Selfing Can Facilitate Transitions Between Pollination Syndromes
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Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect. -
Mimulus Is an Emerging Model System for the Integration of Ecological and Genomic Studies
Heredity (2008) 100, 220–230 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/08 $30.00 www.nature.com/hdy SHORT REVIEW Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies CA Wu, DB Lowry, AM Cooley, KM Wright, YW Lee and JH Willis Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA The plant genus Mimulus is rapidly emerging as a model direct genetic studies with Mimulus can address a wide system for studies of evolutionary and ecological functional spectrum of ecological and evolutionary questions. In genomics. Mimulus contains a wide array of phenotypic, addition, we present the genomic resources currently ecological and genomic diversity. Numerous studies have available for Mimulus and discuss future directions for proven the experimental tractability of Mimulus in laboratory research. The integration of ecology and genetics with and field studies. Genomic resources currently under bioinformatics and genome technology offers great promise development are making Mimulus an excellent system for for exploring the mechanistic basis of adaptive evolution and determining the genetic and genomic basis of adaptation and the genetics of speciation. speciation. Here, we introduce some of the phenotypic and Heredity (2008) 100, 220–230; doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6801018; genetic diversity in the genus Mimulus and highlight how published online 6 June 2007 Keywords: adaptation; ecological genetics; floral evolution; Mimulus guttatus; Mimulus lewisii; speciation The broad goal of ecological and evolutionary functional Because the expression of such fitness traits can vary genomics (EEFG) is to understand both the evolutionary depending on the environment (for example, Campbell processes that create and maintain genomic and pheno- and Waser, 2001), a comprehensive assessment of the typic diversity within and among natural populations and adaptive significance of these traits also requires the species, and the functional significance of such variation. -
Verticillium Wilt of Vegetables and Herbaceous Ornamentals
Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street, P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504 Phone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502 Founded in 1875 Email: [email protected] Putting science to work for society Website: www.ct.gov/caes VERTICILLIUM WILT OF VEGETABLES AND HERBACEOUS ORNAMENTALS Verticillium wilt is a disease of over 300 SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE species throughout the United States. This DEVELOPMENT: includes a wide variety of vegetables and Symptoms of Verticillium wilt vary by host herbaceous ornamentals. Tomatoes, and environmental conditions. In many eggplants, peppers, potatoes, dahlia, cases, symptoms do not develop until the impatiens, and snapdragon are among the plant is bearing flowers or fruit or after hosts of this disease. Plants weakened by periods of stressful hot, dry weather. Older root damage from drought, waterlogged leaves are usually the first to develop soils, and other environmental stresses are symptoms, which include yellowing, thought to be more prone to infection. wilting, and eventually dying and dropping from the plant. Infected leaves can also Since Verticillium wilt is a common disease, develop pale yellow blotches on the lower breeding programs have contributed many leaves (Figure 1) and necrotic, V-shaped varieties or cultivars of plants with genetic lesions at the tips of the leaves. resistance—this has significantly reduced the prevalence of this disease on many plants, especially on vegetables. However, the recent interest in planting “heirloom” varieties, which do not carry resistance genes, has resulted in increased incidence of Verticillium wilt on these hosts. -
Bio 308-Course Guide
COURSE GUIDE BIO 308 BIOGEOGRAPHY Course Team Dr. Kelechi L. Njoku (Course Developer/Writer) Professor A. Adebanjo (Programme Leader)- NOUN Abiodun E. Adams (Course Coordinator)-NOUN NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2013 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by: ii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………......................... iv What you will Learn from this Course …………………............ iv Course Aims ……………………………………………............ iv Course Objectives …………………………………………....... iv Working through this Course …………………………….......... v Course Materials ………………………………………….......... v Study Units ………………………………………………......... v Textbooks and References ………………………………........... vi Assessment ……………………………………………….......... vi End of Course Examination and Grading..................................... vi Course Marking Scheme................................................................ vii Presentation Schedule.................................................................... vii Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………………….......... vii Tutors and Tutorials....................................................................... viii iii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE INTRODUCTION BIO 308: Biogeography is a one-semester, 2 credit- hour course in Biology. It is a 300 level, second semester undergraduate course offered to students admitted in the School of Science and Technology, School of Education who are offering Biology or related programmes. The course guide tells you briefly what the course is all about, what course materials you will be using and how you can work your way through these materials. It gives you some guidance on your Tutor- Marked Assignments. There are Self-Assessment Exercises within the body of a unit and/or at the end of each unit. -
Ornithophily in the Genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae)
Ornithophily in the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Petra Wester geb. in Linz/Rhein Mainz, 2007 Kapitel 2 dieser Arbeit wurde veröffentlicht beim Springer Verlag unter: Wester, P. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2006): Hummingbird pollination in Salvia haenkei (Lamiaceae) lacking the typical lever mechanism. Plant Systematics and Evolution 257: 133-146. Kapitel 3 dieser Arbeit wurde veröffentlicht bei Elsevier unter: Wester, P. & Claßen- Bockhoff, R. (2006): Bird pollination in South African Salvia species. Flora 201: 396- 406. Kapitel 5 dieser Arbeit ist im Druck bei Oxford University Press (Annals of Botany) unter: Wester, P. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2007): Floral diversity and pollen transfer mechanisms in bird-pollinated Salvia species. Meinen Eltern gewidmet Contents SUMMARY OF THE THESIS............................................................................................................................. 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG....................................................................................................................................... 2 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 3 2 HUMMINGBIRD POLLINATION IN SALVIA HAENKEI (LAMIACEAE) LACKING THE TYPICAL LEVER MECHANISM ..................................................................................................................................... -
Buzzing Bees and the Evolution of Sexual Floral Dimorphism in Australian Spiny Solanum
BUZZING BEES AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL FLORAL DIMORPHISM IN AUSTRALIAN SPINY SOLANUM ARTHUR SELWYN MARK School of Agriculture Food & Wine The University of Adelaide This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June2014 1 2 Table of Contents List of Tables........................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 7 List of Boxes ......................................................................................................... 10 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 11 Declaration ............................................................................................................ 14 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 15 Chapter One - Introduction ................................................................................... 18 Floral structures for animal pollination .......................................................... 18 Specialisation in pollination .................................................................... 19 Specialisation in unisexual species ......................................................... 19 Australian Solanum species and their floral structures .................................. 21 Floral dimorphisms ................................................................................ -
2013 Origin and Relationships of The
Symposium Program change, many natural adaptations have evolved Two mapped alternative hypothesis of the Arizona University —Natural History of within species to cope with these pressures. California Floristic Province (CFP) will be Nemacladus 39th Annual Southern California Conservation and management efforts can be presented, compared, and contrasted. One data California Campanulaceae demonstrate many Botanists Symposium: most successful when they work in concert with set covers the traditional CFP from patterns of evolution and geographic Origin and Relationships of the natural adaptive mechanisms. southwestern Oregon through cismontane distribution proposed in Raven and Axelrod’s 10:00-10:45 am Dr. Kathleen Kay, Assistant California to northwestern Baja California, seminal publication. The campanuloides are California Flora: Was Raven Ravin'? Mexico (Raven & Axlerod, 1978). The new October 20th, 2012 Professor, UC Santa Cruz—Origin and North Temperate in origin and came to Diversification of the California Flora data set removes much of comparatively California in three separate events, one path 8:00 am Registration wetter northern territory as well as the higher resulting in highly restricted species in mesic The California Floristic Province exhibits one of elevation areas of the Sierra Nevada (O’Brien 9:00-9:15 am Introductory Comments (Naomi conditions, another in xeric adapted, often the richest floras on the planet, with more than et al. (RSABG), unpublished). Floristic data at Fraga SCB President) 5500 native plant species, approximately 40% of edaphically restricted, annual species. the family, genus, and minimum-rank taxon Campanuloides here exhibit changes in 9:15:10:00 am Dr. Connie Millar, Senior which are endemic. Despite its impressive levels will be presented and discussed for both breeding system, from highly outcrossed to Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific diversity and the attention it has garnered from alternatives. -
Nectarivore Birds 3
Consideration of nectarivorous birds in wildlife risk assessments Agnes Schimera (1), Jan-Dieter Ludwigs (2), Oliver Koerner (1), Seamus Taylor (3) (1) ADAMA Deutschland GmbH; (2) RIFCON GmbH (3) ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd. Contact: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 – Introduction In subtropical and tropical climate zones where crops exhibit a flowering phase before harvest, nectar-feeding birds (see table) may be attracted to crop flower nectar. We present points to consider on whether and how a nectarivorous avian scenario might be included in higher tier environmental risk assessment (ERA) for plant protection products (PPPs) and what data would be needed. Green-throated carib Eulampis holosericeus 2 - Nectarivore birds Bird Family Distribution Diet and hibiscus flower, Guadeloupe Hummingbirds New World 90% nectar, 10% small arthropods Nectar-feeding is widespread among birds, but almost no species (Trochilidae) Woodpeckers Worldwide Occasionally nectar, mainly insects, fruits consumes nectar exclusively. Most combine it with arthropods (Picidae) and other diet types for a mixed diet at least within parts of the Parrots Tropics, SE-Asia, Lories specialized brush-tipped tongue for year. (Psittacidae) Australasia nectar-feeding New Zealand Wrens New Zealand Supplementary (when insects scarce) Twelve families of birds contain more or less specialized (Acanthisittidae) Asities Madagascar Genus Neodrepanis primarily nectarivore, nectarivores (Bezzel and Prinzinger 1990). Of particular interest are (Philepittidae) otherwise supplementary three families: hummingbirds (Trochilidae), sunbirds (Nectariniidae) Australasian Tree- Australasia Insectivores, sometimes nectar and honeyeaters (Meliphagidae), which mainly drink nectar, and creepers (Climacteridae) Honeyeaters Australasia Specialized nectarivores, but also thereby collect pollen (Campbell and Lack 1985, Lovette and (Meliphagidae) invertebrates Fitzpatrick 2016). -
Bracted Lousewort)
Bracted Lousewort) • Upper petal forms hood • Blooms arranged in elongated spike • Yellow Photo by Dave ShemaShema Bracted Lousewort • Leaves are ferny looking • Tallest lousewort in the NW, 1’-4’ • Common Mt Rainier Lousewort • Blooms are clustered at the top • Smaller than the Bracted Lousewort, 6”-14” • Endemic to Mt. R. + Photo by Dave Shema Mt Rainier Lousewort • Looks like a pinwheel from above • Way cool Photo by Dave Shema Coiled Beak Lousewort) • Top Petal forms downward twisted beak • Flower white with freckles Photo by Dave Shema Coiled Beak Lousewort • Leaves are fern-like Photo by Dave Shema and Drawings by Ed Dominguez Bird’s Beak Lousewort • Top petal forms a downward bird beak shape • Blooms pink/purple Bird’s Beak Lousewort • Blooms near top of stem • Leaves near base of plant Sickletop (or Rams Horn) Lousewort • Flowers pinkish • Top petal forms downward twist Photo by Dave Shema Drawing by Ed Dominguez Sickletop (or Rams Horn) Lousewort • Leaves are lance- shaped – only one Photo by Dave Shema Elephant’s Head Lousewort • Blooms pinkish- purple • Top petal long and curling upward Elephant’s Head Lousewort • Flowers dense • Basal leaves, ferny Figwort (Broomrape) Family Paintbrushes (Castilleja) General 1 – 1 1/2’ tall Bracts “Brush” is not flower. The leafy bracts surround flowers & resemble brush dipped in paint. Yellowish or reddish. Leaves All along stem Flower Tip lobed or notCrowded in axils of showy bracts. Long, tubular with beaklike tip Often greenish. Indian Paintbrush or Castilleja are also partially parasitic on other plant roots---hemiparasitic. The flowers of Indian paintbrush are edible and sweet, and were consumed in moderation by various Native American tribes as a condiment with other fresh greens. -
Along Urbanization Sprawl, Exotic Plants Distort Native Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Assemblages in High Elevation Andes Ecosystem
A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 7 November 2018. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/5916), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Henríquez-Piskulich P, Vera A, Sandoval G, Villagra C. 2018. Along urbanization sprawl, exotic plants distort native bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) assemblages in high elevation Andes ecosystem. PeerJ 6:e5916 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5916 Along urbanization sprawl, exotic plants distort native bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) assemblages in high elevation Andes ecosystem Patricia Henríquez-Piskulich Corresp., 1 , Alejandro Vera 2 , Gino Sandoval 3 , Cristian Villagra 1 1 Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile 2 Departamento de Biología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile 3 Departamento de Historia y Geografía, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile Corresponding Author: Patricia Henríquez-Piskulich Email address: [email protected] Native bees contribute with a considerable portion of pollination services for endemic as well as economically important plant species. Their decline has been attributed to several human-derived influences including global warming as well as the reduction, alteration and loss of bees’ habitat. Moreover, together with human expansion comes along the introduction of exotic plant species with negative impacts over native ecosystems. Anthropic effects may have even a deeper impact on communities adapted to extreme environments, such as high elevation habitats, where abiotic stressors alone are a natural limitation to biodiversity. In these, human-borne alterations, such as the introduction of exotic plants and urbanization, may have a greater influence on native communities. -
Plant-Hummingbird Interactions and Temporal Nectar Availability in a Restinga from Brazil
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2015) 87(4): 2163-2175 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140349 www.scielo.br/aabc Plant-hummingbird interactions and temporal nectar availability in a restinga from Brazil LORENA C.N. FONSECA1,5, JEFERSON VIZENTIN-BUGONI2,6, ANDRÉ R. RECH3 and MARIA ALICE S. ALVES4 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/ UFRJ, CCS, IB, Caixa Postal 68020, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/ UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 970, Barão Geraldo, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil 3Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia/UFU, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 4Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, 20550-011 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 5Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo/CETESB, Av. Professor Frederico Hermann Jr, 345, Pinheiros, 05459-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 6Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Manuscript received on July 10, 2014; accepted for publication on April 27, 2015 ABSTRACT Hummingbirds are the most important and specialized group of pollinating birds in the Neotropics and their interactions with plants are key components to many communities. In the present study we identified the assemblage of plants visited by hummingbirds and investigated the temporal availability of floral resources in an area of restinga, sandy plain coastal vegetation associated with the Atlantic forest, in Southeastern Brazil. -
A Molecular Phylogeny of the Solanaceae
TAXON 57 (4) • November 2008: 1159–1181 Olmstead & al. • Molecular phylogeny of Solanaceae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae Richard G. Olmstead1*, Lynn Bohs2, Hala Abdel Migid1,3, Eugenio Santiago-Valentin1,4, Vicente F. Garcia1,5 & Sarah M. Collier1,6 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. *olmstead@ u.washington.edu (author for correspondence) 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. 3 Present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 4 Present address: Jardin Botanico de Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Apartado Postal 364984, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico 5 Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 6 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. A phylogeny of Solanaceae is presented based on the chloroplast DNA regions ndhF and trnLF. With 89 genera and 190 species included, this represents a nearly comprehensive genus-level sampling and provides a framework phylogeny for the entire family that helps integrate many previously-published phylogenetic studies within So- lanaceae. The four genera comprising the family Goetzeaceae and the monotypic families Duckeodendraceae, Nolanaceae, and Sclerophylaceae, often recognized in traditional classifications, are shown to be included in Solanaceae. The current results corroborate previous studies that identify a monophyletic subfamily Solanoideae and the more inclusive “x = 12” clade, which includes Nicotiana and the Australian tribe Anthocercideae. These results also provide greater resolution among lineages within Solanoideae, confirming Jaltomata as sister to Solanum and identifying a clade comprised primarily of tribes Capsiceae (Capsicum and Lycianthes) and Physaleae.