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Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8100287 Z e l m a n, Pa tr ic ia G r a c e DEVELOPMENT OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY FOR WOMEN AS A NATIONAL POLICY, 1960-1967 The Ohio Slate University Ph.D. 1980 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1980 by Zelman, Patricia Grace All Rights Reserved DEVELOPMENT OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY FOR WOMEN AS A NATIONAL POLICY, 1960-1967 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio S tate U niversity By Patricia Grace Zelman, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State U niversity 1980 Reading Committee: Approved By Robert H. Bremner Harry L. Coles Adviser Carole R. Rogel Department of History For all my family ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I happily acknowledge my debt to Robert H. Bremner. His gentle guidance helped me develop an appreciation for the historian's craft, and his devotion to scholarship has provided an inspiring model. I researched and wrote this dissertation while living in Texas, and its completion would not have been possible without Professor Bremner's willingness to provide special long-distance assistance. I deeply appreciate his efforts, his patience, and his friendship. Cynthia Harrison has generously shared the fruits of her research at the John F. Kennedy Library with me. I am indebted to her not only for that research, but for much of the conceptual framework of this essay, particularly re­ garding the Kennedy years. Her careful scholarship, her facility for finding order in a mass of seemingly chaotic events, and her willingness to share these talents with me have contributed heavily to whatever merits my essay pos­ sesses. Leila Rupp's incisive comments on the first four chapters of my draft have also been of benefit. Material for the Johnson years comes primarily from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas. Since the White House C entral F iles has no sp e c ific designation for "women," my to p ic n e ce ssitated much searching for ma­ terials, a task which was greatly facilitated by the Li­ brary's cooperative staff. I give special thanks to Nancy Smith, Claudia Anderson, and Tina Lawson for their cheer­ ful and productive efforts. I am grateful to Judith A. Crosby for sharing with me her essay prospectus, "Executive Leadership in Policy-Issue Development: Women's Rights, A Case Study," which gave me important early leads. I also thank the staff at the National Archives Building, whose speedy retrieval of documents enhanced the productiv­ ity of my brief visit. Esther Peterson, Martha Griffiths, Liz Carpenter, India Edwards, and Isabelle Shelton generously shared their time and insights with me. My friends in the Texas Women's Political Caucus used the "good ole girl network" to help me secure these interviews; my thanks to Helen Martin, Ann Richards, and the Honorable Ernestine Glossbrenner. I also wish to thank the staff of the Dick Smith Li­ brary at Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas. Harvey Gover's mastery of the Interlibrary Loan system has amazed and d elighted me throughout the course of my r e ­ search. iv Donald Zelman has provided support of many kinds be­ sides financial and moral. He has shared, with patience and unfailing good humor, his considerable skills as his­ torian, cook, housecleaner, and typist. I cheerfully acknowledge his contribution to this essay. I extend sp ecial thanks to J u lie Grace Zelman fo r believing I could do it. v VITA January 15, 1944. .Born - C incinnati, Ohio 1966 ....................................... B.A., University of North Carolina at Greensboro 1966-1967 ......................... U niversity Fellow, The Ohio State U niversity, Columbus, Ohio 1967 ......... M.A., The Ohio S tate U niversity, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1969 ......................... Teaching Assistant, Department of H istory, The Ohio S tate U niversity, Columbus, Ohio 1979-1980 ......................... Instructor, Department of Social Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Twentieth Century United States History. Professor Robert H. Bremner United States Economic and Social History. Professor Mary E. Young United States Civil War and Reconstruction. Professor Merton L. Dillon Nineteenth Century European History. Professor Carole R. Rogel TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................i i i VITA ..................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................v i i i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................... ix INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I. EQUALITY VS. PROTECTION, 1920-1960.................................. 12 II. PETERSON'S INITIATIVES, 1960-1963......................................46 III. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FROM THE WHITE HOUSE, 1964.............................................................................84 IV. LINKING SEX AND RACE, 1964.......................................................124 V. FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE WAR ON POVERTY, 1964-1965...................................................................165 VI. EQUALITY VS. PROTECTION REVISITED, 1966.......................207 CONCLUSION: COMPLETING THE LINKAGE, 1967 ...............................254 APPENDIXES A. Major Female Appointments of President Johnson.............................................................................288 B. EEOC Guidelines on Classified Advertising .................. 291 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................293 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Women in the Labor Force by Marital Status, 1940-1960 ......................................... 29 2. Percent Distribution of Women in the Labor Force by Marital Status, 1940-1960.................................................................. 30 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS bfoq . Bona fide occupational qualification CAC . Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women EEOC . Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ERA . Equal Rights Amendment FEPC . Fair employment practices commission ICSW . Interdepartmental Committee on the Status of Women LBJL . Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas NA . N ational Archives Building, Washington, D.C. NWP . N ational Woman's Party PCEEO . P re sid e n t's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity PCSW . President's Commission on the Status of Women RDOL . Records of the Department of Labor, 1963- 1969, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library WB . Women's Bureau, Department of Labor WWW . Records of the Secretary of Labor, W. Willard Wirtz INTRODUCTION Legal enunciations of equal employment opportunity for women as a policy of the U.S. government occurred within the relatively brief period from 1963 to 1967, but the development of this policy was linked to several longer-term occurrences. One of these was the civil rights movement, which formulated the concept of equal employment opportunity as the keystone of a strategy for upgrading black economic status. During the high pitch of civil rights activism in the mid 1960s, this concept was extended to include women; it thereby connected with a second long-term process, the debate about women's proper role -- in society generally, and in the workplace in particular. Women's inclusion in the remedies