William James, Josiah Royce, and the Early Dynamic Psychiatry Movement in America
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Training Tomorrow's Historians.................................................................................................Erica Toffoli “Properly Speaking Man Is Imbecile”: Nietzschean Skepticism in the Political ought of French Conservative Hippolyte Taine.................................Randolph Miller “Nervous Diseases” and the Politics of Healing: William James, Josiah Royce, and the Early Dynamic Psychiatry Movement in America..........................Matthew D. Bessette Contested Conservations: Forestry and History in Nova Scotia..................................Matthew Leeming Canada’s Story: Canadian Identity and the Journal of Canadian Studies...................William Hamilton e Shield and Sword of Consumption: e Police-Society Relationship in the Former East Germany...............................................................................................Mark McCulloch Contested Terrain: Scouting for Girls in South Africa, 1910-1994....................................Sally Stanhope Book Reviews by Cara Burnidge, Dylan Gottlieb, Jonathan McQuarrie, Brandon Gray Miller, Justin Pfeifer, Jason Shulman, Valerie Schutte, Jeff Washburn Fall 2012 Volume 1, Issue 1 Table of Contents . Front Matter Copyright ii Masthead iii Acknowledgments iv Letter from the Associate Chair v Introduction: Training Tomorrow’s Historians vi Articles “Properly Speaking Man Is Imbecile”: Nietzschean Skepticism in the Political Thought of French Conservative Hippolyte Taine Randolph Miller 1 “Nervous Diseases” and the Politics of Healing: William James, Josiah Royce, and the Early Dynamic Psychiatry Movement in America Matthew D. Bessette 22 Contested Conservations: Forestry and History in Nova Scotia Mark Leeming 50 The Shield and Sword of Consumption: The Police-Society Relationship in the Former East Germany Mark McCulloch 67 Canada’s Story: Canadian Identity and the Journal of Canadian Studies William Hamilton 84 Contested Terrain: Scouting for Girls in South Africa, 1910-1994 Sally Stanhope 105 Reviews 131 About the Contributors 146 Past Tense: Graduate Review of History 1: i-ix. University of Toronto Department of History, 2012. Copyright Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Cover image by Stanley Turner. "Dated events map of world conquests: showing the Axis attempt at world conquest compared with the conquerors of the past and their empires" [map]. 1:27,000,000. [Englewood Cliffs, NJ]: Thomas J. Lipton (C. C. Peterson), 1944. Published with permission from the University of Toronto Map and Data Library. Past Tense: Graduate Review of History is published by the Graduate History Society at the University of Toronto. www.pasttensejournal.com ii Past Tense Editor: Seth Bernstein Managing Editor: Kaitlin Heller Associate Editors: Veronique Church-Duplessis Brandon Corcoran Jennifer Hayter Jessica Higgins Cara Jordan Brett Lintott Michael Newmark Corinna Prior Lindsay Sidders Laura Smith Caleb Wellum Assistant Editors: Jennifer Bonder Prashanta Dhar Jacob Hogan Erica Toffoli Faculty Advisory Board: Dr. Malavika Kasturi, University of Toronto, Mississauga Dr. Cecilia Morgan, University of Toronto-OISE Dr. Melanie Newton, University of Toronto Dr. Natalie Rothman, University of Toronto, Scarborough Past Tense iii Acknowledgments The editorial team of Past Tense: Graduate Review of History would like to thank those who have helped our journal get off the ground: Stephanie Cavanaugh, Rebecca O’Neill and Alexandra Wieland helped to develop Past Tense in its initial stages. Gabriela Mircea, Scholarly Communication Services Administrator at the University of Toronto, has been a great help with the technical side of publishing the journal. Professor Russell Kazal has supported this initiative as the Graduate Chair of the Department of History at the University of Toronto. John Shoesmith (Outreach Librarian, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library), Graham Bradshaw (English Literature Librarian, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library) and Marcel Fortin (Geographic Information Systems & Map Librarian, Map and Data Library) assisted in our search for a cover image for the first issue. iv Past Tense Letter from the Associate Chair It is a pleasure to write these lines of introduction for the inaugural issue of Past Tense, the journal of the Graduate History Society, itself the voice of graduate students in the University of Toronto’s Department of History. As the Department’s graduate coordinator, I’ve made opening remarks at a number of GHS events. Not infrequently, I start off by saying that I probably have the least to do with that event of anybody in the room. The initiators, the organizers, the drivers behind these, from the History Graduate Orientation for incoming students in September, to February’s Annual Graduate History Symposium, to the inaugural MA 2000 Paper Symposium last May, are the graduate students themselves. What has most impressed me since I began as graduate coordinator is this remarkable degree of self-organization, reflecting both the intellectual vibrancy of and the strong sense of community among our graduate students. Past Tense falls squarely within this tradition. A graduate student initiative in every sense, it well conveys the intellectual reach and innovation and the thematic and methodological diversity of the Department’s graduate students. In this first issue, you will find work on Nietzschean elements in French political thought, on early psychiatry in the United States, on forestry in Nova Scotia, on the police and consumption in East Germany, on Canadian identity, and on the politics of South African girl scouting. A collective effort that showcases some of the most exciting work produced by individual graduate students, it represents the self-organizing tradition at its finest. And it’s a fascinating read. Enjoy! Russell A. Kazal Associate Chair, Graduate Department of History, University of Toronto Past Tense v Training Tomorrow’s Historians Erica Toffoli University of Toronto New scholars crave experience. Opportunities to present and publish are invaluable assets to developing graduate students seeking to hone their professional skills and engage with a broad academic audience. Consideration of these needs lay at the heart of two new initiatives undertaken in the University of Toronto’s History Department over the past year: organization of the M.A. Symposium and the publication of Past Tense: Graduate Review of History. Held for the first time in May 2012, the symposium allowed Master’s students, their fellow graduate students and faculty members a chance to gather for a day of presentations given by graduate students at the very earliest stage of their academic careers. As a co-organizer and participant in the M.A. Symposium, I had an opportunity to gain experience planning a small conference, practice my own presentation skills, and observe the event’s impact upon myself and my fellow Master’s students. Our goal as organizers was to afford Master’s students an opportunity to present their 2000 Paper, the major research component of the Master’s program. The 2000 Paper is an article length essay, requiring use of original primary source research. We invited participants to share twenty-minute long presentations detailing the main arguments and methodology which informed their 2000 Paper. Ten Master’s students presented at the Symposium. Roughly twenty PhD students and ten faculty members, some of whom were participants’ supervisors, attended various presentations throughout the day. This was quite a respectable turn-out, particularly given the fact that the symposium was held on a Friday in late-May! The symposium was a sort of hybrid, somewhere between a formal conference and a workshop, where both questions and suggestions from the audience were encouraged. The presentations were diverse in topic and form. Panellists addressed a wide variety of topics including European and American nationality and immigration history, Canadian studies, gender history and historical memory. The symposium’s purpose was twofold. At the most basic level, the meeting represented an opportunity for Master’s students, many of whom had never participated in a formal conference, a chance to practice their speaking skills before an audience larger than a standard graduate seminar. In addition, the symposium allowed students to experiment with and rehearse their ideas and findings while collecting valuable feedback and input from their peers. We never intended to mimic the structure or tone of a formal conference. vi Past Tense Instead, we attempted to create an atmosphere that was both relaxed and intellectually stimulating, a space