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Variation of Host Plant-Associated Populations of Dubas Bug, Ommatissus Lybicus De Bergevin (Hem.: Tropiduchidae) in Southern Iran

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Variation of Host Plant-Associated Populations of Dubas Bug, Ommatissus Lybicus De Bergevin (Hem.: Tropiduchidae) in Southern Iran Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 297 2017, 36(4): 297-305 Variation of host plant-associated populations of Dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin (Hem.: Tropiduchidae) in southern Iran B. Ehsani1, M. R. Lashkari*and 1, F. Mozaffarian2 and M. Mehrparvar1 1- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran. 2- Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin (Hem.: Tropiduchidae), is a key pest of date palms in Iran. This pest was first reported on date palms in 1966 and has been established throughout the date producing regions in southern Iran since. Date palm is the only host plant of Dubas bug. It attacks almost all date palm varieties, esp. Mazafati variety in city of Bam, Kerman Province and other varieties such as Halilei and Karoot. Using geometric morphometric method on forewings, we studied the morphological characters of host-associated populations of this pest. Adult Dubas bugs were collected on three varieties of date palms, Phoenix dactylifera L., including: Mazafati, Halilei and Karoot from Bam in 2015. For the analysis of wing shape and wing size, MANOVA and ANOVA were done, respectively. An allometric analysis was performed on the shape and size variables. The results of MANOVA indicated a significant difference (P<0.05) among wing shapes but no difference observed among wing sizes (P >0.05). The regression of shape on the size variables showed no significant allometric growth (P >0.05). The UPGMA tree, based on the Mahalanobis distances matrix, detected two distinct groups: the first group was a population feeding on the Mazafati variety with narrow wing shapes, and the second were populations feeding on Halilei and Karoot varieties with wide and shorter wing shapes. The observed forewing shape of individuals in population feeding on the Mazafati variety may change their flight abilities, and other biological aspects, such as survival. Key words: date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, Tropiduchidae, biodiversity, Geometric morphometrics. ﭼﮑﯿﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎﻧﯽ زﻧﺠﺮه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ، (Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin (Hem.: Tropiduchidae در ﺟﻨﻮب اﯾﺮان ﺑﻬﺮوز اﺣﺴﺎﻧﯽ1، ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻟﺸﮑﺮي 1و*، ﻓﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾﺎن2 و ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻬﺮﭘﺮور1 زﻧﺠﺮه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ، (Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin (Hem.: Tropiduchidae، آﻓﺖ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي ﺧﺮﻣﺎ در اﯾﺮان اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﺳﺎل 1966 از روي ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ آﻓﺖ اﮐﻨﻮن در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ در ﺟﻨﻮب اﯾﺮان ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن زﻧﺠﺮه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم رﻗﻢﻫﺎي ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه رﻗﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺘﯽ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﺮﻣﺎن (ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻢ)، و رﻗﻢﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻠﯿﻠﻪاي و ﮐﺮوت. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎﻧﯽ زﻧﺠﺮه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش رﯾﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ روي ﺑﺎل ﺟﻠﻮ آﻓﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﺎﻟﻎ زﻧﺠﺮه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ از روي ﺳﻪ رﻗﻢ ﺧﺮﻣﺎ، Phoenix .dactylifera L، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺘﯽ، ﻫﻠﯿﻠﻪاي و ﮐﺮوت از ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻢ در ﺳﺎل 1394 ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاي آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﺷﮑﻞ و اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ، آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰﻫﺎي MANOVA و ANOVA اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ وﺟﻮد رﺷﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﺘﺮي، آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮن روي ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﮑﻞ و اﻧﺪازه ﻃﺮحرﯾﺰي ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ MANOVA ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎل وﺟﻮد دارد (P< 0/05)، وﻟﯽ در اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺎل ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري دﯾﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ (P> 0/05). رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮن ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﮑﻞ روي اﻧﺪازه، رﺷﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻧﺪاد (P> 0/05). آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﮐﻼﺳﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ روش UPGMA و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻻﻧﻮﺑﯿﺲ دو ﮔﺮوه را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮد: ﮔﺮوه اول ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪه روي رﻗﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎل ﺑﺎرﯾﮏﺗﺮ؛ و ﮔﺮوه دوم ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪه روي رﻗﻢﻫﺎي ﻫﻠﯿﻠﻪاي و ﮐﺮوت ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎل ﻋﺮﯾﺾﺗﺮ و ﮐﻮﺗﺎهﺗﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎل ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه در اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪه روي رﻗﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽﻫﺎي ﭘﺮواز و و وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻘﺎ را ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ دﻫﺪ. واژهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: ﺧﺮﻣﺎ، Tropiduchidae ،Phoenix dactylifera، ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ. 298 Ehsani et al.: Variation of host plant-associated populations … Introduction bug populations feeding on different date palm varieties Date palm is one of the most important crops to improve the efficiency of the pest management with a long history in Iran and other parts of the world. programs against Dubas bug. Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Pakistan are among the top date producing countries in the world (Faostat, Materials and methods 2016). The adults of Dubas bug were collected on Dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin common varieties of date palms (Halilei, Karoot and (Hem.: Tropiduchidae), is a key pest of date palm, Mazafati) on the outskirts of the city of Bam (Kerman Phoenix dactylifera L., and reported as a pest of date Province), in November 2015 coinciding the second palm in 1919 from Iraq (Afshar, 1937) and now it is a generation of this pest. The sampling sites were selected common pest in the Middle East (Asche & Wilson 1989). far enough to reduce the effects of their ability to flight The species was formerly known as Ommatissus towards different varieties of host-plants. The distance binotatus lybicus, but later raised to species status (Asche between each site was about two kilometers (Table 1, & Wilson, 1989). This species is one of the major pests Fig. 1). The climate in the collection sites is arid, with of date palms in the Middle East (Dlabola, 1979; Asche cool winter and very warm summer (A-C-VW) (Fig. 1). & Wilson, 1989; Wilson, 2010). Recently, Dubas bug has To standardize the sample size for statistical been considered as a serious pest on palm in Iran, causing analysis, only females from each host species were economic losses in palm groves (Gharib, 1998; collected. Females were more frequent, with complete Arbabtafti et al., 2015) It is reported from Bafgh, wings, which were suitable for geometric morphometric Kahkom, Bam, Bandar Abbas, Geno, Isin, Jahrom, analysis. Jandagh, Khorramshahr, Khur va Biabanak, Mehran, A total of 40 female specimens with Shahdad and Tabas (Mozaffarian & Wilson, 2016) and undamagedwings, from each population were randomly generally in all palm growing areas of the country selected. Wing slides from the right forewing of each (Gharib, 1998). The nymphs and adults of this pest cause specimen were prepared using Canada balsam and their direct damage through feeding and producing honeydew images captured by a stereomicroscope. In geometric leading to coverage of leaves, by sooty mold and morphometric analyses, 19 homologous landmarks (type reduction of photosynthesis rate (Hussain, 1963). I) were selected on the forewing (Fig. 2) and digitized by Presence of the pest on different hosts during its TpsDig program (Rohlf, 2004). The wings were aligned life cycle can affect the other biological aspects such as and the Partial warp scores (shape variables) were survival, physiology and morphology (Kim & McPheron, extracted by TpsRelw program. The wings were aligned 1993). Many studies have been made for the and the Partial warp scores (shape variables) were discrimination of host-associated populations of major extracted by TpsRelw program (Rohlf, 2010) which were insect pests, such as Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) used as the variables of shape in other analyses (Mozaffarian et al., 2007), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Bookstein, 1991). Centroid sizes, as a size measure of a (Lashkari, 2013; García-Pérez et al., 2013; Paris et al., wing, (Slice et al., 1996) were also calculated using the 2016), Aphis craccivora Koch. (Mehrparvar et al., 2012) TpsRelw software and used as the measure of size among and Brachycaudus elichrysi (Kaltenbach) (Madjdzadeh et populations (Adams & Funk, 1997). al., 2009), which suggest morphological differences To detect any significant wing shape differences, among pest populations. multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) and Little is known about the intraspecific variation canonical variate analysis (CVA) procedures were of Dubas bug on different date palm varieties such as designed and performed using SAS program (Ver. 9.1) Mazafati, Halilei and Karoot varieties in Bam. Date palm (SAS Institute, 2003) and NTSYS-pc program (Ver. serves as the only host plant for Dubas bug. This study 2.10e) (Rohlf, 2000), respectively. The Mantel test was was carried out, with geometric morphometric approach, performed using the NTSYS-pc program. To detect the to investigate wing morphological characters of Dubas allometric relationship, a regression of shape variables on Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 2017, 36(4) 299 size was performed using the TpsRegr program (Rohlf, populations feeding on Halileii and Karoot, the 2009). The ANOVA procedure and subsequently Tukey orientation of the scatters at the marginal landmarks pair-wise comparisons of wing size among populations numbers 2-6 showed their inclination to the inner parts of were done in SAS program (Ver. 9.1) (SAS Institute, the wings as defined a shorter, wider and convex wing 2003). shape. The MANOVA for shape variables was Results statistically significant (P<0.05) (Table 2). CVA The superimposition of 120 specimens of O. separated the populations and confirmed the results of lybicus from different host-associated populations MANOVA (Fig. 5), as the population feeding on showed the range of variation at each landmark (Fig. 3). Mazafati were placed in the right side of CVA plot and The positive and negative extremes along the first discriminated from the populations on the left, while the relative warps, RW1, showed the directions of wing populations on Karoot and Halilei overlapped (Fig. 5). shape variation between the populations (Fig. 4). The allometric analysis did not show allometric Wings in the females associated with Mazafati growth among populations (P>0.05) (Table 2). variety are narrower than those in Halilei and Karoot The centroid size of the wings, in contrast to their varieties. In the populations feeding on Mazafati variety, shapes, was not significant (F= 1.18, P = 0.3125).
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