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Zoologica Scripta, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 321-346, 1995 Pergamon Elsevier Science Ltd The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Printed in Great Britain 0300-3256(95)00011-9 Phytogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. JAY A. SCHNEIDER Accepted 7 June 1995 Schneider, J.A. 1995. Phytogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicar- diinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam.n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam.n.—Zool. Scr. 24: 321-346. In a preliminary cladistic analysis of the bivalve family Cardiidae (Schneider 1992), members of the subfamilies Protocardiinae, Lahilliinae, and Laevicardiinae, plus the genus Nemocardium, were found to be the least derived taxa of cardiids. A cladistic analysis is undertaken of the genera and subgenera of these cardiid taxa, plus several Mesozoic taxa which have never been assigned to any subfamily. The Late Triassic Tulongocardium, which is placed in Tulongocardiinae subfam. n., is the sister taxon to all other cardiids. Protocardiinae is restricted to the genus Protocardia. Most other Mesozoic taxa which have been placed in the Protocardiinae are found to be members of the Lahilliinae. Nemocardium is placed in the Laevicardiinae. Incacardium, Pleuriocardia, and Dochmocardia form a monophyletic group, Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. Pleuriocardiinae, Laevi- cardiinae, and the remaining members of the Cardiidae (herein informally termed "cucardiids") form a monophyletic group. Jay A. Schneider, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama. Present address: Department of Geology, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555- 3672, C/.S./l. re7..2;6-742-77JJ;Fa%.276-742-/7J4 Introduction Bivalves of the family Cardiidae (cockles and giant clams) Outgroup Palaeocardita originated in the Late Triassic and have a present-day Septocardia diversity of nearly 200 species (Rosewater 1965; Fischer- Protocardia | PROTOCARDIINAE Integricardium I Piette 1977). Cardiids have been the subject of consider- Lahillia I UHILLIINAE Nemocardium able taxonomic work by both paleontologists and mala- Habecardium cologists, and numerous subfamilies, genera, and LAEVICARDIINAE Laevicardium subgenera have been erected. However, few studies of Granocardium the phylogenetic relationships amongst these taxa within Trachycardium Vasticardium the Cardiidae have been undertaken. Acrosterigma The only published phylogenies for cardiids are those Hedecardium Orthocardium of Kafanov & Popov (1977) and Schneider (1992). They Agnocardia based their phylogeny on two key character complexes: Austrocardium Vepricardium CARDIINAE shell microstructure and morphology of the stomach. Cardium Kafanov and Popov addressed only the group's Cenozoic Dinocardium Bucardium evolution, and considered neither the origin of the Cardii- Chrysocardium dae nor its Mesozoic history. Schneider (1992) proposed a Sawkinsia Acanthocardia preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the Cardiidae Rudicardium based on a cladistic analysis of 54 characters of 36 taxa Plagiocardium Parvicardium (Fig. 1). In that analysis, at least one member from each Apiocardia of the subfamilies recognized by Kafanov & Popov (1977) Trigoniocardia Fragum and Keen (1951, 1969, 1980) was included, as well as Tridacna TRIDACNINAE Cerastoderma additional taxa of uncertain affinities. Palaeocardita, LYMNOCARDIINAE Hypanis usually placed in the Carditidae (Cox 1949; Chavan Clinocardium CLINOCARDIINAE 1969a), was found to be the least derived cardiid. The Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships within the family Cardiidae. From next two taxa on the preliminary cladogram were Septo- Schneider (1992). 321 Zoologica Scripta 24 322 J. A. Schneider cardia and Protocardia. Almost all members of the car- cardiids. However, these species could not be coded for the three hinge characters (14—16). The other characters would be coded identically to diid subfamily Protocardiinae have been placed in the the scheme for C. nequam. Since there are no autapomorphies (charac- genera Protocardia, Integricardium, and Nemocardium ters unique to a taxon) to distinguish Vietnamicardium, it is synono- (Keen 1951, 1969, 1980). In the preliminary analysis, mized with Tulongocardium. Noda (1988) erected Tobarum [type species Frigidocardium Integricardium was found to be the sister taxon to Lahil- {Tobarum) tobaruense Noda, 1988; Pliocene, Japan] as a monotypic lia. Marwick (1944) and Keen (1969) had placed Lahillia subgenus of Frigidocardium, which Habe (1951) erected as a genus. in its own cardioid family Lahilliidae. Nemocardium was Frigidocardium has also been treated as a subgenus of Nemocardium by Keen (1969,1980), and synonomized with Pratulum by Popov (1977) or found to be the sister taxon to the Laevicardiinae. There- with Microcardium by Wilson & Stevenson (1977). F. tobaruense would fore, the Protocardiinae as generally understood is a have the identical cladistic coding as Microcardium (Table I). Since paraphyletic group (i.e. contains some, but not all, the Tobarum has no autapomorphies to distinguish it from Microcardium, I consider F. tobaruense to be a species of Microcardium (as does J.-M. descendants of a most recent common ancestor). Poutiers, pers. comm., 1991), and it is not considered separately in this There are several Mesozoic taxa whose subfamilial analysis. affinities are uncertain. There has been no previous Tendagurium was introduced by Dietrich (1933) as a subgenus of Cardium, and included two Mesozoic species. Generic names published attempt to place the Late Triassic taxa Tulongocardium after 1930 must be accompanied by the fixation of a type species and Vietnamicardium in any subfamily. Scott (1978) [International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 3rd edition (Ride et erected Pleuriocardia {Pleuriocardia) and Pleuriocardia al. 1985), article 13(b)]. However, Dietrich (1933) neglected to desig- nate a type species. Salisbury (1934) rectified this situation [thus satisfy- {Dochmocardia) for some Cretaceous species, placing ing ICZN article 13(b)] by designating Cardium propebanneainum them in Cardiinae. However, Keen (1980) thought that Dietrich, 1933, as the type species. Salisbury's (1934) designation Pleuriocardia and Dochmocardia belonged in Protocar- satisfies ICZN article 13(a)ii because it references Dietrich's (1933) description of Tendagurium. Therefore, the name Tendagurium is valid, diinae. Keen (1951, 1969, 1980) classified the Upper and the taxon is considered to have been erected by Salisbury (1934). Cretaceous Incacardium as a subgenus of the Cenozoic Subsequent authors, apparently unaware of Salisbury's (1934) type cardiine Acanthocardia, but this taxonomy contradicts designation, accepted Dietrich as the author of Tendagurium (Keen 1937, 1969; Amano et al. 1958; Yokes 1968, 1980). Keen (1937) and her 1980 description of cardiid phylogeny. Amano et al. (1958) unnecessarily designated a type species for Tenda- The purpose of the present study is to propose a gurium. Hayami (1958) considered the name Tendagurium unavailable. detailed phylogenetic hypothesis for the primitive car- Keen (1980) is the only reference to Salisbury's (1934) original type species designation. diids. This paper will discuss: Guo (1988) proposed Grypocardia as a Rhaetian (latest Triassic) (1) appropriate outgroup(s) for the Cardiidae; monotypic subgenus of Protocardia. All specimens are internal molds, (2) the status, content, and interrelationships of the and I cannot confirm their identity as cardiids. Therefore, Grypocardia is not included in this analysis. subfamilies Protocardiinae, Lahilliinae, and Laevicardii- Cossmann (1906) erected Jurassicardium as a monotypic subgenus of nae, and the genus Nemocardium; and (3) the phylogen- Cardium, and felt it was most closely allied to Protocardia and Nemocar- etic relationships of the problematic Mesozoic taxa dium. Keen (1951, 1969, 1980) classified Jurassicardium as a genus in Protocardiinae. The only well-preserved material of Jurassicardium is Tulongocardium, Vietnamicardium, Pleuriocardia, the type material of the type species, J. axonense Cossmann, 1906. Dochmocardia, and Incacardium. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of the type material is unknown, and Jurassicardium is not included in this analysis. Jurassicardium is not monotypic, as erroneously stated in Schneider (1992); two other species have been described under this genus [see Cossmann (1916) and Yamani Material and methods and Schairer (1975)]. Zinsmeister (1984) considered Lahilleona to be a junior synonym of Lahillia. Lahilleona is not represented in the analysis. Selection of ingroup taxa Most of the taxa considered in the present analysis are illustrated by Keen (1969, 1980). Alexander Kafanov is currently working on a species-level monograph of Cenozoic and Recent cardiids (A.I. Kafa- All genera and subgenera of Protocardiinae and Laevicardiinae nov, pers. comm., 1994). accepted by either Keen (1951,1969,1980) or Kafanov & Popov (1977) are represented in the analysis (see Appendix I). The cardiine, Grano- cardium, is included to represent the clade comprising the subfamilies Selection of outgroup Cardiinae, Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, Fraginae, and Tridacni- nae. These five subfamilies will be informally referred to as "eucar- Some authors (Cox 1949; Keen 1969, 1980; Newton 1986; Schneider diids". Fossils of Granocardium are known from the Aptian (late Early 1992) have derived the Cardiidae from a member of the Carditoidea,
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    The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium JAN JOHAN TER POORTEN and RAFAEL LA PERNA Poorten, J.J. ter and La Perna, R. 2017. The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (4): 729–757. Procardium gen. nov. is proposed for a group of early Miocene to Recent large cardiids in the subfamily Cardiinae. The type species is Cardium indicum, the only living representative, previously assigned to the genus Cardium. It is a mainly West African species, with a very limited occurrence in the westernmost Mediterranean. Procardium gen. nov. and Cardium differ markedly with regard to shell characters and have distinct evolutionary and biogeographic histories. Six species, in the early Miocene to Pleistocene range, and one Recent species are assigned to the new genus: Procardium magnei sp. nov., P. jansseni sp. nov., P. danubianum, P. kunstleri, P. avisanense, P. diluvianum, and P. indicum. During the Miocene, Procardium gen. nov. had a wide distribution in Europe, including the Proto-Mediterranean Sea, Western and Central Paratethys and NE Atlantic, with a maximum diversity during the Langhian and Serravallian. Its palaeobio- geographic history was strongly controlled by climate. During the Langhian stage, warm conditions allowed the genus to reach its highest latitude, ca. 54° N, in the southern North Sea Basin. With cooling, its latitudinal range gradually retreated southward, becoming mainly Mediterranean in the Pliocene–Pleistocene, and West African at present. Key words: Bivalvia, Cardiidae, systematics, Neogene, Quaternary, Africa, Europe. Jan Johan ter Poorten [[email protected]], Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chica- go, IL 60605, USA.
  • Ультраструктура Сперматозоидов Четырех Видов Двустворчатых Моллюсков – Представителей Семейств Cardiidae И Astartidae Из Японского Моря С.А

    Ультраструктура Сперматозоидов Четырех Видов Двустворчатых Моллюсков – Представителей Семейств Cardiidae И Astartidae Из Японского Моря С.А

    Бюллетень Дальневосточного The Bulletin of the Russian малакологического общества Far East Malacological Society 2012, вып. 15/16, с. 176–182 2012, vol. 15/16, pp. 176–182 Ультраструктура сперматозоидов четырех видов двустворчатых моллюсков – представителей семейств Cardiidae и Astartidae из Японского моря С.А. Тюрин1, А.Л. Дроздов1,2 1Институт биологии моря им. А.В. Жирмунского ДВО РАН, Владивосток 690059, Россия 2Дальневосточный федеральный университет, Владивосток, 690950, Россия e-mail: [email protected] Изучена ультраструктура спермиев четырех видов двустворчатых моллюсков из семейств Cardiidae (Serripes groenlandicus, Clinocardium californiense, Clinocardium ciliatum) и Astartidae (Astarte borealis). Показано, что описанные спермии представляют собой классические акваспер- мии и состоят из головки, средней части и хвоста. Форма головки варьирует от конической изо- гнутой (сем. Cardiidae) до стержневидной (сем. Astartidae). Средняя часть имеет сходное строение и представлена четырьмя митохондриями, которые окружают перпендикулярно расположенные центриоли, от дистальной центриоли берет начало аксонема. Коническая изогнутая форма головки спермиев у представителей сем. Cardiidae подтверждает ранее опубликованные данные. Сравни- тельный анализ строения спермиев двустворчатых моллюсков свидетельствует о специфичности формы сперматозоидов для семейств. Ключевые слова: двустворчатые моллюски, Cardiidae, Astartidae, строение спермиев, Япон- ское море. Spermatozoa ultrastructure of four bivalve species of the families Cardiidae and Astartidae from the Sea of Japan S.A. Tyurin1, A.L. Drozdov1,2 1A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia 2Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Sperm ultrastructure of three bivalve mollusks of the family Cardiidae (Serripes groenlandicus, Clino- cardium californiense, Clinocardium ciliatum), and one species of the family Astartidae (Astarte borealis) from the Sea of Japan was examined.