Contents

Publisher's Note...... xxi Introduction...... xxiii Volume 1: A–N Abbott, Grace (1878-1939)...... 1 Atkinson, Ti-Grace (b. 1939)...... 41 Abel, Hazel Pearl Hempel (1888-1966)...... 2 Avery, Byllye Yvonne Reddick (b. 1937)...... 42 Abolitionist Movement, Women in the...... 3 Axne, Cynthia (b.1965)...... 42 Abortion...... 4 Ayotte, Kelly (b. 1968)...... 43 Abzug, Bella Savitzky (1920-1998)...... 9 Baca, Pauline Celia (Polly) (b. 1941)...... 45 Achtenberg, Roberta (b. 1950)...... 10 Bachmann, Michele (b. 1956)...... 46 Adams, Abigail Smith (1744-1818)...... 11 Bachur v. Democratic National Committee (1987)..... 46 Adams, Alma (b. 1946)...... 13 Baker, Ella Josephine (1903-1986)...... 47 Adams, Annette Abbott (1877-1956)...... 13 Baker, Irene Bailey (1901-1994)...... 48 Adams, Sandra (Sandy) (b. 1956)...... 14 Balch, Emily Greene (1867-1961)...... 48 Addams, Jane (1860-1935)...... 15 Baldwin, Tammy (b. 1962)...... 49 Addington, Julia C. (1829-1875)...... 16 Bañuelos, Romana Acosta (1925-2018)...... 51 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923)...... 17 Barnard, Catherine (Kate) Ann (1875-1930)...... 51 Adkins, Bertha Sheppard (1906-1983)...... 17 Barnes, Melody C. (b. 1964)...... 52 Affirmative Action...... 18 Barragán, Nannette Diaz (b. 1976)...... 53 Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Barshefsky, Charlene (b. 1950)...... 53 Health (1983)...... 20 Bass, Charlotta Amanda Spears (1880-1969)...... 54 Albright, Madeleine Jana Korbel (b. 1937)...... 20 Bass, Karen (b. 1953)...... 54 Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mosell (1898-1989)...... 21 Bates, Daisy Lee Gatson (1920-1999)...... 55 Allen, Maryon Pittman (1925-2018)...... 22 Beal v. Doe (1977)...... 57 Allred, Gloria Rachel Bloom (b. 1941)...... 22 Bean, Melissa Luburich (b. 1962)...... 57 Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incoporated®...... 23 Beatty, Joyce (b. 1950)...... 58 Alpha Suffrage Club...... 24 Beauvoir, Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Alvarez, Aida (b. 1949)...... 25 Bertrand de (1908-1986)...... 59 American Association of University Women, The...... 26 Bellamy, Carol (b. 1942)...... 59 American Civil Liberties Union...... 27 Bellotti v. Baird (1976, 1979)...... 60 American Life League, Inc...... 28 Belmont, Alva Erskine Smith Vanderbilt American Woman Suffrage Association...... 29 (1853-1933)...... 60 American Women Presidents...... 29 Benjamin, Medea (b. 1952)...... 61 Ames, Jessie Harriet Daniel (1883-1972)...... 30 Benjamin, Regina (b. 1956)...... 62 Anderson, Amalia (b. 1974)...... 31 Bentley, Helen Delich (1923-2016)...... 62 Anderson, Eugenie Moore (1909-1997)...... 31 Berkley, Shelley (b. 1951)...... 63 Anderson, Marian (1897-1993)...... 32 Berry, Mary Frances (b. 1938)...... 64 Anderson, Mary (1872-1964)...... 33 Bethune, Mary Jane McLeod (1875-1955)...... 66 Andrews, (Leslie) Elizabeth Bullock (1911-2002)...... 34 Biggert, Judith Borg (b. 1937)...... 68 Angelou, Maya (1928-2014)...... 35 Black Lives Matter...... 69 Anthony, Susan Brownell (1820-1906)...... 35 Black Women’s Health Imperative...... 69 Anti-lynching Movement...... 38 Black, Diane (b. 1951)...... 70 Armstrong, Anne Legendre (1927-2008)...... 39 Blackburn, Marsha Wedgeworth (b.1952)...... 71 Ashbrook, (Emily) Jean Spencer (b. 1934)...... 40 Blackmun, Harry Andrew (1908-1999)...... 71 Association of Southern Women for the Blackwell, Alice Stone (1857-1950)...... 72 Prevention of Lynching...... 40 Blades, Joan (b. 1956)...... 73

vii viii From Suffrage to the Senate: America’s Political Women

Blair, Emily Newell (1877-1951)...... 73 Burke, Tarana (b. 1973)...... 105 Blanco, Kathleen Babineaux (b. 1942)...... 75 Burlington Industries v. Ellerth (1998)...... 105 Blatch, Harriot Eaton Stanton (1856-1940)...... 75 Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. Blitch, Iris Faircloth (1912-1993)...... 76 v. White (2006)...... 106 Bloomer, Amelia Jenks (1818-1894)...... 77 Burton, Sala Galante (1925-1987)...... 106 Bloor, Ella Reeve Ware Cohen Omholt Burwell, Sylvia Matthews (b. 1965)...... 107 (Mother Bloor) (1862-1951)...... 78 Bush, Barbara Pierce (1925-2018)...... 107 Blunt Rochester, Lisa (B. 1962)...... 79 Bush, Laura Welch (b. 1946)...... 108 Boggs, Marie Corinne Morrison Claiborne Bushfield, Vera Cahalan (1889-1976)...... 109 (Lindy) (1916-2013)...... 80 Business and Professional Women/USA...... 109 Boland, Veronica Grace (1899-1982)...... 81 Business and Professional Women’s Foundation.....111 Bolin, Jane Matilda (1908-2007)...... 81 Bustos, Cheri (b. 1961)...... 111 Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham (1885-1977)...... 81 Byrne, Leslie Larkin (b. 1946)...... 112 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ)...... 82 Byrne, Jane Margaret Burke (1934-2014)...... 112 Bonamici, Suzanne (b. 1954)...... 83 Byron, Beverly Barton Butcher (b. 1932)...... 113 Bonney, Mary Lucinda (1816-1900)...... 84 Byron, Katharine Edgar (1903-1976)...... 114 Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons (aka Zitkala-äa, Cabinets, Women in Presidential ...... 115 or Red Bird) (1876-1938)...... 84 Cable Acts...... 117 Bono, Mary (b. 1961)...... 86 Cahill, Mary Beth (b. 1954)...... 117 Bordallo, Madeleine Mary Zeien (b. 1933)...... 87 Califano v. Westcott (1979)...... 118 Bosone, Reva Zilpha Beck (1895-1983)...... 87 Calderón, Sila María (b. 1942)...... 119 Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive Company (1969)...... 88 Caldicott, Helen Broinowski (b. 1938)...... 119 Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)...... 88 Califano v. Goldfarb (1977)...... 120 Bowring, Eva Kelly (1892-1985)...... 89 California Federal Savings and Loan Boxer, Barbara Levy (b. 1940)...... 89 v. Guerra (1987)...... 120 Boyda, Nancy (b. 1955)...... 91 Cammermeyer, Margarethe (b. 1942)...... 121 Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)...... 91 Campbell, Bonnie Jean Pierce (b. 1948)...... 122 Bradwell, Myra Colby (1831-1894)...... 92 Cantwell, Maria (b. 1958)...... 122 Brady, Sarah Jane Kemp (1942-2015)...... 93 Capito, Shelley Moore (b. 1953)...... 123 Bravo, Ellen (b. 1944)...... 94 Capps, Lois (b. 1938)...... 124 Bray v. Alexandria Clinic (1993)...... 95 Caraway, Hattie Ophelia Wyatt (1878-1950)...... 125 Brazile, Donna Lease (b. 1959)...... 95 Carey v. Population Services International (1977)..126 Brent, Margaret (ca. 1607-ca. 1671)...... 96 Carlson, Margaret Mary Bresnahan (b. ca. 1945).....126 Brewer, Janice Kay (b. 1944)...... 96 Carnahan, Jean Carpenter (b. 1933)...... 126 Brooks, Susan (b. 1960)...... 97 Carpenter, Mary Elizabeth (Liz) Sutherland Brown, Corrine (b. 1946)...... 98 (1920-2010)...... 127 Brown, Elaine (b. 1943)...... 99 Carson, Julia May Porter (1938-2007)...... 127 Brown, Judie (b. 1944)...... 100 Carson, Rachel Louise (1907-1964)...... 128 Brown, Kate (b. 1960)...... 100 Carter, Eleanor Rosalynn Smith (b. 1927)...... 130 Brown, Rita Mae (b. 1944)...... 101 Castle Rock v. Gonzales (2005)...... 131 Browner, Carol (b. 1955)...... 101 Castor, Kathy (b. 1966)...... 131 Brownley, Julia (b. 1952)...... 102 Castro, Ida L. (b. 1953)...... 132 Brown-Waite, Virginia (Ginny) (b.1943)...... 103 Catholics for Choice...... 132 Buchanan, Vera Daerr (1902-1955)...... 103 Catt, Carrie Clinton Lane Chapman Burdick, Jocelyn Birch (b. 1922)...... 104 (1859-1947)...... 133 Burke, Perle Yvonne Watson Brathwaite Center for American Women and Politics...... 135 (b. 1932)...... 104 Chao, Elaine Lan (b. 1953)...... 136 Contents ix

Chavez, Linda (b. 1947)...... 137 Comparable Worth...... 171 Chavez-Thompson, Linda (b. 1944)...... 138 Comstock, Barbara J. (b. 1959)...... 171 Cheney, Liz (b. 1966)...... 138 Concerned Women for America...... 171 Chenoweth-Hage, Helen Palmer (1938-2006)...... 139 Congress, Women in...... 172 Child Day Care...... 139 Congressional Accountability Act of 1995...... 177 Child Labor Amendment...... 140 Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues...... 177 Child Support Enforcement...... 141 Congressional Union...... 179 Child, Lydia Maria Francis (1802-1880)...... 143 Congresswomen’s Caucus...... 180 Children’s Bureau...... 143 Consciousness Raising...... 180 Children’s Defense Fund...... 145 Conservatism...... 181 Chisholm, Shirley Anita St. Hill (1924-2005)...... 145 Contreras-Sweet, Maria (b. 1955)...... 182 Christian Coalition of America...... 147 Conway, Kellyanne Elizabeth Fitzpatrick Christian-Christensen, Donna Marie (b. 1945)...... 147 (b. 1967)...... 182 Chu, Judy (b. 1953)...... 148 Corning Glass Works v. Brennan (1974)...... 183 Church, Marguerite Stitt (1892-1990)...... 149 Cortez Masto, Catherine Marie (b. 1964)...... 183 Citizens’ Advisory Council on the Status of Costanza, Margaret (Midge) (1932-2010)...... 184 Women...... 150 Coulter, Ann (b. 1961)...... 185 Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII...... 151 Council of Presidents...... 185 Civil Rights Act of 1991...... 152 Council of Women World Leaders...... 186 Civil Rights Movement, Women in the...... 153 County of Washington, Oregon v. Gunther Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988...... 155 (1981)...... 186 Clark Gray, Georgia Neese (1900-1995)...... 155 Coverture...... 187 Clark, Katherine M. (b. 1963)...... 156 Craig v. Boren (1976)...... 188 Clark, Septima Poinsette (1898-1987)...... 156 Craig, Angela (b. 1972)...... 188 Clarke, Marian Williams (1880-1953)...... 157 Crisp, Mary Dent (1923-2007)...... 189 Clarke, Yvette Diane (b. 1964)...... 157 Croly, Jane Cunningham (1829-1901)...... 189 Claybrook, Joan (b. 1937)...... 158 Crowley, Candy (b. 1948)...... 190 Clayton, Eva McPherson (b. 1934)...... 158 Cubin, Barbara Lynn (b. 1946)...... 190 Cleaver, Kathleen Neal (b. 1945)...... 159 Cullors, Patrisse (b. 1984)...... 192 Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur (1974)....160 Dahlkemper, Kathleen A. (Kathy) (b. 1957)...... 193 Clift, Eleanor (b. 1940)...... 160 Danner, Patsy Ann Berrer (b. 1934)...... 194 Clinton v. Jones (1997)...... 161 Daughters of Bilitis...... 194 Clinton, Hillary Diane Rodham (b. 1947)...... 161 Daughters of Liberty...... 195 Coalition for Women’s Appointments...... 163 Davids, Sharice (b. 1980)...... 195 Coalition of Labor Union Women...... 163 Davis, Angela Yvonne (b. 1944)...... 196 Code Pink...... 164 Davis, Jo Ann (1950-2007)...... 197 Coker v. Georgia (1977)...... 165 Davis, Susan A. (b. 1944)...... 197 Colautti v. Franklin (1979)...... 165 Day Care Council of America...... 198 Collins, Barbara-Rose (b. 1939)...... 165 Day, Dorothy (1897-1980)...... 198 Collins, Cardiss Hortense Robertson Dean, Madeleine (b. 1959)...... 199 (1931-2013)...... 166 Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Collins, Martha Layne Hall (b. 1936)...... 167 (1848)...... 199 Collins, Susan Margaret (b. 1952)...... 167 Decter, Midge Rosenthal (b. 1927)...... 199 Colored Women’s League...... 169 Deer, Ada Elizabeth (b. 1935)...... 200 Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional, Inc...... 169 DeGette, Diana Louise (b. 1957)...... 201 Commissions on the Status of Women...... 169 DeLauro, Rosa L. (b. 1943)...... 202 Communist Party, USA...... 170 DelBene, Suzan (b. 1962)...... 203 x From Suffrage to the Senate: America’s Political Women

Delta Sigma Theta Sorority...... 203 Employment Discrimination...... 241 Demings, Valdez Butler (b.1957)...... 204 English, Karan (b. 1949)...... 244 Democratic Party, Women in the...... 205 Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974...... 244 Dennett, Mary Coffin Ware (1872-1947)...... 208 Equal Division Rule...... 245 DeVos, Betsy (b. 1958)...... 209 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972...... 245 Dewson, Mary (Molly) Williams (1874-1962)...... 210 Equal Pay Act of 1963...... 245 Diaz v. Pan American World Airways, Inc. Equal Rights Amendment...... 247 (1971)...... 211 Equal Rights Amendments, State ...... 254 Dingell, Debbie (b. 1953)...... 212 ERAmerica...... 255 Displaced Homemakers...... 212 Ernst, Joni (b. 1970)...... 255 DiVall, Linda (b. ca. 1953)...... 213 Escobar, Veronica (b. 1969)...... 256 Divorce Law Reform...... 213 Eshoo, Anna Georges (b. 1942)...... 256 Dix, Dorothea Lynde (1802-1887)...... 214 Eslick, Willa McCord Blake (1878-1961)...... 257 Doe v. Bolton (1973)...... 215 Esty, Elizabeth Henderson (b. 1959)...... 257 Dole, (Mary) Elizabeth Hanford (b. 1936)...... 215 Evans, Jodie (b. 1954)...... 257 Domestic Violence...... 216 Evers-Williams, Myrlie Louise Beasley Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977)...... 218 (b. 1933)...... 258 Douglas, Emily Taft (1899-1994)...... 219 Executive Order 10980...... 259 Douglas, Helen Mary Gahagan (1900-1980)...... 219 Executive Order 11126...... 259 Douglass, Frederick (1818-1895)...... 221 Executive Order 11246...... 260 Drake, Thelma Day (b. 1949)...... 221 Executive Order 11375...... 260 Duckworth, Tammy (b. 1968)...... 222 Fallin, Mary (b. 1954)...... 261 Duniway, Abigail Jane Scott (1834-1915)...... 223 Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993...... 262 Dunn, Jennifer Blackburn (1941-2007)...... 223 Farenthold, Frances (Sissy) Talton (b. 1926)...... 262 Duren v. Missouri (1979)...... 224 Farrington, Mary Elizabeth Pruett (1898-1984).....263 Durr, Virginia Heard Foster (1903-1999)...... 224 Fauset, Crystal Dreda Bird (1894-1965)...... 264 Dworkin, Andrea Rita (1946-2005)...... 225 Federal Women’s Program...... 264 Dwyer, Florence Price (1902-1976)...... 225 Federally Employed Women...... 265 Eagle Forum...... 227 Feinstein, Dianne Goldman (b. 1933)...... 266 East, Catherine Shipe (1916-1996)...... 227 Felton, Rebecca Ann Latimer (1835-1930)...... 267 Eastman, Crystal (1881-1928)...... 228 The Feminine Mystique...... 268 Echaveste, Maria (b. 1954)...... 229 Feminist Majority Foundation...... 269 Ecofeminism...... 230 Feminist Movement...... 270 Economic Equity Act...... 230 Feministing.com...... 271 Edelman, Marian Wright (b. 1939)...... 231 Feminists for Life of America...... 272 Education Amendments of 1972, Title IX...... 232 Feminization of Poverty...... 272 Education, Women and...... 234 Fenwick, Millicent Hammond (1910-1992)...... 273 Edwards, Donna F. (b. 1958)...... 235 Ferguson v. City of Charleston (2001)...... 274 Edwards, Elaine Lucille Schwartzenburg Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace (1875-1961)....274 (1929-2018)...... 236 Ferraro, Geraldine Anne (1935-2011)...... 275 Edwards, India Moffett (1895-1990)...... 236 Fiedler, Roberta (Bobbi) Frances Horowitz Eisenhuth Alming, Laura J. Kelly (1858-1937)...... 237 (b. 1937)...... 277 Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972)...... 237 Fifteenth Amendment...... 277 Elders, Joycelyn (b. 1933)...... 238 Finkenauer, Abby (b. 1988)...... 278 Ellmers, Renee (b. 1964)...... 239 Finney, Joan Marie McInroy (1925-2001)...... 278 Emerson, Jo Ann (b. 1950)...... 239 Fischer, Deb (b. 1951)...... 279 EMILY’s List...... 240 Fletcher, Elizabeth (b. 1975)...... 279 Contents xi

Flint Auto Workers’ Strike...... 279 Goodman, Amy (b. 1957)...... 307 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley (1890-1964)...... 280 Goodwin, Doris Kearns (b. 1943)...... 308 Fonda, Jane Seymour (b. 1937)...... 281 Governors, Women...... 308 Ford, Elizabeth Ann (Betty) Bloomer Graham, Gwendolyn (Gwen) (b. 1963)...... 312 (1918-2011)...... 281 Granahan, Kathryn Elizabeth O’Hay Fourteenth Amendment...... 282 (1894-1979)...... 312 Fowler, Tillie Kidd (1942-2005)...... 283 Granger, Kay (b. 1943)...... 313 Foxx, Virginia Ann (b. 1943)...... 284 Granholm, Jennifer Mulhern (b. 1959)...... 313 Frahm, Sheila Sloan (b. 1945)...... 285 Grasso, Ella Rosa Giovanna Oliva Tambussi Frankel, Lois (b. 1948)...... 285 (1919-1981)...... 314 Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools Gratz et al. v. Bollinger (2003)...... 315 (1992)...... 286 Graves, Dixie Bibb (1882-1965)...... 315 Franklin, Barbara Hackman (b. 1940)...... 286 Green Party USA...... 316 Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act Green, Edith Louise Starrett (1910-1987)...... 316 of 1994...... 287 Greene Mickelson, Enid (b. 1958)...... 317 Friedan, Betty Naomi Goldstein (1921-2006)...... 287 Greenway King, Isabella Selmes (1886-1953)...... 317 Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)...... 288 Gregoire, Christine O’Grady (b. 1947)...... 318 Fudge, Marcia L. (b. 1952)...... 289 Griffiths, Martha Edna Wright (1912-2003)...... 319 Fulani, Lenora Branch (b. ca. 1950)...... 290 Grimké, Angelina Emily (1805-1879) and Fuller, Margaret (1810-1850)...... 290 Sarah Moore (1792-1873)...... 321 Fulmer, Willa Lybrand (1884-1968)...... 291 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)...... 322 Furse, Elizabeth (b. 1936)...... 291 Grove City College v. Bell (1984)...... 323 Futrell, Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood (b. 1940)....292 Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)...... 323 Gabbard, Tulsi (b. 1981)...... 293 Guinier, Carol Lani (b. 1950)...... 324 Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1826-1898)...... 293 H. L. v. Matheson (1984)...... 325 Garcia, Sylvia (b. 1950)...... 294 Haaland, Debra (b. 1960)...... 325 Garza, Alicia (b. 1981)...... 295 Hagan, Kay R. (b. 1953)...... 326 Gasque Van Exem, Elizabeth Mills Hawley Hahn, Janice (b. 1952)...... 326 (1886-1989)...... 295 Haley, Nimrata (Nikki) Randhawa (b. 1972)...... 327 Geduldig v. Aiello (1974)...... 295 Hall, Katie Beatrice Green (1938-2012)...... 327 Gender Gap...... 296 Halvorson, Deborah L. DeFrancesco (b. 1958)...... 328 General Electric v. Gilbert (1976)...... 297 Hamer, Fannie Lou Townsend (1917-1977)...... 329 General Federation of Women’s Clubs...... 297 Hanabusa, Colleen (b. 1951)...... 331 Gibbs, Florence Reville (1890-1964)...... 299 Handel, Karen (b.1962)...... 331 Gibbs, Lois Marie Conn (b. 1951)...... 299 Hansen, Julia Caroline Butler (1907-1988)...... 331 Giffords, Gabrielle (b. 1970)...... 300 Harden, Cecil Murray (1894-1984)...... 332 Gillibrand, Kirsten (b. 1966)...... 300 Harman, Jane Frank (b. 1945)...... 332 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1860-1935)...... 301 Harris v. Forklift Systems (1993)...... 333 Ginsburg, Ruth Joan Bader (b. 1933)...... 302 Harris v. McRae (1980)...... 334 Glaser, Vera (1916-2008)...... 304 Harris, Kamala Devi (b. 1964)...... 334 Glass Ceiling Commission...... 304 Harris, Katherine (b. 1957)...... 335 Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft...... 304 Harris, LaDonna (b. 1931)...... 335 Goesaert v. Cleary (1948)...... 305 Harris, Patricia Roberts (1924-1985)...... 336 Goldman, Emma (1869-1940)...... 305 Harriman, Pamela Beryl Digby Churchill Gonzales, Attorney General v. Carhart et al. Hayward (1920-1997)...... 337 (2007)...... 306 Hart, Melissa Anne (b. 1962)...... 338 González-Colón, Jenniffer (b. 1976)...... 307 Hartzler, Vicky (b. 1960)...... 338 xii From Suffrage to the Senate: America’s Political Women

Hassan, Margaret (Maggie) Wood (b. 1958)...... 339 Hutchison, Kathryn (Kay) Ann Bailey (b. 1943)....369 Hawkins, Paula Fickes (1927-2009)...... 339 Hyde, Henry John (1924-2007)...... 370 Hayes, Jahana (b. 1973)...... 340 Hyde-Smith, Cindy (b. 1959)...... 370 Hayworth, Nan (b. 1959)...... 341 Ifill, Gwen (1955-2016)...... 371 Health Care, Women and...... 341 Independent Women’s Forum...... 371 Heckler, Margaret Mary O’Shaughnessy Ireland, Patricia (b. 1945)...... 372 (b. 1931)...... 342 Ivey, Kay (b. 1944)...... 373 Height, Dorothy Irene (1912-2010)...... 343 Ivins, Molly Tyler (1944-2007)...... 374 Heitkamp, Mary Kathryn (Heidi) (b. 1955)...... 344 J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel T.B. (1994)...... 375 Henderson, Hazel Mustard (b. 1933)...... 345 Jackson Lee, Sheila (b. 1950)...... 375 Herman, Alexis Margaret (b. 1947)...... 345 Jackson, Lisa (b. 1962)...... 376 Hernandez, Aileen Clarke (1926-2017)...... 346 Jarrett, Valerie Bowman (b. 1956)...... 377 Herrera Beutler, Jaime (b. 1978)...... 347 Jayapal, Pramila (b. 1965)...... 378 Herseth Sandlin, Stephanie (b. 1970)...... 348 Jenckes, Virginia Ellis (1877-1975)...... 378 Hicks, (Anna) Louise Day (1916-2003)...... 348 Jenkins, Lynn (b. 1963)...... 379 Hill, Anita Faye (b. 1956)...... 349 Jewell, Sally (b. 1956)...... 379 Hill, Julia “Butterfly” (b. 1974)...... 351 Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Hill, Katie (b. 1987)...... 351 Santa Clara County (1987)...... 380 Hills, Carla Helen Anderson (b. 1934)...... 352 Johnson, Eddie Bernice (b. 1935)...... 380 Hirono, Mazie K. (b. 1947)...... 352 Johnson, Claudia Alta (Lady Bird) Taylor Hishon v. King and Spalding (1984)...... 353 (1912-2007)...... 381 Hobby, Oveta Culp (1905-1995)...... 353 Johnson, Nancy Lee (b. 1935)...... 382 Hochul, Kathleen C. (b. 1958)...... 354 Jones, Brenda (b.1959)...... 383 Hodgson v. Minnesota (1990)...... 355 Jones, Elaine R. (b. 1944)...... 383 Hoff, Joan (b. 1939)...... 355 Jones, Stephanie Tubbs (1949-2008)...... 384 Hollister, Nancy Putnam (b. 1949)...... 355 Jordan, Barbara Charline (1936-1996)...... 384 Holt, Marjorie Sewell (1920-2018)...... 356 Judges, Women...... 387 Holtzman, Elizabeth (b. 1941)...... 356 Jumper, Betty Mae Tiger (1923-2011)...... 388 Honeyman, Nan Wood (1881-1970)...... 357 Juneau, Denise (b. 1967)...... 389 hooks, bell (née Gloria Watkins) (b. 1952)...... 358 Juries, Women on...... 389 Hooley, Darlene (b. 1939)...... 358 Kagan, Elena (b. 1960)...... 391 Horn, Joan Kelly (b. 1936)...... 359 Kahn, Florence Prag (1868-1948)...... 392 Horn, Kendra (1976)...... 360 Kaptur, Marcia (Marcy) Carolyn (b. 1946)...... 392 Houlahan, Christina (Chrissy) (b. 1967)...... 360 Kassebaum Baker, Nancy Landon (b. 1932)...... 393 Howe, Julia Ward (1819-1910)...... 361 Kee, Maude Elizabeth Simpkins (1895-1975)...... 393 Hoyt v. Florida (1961)...... 361 Kelley, Florence (1859-1932)...... 394 Huck, Winnifred Sprague Mason (1882-1936)...... 362 Kelly, Edna Patricia Kathleen Flannery Huerta, Dolores Clara Fernandez (b. 1930)...... 362 (1906-1997)...... 395 Huffington, Arianna Stassinopoulos (b. 1950)...... 364 Kelly, Laura (b. 1950)...... 395 Hufstedler, Shirley Ann Mount (1925-2016)...... 364 Kelly, Robin L. (b. 1956)...... 396 Hughes, Karen Parfitt (b. 1956)...... 365 Kelly, Sue W. (b. 1936)...... 396 Hull, Jane Dee Bowersock (b. 1935)...... 366 Kennedy, Claudia Jean (b. 1947)...... 397 Human Trafficking...... 366 Kennedy, Florynce Rae (1916-2000)...... 397 Humphrey Brown, Muriel Fay Buck Kennedy, Jacqueline Bouvier...... 398 (1912-1998)...... 367 Kennelly, Barbara Bailey (b. 1936)...... 398 Hurley, Ruby (1909-1980)...... 367 Keys, Martha Elizabeth Ludwig (b. 1930)...... 399 Hutchinson, Anne Marbury (1591-1643)...... 368 Kilpatrick, Carolyn Jean Cheeks (b. 1945)...... 399 Contents xiii

Kilroy, Mary Jo (b. 1949)...... 400 Lockwood, Belva Ann Bennett McNall King, Coretta Scott (1927-2006)...... 400 (1830-1917)...... 431 King, Mary Elizabeth (b. 1940)...... 401 Lofgren, Zoe (b. 1947)...... 432 Kirchberg v. Feenstra (1981)...... 402 Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. Kirkpatrick, Ann (b.1950)...... 402 v. Coke 127 S. Ct. 2339 (2007)...... 433 Kirkpatrick, Jeane Duane Jordan (1926-2006)...... 403 Long Thompson, Jill Lynnette (b. 1952)...... 434 Kissling, Frances (b. 1943)...... 403 Long, Catherine Small (b. 1924)...... 434 Klobuchar, Amy (b. 1960)...... 404 Long, Rose McConnell (1892-1970)...... 435 Knutson, Coya Gjesdal (1912-1996)...... 404 Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Koontz, Elizabeth Duncan (1919-1989)...... 405 v. Manhart (1978)...... 435 Kosmas, Suzanne McDonald (b. 1944)...... 405 Louchheim, Kathleen (Katie) Scofield Kreps, Juanita Morris (1921-2010)...... 406 (1903-1991)...... 435 Kuhn, Margaret (Maggie) E. (1905-1995)...... 406 Love, Ludmya Bourdeau (Mia) (b. 1975)...... 436 Kumar, Maria Teresa (b. 1974)...... 407 Lowey, Nita Melnikoff (b. 1937)...... 436 Kunin, Madeleine May (b. 1933)...... 407 Luce, Clare Boothe (1903-1987)...... 437 Kuster, Ann McLane (b. 1956)...... 408 Lujan Grisham, Michelle (b. 1959)...... 438 La Flesche, Susette (1854-1903)...... 409 Lummis, Cynthia (b. 1954)...... 439 Lachance, Janice Rachel (b. 1953)...... 410 Luria, Elaine (b. 1975)...... 439 LaDuke, Winona (b. 1959)...... 410 Lusk, Georgia Lee Witt (1893-1971)...... 440 Lake, Celinda (b. 1953)...... 411 Lynch, Loretta Elizabeth (b. 1959)...... 440 Lampkin, Daisy Elizabeth Adams Lyon, Phyllis (b. 1924)...... 441 (ca. 1884-1965)...... 411 MacKinnon, Catharine Alice (b. 1946)...... 443 Landes, Bertha Ethel Knight (1868-1943)...... 412 Madar, Olga Marie (1916-1996)...... 444 Landrieu, Mary (b. 1955)...... 413 Maher v. Roe (1977)...... 444 Langley, Katherine Gudger (1888-1948)...... 414 Majette, Denise L. (b.1955)...... 445 Lathrop, Julia (1858-1932)...... 415 Malcolm, Ellen Reighley (b. 1947)...... 445 Lawrence Textile Mill Strike...... 415 Maloney, Carolyn Bosher (b. 1948)...... 446 Lawrence, Brenda L. (b. 1954)...... 416 MANA, a National Latina Organization...... 446 League of Women Voters...... 416 Mankiller, Wilma Pearl (1945-2010)...... 447 Lease, Mary Elizabeth Clyens (1850-1933)...... 418 Mankin, Helen Douglas (1894-1956)...... 449 Ledbetter, Lilly (b. 1938)...... 419 Margolies-Mezvinsky, Marjorie (b. 1942)...... 449 Lee, Barbara (b. 1946)...... 420 Marin, Rosario (b. 1958)...... 450 Lee, Susie (b. 1966)...... 421 Markey, Betsy (b.1956)...... 451 Lesbian Rights...... 421 Married Women’s Property Acts...... 451 Lesko, Debbie (b. 1958)...... 423 Martin, Dorothy Taliaferro “Del” (1921-2008)...... 452 Lewis, Ann Frank (b. 1937)...... 424 Martin, Judith Lynn Morley (b. 1939)...... 452 Liasson, Mara (b. 1955)...... 424 Martin, Marion E. (1900-1987)...... 453 Liberalism...... 424 Martinez, Susana (b. 1959)...... 454 Lightfoot, Lori E. (b. 1962)...... 425 Martz, Judy (b. 1943)...... 454 Liliuokalani (1838-1917)...... 426 Matalin, Mary Joe (b. 1953)...... 454 Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009...... 426 Matsui, Doris Okada (b. 1944)...... 455 Lilly M. Ledbetter, Petitioner v. The Goodyear May, Catherine Dean Barnes (1914-2004)...... 456 Tire and Rubber Company, Inc. (2007)...... 427 McBath, Lucy (b. 1960)...... 457 Lincoln, Blanche Lambert (b. 1960)...... 428 McCabe, Jewell Jackson (b. 1945)...... 457 Lingle, Linda Cutter (b. ca. 1953)...... 429 McCarthy, Carolyn (b. 1944)...... 458 Liswood, Laura (b. 1950)...... 430 McCarthy, Gina (b. 1954)...... 458 Lloyd Bouquard, Rachel Marilyn Laird McCarthy, Karen (1947-2010)...... 459 (1929-2018)...... 431 McCarty v. McCarty (1980)...... 459 xiv From Suffrage to the Senate: America’s Political Women

McCaskill, Claire (b. 1953)...... 460 Munoz, Cecilia (b. 1962)...... 491 McCollum, Betty (b. 1954)...... 460 Murkowski, Lisa (b. 1957)...... 492 McCormack, Ellen (née Eleanor Rose) Cullen Murphy, Stephanie (b.1978)...... 493 (1926-2011)...... 461 Murray, Patty Johns (b. 1950)...... 493 McCormick Simms, Ruth Hanna (1880-1944)...... 461 Murray, Pauli (1910-1985)...... 494 McKinney, Cynthia Ann (b. 1955)...... 462 Musgrave, Marilyn N. (b. 1949)...... 496 McLaughlin Korologos, Ann Dore Lauenstein Myers, Margaret Jane (Dee Dee) (b. 1961)...... 496 (b. 1941)...... 463 Myrick, Sue (b. 1941)...... 497 McMahon, Linda E. (b. 1948)...... 464 9to5, National Association of Working Women...... 499 McMillan, Clara Gooding (1894-1976)...... 464 National Association of Colored Women’s McMorris Rodgers, Cathy Anne (b. 1969)...... 464 Clubs, Inc...... 500 McSally, Martha (b. 1966)...... 465 Napolitano, Grace Flores (b. 1936)...... 501 Meek, Carrie Pittman (b. 1926)...... 466 Napolitano, Janet Ann (b. 1957)...... 502 Meissner, Doris Marie (b. 1941)...... 467 NARAL Pro-Choice America...... 502 Meng, Grace (b. 1975)...... 467 Nashville Gas Co. v. Satty (1977)...... 503 Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)...... 468 National Advisory Committee for Women...... 503 #metoo...... 469 National American Woman Suffrage Association....503 Meyers, Jan Lenore Crilly (b. 1928)...... 469 National Association for the Advancement of Meyner, Helen Day Stevenson (1929-1997)...... 470 Colored People, Women in the...... 505 Mifepristone (RU-486)...... 470 National Association of Commissions for Mikulski, Barbara Ann (b. 1936)...... 471 Women...... 506 Military, Women in the...... 472 National Center for Lesbian Rights...... 507 Millender-McDonald, Juanita (1938-2007)...... 474 National Coalition Against Domestic Violence...... 507 Miller, Candice S. (b. 1954)...... 475 National Coalition of 100 Black Women...... 507 Miller, Carol (b. 1950)...... 475 National Commission on the Observance of Miller, Laura (b. 1958)...... 476 International Women’s Year, 1975...... 508 Millett, Katherine (Kate) Murray (1934-2017)...... 476 National Committee on Pay Equity...... 509 Mills, Janet Trafton (b. 1947)...... 477 National Committee to Defeat the UnEqual Mills, Karen Gordon (b. 1953)...... 477 Rights Amendment...... 509 Mink, Patsy Matsu Takemoto (1927-2002)...... 477 National Conference of Puerto Rican Women...... 510 Minner, Ruth Ann Coverdale (b. 1935)...... 479 National Congress of Black Women...... 510 Minor v. Happersett (1875)...... 479 National Consumers League...... 511 Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan National Council of Jewish Women...... 512 (1982)...... 480 National Council of Negro Women...... 513 Mofford, Rose Perica (1922-2016)...... 480 National Federation of Afro-American Women...... 515 Molinari, Susan (b. 1958)...... 480 National Federation of Republican Women...... 515 Moore, Gwendolynne S. (b. 1951)...... 482 National Gender Balance Project USA...... 516 Moore, Minyon (b. 1958)...... 482 National League of Republican Colored Women.....516 Morella, Constance Albanese (b. 1931)...... 483 National Organization for Women...... 517 Moseley Braun, Carol (b. 1947)...... 483 National Organization of Black Elected Moskowitz, Belle Lindner Israels (1877-1933)...... 485 Legislative Women...... 519 Motley, Constance Baker (1921-2005)...... 485 National Right to Life Committee...... 519 Mott, Lucretia Coffin (1793-1880)...... 487 National Welfare Rights Organization...... 520 Ms. Foundation for Women...... 488 National Woman Suffrage Association...... 520 Ms. Magazine...... 489 National Woman’s Loyal League...... 521 Mucarsel-Powell, Debbie (b. 1971)...... 490 National Woman’s Party...... 521 Muller v. Oregon (1908)...... 491 National Women’s Conference Committee...... 522 Contents xv

National Women’s Conference...... 523 Owen Rohde, Ruth Bryan (1885-1954)...... 549 National Women’s Law Center...... 524 Palin, Sarah (b. 1964)...... 551 National Women’s Political Caucus...... 525 Park, Maud Wood (1871-1955)...... 552 Natividad, Irene (b. 1948)...... 526 Parker, Annise (b. 1956)...... 552 Navarro, Ana (b. 1971)...... 527 Parks, Rosa Louise McCauley (1913-2005)...... 553 Negrete McLeod, Gloria (b. 1941)...... 528 Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003...... 554 Neuberger, Maurine Brown (1907-2000)...... 528 Patterson, Elizabeth Johnston (1939-2018)...... 554 New York Radical Women...... 529 Paul, Alice (1885-1977)...... 555 News Media, Women Politicians and...... 529 Pay Equity...... 557 Nielsen, Kirstjen Michele (b. 1972)...... 530 Peace Movement...... 558 Nineteenth Amendment...... 531 Pelosi, Nancy B. (b. 1940)...... 559 Nixon, Patricia Ryan (1912-1993)...... 531 Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders (2004)...... 560 Noem, Kristi (b. 1971)...... 532 Perdue, Beverly M. (b. 1947)...... 561 Nolan, Mae Ella Hunt (1886-1973)...... 532 Perkins, Frances (Fanny) Corlie (1882-1965)...... 561 Norrell, Catherine Dorris (1901-1981)...... 532 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Northup, Anne Meagher (b. 1948)...... 533 Reconciliation Act of 1996...... 562 Norton, Eleanor Holmes (b. 1937)...... 533 Personnel Administrator of the Commonwealth Norton, Gale (b. 1954)...... 534 of Massachusetts v. Feeney (1979)...... 563 Norton, Mary Teresa Hopkins (1875-1959)...... 535 Peters, Mary E. (b. 1948)...... 563 Novello, Antonia Coello (b. 1944)...... 536 Peterson, Esther (1906-1997)...... 563 NOW v. Scheidler (1994) (2003) (2006)...... 537 Pettis Roberson, Shirley Neil McCumber Nussbaum, Karen (b. 1950)...... 538 (1924-2016)...... 564 Pfost, Gracie Bowers (1906-1965)...... 565 Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation (1971).....565 Volume 2: O–Z Pingree, Chellie Johnson (b. 1955)...... 565 Oakar, Mary Rose (b. 1940)...... 539 Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission Obama, Michelle Robinson (b. 1964)...... 540 on Human Relations (1973)...... 566 O’Beirne, Kate (1949-2017)...... 541 Planned Parenthood Association of Kansas City, Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria (b. 1989)...... 541 Mo. v. Ashcroft (1983)...... 566 O’Connor, Sandra Day (b. 1930)...... 542 Planned Parenthood Federation of America...... 567 O’Day, Caroline Love Goodwin (1875-1943)...... 543 Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri Office of Women’s Initiatives and Outreach...... 543 v. Danforth (1976)...... 568 O’Hare, Kathleen Richards (1876-1948)...... 543 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Ohio v. Akron Center (1990)...... 544 Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)...... 569 O’Laughlin, Kathryn Ellen McCarthy Plaskett, Stacey E. (b. 1966)...... 569 (1894-1952)...... 544 Poelker v. Doe (1977)...... 570 Oldfield, Pearl Peden (1876-1962)...... 545 Pornography...... 570 O’Leary, Hazel Rollins (b. 1937)...... 545 Porter, Katie (b. 1974)...... 571 Omar, Ilhan (b. 1981)...... 546 Poverty...... 571 Onassis, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Power, Samantha (b. 1970)...... 571 (1929-1994)...... 546 Pratt, Eliza Jane (1902-1981)...... 572 Operation Rescue...... 547 Pratt, Ruth Sears Baker (1877-1965)...... 572 Organizacion en California de Lideres Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978...... 572 Campesinas...... 548 President and Vice President, Women Orr v. Orr (1979)...... 548 Candidates for...... 573 Orr, Kay Avonne Stark (b. 1939)...... 548 President’s Commission on the Status of Women....574 Ortega, Katherine Davalos (b. 1934)...... 549 President’s Interagency Council on Women...... 576 xvi From Suffrage to the Senate: America’s Political Women

President’s Task Force on Women’s Rights Roberts, Mary Martha Corinne Morrison and Responsibilities...... 577 Claiborne Boggs (Cokie) (b. 1943)...... 610 Pressley, Ayanna (b. 1974)...... 578 Robertson, Alice Mary (1854-1931)...... 610 Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989)...... 578 Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith (1942-1967)...... 611 Priest, Ivy Maude Baker (1905-1975)...... 579 Roby, Martha (b. 1976)...... 612 Pritzker, Penny (b. 1956)...... 580 Roe v. Wade (1973)...... 612 Progressive Party, Women in the...... 580 Rogers, Edith Frances Nourse (1881-1960)...... 613 Pro-Life Action League...... 581 Romer, Christina (b. 1958)...... 614 Protective Legislation...... 581 Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884-1962)...... 614 Pryce, Deborah D. (b. 1951)...... 582 Rosen, Jacklyn Sheryl (Jacky) (b. 1957)...... 616 Public Offices, Women Elected to...... 582 Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana (b. 1952)...... 616 Public Speaking...... 584 Ross, Nellie Tayloe (1876-1977)...... 617 Pyle, Gladys (1890-1989)...... 584 Rostker v. Goldberg (1981)...... 618 Quaker Women...... 587 Roukema, Margaret Scafati (1929-2014)...... 618 Quinton, Amelia Stone (1833-1926)...... 587 Roy, Vesta M. (1925-2002)...... 619 Racial Discrimination...... 589 Roybal-Allard, Lucille (b. 1941)...... 619 Radewagen, Amata Catherine Coleman Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre (1842-1924)...... 620 (b. 1947)...... 590 Rust v. Sullivan (1991)...... 621 Radicalesbians...... 590 Saiki, Patricia Fukuda (b. 1930)...... 623 Raimondo, Gina M (b. 1971)...... 591 Salter, Susanna Madora Kinsey (1860-1961)...... 623 Rankin, Jeannette Pickering (1880-1973)...... 591 Sánchez, Linda T. (b. 1969)...... 624 Rape...... 593 Sanchez, Loretta (b. 1960)...... 625 Ray, Dixy Lee (1914-1994)...... 595 Sanders, Sarah Huckabee (b. 1982)...... 626 Reagan, Anne Francis “Nancy” Robbins Davis Sanger, Margaret Louise Higgins (1879-1966)...... 626 (1921-2016)...... 595 Sayles Belton, Sharon (b. 1951)...... 627 Redstockings...... 596 Scanlon, Mary Gay (b.1959)...... 628 Reece, Louise Goff (1898-1970)...... 596 Schakowsky, Janice D. (b. 1944)...... 628 Reed v. Reed (1971)...... 597 Schenk, Lynn (b. 1945)...... 629 Reid, Charlotte Leota Thompson (1913-2007)...... 597 Schlafly, Phyllis Stewart (1924-2016)...... 629 Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice...... 598 Schmidt, Jean (b.1951)...... 630 Rell, M. Jodi (b. 1946)...... 598 Schneider, Claudine Cmarada (b. 1947)...... 631 Reno, Janet (1938-2016)...... 599 Schrier, Kim (b. 1968)...... 631 Reproductive Rights...... 600 Schroeder, Patricia Nell Scott (b. 1940)...... 632 Republican Party, Women in the...... 601 Schwab, Susan C. (b. 1955)...... 633 Republicans for Choice...... 603 Schwartz, Allyson Y. (b. 1948)...... 634 Reynolds, Kim (b. 1959)...... 604 Seastrand, Andrea Ciszek (b. 1941)...... 634 Rice, Condoleezza (b. 1954)...... 604 Sebelius, Kathleen Gilligan (b. 1948)...... 635 Rice, Kathleen Maura (b. 1965)...... 605 Sekula Gibbs, Shelley...... 636 Rice, Susan E. (b. 1964)...... 606 Seneca Falls Convention...... 636 Richards, Ann Willis (1933-2006)...... 606 Separate Spheres...... 637 Richards, Cecile (b. 1957)...... 607 Sewell, Terri (b. 1965)...... 637 Richardson, Laura (b. 1962)...... 607 Sex Discrimination...... 637 Riley, Corrine Boyd (1893-1979)...... 608 Sexual Harassment...... 638 Rivers, Lynn Nancy (b. 1956)...... 608 Shabazz, Hajj Bahiyah (Betty) Sanders Rivlin, Alice Mitchell (b. 1931-2019)...... 609 (1936-1997)...... 640 Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)...... 609 Shaheen, Jeanne (b. 1947)...... 640 Roberts, Barbara Hughey (b. 1936)...... 610 Shalala, Donna Edna (b. 1941)...... 641 Contents xvii

Shaw, Anna Howard (1847-1919)...... 642 Strauder v. West Virginia (1879)...... 677 Shea-Porter, Carol (b. 1952)...... 643 Strauss, Annette Greenfield (1924-1998)...... 678 Shepherd, Karen (b. 1940)...... 643 Suffrage...... 678 Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Sullivan, Leonor Kretzer (1902-1988)...... 683 Protection Act of 1921...... 644 Sumner, Jessie (1898-1994)...... 683 Sherrill, Mikie (b. 1972)...... 645 Susan B. Anthony List...... 684 Shirtwaist Workers Strike...... 645 Sutton, Betty (b. 1963)...... 684 Simmons, Althea T. L. (1924-1990)...... 646 Swift, Jane (b. 1965)...... 685 Simpson, Edna Oakes (1891-1984)...... 647 Talbert, Mary Morris Burnett (1866-1923)...... 687 Sinema, Kyrsten (b. 1976)...... 647 Tauscher, Ellen O’Kane (b. 1951)...... 688 Slaughter, Louise McIntosh (1929-2018)...... 648 Taylor v. Louisiana (1975)...... 689 Slotkin, Elissa (b. 1976)...... 649 Tea Party...... 689 Smeal, Eleanor Cutri (b. 1939)...... 650 Temperance Movement, Women in the...... 690 Smith, Howard Worth (1883-1976)...... 650 Tenney, Claudia (b. 1961)...... 691 Smith, Linda Ann Simpson (b. 1950)...... 651 Terrell, Mary Eliza Church (1863-1954)...... 691 Smith, Margaret Madeline Chase (1897-1995)...... 651 Thomas, Helen Amelia (1920-2013)...... 693 Smith, Mary Louise (1914-1997)...... 653 Thomas, Lera Millard (1900-1993)...... 694 Smith, Tina (b. 1958)...... 654 Thompson, Ruth (1887-1970)...... 694 Smith, Virginia Dodd (1911-2006)...... 655 Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetrics Snowe, Olympia Jean Bouchles (b. 1947)...... 655 and Gynecology (1986)...... 695 Social Security...... 656 Thurman, Karen Loveland (b. 1951)...... 695 Socialism...... 657 Titus, Alice Constandina (Dina) (b. 1950)...... 696 Solis, Hilda (b. 1957)...... 658 Tlaib, Rashida (b. 1976)...... 697 Sotomayor, Sonia (b. 1954)...... 659 Tometi, Opal (b. 1984)...... 697 Spanberger, Abigail (b. 1979)...... 660 Torres Small, Xochitl (b. 1984)...... 698 Speier, Karen Lorraine Jacqueline (Jackie) Torres, Norma Judith (b. 1965)...... 698 (b. 1950)...... 660 Trahan, Lori (b. 1973)...... 699 Spellings, Margaret Dudar La Montagne Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire...... 699 (b. 1957)...... 661 Truth, Sojourner (ca. 1797-1883)...... 700 Spellman, Gladys Blossom Noon (1918-1988)...... 662 Tsongas, Nicola S. (Niki) (b. 1946) ...... 702 Spider Web...... 662 Tubman, Harriet (ca. 1820-1913)...... 702 St. George, Katharine Delano Price Collier Tyson, Laura D’Andrea (b. 1947)...... 703 (1894-1983)...... 663 UAW v. Johnson Controls (1991)...... 705 Stabenow, Deborah Ann (b. 1950)...... 664 Underwood, Lauren (b. 1986)...... 705 Stalking...... 665 United States v. Morrison (2000)...... 706 Stanley, Winifred Claire (1909-1996)...... 665 United States v. Virginia (1996)...... 706 Stanton v. Stanton (1975)...... 665 University of California Regents v. Bakke Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815-1902)...... 666 (1978)...... 707 State Legislatures, Women in...... 668 Unsoeld, Jolene Bishoprick (b. 1931)...... 707 Stefanik, Elise M. (b. 1984)...... 670 Upton, Harriet Taylor (1853-1945)...... 708 Steinem, Gloria Marie (b. 1934)...... 671 Vaid, Urvashi (b. 1958)...... 711 Stenberg, Attorney General of Nebraska, et al. Velázquez, Nydia Margarita (b. 1953)...... 711 v. Carhart (2000)...... 673 Veneman, Ann (b. 1949)...... 712 Stevens, Haley (b. 1983)...... 674 Veterans’ Preference...... 713 Stewart, Maria W. (1803-1879)...... 674 Vilmain, Teresa (b. 1958)...... 713 Stone, Lucy (1818-1893)...... 675 Violence Against Women Act of 1994, 2000, Stop ERA...... 676 and 2005...... 714 Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher (1811-1896)...... 677 Violence Against Women Office...... 714 xviii From Suffrage to the Senate: America’s Political Women

Voting Rights Act of 1965...... 715 Wilson, Heather (b. 1960)...... 741 Vucanovich, Barbara Farrell (1921-2013)...... 715 Wingo, Effiegene Locke (1883-1962)...... 742 Wagner, Ann (b. 1962)...... 717 WISH List...... 742 Wald, Lillian D. (1867-1940)...... 717 Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-1797)...... 743 Waldholtz, Enid Greene...... 718 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union...... 743 Walker, Olene (1930-2015)...... 718 Woman’s National Loyal League...... 744 Wallace, Lurleen Burns (1926-1968)...... 719 Woman’s Peace Party...... 744 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes et al. (2011)...... 719 Women in Apprenticeship and Nontraditional Walorski, Jackie (b. 1963)...... 720 Occupations Act of 1992...... 745 Walters, Mimi (b. 1962)...... 720 Women of Color Policy Network...... 745 Warren, Elizabeth (b. 1949)...... 720 Women Strike for Peace...... 745 Wasserman Schultz, Debbie (b. 1966)...... 721 Women Under Forty Political Action Committee....746 Waters, Maxine Moore Carr (b. 1938)...... 722 Women Work! The National Network for Watson Coleman, Bonnie (b. 1945)...... 723 Women’s Employment...... 746 Watson, Barbara Mae (1918-1983)...... 724 WomenHeart: The National Coalition for Watson, Diane Edith (b. 1933)...... 724 Women with Heart Disease...... 747 Wattleton, Alyce Faye (b. 1943)...... 725 Women’s Action for New Directions...... 747 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)...... 726 Women’s Bureau...... 748 Weddington, Sarah Ragle (b. 1945)...... 726 Women’s Campaign Fund...... 749 Weeks v. Southern Bell Telephone and Women’s Congressional Policy Institute...... 749 Telegraph Company (1969)...... 727 Women’s Educational Equity Act of 1974...... 750 Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld (1975)...... 728 Women’s Equity Action League...... 750 Weis, Jessica McCullough (1901-1963)...... 728 Women’s Health Equity Act...... 751 Welfare...... 729 Women’s Health, Office of Research on...... 752 Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell (1862-1931)...... 729 Women’s International League for Peace and West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937)...... 731 Freedom...... 753 Westwood, Frances Jean Miles (1923-1997)...... 731 Women’s Joint Congressional Committee...... 753 Wexler, Anne Levy (1930-2009)...... 731 Women’s Liberation Movement...... 754 Wexton, Jennifer (b. 1968)...... 732 Women’s March...... 755 White House Council on Women and Girls...... 732 Women’s Political Council...... 755 Whitman, Christine Todd (b. 1946)...... 733 Women’s Political Union...... 756 Whitmer, Gretchen (b. 1971)...... 735 Women’s Trade Union League...... 756 Whitmire, Kathryn Jean (b. 1946)...... 735 Woodhouse, Chase Going (1890-1984)...... 757 Widnall, Sheila Evans (b. 1938)...... 736 Woodhull, Victoria Claflin (1838-1927)...... 757 Wild, Susan (b. 1957)...... 736 Woodruff, Judy Carline (b. 1946)...... 759 Willard, Frances Elizabeth Caroline Woolsey, Lynn (b. 1937)...... 760 (1839-1898)...... 737 Wright, Frances (Fanny) (1795-1852)...... 761 Willebrandt, Mabel Walker (1889-1963)...... 737 Year of the Woman...... 763 Williams v. Zbaraz (1980)...... 739 Yellen, Janet L. (b. 1946)...... 763 Wilson, Diane (b. ca. 1949)...... 739 #YouKnowMe...... 764 Wilson, Edith Bolling Galt (1872-1961)...... 740 YWCA of the USA...... 765 Wilson, Frederica (b. 1942)...... 740 Zeilinger, Julie (b. 1993)...... 767 Contents xix

Appendix 1: Documents Statement on Equal Pay Day...... 847 The Changing Face of Rural Communities...... 849 Women’s Rights Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions...... 771 Presidential Appointees Speech After Being Convicted of Voting Remarks to the First National Summit on the in the 1872 Presidential Election...... 775 Advancement of Girls in Math and Science...... 851 Birth Control-A Parents’ Problem or Woman’s?..... 776 Announcements: Women’s Contracting Rule and Equal Rights for Women...... 778 National Women’s Business Council Chair...... 854 National Women’s Conference Plan of Action...... 779 Bridging Connection Technologies and Address to Feminists for Life of America...... 782 Sustainable Development...... 856 Eyewitness: Beating the Bra Burners...... 783 Incrementalism Versus the Ketchup Bottle: Women in the Military Women’s Progress in Politics...... 784 Should Women be Barred from So Much We Can Do: A Nation of Leaders...... 791 Combat Positions?...... 859 Women’s March Agenda 2019...... 795 Defense Department Expands Women’s Combat Role...... 861 Political Parties and Agendas DoD Releases Annual Report on Sexual Assault in I Announce Myself As A Candidate for the Military...... 862 Presidency...... 798 The Problem That Has No Name...... 799 Chicanas Speak Out. Women: Appendix 2: Facts and Statistics New Voices of La Raza...... 802 Table A.1 Number of Women in Congress...... 867 A New Beginning: A New Dedication...... 804 Table A.2 Women of Color in Elective Educating the Black Child: Office 1965-2019...... 871 Our Past and Our Future...... 807 Table A.3 Women in Congressional The Indigenous Women’s Network: Leadership Roles...... 875 Our Future, Our Responsibility...... 812 Table A.4 Women Appointed to It’s the Family, Stupid!...... 817 Cabinet Positions...... 881 Address to the Democratic Table A.5 Women in State Legislatures National Convention...... 818 (1895-2019)...... 886 Acceptance Speech at the Table A.6 History of Women Governors...... 890 Republication National Convention...... 822 Table A.7 Firsts for Women in U.S. Politics (1848-2019)...... 893 Racism and Discrimination Table A.8 Firsts for Women in the Law Child Labor and Woman Suffrage...... 828 Profession and the Courts (1869-2015)...... 900 What It Means to be Colored in the Capital of the U.S...... 830 Chronology...... 903 Seeking a Link with the Past...... 831 Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972...... 835 Bibliography...... 929 Dolores Huerta Talks...... 839 Sexual Harassment: The Nature of the Beast...... 846 Index...... 959