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Sho! ------------------------------------------------------------- Sho!""c. titlo: A stuày of the Bcnevolent Gentlemen in Dickene u Novele , ! . !1 A STUDY OF THE BENEVOLE NT GENTLEl'/iElf IN DICKENS' NOVELS by Caroline Mary Riddel, lu.A. (Edin.) A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of 'fIIaster of Arts. Department of English McGill University Montreal August, 1966 '~- ' @ Caroline 14ary Riddel 1967 ------------- ------ - --- ---------------- CONTENTS Page Introduction i 1. THE BACKGROUND, ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BENEVOLENT GENTLEMEN l II. THE EA.."RLY BENEVOLE NT GENTLEMEN 26 III. THE BENEVOLENT GENTLETvlEN OF DICKENS' MIDDLE PERIOD 54 IV. THE LAST BENEVOLENT GENTLErv'iEN 76 Conclusion 100 Bibliography 108 !, \ '- INTRODUCTION Preaching in Westminster Abbey on the third day after Dickens' death, the Bishop of Manchester said: LDicken~ has been called in one notice an apostle of the people. l suppose it is meant that he had a mission, but in a style and fashion of his own; a gospel, a cheery, joyous, gladsome message, which the people understood, and by which they could hardly help being bettered; for it was the gospel of kindliness, of brotherly love, of sympathy in the widest sense of the word.l Dickens did indeed hold this firm belief in kindliness and benevolence which he presented in many of his characters, particularly in the early novels. His philos0~hy, neither profound nor original, was the hope that aIl classes might live together in kindness. Directly or indirectly, he was always saying that if people would only treat each other better the world would become a better place. His friend and biographer, John Forster, wrote: "He was ta try and convert society ••• by showing that its happiness rested on the same foundations as those of the individual, which are mercy and charity not less than justice" (Forster, II, 146). Two aspects of Dickens' life are most germane to his concern with benevolence. First, his admiration for human decency and kindness, which at times appears to be no more than moralising, was genuine and formed the essential basis of his work. Although not a IIreligiousll writer in the accepted ser..se of the word, he based his life on the Christian -- and very Victorian l John Forster The Life of Charles Dickens, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1872-74), III, 383-.- Subsequent references will be to this edition(hereafter referred to as Forster). ii f ethic of love and concern for onels fellow-man. No matter \ how varied the subject of his novels, the leitmotiv of kindness and goodness is always present. These are the qualities which Dickens admired most, and wmch he wished ms readers to admire most. It was always his hope IIthat his books might help to make people' better" (Forster, III, 383). Secondly, Dickens himself knew what it was like to be underprivileged. Although he became successful and wealthy beyond his wildest expectations, he never forgot his early struggles ~üth poverty. The poor always remained his "clientsll (Forster, II, 146), and were neve~ forgotten in any of his books. To the end of his life, he was concerned with their plight in an age which made little provision for social welfare beyond the workhouse, and where individual generosity often meant the difference between living or starving. As a writer, Dickens was unique in ms experience of both sides of Victorian life; he knew first-hand what misery lay behind the facade of stolid prosperity. His background, fl1) together vdth the interest he always had in money for its own sake, made philanthropy a fascinating subject. He expressed these philanthropical views in ms novels by creating IIbenevolent gentlemen. fI These characters are elderly men of private means whose principal function appears to be helping others out of financial or social difficulties. The help given is always voluntary and always appreciated. The benevolent gentlemen of the early novels seem to have been created less as characters in their own right than as props ( for the sagging fortunes of others. In the later novels, iii however, there is a subtle change. The benevolent gentleman still exists, but circumstances render him less powerful. He wishes to help those around him, but now wants some guarantee that his efforts will be acknowledged. As Dickens himself matured, it was inevitable that his conception of character should, too. This thesis will be confined to a study of the benevolent gentlemen in Dickens' novels, and will attempt to answer such questions as: VTho wer€; these men? For what purpose did Dickens create them? VThat function do they serve in the novels? How great, or how limited, is their scope of action? Did they provide Dickens with his ultimate answers to the problems of human behaviour? Chapter l will discuss the background, origin and characteristics of the benevolent gentlemen. Chapter II will describe the benevolent gentlemen 2 of the early novels, Mr. Pickwick (The Pickwick Papers, 1836-37), Mr. Brownlow (Oliver Twist, 1837-39), the Cheeryble Brothers (Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-39), IvIr. Garland and the Single Gentleman (The Old Curiosity Shop, 1840-41), and Scrooge (! Christmas Carol, 1843). Chapter III will be concerned with the benevolent gentlemen of Dickens' middle period, Mr. Jarndyce (Bleak liouse, 1852-53), Mr. Sleary (Hard Times, 1854), and Mr. Meagles (Little~Qrrit, 1855-57). Chapter IV will discuss nickens' last two benevolent gentlemen, Abel Magviitch (Great 2 The dates given for the novels are those of their first publication in serial or book forme ( \ iv Expectations, 1860-61), and Nicodemus (Noddy) Boffin (Our Mutual Friend, 1864-65). The conclusion will attempt to assess these benevolent gentlemen, their success and failure, and their relationship to Victorian society. ( CH..'lPTER l THE BACKGROUND, ORIGIN AIiD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BENEVOLENT GENTLEl'IOOT It has been said of Dickens that he was: An individual to the core, with a well-founded distrust of aIl government and aIl governmental enterprises, LWhQ7 placed his trust, his hope of amelioration exclusively in the impulse of privîte benevolence, the untutored common sanity of ordinary people. Perhaps the best way to begin a discussion of the benevolent gentleman is to examine this "well-founded distrust of aIl government and aIl governmental enterprises" which led Dickens to place his trust "in the impulse of private benevolence." Sometimes character can be seen more clearly in terms of what it is not, rather than what it is, and the most striking nega­ tive characteristic of the benevolent gentleman is that he is non-political. The reason for this is that Dickens himself was funda- mentally not interested in organised politics. Forster said that "LDickeny had not made poli tics at any time a study" (Forste~ II, 147), and Dickens' own son, Henry Fielding Dickens, remarks that his father was IIvery intolerant of much that he 2 found in the body politic." As a shorthand reporter, Dickens had seen enough of Parliament in his youth to acquire a lasting contempt for it. ~Vhenever he wrote of Parliament in his novels, 1 '. Edward Wagenknecht, Cavalcade of the English Novel (New York, 1943), p. 230. - -- 2 nenry Fielding Dickens, Memories of ~ Father (London, 1929), p. 28. - 2. it was to satirize and never to commende He always made the same judgement -- that to the governing classes of nineteenth- century England the people and their problems were not important. Perhaps unconsciously, he stated his political views most clearly when he said: l will now discharge my conscience of my political creed, which is contained in two articles, and has no reference to any party or persons. My faith in the people governing is, on the whole, infinitesimal; my faith in the People governed is, on the whole, illimitableo3 Dickens was a radical. This does not mean that he was a revolutionary or, in any sense, disloyal to Crovm or Constitution; but he was impatient vii th the established government. His attacks upon its inefficiency and procrastination (the best example of which is the Circumlocution Office in Little Dorrit) are deliberately subversive. If a radical is one who goes to the root (radix) of matters, then the very proof of Dickens' radicalism lies in his pre-occupation with the condition of men's hearts, and not, as has been often supposed, in his non- preoccupation with political concerns. He was profoundly anti­ deterministic and never recognised any alternative to individual responsibility in law and government, or in private life. As Humphry House points out, "the noun 'radical' was still fairly new in his time, and perhaps by so often arrogating it to himself he helped to extend its application to coyer almost 3 K.J. Fielding, ed., The Speeches of Charles Dickens (Oxford, 1960), p. 407. any person whose sympathies, whenever occasion offered, \'Vere ( 4 with the under-dog." But even if the root of the matter lay, as Dickens felt, within the valuable sentiment of human benevolence, there was still the problem of hovY this sentiment could be made effective in social and national life. Dickens never resolved this Question. The most obvious answer is a political one, but Dickens mistrusted Parliarnent. He had seen, almost from boyhood, that its shortcomings derived mainly from its members, most of whom were contaminated initially through the process 5 of election. Financial and social influence, often corruptly exercised, counted for more than individual merit; Dickens had good reason to suspect the integrity and sincerity of some, though not aIl, members of Parliament. Knowing the political activities of the Coodles, Doodles, and Foodles who formed Parliament, satirized in Chapter XII of Bleak House, he felt they had no real knowledge of the needs of their constituents. Although Dickens had such strong sentiments about how Parliament should not be run, he never entered it himself to demonstrate his theorie~.
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