 115. 15. Drosalpinx perrugatus Conrad. 28 mm. p. 116. 16. Coralliophila abbreviata Lamarck. Florida. 1 inch. p. 118. 17. Leucozonia cingulifera Lamarck. Florida Keys. 2 inches, p. 126. 18. Muricidea ostrearum Conrad. Off Tiger Key, Florida. 1 inch. p. 116. 19a-19d. Thais lapillus Llnn6. Maine. 1.25 inches, p. 117. £0. Tritonalia intermedia C. B. Adams. Bermuda. 22 mm. p. 116. 21. Thais lapillus imbricatus Lamarck. Nova Scotia. 1 inch. p. 118. PLATE 45

19 b PLATE 46

1. Uitrella albella iontha Ravenel. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm, p. 120. 2. Pyrene rusticoides Heilprin. Florida. 18 mm. p. 119. 3. Anachis obesa C. B. Adams. 6 mm. p. 119. 4. Serpulorbis decussatus Gmelin. p. 102. 5a, 5b. Nitldella cribraria Lamarck. Boynton, Florida. 10 mm. p. 120. 6. Nitidella moleculina Duclos. Japan. 10 mm. p. 120. 7. Anachis avara semiplicata Stearns. Tarpon Bay, Florida. 13 mm. p. 119. 8a, 8b. Pyrene mercatorla Llnne. West Indies. 17 mm. p. 119. 9a, 9b. Nitidella nitidula Sowerby. Palm Beach, Florida. 15 mm. p. 120. 10. Nassarlus trivlttata Say. New England. 16 mm. p. 121. 11. Nassarius consensa Ravenel. Charlotte Harbor, Florida, p. 121. 12. Nassarius obsoleta Say. Long Island, New York. 1 inch. p. 121. 13a, 13b. Nassarius vibex Say. Florida. 10 mm. p. 121. 14. Nassarius hotessieri Orbigny. Off Sand Key, Florida, p. 121. 15. Nitidella laevigata Llnn6. Palm Beach, Florida. 17 mm. p. 120. 16. Nassarius ambigua Montagu. Yamato, Florida. 10 mm. p. 121. 17. Nassarius acutus Say. Florida. 13 mm. p. 121. 18. Mitrella limata Say. New England. 5 mm. p. 120. 19. Anachis avara similis Ravenel. 7 mm. p. 119. 20. Phos candei Orbigny. Florida. 1 inch. p. 123. 21. Phos parvus C. B. Adams, var. Florida Keys. 16 mm. p. 123. 22. Cantharus cancellarla Conrad. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 122. 23. Anachis avara translirata Ravenel. North Carolina. 14 mm. p. 119. 24. Anachis avara Say. Woods Holl, Massachusetts. 17 mm. p. 119. 25. Pyrene ovulata Lamarck. Florida Keys. 15 mm. p. 119.

248 PLA rK46 PLATE 47

1. Colus pygmaeus Gould. New England. 1 inch. p. 124. 2. Melongena corona Gmelin. Animal extended. Sanlbel, Florida, p. 125. 3. Colus stimpsoni Morch. Maine. 2.75 inches. p. 124. 4. Cantharus tinctus Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 1 inch. p. 122. 5. Pisania variegata Gray. Florida Keys. 19 mm. p. 122. 6. Buccinum undatum Linne. Maine. 2.5 inches. p. 122. 7. Melongena corona inspinata Richards. West Florida, p. 125. 8. Engina turbinella Kiener. Key West, Florida. 11 mm. p. 123. 9. Pisania puslo Linne. Florida Keys. 2 inches, p. 122. 10. Neptimea decemcostata Say. Maine. 3 inches, p. 123. 11. Cantharus auritula Link. Jupiter, Florida. 1 inch. p. 123. 12. Leucozonia cingulifera Lamarck. Florida Keys. 2 inches, p. 126. 13. Lora nobilis Moller. Frenchman's Bay, Maine. 18 mm. p. 136. 14. Lora cancellata Mighels and Adams. Eastport, Maine. 15 mm. p. 136. 15. Lora pleurotomaria Couthouy. Casco Bay, Maine. 11 mm. p. 136. 16. Mangilia atrostyla Ball, fcianibel, Florida. 7 mm. p. 136. PLATE 47 PLATE 48

1. Melongena corona Gmelln. Sanibel, Florida. 3 inches, p. 125. 2. Busycon canallculatus Say. Daytona Beach, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 124. 3. Thais florldana Conrad. Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 117. 4. Busycon perversum Linne. Sanibel, Florida. 8 inches, p. 124. 5. Melongena melongena Linn§. West Indies. 4 Inches, p. 125. 6. Busycon carica eliceans Montfort. North Carolina. p. 124. 7. Murex messorius Reeve. Marco, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 114. 8. Marginella lachrimula Gould. Florida. 1.5 mm. p. 130.

PLATE 4 9

1. Fasciolarla tulipa Linn6. Biscayne Bay, Florida. 6 inches, p. 126. 2. Busycon canaliculatum Say. Far Rockaway, New York. 6 inches, p. 124. S. Xancus angulatus Solander. Florida Keys. 9 inches, p. 127. 4. Fasciolarla dlstans Lamarck. Sanibel, Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 126. 5. Vasum muricatum Born. Lower Keys, Florida 5 inches, p. 127. 6. Busycon carica Gmelin 7 inches, p. 124.

7. Busycon perversum Llnn6. Marco, Florida. 12 inches. .1. 124. 8. iMarginella carnea Storer. 19 mm. p. 129. 9. Marginella lactea Kiener. 9 mm. p. 150. 10. Marglnella velle Pilsbry. Captiva, Florida. 15 mm. p. 131. 11. Aspella obeliscus A. Adams Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 115. 12. Cavolina longirostris Le Sueur. 4 143. PLATE 49 PLATE 50

1. Maculopeplum Junonia Chemnitz. Giilf of Mexico, 3. inches, p. 128. 2. Mitra barbadensls Gmelin. Tortxigas. 2 inches, p. 128. 3. Mitra sulcata Gmelin. Florida Keys. 10 mm. p. 129. 4. Mitra puella Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 8 mm. p. 129. 5. Mitra florldana Dall. West Florida. 7 mm. p. 128. 6. Olivella mutica Say. Beaiifort, North Carolina. 12 mm. p. 132. 7. Olivella floralia Duclos. Palm Beach, Florida. 8 mm. p. 131. 8. Olivella nivea Gmelin. Lake Worth, Florida. 15 mm. p. 132. 9. Oliva sayana Ravenel. West Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 131. 10. Cymatosyrinx pagodula Dall. Off Barbados. 12 mm. p. 135. 11. Marginella succinea Conrad. Gulfport, Florida. 17 mm. p. 131. 12. Marginella fauna Sowerby. 12 mm. p. 131. 13. Marginella pallida Linn6. Cuba. 15 mm. p. 130. 14. Marginella catenata Montagu. Yamato, Florida. 3.5 mm. p. 130. 15. Marginella minuta Pfeiffer. Palm Beach, Florida. 2.5 mm. p. 130. 16a, 16b. Marginella pallida Linn6. West Indies. 15 mm. p. 130. 17. Clathodrillia ostrearum Stearns. Sanibel, Florida. 22 mm. p. 135. 18a, 18b. Marginella guttata Dillwyn. Florida Keys. 1 inch. p. 130. 19. Marginella denticulata opalina Stearns. Tarpon Bay, Florida. 8 mm. p. 130. 20. Marginella avena Valenciennes. 12 mm. p. 130. 21. Marginella denticulata Conrad. Florida. 8 mm. p. 129. 22. Marginella apiclna Menke. Lake Worth, Florida. 12 mm. p. 129. 23. Oliva reticularis Lamarck. 2 Inches, p. 131. 24. Marginella aureocincta Stearns. West Florida. 4 mm. p. 130. 25. Tethys protea Rang. Florida. 3 inches, p. 142. PLATE 50

18a 10 b PLATE 51

1. Terebra hastata Gmelin. Yamato, Florida. 27 mm. p. 133. S. Terebra clnerea Born. Jensen, Florida. 2 Inches, p. 133. 3. Clathodrillia ebur Reeve. Gulf of Mexico. 12 mm. p. 135. 4a, 4b. Conus floridanus Gabb. Lemon Bay, Florida. 1.5 inches, p. 133. 5. Conus proteus Hwass. West Florida. 2 inches, p. 133. 6. Conus mus Hwass. Palm Beach, Florida. 1 inch. p. 133. 7. Conus pealii Green. Florida. 19 mm. p. 133. 8a, 8b. Conus pygmaeus Reeve. Florida Keys. 12 mm. p. 133. 9. Oliva reticularis bollingi Clench. Off Miami, Florida. 61 mm. p. 131, 10. Voluta virescens Solander. 2 inches, p. 127. 11a, lib. Olivella nivea Gmelin. Florida. 20 mm. p. 132. 12. Terebra protexta Conrad. West Florida. 20 mm. p. 132 13. Mitra siilcata Gmelin. No Name Key, Florida. 10 mm. p. 129. 14. Mitra nodulosa Gmelin. 36 mm. p. 128. 15. Mitra hanleyi Dohrn. Card Sound, Florida. 7 mm. p. 129. 16. Terebra dislocata rudis Gray. 1.5 inches, p. 132. 17. Conus verrucosus Hwass. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 133. 18. Oliva reticularis Lamarck. West Indies. 2 inches, p. 131. 19. Olivella jaspidea Gmelin. Florida Keys. 15 mm. p. 132. 20. Cancellaria tenera Philippi. Florida. 20 mm. p. 138. 21. Conus nebulosus Solander. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 32 mm. p. 134. 22. Admete viridula Jay. New England. 12.5 mm. p. 138. 258 PLATE 51 PLATE 52

1. Cymatosyrinx thea Dall. Palm Beach, Florida. 15 mm. p. 135. 2. Mangilla pllcosa C. B. Adams. Gulfport, Florida. 7 mm. p. 137. 3. Clathodrillia harfordiana Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 18 mm. p. 135. 4. Mangilia quadrata rugirima Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 9 mm. p. 137. 5. Mangilia cerinella Dall. West Florida. 11 mm. p. 136. 6. Mangilia limonitella Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 7 mm. p. 137. 7. Clathodrillia ebenina Dall. Key West, Florida. 27 mm. p. 135. 8. Conus daucus Brijgulere. Jamaica. 1.5 inches, p. 134. 9. Mangilia exculpta Watson. Gulf of Mexico. 30 mm. p. 137. 10. Clathodrillia albinodata Reeve. Palm Beach, Florida. 9 mm. p. 135. 11. Cymatosyrinx furcata Reeve. Nassau, Bahamas. 26 mm. p. 134. 12. Mangilia guarani Orbigny. Palm Beach, Florida. 5 mm. p. 137. 13. Clathodrillia leucocyma Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 15 mm. p. 135. 14. Mangilia stellata filosa Dall. Sanibel, Florida. 6 mm. p. 137. 15a, 15b. Turris virgo Wood. Jamaica. 3.5 inches, p. 134. 16. Latirus Infundibulum Gmelin. Jamaica. 2 inches, p. 126. 17. Daphnella lymnaeformis Kiener. West Indies. 16 mm. p. 137. 18. Lora bicarinata Couthoiiy. Casco Bay, Maine, 7 mm. p. 136. PLATE 52

l5a 5a PLATE 53

1. Volvula oxytata Bush, Lake Worth, Florida. 3.5 mm. p. 139. 2. Micromelo undata Bruguiere. Deerfield, Florida. 14 mm. p. 141. 3. Acteon punctostrlatus C. B. Adams. Sanibel, Florida. 5 mm. p. 138. 4. Haminoea antlllarum guadalupensls Sowerby. Sanibel, Florida. 18 mm. p. 141. 5. Phlline sagra Orbigny. Lake Worth, Florida. 4 mm. p. 142. 6. Atys sharpi Vanatta. Boynton, Florida. 7.5 mm. p. 139. 7. Morum oniscus Linn6. Florida. 1 inch. p. 111. 8. Haminoea elegans Gray. 12 mm. p. 141. 9. Bulla solida Gmelin. West Florida. 35 mm. p. 140. 10. Bulla occidentalis C. B. Adams, Lake Worth, Florida. 1 inch. p. 140. 11. Cancellaria reticulata Linn6. Florida. 2 inches. p. 138, 12. Cylichna alba Brown. 5 mm. p, 140. 13. Hydatina physis Linn^. Delray, Florida, 1 inch, p, 141. 14. Acteocina candei Orbigny, 2,5 mm, p. 139. 15a, 15b. Tethys wilcoxi Heilprin. Sanibel, Florida. 7,5 inches, p. 142. 16. Ringicula nitida Verrill. 4.2 mm. p. 142. 17. Bulla striata Bruguiere. Yamato, Florida. 1 inch. p. 140, 18a, 18b. Sinum martiniana Philippi. Lake Worth, Florida. 18 nim. p. 93. 19. Cylichnella bidentata Orbigny. Sanibel, Florida. 4 mm. p. 140. 20. Lora incisula Verrill. Maine. 6.5 mm, p, 136. 21a, 21b, Acteocina bullata Kiener, West Indies, 11 mm. p. 133. 22. Haminoea antillarum Orbigny. 5 mm. p. 141. 23. Atys carlbaea Orbigny. Boynton, Florida. 8 mm. p. 140. PLATE 55

ri V PLATE 54

1. Spondylus amerlcanus Hermann. West Florida. 4 inches, p. 32. 2. Chione intapurpurea Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 35 mm. p. 53. 3. Mya arenaria Linn6. New England. 3.5 inches, p. 66. 4. Spondylus americanus Hermann. West Florida, p. 32. 5a, 5b. Voluta musica Linn6. West Indies, p. 127. 6. Tellidora cristata Recluz. Sanibel, Florida. 1 inch. p. 60. 7. Barnea costata Linn6. Marco, Florida. 6 inches, p. 69. 8. Macrocallista nimbosa Solander. Marco, Florida. 4 inches, p. 52. 9. Meioceras nitidim Stimpson. 2.5 mm. p. 103. 10. Caeciom carolinianum Dall. 4.75 mm. p. 103. Pr.A FE 54 PLATE 55

1. Detracia bulloldes Montagu. Florida Keys. 11 mm. p. 147. 2. Auriciilastrum pellucens Menke. Sanibel, Florida. 18 mm. p. 145. 3. Phytla myosotis Drap. 8 mm. p. 145. 4. Crucibulum auricula spinosum Sowerby. Pllo., Florida. l.£ inches, p. 95. 5. Melampus floridanus Shuttleworth. 7.5 mm. p. 146. 6. Tralla pusllla Gmelln. 13 mm. p. 145. 7. Melampus coffeus Linne. Florida. 18 mm. p. 146. 8. Pedlpes mirabilis Muhlfeld. Palm Beach, Florida. 3 mm. 9a, 9b. Siphonaria naufragum Stearns. Eoynton, Florida. 10a, 10b. Siphonaria alternata Say. Florida Keys. 8 mm. 11. Melampus bidentatus Say. 10 mm. p. 146. IS. Melampus flavus Gmelin. 14 mm. p. 146. 13. Dentalium semistriolatim Guilding. 29.5 mm. p. 14a, 14b. Dentalium entale stimpsoni Henderson. 40 mm. p. 15. Trlchotropls borealls costellarus Couthoviy. 19 mm. p. 103. 16a. Dentalium occidentale Stimpson. Apical portion magnified, p. 72. 16b-16d. Dentalium occidentale Stimpson. 26-31 mm. p. 72. 17. Dentalium semistriolatum Guilding. 29.5 mm. p. 72. 18a. Dentalium antillarum Orbigny. 20.5 mm. p. 71. 18b. Same, showing sculptural detail, p. 71. 19. Dentalium texaslana Philippi. 24. mm. p. 72. 20. Pecten raveneli Dall. Florida. 30 mm. p. 33. 21a. Dentalium callithrix Dall. Juvenile 23.5 mm. p. 71. 21b. Same, enlarged sculptural detail, p. 71. 22. Cadulus carolinensis Bush. 8 mm. p. 73. PLATE 55 PLATE 56

1. Chiton tuberculatus Llnn^. 3 inches, p. SS. 2. Acanthopleura granulate Gmelln. Florida Keys. 2.! 3. Ischnochlton paplllosus C. B. Adams. Florida K 4. Ceratozona rugosa Sowerby. 40 mm. p. 26. 5a-5d. Ischnochlton florldanus Pllsbry. 41 mm. p. 23 6a, 6b, 6c. Lepldochiton alba Llnn^. New England. 13 mm 7a, 7b, 7c. Lepldochiton marmorea Fabrlclus. New England. 8a-8d. Lepldochiton ruber Lowe. New England. 20 mm. 9a, 9b. Ischnochlton llmaclformls Sowerby. 35 mm. p. 10. Hamlnoea succlnea Conrad. 10 mm. p. 141.

see PLATE 56

9a PLATE 57

la,lb,lc. Ceratozona rugosa Sowerby. 40 mm. p. 23. Sa,gb. Chiton marmoratus Gmelln. 2 Inches, p. 23. 3. Acanthochites splculosus astrlger Reeve. 20 mm. p. 24. 4. Acanthochites florldanus Dall. 21 mm. p. 24. 5. Acanthochites pygmaeus Pilsbry. 8 mm. p. 24. 6. Chaetopleura aplculata Say. 1 inch. p. 23. 7. Splsula solidlsslma Dlllwyn. 6 Inches, p. 64. 8. Chlone Intapurpurea Conrad. Yamato, Florida. 35 mm. p. 53. 9. Corbula swiftiana C. B. Adams. Palm Beach, Florida. 9 mm. p. 67. 10. Acteocina recta Orbigny. 2 mm. p. 139. 11. Hamlnoea petltii Orbigny. 9 mm. p. 141. 12. Murex trlstichus Dall. Florida Strait. 10 mm. p. 115. 13. Pomacea paludosa Say. Lantana, Florida, p. 147. 14. Retusa pertenuis Mighels. bastport, Maine. 2.5 mm. p. 139. 15. Clio pyramidata Linn^. 15 mm. p. 144. 16. Acanthochites hemphilli Pilsbry. Key West, Florida. Length 24 mm. p. 24. PLATE 57 PLATE 58

1. Busycon perversum Linne. Sanibel, Florida. A freak. 2.5 Inches, p. 1S4. 2. Melongena corona Gmelln. Old Tampa Bay, Florida. 4.5 Inches, p. 125. 3. Strombus pugllis Llnne. Sanibel, Florida. A freak. 3.75 inches, p. 109. 4. Melongena corona altispira Pilsbry. Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida. 1.75 inches, p. 125. 5. Coralliophila deburghiae Reeve. Japan. 29 mm. p. 118. 6. Melongena corona persplnosa Pilsbry. Little Eayou, Tampa Bay, Florida. 4.5 inches, p. 125. 7. Melongena corona subcoronata Heilprin. ? Pinellas Point, West Florida. 2.5 inches, p. 125. 8. Melongena corona Gmelln. Tampa Bay, Florida. 4 Inches, p. 125. 9. Melongena corona minor Sowerby. John's Pass, West Florida. 2 inches, p. 125.

2ae M.A TK 55) PLATE 59

1. Strombus costatus Gmelin, Biminl, Bahamas. 7.5 inches, p. 108. 2. Strombus costatus Gmelin. Tortugas, Florida. 6 inches, p. 108. 3. Xenophora longleyi Bartsch. Off Tortugas, Florida. 4 inches, p. 94. 4. Xenophora caribaea Petit. Gulf of Mexico. 3 inches, p. 94. 5. Strombus gallus Linne. Antilles. 6.5 inches, p. 109. 6. Coralllophila abbreviata Lamarck. Off Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 1 inch. p. 118. 7. Crucibulum auricula Gmelin. West Indies. 1 inch. p. 95. 8. Cavolina gibbosa Rang. 10 mm. p. 9. Cavolina telemus Linne. 18 mm. 10. Clio recurva Children, p. 144. 11. Styliola subula Quoy and Guimard. 10 mm. p. 144. 12. Cavolina trispinosa Le Sueur. 10

see PLATE 59 PLATE 60

1,1a, lb. Corbula krebslana C. B. Adams. 6.1 mm. p. 67. 2, 2a, 2b. Basterotla quadrata granatina Dall. 10 mm. left valve, p. 67. 3,3a-3c. Corbula cubaniana Orblgny. 12.7 mm. p. 67. 4, 4a, 4b. Corbula dlsparllis Orblgny. 9 mm. p. 67. 5, 5a, 5b. Corbula dietzlana C, B. Adams. 10.7 mm. p. 67. 6, 6a, 6b. Corbula kjoeriana C. B. Adams. 12 mm. p. 67. 7,7a. Corbula cymella Dall. 13.5 mm. p. 67. PLATE 60 PLATE 61 la, lb. Verticordia elegantlsslma Dall; 16.25 mm. p. 42. 2,2a. Lelomya clavlciilata Dall. 12 mm. p. 42. 3a, 3b. Cuspldaria perrostrata Dall. 8 mm. p. 42. 4a, 4b. Verticordia flscheriana Dall. 10 mm. p. 42. 5a-5c. Corbula swiftiana C. B. Adams. 10.4 mm. p. 67. 6a-6d. Corbula chittyana C. B. Adams. 8.5 mm. p. 67. 7,7a-7c. Corbula barratiana Orbigny. 8.9 mm. p. 66.

272 PLATE 61 PLATE 62 la. Amuslum dalll E. A. Smith. 6£ mm. p. 35. lb. The same. Inside of upper valve, p. S5. 2. Pecten sigsbeel Dall. 11.5 mm. p. 35. 3. Amuslvm pourtaleslanum marmoratum Dall. 13.5 mm. p. 35. 4a, 4b. Pecten imbrifer Loven. 12.5 mm. p. 35. 5a, 5b. Dimya argentea Dall. 12 mm. p. 32. 6. Trigoniocardla ceramidum Dall, 8.2 mm. 7. Protocardla peramabllls Dall. 8. Abra lioica Dall. 8.1 mm. p. 9a, 9b. Saxicava azarea Dall. 25 mm. PLATE 6Z PLATE 63

1. Dentallum laqueatum Verrlll. 29 mm. p. 72. 2. Dentallum ceratum Dall. Very young. 7 mm. 3. Dentallum carduus Dall. 16 mm. p. 71. 4. Dentallum gouldil obsciirum. 28 mm. p. 72. 5. Cadulus quadrldentatus Dall, and outline of aperture. 10 mm. p. 73. 6. Dentallum perlongum Dall, and outline of aperture. 80 mm. p. 72. 7. Cadulus amlantus Dall. 5.75 mm. p. 73. 8. Cadulus lunula Dall, and outline of aperture. 6 mm. p. 73. 9. Cadulus aequalis Dall, and outline of aperture. 15 mm. p. 73. 10. Dentallum callithrix Dall. 25 mm. p. 71. 11. Cadulus acus Dall. 8 mm. p. 73. 12a. Cadulus watsoni Dall, and outline of aperture. 20 mm. p. 73. 12b. Dentallum callipeplum Dall. 36 mm. p. 71. 12c. Cadulus agasslzii Dall, and outline of aperture. 9 mm. p. 73. 18d. Cadulus cucurbita Dall, and outline of aperture. 4 mm. p. 73. o o

PLATE 63 PLATE 64

1. Olivella mutica Say. a-g, varieties of form and color; h, operculiim; 1, 1, operculum outside and inside, magnified; m, animal crawling; n, head, showing absence of eyes and tentacles; section of oral aperture magnified; p, sexual organ; r, section of shell showing absorption of walls, p. 132. 2. Olivella mutica Say. Portion of radula. p. 132. 3. Thais floridana Conrad. c, animal from below; d, head from above, p. 117. 4. Thais floridana Conrad; radula. p. 117. 5. Maculopeplum junonia Chemnitz, b, shell; c, sculpture of early whorls; d, nucleus; e, section, p. 128. 6. Volutomitra groenlandica Beck. Young shell and magnified nucleus, p. 129. 7. Volutomitra groenlandica Beck. Rhachidlan tooth; a, from above; b, in profile, p. 129. 8. Oliva sayana Ravenel. a, animal crawling; b, tentacles and eyes; c, soft parts removed from shell, showing (f) foot, (g) propodium, (h) breathing siphon, (i) vent, (l) posterior ligament of mantle, (m) mantle raised up, (n) verge, (o) gill; d, section of muzzle; e. gill and sensory organ, p. 131. 8g. Oliva sayana Ravenel. Dentition from female specimen. These drawings were made in 1889 by Dr. .William Stimpson. p. 131. d t / 9 h

PLATE 64 PLATE 65

1. Mangllia oxytata Bush. p. 137. 2. Mangllia lanceolata pslla Bush. p. 137. 3. Mangllia oxla Bush. 4.5 mm. p. 137. 3a. Mangllia oxia melanitlca Dall. p, 137. 4. Mangllia atrostyla Dall. 7 mm. p. 136. 5,5a. Nassarlna glypta Bush. 4.5 mm. p. 123. 6. Triphora turrls-thomae Dillwyn. 6 mm. p. 104. 7,7a. Adeorbls supranltldus Wood. 2.5 mm. p. 98. 8. Epltonlum teres Bush. p. 85. 9. Pyramldella engonla teres Bush. p. 88. 10. Nlso Interrupta aeglees Sowerby. p. 87. 11. Volvula acuta Orblgny. p. 139. 18. Volvula oxytata Bush. 3.5 mm. p. 139. 13. Acteoclna candel Orblgny. 2.5 mm. p. 139. 14. Cyllchnella bldentata Orblgny. 4 mm. p. 140. 15. Retusa caelata Bush. p. 139. 16,16a. Phlllne sagra Orblgny. 4 mm. p. 142. 17. Acteon punctostrlatus Adams, var. 5 mm. p. 138. 18,18a. Dentallum eboreum Conrad. 30 mm. p. 71. 19. Cadulus carollnensls Bush. 9.5 mm. p. 73. 20. Cadulus quadrldentatus Inclsus Bush. 8.5 mm. p. 73. 21. Cuspldaria ornatissima Orblgny. 9.5 mm. p. 42.

280 PLATE 65 PLATE 66

1. Argonauta argo americana Ball. Slightly contracted, p. 149, la. The same, shell from in front, p. 149. lb. The same, from the side. p. 149. 2. Abralla megaptera Verrill, one of the sessile arms. 3. Cavolina hargeri Verrill. Dubious. 4,4a. Atlanta peronii Le Sueur, p. 91. 5,5a. Heterodoris robusta Verrill and Emerton. p. 144. 6. Geitodorls complanata Verrill and Emerton. p. 145. 7. Koonsia obesa Verrill; distorted by alcohol, p. 144. 8. Caecum cooperi Smith. Enlarged view of anterior end of' shell with animal extended, p. 103. PLATE 66 PLATE 67

1. Melampus flavus Gmelin. 12 mm. p. 146. 2. Melampus florldanus Shuttleworth. 7.5 mm. p. 146. 3. Melampus coffeus Linne. p. 146. 4. Pedipes elongatus Dall. 4 mm. p. 145. 5. Tralia pusilla Gmelin. 11 mm. p. 145. 6. Pedipes unisulcatus Cooper. W. Am., for comparison. 7. Detracia bulloides Montagu. 11 mm. p. 147. 8. Auriculastrum pellucens Menke. 16 mm. p. 145. 9. Melampus bidentatus Say. p. 146. 10. Sayella crosseana Dall. 2.5 mm. p. 147. 11. Sayella hemphillii Dall. a. 75 mm. p. 147. 12. Melampus bidentatus Say. Banded, p. 146. 12. Leuconia bidentata Montagu. American records dubious. 14. Blauneria heteroclita Montagu, p. 147. 15. Pedipes liratus Binney; for comparison. 16. Melampus olivaceus Carpenter; W. Am., for comparison. 17. Pedipes mirabilis Muhlfeld. 3.6 mm. p. 145. m 12 10

14. 15 17

PLATE 67 PLATE 68

1. Cyma to syrinx thea Dall. 15 mm, p. 135. 2. Oscllla biserlata Gabb. 8.5 mm. p. 90. 3. Mangilla limonltella Dall. 6.75 mm. p. 137. 4. Turbonilla cedrosa Dall. 5.5 mm. p. 89. 5. Mitra floridana Dall. 6 mm. p. 188. 6. Phos parvus Intrlcatus Dall. 13.2 mm. p. 123. 7. Clathodrillia leucocyma Dall. 7.5 mm. p. 135. 8. Capulus iingaricus Linn6. Radula teeth, enlarged, p. 94. 9. Colus pygmaeus Gould. Soft parts, p. 124. 10. Tachyrhynchus erosa Couthouy; portion shell and animal, enlarged, p. 101. 11. Liostraca hemphlllii Dall. 3 mm. p. 86. 12. Crepldula plana Say. Radula. p. 96. 13. Nassarius trivlttata Say; showing animal, p. 121. i 14. Limacina helicina Phipps; radula, enlarged, p. 143.

15. Scissurella crispata Fleming, showing animal. 4 mm. p. 78. , 16. Crepidula fornlcata Linne, from below, showing soft parts; 20 mm. p. 95. I 13

PLATE 68 PLATE 69

1,2. Thais laplllus Llnn4. p. 117. 3. The same; ovlcapsules enlarged, p. 117. 4. Colus pygmaeus Gould, p. 124. i 5. Epltoniiim multlstriata Say. p. 84. 6. Urosalpinx clnereus Say. p. 116. 7. Nassarius trivittata Say. p. 121. 8. Nassarius vlbex Say. p. 121. 9. Nassarius obsoletus Say. p. 121. 10. Epltonlum humphreysli Kiener. 17 mm. p. 84. 11. Eupleura caudata Say, small northern form. p. 115. 12. Anachis avara Say, variety, p. 119. 13. Mitrella pura Verrlll. p. 120. 14. Mangilla plicosa C. B. Adams. 7 mm. p. 137. 15. Lora bicarinata Couthouy. 7 mm. p. 136. 16. Mitrella lunata Say. 5 mm. p. 120. 17. Lora harpularia Couthouy. 12 mm. p. 136. 18,19. Pollnlces triseriata Say, young, p. 92. 20. Polinices Immaculata Totten. p. 93. 21. Natica pusilla Say; 6 mm. p. 92. 22. Caecum pulchellum Stimpson. 2.5 mm. p. 102. 23. Crepidula fornicata Linne. 32 ram. p. 95. 24. The same, young, p. 95. 25. Crepidula glauca convexa Say. 14 mm. p. 96. 26. Crepidula plana Say. p. 96. 27. Crucibulum striatum Say; profile, p. 95. 28. The same, from below, p. 95. No. 7S5

12 13

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PLATE 69 1

PLATE 70

1. Pollnlces heros Say, showing animal, p. 92. 2, 5. Acmaea testudinalls amaena Say. p. 75. 4. Vermicularia splrata Phlllppl. p. 102. 5. Llttorina obtusata Llnne. 20 mm. p. 99. 6. Llttorina saxitlle Olivi. 12 mm. p. 99. 7. Acmaea testudinalls alveus Conrad, profile. 8 mm. p. 75. 8. The same, from below, p. 75. 9. Lepldochiton ruber Lowe. 20 mm. p. 22. 10. Chaetopleura aplculata Say. 1 inch. p. 23. 11. Polinices heros Say. p. 92. 12. Polinices duplicata Say. p. 92. PLATE 70 1

PLATE 71

1. Cerithlopsls subulata Montagu. 12 mm. p. 105. 2. Cerlthiopsis greenii C. B. Adams. 5 mm. p. 105. 3. Trlphora perversa nlgrocincta Adams. 10 mm. p. 104. 4. Bittlum alternatiom Say. 7 mm. p. 107. 5. Sella adamsi H. C. Lea. 10 mm. p. 105. 6. Turbonilla elegantula Verrill. p. 89. 7. Odostomia bisuturalis Say. 4.7 mm. p. 90. 8. Odostomia trlfida Totten. 4 mm. p. 90. 9. Phytla myosotis Drap. yoxing. p. 145. 10. Odostomia seminuda C. B. Adams. 3.8 mm. p. 90. 11. Odostomia Impressa Say. 4.8 mm. p. 90. 12. Onoba aculeus Gould, p. 97. 13. Pyramidella producta Adams. 5 mm. p. 87. 14. Melanella intermedia Cantraine. 7.5 mm. p. 86. 15. Pyramidella fusca Adams. 5.5 mm. p. 87. 16. Solariella obscura Couthouy. 7 min. p. 79. 17. Hydrobia minuta Totten. 3.5 mm. p. 97. 18. Skenea planorbis Fabricius. 1.4 mm. p. 98. 19. Lacuna vincta Montagu. 8 mm. p. 101. £0. Haminoea solitaria Say. 10 mm. p. 141. 21. Cylichna alba Brown. 5 mm. p. 140. 22. Acteon punctostriatus Adams. 4 mm. p. 138. 23. Cylichnella oryza Totten. 4 mm. p. 140. 24. Diaphana debilis Gould. 4 mm. p. 140. 25,26. Retusa pertenuis Mighels, showing variations. 2.5 mm. p. 139. 27. Acteocina canaliculata Say. 5 mm. p. 139.

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PLATE 71 PLATE 72

1. Anomia simplex Orbigny, side view. p. 37. 2. The same, from below, p. S7. 3. Slllqua costata Say. p. 64. 4. Ensls dlrectus Conrad, p. 64. 5. Anomia aciileata Llnne, from above. 12 mm. p. 37. 6. The same, from below, p. 37. 7. The same, sculpture enlarged. p. 37. 8. The same, smooth variety, p. 37. 9. Modiolarla corrugata Stimpson. 12 mm. p. 59. 10. Crenella glandula Totten. 12 mm. p. 39. 11. Pecten irradians Lamarck, typical form. p. 34. #10

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PLATE 72 PLATE 16

1. Astarte undata Gould. p. 43. 2. Thyasira goiildii Philippl. p. 45. 3. Solemya veliom Say. p. 25. 4. Astarte quadrans Gould. 6 mm. p. 43. 5. Cardium plnnulatum Conrad. 12 mm. p. 49. 6. Dlvaricella dentata Wood. p. 47. 7. Astarte castanea Say. 23 mm. p. 43. 8. Laevicardium mortoni Conrad, animal extended, p. 50. 9. Venerlcardia borealis Conrad, typical form. p. 44. 10. Venerlcardia borealis novangliae Morse, p. 44. 11. Crassinella mactracea Linsey; much enlarged, p. 43. 12. Thyasira obesus Verrillj much enlarged, p. 45. 13. Crassinella mactracea Linsey. 6 mm. p. 43. 14. Lucina filosa Stimpson. p. 46. 13

PLATE 73 i

PLATE 74

110. Atlanta peronil Le Sueur, side view of shell, p. 91. 110a. The same, both much enlarged, p. 91. 111. Atlanta gaudichaudi Eudoux and Souleyet, for comparison, p. 91. 112. Creseis conica Eschscholtz, showing animal, p. 144. llo. Cavolina telemus Linne. 18 mm. p. 143. 115. Cavolina trispinosa Le Sueur, animal extended; shell 13 mm. p. 143. 116. Cavolina uncinata Rang, animal extended, shell 10 mm. p. 143. 117. Cuvierina columnella Rang, animal extended, remnant of the larval cone at base; shell 12 mm. p. 144. 118. Creseis acicula Rang, side view, greatly enlarged, p. 144. 119. Hyalocylix striata Rang, animal extended, enlarged, p. 144. 120. Corolla calceola Verrill, animal extended, p. 144. 121. Spongiobranchia australis Orbigny, for comparison. 122. Clione limacina Phipps. p. 144. PLATE 74

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GLOSSARY OF DESCRIPTIVE TERMS AND GENERAL INDEX

(Sections, Genera, etc., in Separate Index)

Abyssal region.... p. 5 Ciliate. .. .Edged with parallel hairs ribbed or ridged as in Acoela p. 144 Cingulate .Spirally Fig. 22 Acuminate. .. .Sharp pointed Sella adamsi, PI. 38, 7 Acute. .. .Sharp edged or pointed Cleaning shells.... p. Admedlan teeth Portion of radula, p. 18 Close. .. .Bivalve shells which do not gape univalves, portion Adnate. .. .Growing together, connected Columella. .. .The pillar of near imaginary axis around which shell re- Alated. . . .With wing-like projections. Fig. SO, p. 16 volves Flattened laterally; a reduced or • Amphlneura. . . .A class, pp. 1, 22 Compressed Distorsio, PI. Analogous. .. .Parallel, similar, related contracted aperture as in 42, Anatomy. .. .The study of the structure of organ- Fig. 8 isms as shown by dissection Concave. .. .Hollow, opposed to convex Anterior end.... In bivalve shells the opposite Concentric lines or ribs. .. .Lines which follow, end to which the ligament is attached; the more or less, the margin of bivalve shells, front of the shell in life p. 17 12 Aperture. .. .The opening, p. 14 Conchyolln. . . .p. Apex. .. .Summit or place of beginning of uni- Conic. .. .Shape of a cone valve shells Conical aperture Sloping from center as in PI. 30, Fig. 5 Archaeogastropoda. . . .p. 74 Dladora, Archlbenthal region.... p. 5 Cordate. Heart-shaped Articulated. .. .See operculum, p. 14 Coronated. .. .Crowned; spines encircling the Attached. .. .Fixed to some solid object whorls as in Melongena, PI. 48, Fig. la

Auriculate. .. .Eared or with processes like those Costated. . . .Ribbed in Pecten Crenulated. .. .Scalloped at margin; saw-toothed, Auriform. .. .Shaped like the human ear often the result of line terminations; see Axis.... An imaginary center around which the Pisania, PI. 47, Fig. 5 whorls coll Cretaceous. .. .Shell with a large proportion of calcareous matter Basal margin. .. .Margin opposite the umbones, Cuspidate. .. .Prickly pointed corresponding with foot of animal in bivalves Cyclodont Hinge teeth arched, see Fig. 22, Base (in univalves) ... .Extremity opposite to the p. 16 apex Cylindrical. .. .Transverse diameters somewhat Beak. .. .Sharp pointed anterior end of a bivalve equal as in Oliva shellj formerly used to describe the extremity of the umbo Dead shell. .. .More or less worn, lacking origi- Biangulate. .. .Doubly keeled as in Tectarlus nod- nal finish; without the living animal

ulosus, PI. 37, Fig. &i Decapoda. . . .p. 148 Bifid. .. .Divided at the tip into two parts Decollated. .. .Apex broken off, p. 13 Bivalve. .. .Composed of two pieces, rarely en- Decussated .Striae (or sculpture) which cross closed in a tube as in Teredo each other at acute angles; sometimes forming Byssus. .. .Beard-like filaments proceeding from hollows as in Nassarlus trivittatus, PI. 46, the animal and used for attachment to some Fig. 10 solid object, p. 17 Deflected. .. .Bent backward or to one side Denticles. .. .Hinge teeth, p. 16

Cabinet p. 7 Denticulate. . . .Toothed Calcareous. .. .Of shell substance Dental formula. .. .Reference to radula, p. 18

Callus.... A calcareous deposit such as enamel Dentated. . . .Toothed Camera.... p. 10 Denuded. Destitute of covering Canal. .. .Descending groove in aperture of an un- Depressed Spire only slightly elevated above ivalve body whorl

Cancellated. .. .When horizontal and vertical Dextral. . . .Right-handed lines, of similar strength, cross; cross- Diaphanous. .. .Transparent, clear, pellucid

barred Dibranchiata. . . .p. 148

Carinate. . . .When whorls are strongly keeled as Discoidal. .. .Revolving nearly in the same plane, in Astraea resembling a disk Cephalopoda. .. .A class, pp. 1, 148 Disconnected. .. .Tube separated as in Spirula, PI. 28, Fig. 6 303 .

304 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

. described Divisions of the sea.... p. 4 Holotype. . .The original shell by an Dorsal, .. .Situated at the back author Dorsal margin. .. .Upper edge of bivalve shell Hyaline. . . .Transparent Drawings....?. 10 Dredge.... p. 6 Imbricated. .. .Placed over one another like shingles on a house roof

Ears. .. .Small projecting processes of shell as Imbricated operculum. .. .Nucleus at edge, de- in Pecten velopment one sided, p. 14 Ecology. .. .The study of environment as related Immaculate. .. .Without spots to organisms Imperforate. .. .Without umbilicus, p. 13 Edentate Toothless Incremental lines. .. .Showing an increase Elongate Spire much produced as in Terebra, Incurved. .. .Bowed Inward PI. 51, Fig. 16 Inequilateral. .. .In bivalves, anterior and pos- Embryology. .. .The study of early developmental terior ends unequal in size and form so that periods of animals umbones are not in center, p. 16 Entire. .. .Margin simple, not Indented Inequlvalved. .. .Valves not equal to each other Epidermis. .. .Outer skin or covering, p. 12 as In Ostrea Equilateral....?. 16 Inflected. .. .Margin turned Inward

Equivalve. . . .p. 16 Internal. .. .Enclosed within the skin or mantle Escutcheon. .. .In bivalves an elongated depres- of animal

sion anterior to the umbones. See lunule Involute. . •Rolled Inward from each side as in Cypraea

Fascicle.... A cluster: numerous filaments Iridescent. . . .Reflecting the prismatic colors

placed together in a bundle Irrorate. . •Marked with minute points Fasciculated. .. .Ornamented with pointed markings near suture as in Oliva, PI. 50, Fig. 9 Labiate. .. .Thickened inside or out, near margin, Fasset....In bivalves a cavity of hinge to re- as In Truricatella, PI. 36, Fig. 13 ceive a tooth of opposite valve Labrum. .. .Exterior side of the aperture in uni- Ferruginous. .. .Oxide of Iron color valves Fibrous. .. .With layers of prismatic cells, p. 12 Lamella. .. .Thin plate or foliation Flexuose. .. .Zigzag without acute angles Lamellated. .. .Divided Into thin plates as in Fluvlatlle. .. .Inhabiting rivers Ostrea Follaceous .Like foliage on a plant, p. 17 Lateral. .. .Placed on one side Foot. .. .Portion of animal used for locomotion Lateral teeth.... In bivalves the hinge teeth on and opposite to surface upon which animal each side of the cardinal or central teeth, moves p. 16 Fossette. Receptacle for ligament, p. 17 Lateral tooth.... Of radula, p. 18 Fulcrum Portion of bivalve shell to which Left valve.... p. l&i' cartilage proper Is attached Length. .. .Measurement of shell from anterior to Fulvous. .. .Orange color posterior end In bivalves described in these Fusiform. .. .Bulging in middle and tapering at pages; sometimes designates the distance from each end as In Tralla, PI. 55, Fig. 6 cartilage or umbones to base; in univalves, the point of spire to base Gaping. .. .Those bivalves which do not fully Lenticular. .. .Depressed but keeled as in Modulus, close PI. 37, Fig. SI Gastropoda A class, pp.1, 74 Lenticular operculum, p. 14 Genus. .. .Assemblage of species more or less re- Ligament. .. .Cartilage substance which connects lated to each other the valves and functions in opening them, Gibbous. . . .Hump-backed p. 17 Glabrous. .. .Surface smooth, opposed to hairy Lineated. .. .Marked with lines Globiilar. .. .Sphere-shaped as in Tonna, PI. 41, Lip.... Edge of aperture In univalve shell Fig. 6 Llrate Grooved, see PI. 64, Fig. 6; also as Granulated. ..Covered with grain-like elevations upon exterior of Pedlpes mirabilis, PI. 55, Gregarious. ..Living in company with others of Fig. 8 its kind Lltterate. .. .Lettered with Irregular lines like the Arabic

Herbivorous.. . .Feeding on plants Littoral region....?. 4 Elans.. . .Gaping Livid. .. .Pale purplish brown Hinge. — Point of union between two valves Localities....?. 20

Hinge margin. . . .Area on which the hinge is situ- Locotype. . . .A shell from the locality where the ated holotype was obtained Hinge teeth .p. 16 Longitudinal.. . .Direction of the longest diame- Hirsute. .. .Rough with prominent hairs ter Hispid — .Densely covered with a hairy epidermis Lunate. .. .Crescent-shaped, or semi-lunar EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS 305

Lunule. .. .Depressed or defined area In front of Pallial sinus.... A notch in the pallial line. the umbones of bivalves. Absent In many No. 15, p. 17, Fig. 19o species, p. 16 Papillary. .. .Apex semi-globular, like a nipple Lurid. .. .Dirty yellowish Papillous. .. .Surface with dots or pimples Lutose. .. .Covered with dirt or mud Parasitical. .. .Inhabiting another animal

Paratype. . . .Any one of several specimens on a based in addition Maculated. . . .Spotted which species is to, but Mantle. .. .Fleshy covering of the body which se- subservient to, the holotype cretes the matter of which the shell is Parietal callus. .. .Enamel on inside wall of aper- formed ture Mamillar. .. .Rounded or dome-shaped nucleus; see Parietal wall Inside wall of shell within Voluta mamilla, Fig. 10, p. 13 aperture Margin. .. .Usually used to indicate circumference Patelliform. .. .Conical or limpet-shaped as in Marginal teeth.... Of radula, p. 18 Acmaea Marmorate. .. .Resembling marble Patulous. .. .Openly expanded or dilated as in Median tooth. .. .Portion of radula, p. 18 Thais, PI. 45, Fig. 8

Mesogastropoda. . . .p. 83 Paucispiral operculum. .. .Few whorled, p. 14 Microscope. .. .p. 10 Pelagic Inhabiting the ocean or large body

Miniatus. . . .Red, like red-lead of water far from shore, often upon the sur- Mouth. .. .Aperture of univalve shell; of the ani- face

mal, portion where nourishment is taken Pelecypoda. . . .A class, pp. 1, 25 Mucous pores. .. .Organs which supply lubrication Pennaceous. .. .Feathered, like webs of a quill to surface of animal Penxiltimate whorl. .. .Previous to the last whorl Mucronate. .. .Terminating in a sharp rigid point Perforated. .. .Univalves, when umbilicus is Multlspiral operculum. .. .Many whorled, p. 15 small, p. 13 Multivalve. .. .Composed of many valves or pieces Periphery. .. .The keel or that portion of a whorl as in Chiton, the coat-of-mail shell which extends outward the greatest distance, Muricated. .. .Armed with sharp elevated rigid p. 13 points as in many Murex Periostracum. .. .Epidermis, p. 12 Muscle.... A fleshy organ by which animal is at- Peristome. .. .Cord-like, thickened edge of the tached to the shell lip in univalves Muscular impressions. .. .Cicatrices on inside of Pillar ... .The columella bivalve shells where the adductor muscles, Plaits. .. .Folds which act as antagonists to the ligament, are Plane. .. .Level, without elevations or depressions

fastened, p. 16 Pleurocoela . . , . p . 138 Plicae Folds Nacre. .. .Iridescence, p. 12 Plicate. .. .Ribbed or ridged transversely Naked Without a shell Plicate aperture. .. .Rib-like internal teeth or

Navicular. . . .Boat-shaped folds present

Net p. 7 Porcellanous. . . .A texture, p. 12 Nitidus A little less brilliant than lucid Posterior end.... Rear end of bivalve, p. 15 Nomenclature. .. .p. 11 Primary teeth or cardinals. .. .Central teeth, be- Nuclear whorls. .. .Those which emerged from the neath the umbones, in bivalves egg Proboscis. .. .Fleshy part containing the mouth of Nucleus. .. .First formed portion of the cone animal

which emerged from egg, p. 13 Prosobranchia. . . .p. 74

Nodule. .. .Knob-like projection Pteropoda. . . .A pelagic order, p. 142 Nodose. .. .With knobbed ribs, p. 32 Pubescent. .. .Coated with a fine wool-like substance or down Oblique. .. .Direction Intermediate to longitude Pulmonata. .. .Order of air breathers, p. 145 and transverse Punctured. .. .When spots, in the color pattern, Olivaceous. .. .Olive color are so small as to resemble points or dots Opaline. .. .Bluish white, like the opal Pustulate. .. .Provided with wart-like projections Operculum. .. .A shelly or horny door, p. 14 upon surface

Opisthobranchla. . . .p. 138 Pyrlform. .. .Pear-shaped as in Erato Orbicular. .. .Round and flat Order. .. .Subdivision of a class Quadrangular. .. .Having four angles

Ovate. .. .Shaped like an egg Quadrate. . . .Square Oviparous. .. .Propagating by means of eggs Quadrilateral. ., .Having four sides Ovoviviparous Producing young alive Radiate markings. ... see radiated Packing shells. .. .p. 8 Radiated. .. .With small lines of color or sculp- Pallial line.... In bivalves, a more or less im- ture extending from summit to base or outward pressed line Inside and formed by attached from a center mantle 306 EAST COAST MAEIHE SHELLS

Radiating lines.... In bivalves, lines extending Taxonomy. .. .The study of the laws of classifica- from umbones outward; opposed to concentric tion lines Teeth.... In bivalves an arrangement of eminences Radula. .. .Lingual ribbon, p. 18 and depressions on edges, used for locking the Recurved. .. .Bowed downward valves. In the center are the cardinal, at Reference books.... p. 8 the sides the lateral teeth

Reflexed. . . .Bent backward In univalves found adjacent to and partially

Renlform. . . .Kidney-shaped closing the aperture Reproduction. .. .p. 17 Translucent. .. .Transmitting light

Reslllum. . . .An Internal ligament in bivalves, Transverse aperture. .. .At right angles with axis p. 17 of shell Reticulate. .. .Resembling a network Trapezoidal. .. .Shell quadrilateral in outline Retuse. .. .Ending In an obtuse summit and opposite sides, although more or less Right valve.... p. 15 straight, not parallel

Rlmate. . . .Form of umbilicus, p. 13 Trlnomialism. . . .p. 11

Rostrate. .. .Pointed or beaked at end, usually Trochlform. . . .Of conical shape but flattened be- the anterior end of bivalves low as in Astraea, PI. 31, Fig. 2 Rufous. .. .Red or pale red Trochophore. .. .Development of egg stage, p. 1 Rugose. .. .Wrinkled or creased Truncate. .. .Cut off at tip Tubercles. .. .Small projections Scalariform. .. .Whorls separated from one another Tumid. .. .Swollen, applied to bivalves as in Epitonium Turbinate. .. .Top-shaped or conical and rounded Scalloped. .. .Indented on edge below as in Turbo; PI. 31, Fig. 11 Scaphopoda. . . .A class, pp. 1, 71 Turreted — .Elongate, with upper whorls angulat- Sculpture,.. .pp. 12, 17 ed or shouldered as in Turritella, PI. 37, Septate. .. .Interior of aperture contracted by Fig. 15 projecting shelly masses Septum. . . .Diaphragm Umbilicus. .. .A chink or pit at axis of the spi- Serrate. .. .Like teeth of a saw ral revolution, varying greatly in different Sinistral Left-handed, p. 11 species; often absent or indistinct, p. 13 Sinuous. . . .Twisted Umbo.... The beginning of a bivalve shell, which Sinus Excavation, as if scooped out; indenta- usually emerged from the egg, often elevated tion and nearly always pointing forward, p. 16 Siphons. .. .Tubes of bivalve animal used for im- Oncinal teeth. .. .Portion of radula, p. 18 bibing clean water or discharging wastes Undulated. . . .Waved Spinose Armed with sharp spines; see muricate Unguiculate operculum. .. .p. 14 Spiral. .. .Wound around an imaginary axis Univalve. .. .Single valve or part Spiral operculum. .. .p. 14 Spirally striated Sculpture following direc- Varices. .. .Prominent raised ribs on surface of tion of growth univalve shells, corresponding to rest peri- Spire That portion of a univalve shell exclu- ods and periodic thickenings of the lip sive of the last whorl, p. 13 Varicose. .. .See varices Stenoglossa. . . .p. 114 Varix....A single one of the varices. Fig. lie, Striated. .. .With parallel impressions or raised p. 14 lines; with thread-like lines Veliger larva. .. .Development of the egg stage, Strigose. .. .Covered with short bristles; lean, p. 1 thin Ventricose. . . .Swollen Sulcate Heaviest at the base; furrowed with Viscid. .. .Covered with resinous or greasy matter wide grooves or channels as in Trivia, PI. 40, Viviparous. .. .Producing living young Fig. 7 Subulate Awl-shaped Whorl.... One complete revolution of the spiral Suture. .. .Line of separation between whorls, p. 14 shell Symmetrical Univalves with two equal sides and the nucleus central INDEX OF GENERA, SUBGENERA. AND SECTIONS

Atra, 61 Cadulus, 72 Cuvierina, 144 Haliotis, 78 Acanthochites, S4 Caecum, 102 Cycllnella, 53 Haliris, 42 Acanthopleura, 24 Calliostoma, 79, 14 Cycloscala, 85 Halonympha , 42 Acar, 28 Calluclna, 46 Cylichna, 140 Hamlnea, 141 Acmaea, 74 Calyptraea, 95 Cylichnella, 140 Haminoea, 141 Acropagia, 57 Cancellarla, 138 Cymaosyrinx, 134 Hastula, 133 Acteoclna, 139 Cantharus, 122 Cymatium, 112 Haustator, 101 Acteon, 138 Capulus, 94 Cyphoma, 109 Heterodonax, 63 Acus, 132 Cardita, 44 Cypraea, 110, 12 Reterodoris, 144 Adeorbis, 98 Cardium, 48, 16 Cyrenella, 45 Hipponix, 94 Admete, 138 Carinarla, 91 Cytherea, 53 Hyalaea, 143 Alaba, 98 Cassis, 111 Hyalocylis, 144 Alabina, 107 Cavilucina, 46 Daphnella, 137 Hydatina, 141 Alexia, 145 Cavolina, 143 Dentalium, 71 Hydrobia, 97 Amalthea, 94 Cerastoderma, 49 Detracia, 147 Hysteroconcha, 53 Amauropsis, 93 Ceratozona, 23 Diadora, 76 Amerlcardia, 50 Cerithidea, 106 Diaphana, 140 Jagonia, 47 Amphineura, 22 Cerithlopsis, 105 Dimya, 32 Janthina, 85 Amusium, 35 Cerithlum, 105 Diostoma, 107 Anachis, 119 Ceronia, 66 Diplodonta, 45 Kellia, 48 Anatina, 65 Chaetopleura, 23 Distorsio, 113 Koonsia, 144 Anclstrosyrinx, 134 Chama, 44 Divaricella, 47

Angulus , 58 Charonia, 113 Dolium, 112 Labiosa, 65 Anomalocardia, 55 Chellea, 94 Donax, 62, 16 Lacuna, 101 Anotnia, 36 Chi one, 53 Dosinia, 51 Laevicardium, 50 Antigona, 53 Chiton, 23 Drlllia, 134 Lamellarla, 193 Aphrodite, 50 Chlamys, 33 Lasea, 48 Aplysia, 142 Chlorostoma, 78 Echlnella, 100 Laskeya, 105 Apolymetis, 60 Choristodon, 56 Echinochama, 45 Latirus, 126 Aporrhals, 107 Chrysodomus, 123 Emarglmila, 76 Leda, 26 Area, 26, 16 Clathodrillia, 135 Engina, 123 Lelomya, 42 Archltectonlca, 98, 13 Cleodora, 144 Ensls, 64 Lepldochiton, 22 Argonauta, 149 Clio, 144 Epitonium, 83 Leucozonla, 126 Asaphis, 63 Clione, 144 Erato, 111 Lima, 36 Aspella, 115 Cochliolepis, 80 Ervllia, 66 Limacina, 143 Astarte, 43 Cochlodesma, 40 Euciroa, 42 Llmatula, 36 Astraea, 81 Codakia, 47 Eunaticina, 93 Linatella, 113 Astralium, 81 Colubraria, 118 Eupleura, 115 Liostraca, 86 Astyrls, 120 Columbella, 119 Eurytellina, 57 Liotia, 80 Atlanta, 91 Colus, 124 Euspira, 92 Lirophora, 54 Atys, 139 Congeria, 39 Llthophaga, 38 Auriculastrum, 145 Conus, 133 Fabricius, 53 Lithopoma, 82 Avioula, 30 Coralllophaga, 56 Fasciolaria, 186, 11 Lltiopa, 97 Coralliophila, 118 Ficus, 112 Llttorina, 99 Balantlum, 144 Corbula, 66 Fissurella, 75 Littorivaga, 99 Barbatia, 28 Corolla, 144 Livona, 78 Barnea, 69 Couthouyella, 89 Gafrarliim, 52 Lora, 136 Basterotla, 67 Crassatella, 43 Galeodes, 125 Loripinus, 47 Bellucina, kZ Crassinella, 43 Garl, 63 Lucapina, 75 Blttlum, 107 Crenella, 39 Gastrochaena, 68 Lucapinella, 76 Blaunerla, 147 Crepidula, 95 Geitodorls, 145 Lucina, 46 Boreoscala, 85 Creseis, 143 Gemma, 55 Luclnisca, 46 Botula, 38 Cruoibulum, 95 Glycymeris, 28 Lunatla, 92 Buccinum, 121 Cumingia, 62 Gnathodon, 65 Lyonsla, 41 Bulla, 140 Cuspidaria, 41 Gutturium, 112 Lyropecten, 34 Bullina, 140 Cuvieria, 144 Gyrlneum, 113 Busycon, 54, 11, 14, t'^'* Uacoma, 59 307 308 EAST COAST MARIKE SHELLS

Macrocalllsta, 5S Oclnebra, 115 Pteria, 50 Taras, 45 llactra, 64 Octopus, 150 Pteropurpura, 115 Tectarius, 100 Maculopeplum, 128 Odostomla, 90 Puncturella, 77 Tectonatlca, 92 Maerella, 58 Ollva, 131 Puperita, 83 Tegula, 78 Mangllla, 136 Ollvella, 131 Purpura, 117 Tellidora, 60 Margarites, 79 Onoba, 97 Pyramidella, 87, 14 Tellina, 56 Margaritifera, 30 Opalla, 85 Pyrene, 119 Terebra, 132 Marginella, 129 Oscilla, 90 Pyrula, 112 Teredo, 70 llartesia, 69 Ostrea, 31 Tethys, 142 Meloceras, 103 Ranella, 113 Thais, 117 Melampus, 146 Paludestrlna, 97 Rangla, 65 Thracia, 40 Melanella, 86 Pandora, 41 Retusa, 139 Thyasira, 45 Melaraphe, 100 Panomya, 68 Rlmula, 77 Timoclea, 54 Mellna, 30 Panope, 68 Ringlcula, 142 Tivela, 52 Uelongena, 125 Papyridea, 49 Rissoa, 96 Tonna, 112 Merlsca, 57 Parastarte, 55 Rlssoina, 97 Torcula, 101 Mesodesma, 66 Parthenia, 89 Rochefortia, 48 Tornatina, 139 Metaxla, 105 Parviluclna, 46 Rupellarla, 56 Tralia, 145 Metis, 60 Patelllpurpura, 117 Transenella, 51 Micromelo, 141 Pecten, 33, 16 Sanguinolarla, 63 Trlchotropis, 103, 12 Mitra, 128 Pectunculus, 28 Saxlcava, 68 Trigonicardia, 49 ^^ Mltrella, 120 Pedallon, 30 Sayella, 147 Triphora, 104 Mltr\ilarla, 94 Pedipes, 145 Scalaria, 83 Triton, 112 Modlolarla, 39 Periploma, 40 Scissula, 59 Trltonalla, 115 Modiolus, 37 Perirhoe, 133 Bclssurella, 77 Tritonldea, 122 Modulus, 104 Peristlchla, 89 Sella, 105 Trivia, 110 Monoplex, 113 Perna, 30 Semele, 61, 16 Trophon, 116 Monostiolum, 118 Petricola, 56 Serpulorbis, 102 Truncatella, 96 Montacuta, 48 Phacoldes, 46 Serripes, 50 Turbinella, 127 Morum, 111 Phaslanella, 81 Sigaretus, 93 Turbo, 81 Mullnla, 65 Philine, 142 Siliqua, 64 Turbonilla, 88 Murex, 114 Phillpplna, 41 Simnia, 109 Turris, 134 Murlcldea, 116 Pholas, 68 Sinum, 93 Turritella, 101 Mya, 66 Phos, 123 Sipho, 124 Turritellopsis, 101 Myofcreeps, 39 Phyllonotus, 114 Slphonaria, 146 Myrtaea, 48 Phytla, 145 Sistrum, 118 Dmbracialum, 144 Mysella, 48 Plla, 147 Skenea, 98, 13 Drosalpinx, 116 Uytilopsis, 39 Pinctada, 30 Smaragdia, 83 Mytilus, 37 Pinna, 29 Solarlella, 79 Vasum, 127 Pisanla, 122 Solarium, 98 Velutina, 93 Nassa, 121 Pitar, 52 Solemya, 25 Venericardla, 44 Nassarina, 123 Pitaria, 52 Solen, 64 Venus, 54 Nassarius, 121 Placopecten, 35 Spirula, 148 Vermetus, 102 Natica, 91 Plagioctenium, 34 Spisula, 64 Vermicularia, 102 Navicula, 27 Planaxls, 103 Spondylus, 32 Verticordia, 42 Neara, 41 Pleurotoma, 134 Stomatella, 77 Vitrinella, 80 Heptunea, 123 Pleurotomaria, 78 Stramotita, 117 Voluta, 127, 13 Nerita, 82 Plicatula, 32 Strigilla, 60 Volutomltra, 129 Heritina, 83 Pododesmus, 37 Strombus, 108 Volvula, 139 Heverlta, 92 Polinices, 92 Stylifer, 86 V^sella, 37 Hiso, 87 Polymesoda, 42 Styllferina, 107 Nitldella, 120 Pomacea, 147 Styliola, 144 Xancus, 127 Hltidoscala, 83 Portlandia, 26 Subemarg inula, 77 Xenophora, 94 Nodopecten, 34 Protocardla, 50 Syndosmya, 61 Noetla, 28 Psammobia, 63 Yoldla, 26 Hucella, 117 Pseudamusium, 35 Tachyrhynchus, 101 Nuculana, 25 Pseudomiltha, 46 Tagelus, 63 Zlrfaea, 69 Cl ^^Ov-w_^L-.-Mv'