An Illustrated Key to the Alberta Figworts & Allies

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AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE ALBERTA FIGWORTS & ALLIES

OROBANCHACEAE PHRYMACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE

Compiled and writen by Lorna Allen & Linda Kershaw

April 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen Key to Figwort and Allies Families In the past few years, the families Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae and Scrophulariaceae have under- gone some major revision and reorganization. Most of the species in the Scrophulariaceae in the Flora of Alberta (1983) are now in the Orobanchaceae and Plantaginaceae. For this reason, we’ve grouped the Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Phrymaceae and Scrophulariaceae together in this fle. In addition, species previously placed in the Callitrichaceae and Hippuridaceae families are now included in the Plantaginaceae family.

01a Plants aquatic, with many or all leaves submersed and limp when taken from the 1a water; leaves paired or in rings (whorled) on the stem, all or mostly linear (foating leaves sometimes spatula- to egg-shaped); fowers tiny (1-2 mm), single or clustered in leaf axils; petals and sepals absent or sepals fused in a cylinder around the ovary; stamens 0-1 ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) ...... - Callitriche, Hippuris 01b Plants emergent wetland species (with upper stems and leaves held above water) or upland species with self-supporting stems and leaves; leaves not as above; fowers larger, single or in clusters; petals and sepals present; stamens 2-4 (Hippuris sometimes emergent, but leaves/ fowers distinctive) ...... 02 2a 02a Plants without green leaves ...... Orobanchaceae (in part) . . . . - Aphyllon [Orobanche], Boschniakia 02b Plants with green leaves ...... 03 03a Leaves all basal (sometimes small, unstalked stem leaves present), undivided (simple), with edges ± smooth or blunt-toothed; fowers small (2-5 mm wide), corollas radially symmetrical, sometimes absent...... 04 03b Leaves all or mostly on the stem (rarely all basal and then deeply lobed); fowers 4a mostly showy, with 2-lipped corollas (radially symmetric in a few spp.) ...... 05

04a Leaf blades 1-3 cm long, lance-shaped to elliptic with 1 main vein; fowers 5-parted, borne singly, on slender stalks from the plant 4b base ...... Scrophulariaceae (in part) ...... - Limosella 04b Leaf blades 2-15(30) cm long, linear to oval, usually with several strong, lengthwise veins (ribs); corollas 4-parted or absent, fowers in spike-like clusters . Plantaginaceae (in part) . . . . . - Plantago, Veronica wyomingensis

2 05a Corollas with a hollow, slender extension (spur) (→) projecting back/down from base ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) → . .- Chaenorrhinum, Linaria, Nuttallanthus 05b Corollas not spurred at the base (the upper lip sometimes projecting forward as a beak) . . 06

→ 06a Stem leaves alternate ...... 07 06b Stem leaves all or mostly paired (sometimes a few alternate upper leaves) ...... 08 5a 07a Plants rarely biennial, and then without well- developed basal rosettes, 10-60(100) cm tall; corollas tubular, strongly 2-lipped, the upper 7a lip usually projecting forward as a slender or hood-like beak (galea) enclosing the style, sometimes completely hidden by showy bracts; stamens 4 . Orobanchaceae (in part) . . . . - Castilleja, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis 07b Plants strongly biennial, with a well-developed leaf rosette the frst year and erect, 30-200 cm tall fowering stems the next; corollas wheel- shaped, with 5,± equal lobes; stamens 5 . . . . 7b ...... Scrophulariaceae (in part) ...... - Verbascum 08a Calyx 4-lobed ...... 09 08b Calyx 5-lobed ...... 10 09a Stamens 4; corollas strongly bilaterally 9b symmetric and 2-lipped, white to yellow (pinkish purple in Odontites) ...... 9a ...... Orobanchaceae (in part) 09b Stamens 2; corollas slightly bilaterally symmetric not markedly 2-lipped, with 4, widely spreading, white, blue or purple lobes ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) ...... - Veronica 10a Calyx strongly 5-angled (ridged) Phrymaceae 10b Calyx not or weaklyw 5-angled (ridged) ...... Plantaginaceae (in part)

10a

10b

3 Structure of Some Plants in the Orobanchaceae

4 OROBANCHACEAE Broomrape Family [now incl. Scrophulariaceae, in part]

Key to Genera → 01a Plants without chlorophyll, parasitic or saprophytic, pinkish white, brown or orange;

leaves reduced to scales ...... 02 → 2b 01b Plants with chlorophyll, mostly green; leaves

2a well-developed (not scales) ...... 03 → 02a Plants brown; fowers in dense, cone-like spikes; lower lip of the fower (→) much shorter than the upper lip; Caribou Mountains ...... Boschniakia rossica S1 02b Plants pinkish to brownish; fowers single or in spikes; lower lip of the fower = or longer than the upper; sAB . . . . .Aphyllon [Orobanche] 4a 03a Stem leaves alternate (rarely absent) . . . . . 04 03b Stem leaves paired (opposite) ...... 07 5a 04a Flower cluster bracts brightly coloured (red, yellow, purple) and concealing much (all) of the fower, easily mistaken for petals/sepals; corollas (→) inconspicuous, tubular, 2-lipped, usually greenish ...... Castilleja (in part) 04b Bracts green or purplish-brown, not concealing the fowers; corollas varied, not as above. .05 → 6b 05a Flowers 4-5.5 cm long; leaves smooth edged; grasslands, seAB . .Castilleja sessilifora S1 05b Flowers <4 cm long, usually much less; leaves toothed or lobed, often pinnately divided; 6a various habitats and ranges ...... 06 06a Stem leaves smooth edged, slender, upper ones 3-lobed; basal leaves absent; upper lip of fower beak-like, ± straight . . . . Orthocarpus luteus 06b Stem leaves 1-2X pinnately lobed (usually) to distinctly toothed; basal leaves present or absent; upper lip of the fower (→) hood-like, rounded, squared or extended into a narrow, curved beak ...... Pedicularis

07a Corolla pinkish purple Odontites vulgaris XXX 7a . . .[Odontites serotina; Odontites vernus] 07b Corolla white to yellow ...... 08

8a 08a Calyx ±10 mm long in fower, infated to 12-17 mm and veiny in fruit. . . . Rhinanthus minor 9a 08b Calyx ±5 mm long, not infated in fruit . . . . . 09

09a Leaves 2-10 mm long, egg-shaped, distinctly toothed, palmately veined ...... Euphrasia 09b Leaves 10-40 mm long, linear to lance- shaped, ± smooth edged (upper ons often with a narrow tooth on each side, near the base), pinnately veined . . . . . Melampyrum lineare 9b

5 APHYLLON Broomrape [Orobanche] 2a 01a Flowers usually >20, with 1-2 bracts below the sepals, ± stalkless, in dense, spike-like clusters on thick, erect stems ...... Aphyllon ludovicianum ...... [Orobanche ludoviciana] 01b Flowers usually 1-10, without bracts, on long, 1a slender, erect stalks from thick, underground stems with short above-ground segments .02 02a Stems ± woody; branches bearing 2-several fowers; fowers mostly 4-10, with stalks ± as 2b long as the stems; calyx lobes shorter than the tube ...... Aphyllon fasciculatum ...... [Orobanche fasciculata] 02b Stems soft; branches bearing 1 fower; fowers 1-3, with stalks much longer than the stems; calyx lobes longer than the tube ...... Aphyllon purpureum ...... [Orobanche unifora] ------

1a CASTILLEJA Paintbrush The fowers of all Alberta Castilleja spp. (except Castilleja sessilifora) are small, inconspicuous → and often completely hidden by showy bracts. The bracts give paintbrush fower clusters their main color, so they are often mistaken for the fowers themselves. When keying paintbrushes, you must frst determine which parts are bracts and which are fowers (petals, sepals, stamens, etc.). 01a Flower cluster bracts green, similar to upper leaves; fowers usually pale yellow (sometimes 1b pink, purplish), 4-5.5 cm long and projecting well beyond the bracts and calyxes (→); upper lip (galea/beak) strongly curved; lower lip 3-5 mm long; grassland species, seAB...... Castilleja sessilifora S1 01b Bracts usually colored differently from leaves (sometimes greenish); fowers variously colored, <4 cm long (usually much shorter) and often hidden by the bracts; beak usually straight to slightly curved; lower lip and habitats various...... 02 3a 02a Bracts pink, red, scarlet, crimson or purple (sometimes with yellow tips) ...... 03 02b Bracts yellow to whitish...... 09 3b 03a Upper leaves mostly with 1-5 pairs of slender, spreading lobes ...... 04 03b Upper leaves not lobed (the uppermost rarely somewhat lobed) ...... 06

6 04a Bracts usually bright red, orange-red, to scarlet; beak 9-15 mm long; plants bristly hairy or with sparse, silky hairs; Rockies s of Bow R ...... Castilleja hispida 04b Bracts rose pink, magenta, crimson or purple, sometimes with yellowish tips; beak 3-7 mm 4a long; plants hairless or sparsely to densely silky-hairy (never bristly); northern AB . . . .05 05a Bracts purplish or sometimes with yellow tips, unlobed or with 3-5 lateral lobes; middle stem leaves unlobed or occasionally with one lobe (basal leaves often lobed);Yukon and NWT, reported but unconfrmed for AB ...... Castilleja elegans 05b Bracts rose pink, magenta or crimson, 3-7(-9) 5a lobed; middle stem leaves lobed; n Rockies...... Castilleja parvifora S1 5b 06a Bracts rose pink to violet purple, sometimes whitish-tipped; beak 4-6 mm long; boreal forest, n 1/3 of AB ...... Castilleja raupii 06b Bracts various shades of pink, purple, red or orange; beak 8-16 mm long ...... 07 07a Calyx lobes usually blunt tipped; upper leaf surface sometimes gland-dotted or sticky; bracts purplish to crimson; subalpine to alpine ...... Castilleja rhexiifolia 07b Calyx lobes sharp-pointed; upper leaf surface 6a not gland-dotted or sticky; bracts variously colored; not typically alpine...... 08

8a 08a Bracts red-orange, pink, red or scarlet; plants (2)30-80 cm tall; widespread in s 2/3 of AB usually at low elevations but also ranging into the alpine; our most common, widespread, and variable species . . . . . Castilleja miniata 08b Bracts intermediate crimson; plants (15)20-40 cm tall; gravelly food plains and riverbanks at moderate elevations, possibly endemic to Kicking Horse River in Yoho NP, BC, and 7a adjacent AB. . . . Castilleja purpurascens S1 8b 09a Beak 9-15 mm long, usually ≥2/3 as long as the basal tube; bracts white or yellow (rarely) ...... Castilleja miniata 09b Beak usually <10 mm long, <1/2 as long as the basal tube; bracts various ...... 10

9a 10a Upper leaves clearly lobed ...... 11 10b Upper leaves not lobed or with a pair of side lobes much smaller than the main blade . .13 11a Leaves sticky-hairy, angled upwards, 11a overlapping, often hiding the stem; bracts pale 9b yellow; sw AB ...... Castilleja cusickii 11b Leaves not sticky-hairy, ± spreading, not overlapping or hiding the stem; bracts cream, white or yellow, usually tinged purple or rose- pink at the base; northern AB ...... 12

7 1a 12a Bracts unlobed or with 3-5 lateral lobes; middle stem leaves unlobed or occasionally with one lobe (basal leaves often lobed);Yukon and 12b NWT, reported but unconfrmed for AB ...... Castilleja elegans 12b Bracts 3-7(-9) lobed; middle stem leaves lobed; n Rockies . . . . Castilleja parvifora S1 12a 14a 13a Bracts yellow, with 3-5 narrow lobes (rarely unlobed); leaves and bracts short-hairy, not glandular/sticky ...... Castilleja lutescens 13b Bracts pale yellow, ± unlobed (sometimes 1-2 pairs of side lobes near the tip); leaves and bracts with sticky, short, glandular hairs, and often also long hairs ...... 14 14a Plants 25-50(80) cm tall; leaves 2.5-6(8) cm long; middle elevations to subalpine ...... Castilleja septentrionalis 14b [Castilleja sulphurea; C. lutescens (in part)] 14b Plants 6-16(25) cm tall; leaves 1-3(5) cm long; upper subalpine to alpine ...... Castilleja occidentalis 13a ------EUPHRASIA Eyebright 1a 01a Flowers showy, 7-8 mm long, with a spreading, fan-shaped lower lip Euphrasia nemorosa X 01b Flowers less conspicuous, 3-6 mm long, with a 2b narrower (not spreading) lower lip ...... 02 02a Leaves and sepals with abundant long-stalked glands; upper leaves ± round to broadly egg- shaped, triangular or ± heart-shaped, with a rounded or slightly notched base; fowers 3-4 mm long ...... Euphrasia subarctica ...... [Euphrasia arctica] 02b Leaves and sepals with long, non-glandular hairs (all 3 species have stalkless glands on the lower leaf surface); upper leaves lance- 2a to egg-shaped, tapered to a wedge-shaped ------base; fowers 4.5-6 mm long; one AB record, near Conklin . . . . Euphrasia hudsoniana S1 ...... [Euphrasia frigida]

PEDICULARIS Lousewort 1a 01a Leaves toothed; dry, open, subalpine slopes, Banff & Jasper NP Pedicularis racemosa S1 01b Leaves 1-2X pinnately lobed/divided . . . . .02

3a 02a Stems branched ...... 03 02b Stems unbranched (sometimes in clumps) 04

03a Flowers pink to purple, with 2 blunt, 0-0.5 mm teeth at the tip of the upper lip ...... Pedicularis parvifora 03b Flowers yellow (often tinged pink or purple), with 2 slender, 0.5-2 mm teeth at the tip of the 3b upper lip ...... Pedicularis labradorica

8 04a Upper lip of the fower tipped with a slender, tubular beak >(2)4 mm long, without teeth . 05 04b Upper lip of the fower tipped with a broad hood-like beak and sometimes with 2 small teeth ...... 06 05a Flowers pink to purple (rarely white), in ± dense spikes; tubular beaks up-curved, extending well beyond the lower lip, resembling the trunk of an elephant; stems and leaves green or dark red-purple . . Pedicularis groenlandica 05b Flowers white or yellow, in loose spikes; tubular beaks down-curved, ± hidden by the lower lip; stems often reddish; leaves usually 5a green...... Pedicularis contorta 06a Flowers 3.0-3.5 cm long, usually <8(10) in compact heads ...... Pedicularis capitata 5b 6a 06b Flowers <2.5 cm long, usually >8 in spike-like clusters ...... 07 07a Plants 30-100 cm tall; stems ± hairless, leafy; stem leaves 7-16 cm long, divided into slender, toothed leafets; fowers yellow to pink- or red- tinged to wholly purple; montane woods and slopes ...... Pedicularis bracteosa 07b Plants <20 cm tall; stem woolly with long, soft hairs or hairless, rarely leafy; stem leaves (when present) 1-4 cm long, lobed; fower colors and habitats various ...... 08 08a Flowers pink to purple...... 09 7a 08b Flowers white, cream or yellow, sometimes crimson-tinged especially on the upper lip .11 9a 09a Stems with 0-2 leaves, hairless; Caribou Mtns ...... Pedicularis sudetica S1 09b Stems leafy, hairless or with long, soft hairs 10 10a 10a Upper lip of the fower ± as long as the lower lip, without teeth; leaves pinnately lobed or divided; seeds with a loose-ftting, ash-grey seed coat ...... Pedicularis lanata 10b Upper lip of the fower much longer than the lower lip, tipped with 2 small teeth; leaves 10b pinnately lobed (not divided into leafets); seeds smooth, brown ...... S2 11a ...... Pedicularis langsdorffi ...... [Pedicularis arctica]

11a Flowers orange-yellow, deep purple to burgundy on the upper half of the beak, in ± 11b hairless clusters; Willmore WP to Banff NP ...... Pedicularis fammea S3 11b Flowers bright yellow with a dark-tipped beak, in woolly, ± glandular clusters; Wilmore WP ...... Pedicularis oederi S1

9 PHRYMACEAE Lopseed Family 1a [previously Scrophulariaceae, in part] Key to Genera 01a Flowers purple or blue; leaf veins forming weak loops; plants hairless; La Butte Creek WP, neAB ...... Mimulus ringens S1 01b Flowers crimson, red or yellow (often with red dots); leaves with 2 strong veins arching from near the base to the tip; plants with or without hairs ...... Erythranthe ------ERYTHRANTHE Monkeyflower 01a Flowers crimson to reddish or pinkish; plants glandular hairy; Rocky Mtns...... 02 01b Flowers yellow (often with red dots); plants glandular hairy or not; variously distributed 03 2a 02a Stems 30-100 cm tall; leaves 3-7 cm long; fowers 3-5.5 cm long; scattered from n to s in the Rockies ...... Erythranthe lewisii ...... [Mimulus lewisii] 02b Stems 2-15 cm tall; leaves 1-2 cm long; fowers 0.5-1 cm long; Waterton Lakes NP ...... Erythranthe breweri S1 [Mimulus breweri] 4a 03a Corolla ± regular (sometimes weakly 2-lipped); stems and leaves with many sticky, gland- tipped hairs; swAB ...... 04 03b Corolla distinctly 2-lipped; stems and leaves 2b hairless to sparsely hairy (M. guttatus sometimes has a few glandular hairs); Central Parkland to swAB ...... 06 04a Flowers 12-40 mm long; plants perennial, from rhizomes and/or stolons, often rooting at lower nodes; plants often musk-scented; expected in swAB ...... Erythranthe moschata 5a ...... [Mimulus moschatus] 04b Flowers 5-12 mm long; plants annual, from fbrous roots or taproots, not rooting at lower nodes; plants not noticeably musk-scented 05 05a Gland-tipped hairs many-celled, 0.5–1.2(2) mm long; leaf blades pinnately to ± palmately veined; springs, s from Crowsnest Pass...... Erythranthe foribunda S2 5b ...... [Mimulus foribundus] 05b Gland-tipped hairs one-celled, 0.05–0.2mm long; leaf blades palmately veined; seeps, springs; expected in swAB ...... Erythranthe patula ...... [Mimulus patulus]

06a Stems mostly creeping; calyxes 5-12 mm long; corollas 10-20 mm long; springs, Central Parkland ...... Erythranthe geyeri S1 6a ...... [Mimulus glabratus] 06b Stems mostly erect; calyxes 12-17 mm long; corollas 25-45 mm long ...... 07

10 07a Plant with trailing stems (stolons), rarely with creeping rootstocks (rhizomes); fowers (1)5- 24+ per stem; corollas 1-4 cm long; s mtns and plains ...... Erythranthe guttata ...... [Mimulus guttatus] 07b Plant with creeping, sod-forming rootstocks and often also creeping stems; fowers 1-3(5) per stem; corollas 2-4 cm long; mtns, s from 7b Crowsnest Pass . . . . .Erythranthe tilingii S1 ...... [Mimulus tilingii] 7a

SCROPHULARIACEAE ------Figwort Family Scrophularia lanceolata was reported for AB in Moss (1983), but no specimens or records have been located, so it is no longer included in this set of keys for the province. Key to Genera* 01a Plants hairless annuals, 2-10 cm tall; leaves all in basal rosettes, with blades 1-3 cm long on slender 1-8(12) cm stalks; fowers pink or white, 2-3 mm wide, solitary, on long stalks from the plant base; native, in shallow water or on mud fats ...... Limosella aquatica 01b Plants hairy biennials, 30-200 cm tall; leaves 1a in basal rosettes and alternate on erect stems, ------mostly 5-30 cm long, basal leaves stalked, upper stem leaves stalkless; fowers yellow, 15-55 mm wide, in clusters of 10-50 at stem tips; exotic, on dry open, disturbed ground ...... Verbascum

VERBASCUM Mullein 01a Lower stem leaves long-stalked, egg- to heart- shaped; plants sparsely hairy above; flaments with violet hairs ...... Verbascum nigrum x 01b Lower stem leaves stalkless, egg- to lance-shaped; plants densely matted hairy 2a throughout; flaments with white or yellow hairs ...... 02 02a Lower edges of upper stem leaves extending down the stem (stem appearing winged); flaments of upper stamens 3-4X as long as the anthers ...... Verbascum thapsus xx 02b Lower edges of upper stem leaves not or only slightly extending down the stem (stem not appearing winged); flaments of upper stamens 1.5-2X as long as the anthers ...... Verbascum phlomoides x 2b

11 Structure of Some Plants in the Plantaginaceae

12 PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain Family [now incl. Callitrichaceae, Hippuridaceae, Scrophulariaceae, in part] Key to Genera 01a Leaves in rings of 5-12 (whorled); stems not 1a branched ...... Hippuris 01b Leaves not as above; stems branched or unbranched ...... 02 02a Plants aquatic, with most/all leaves submersed and limp out of water; leaves paired, most/all 2a linear (foating leaves sometimes spatula- to egg-shaped); fowers tiny (1-2 mm), 1-few in leaf axils; petals and sepals absent; stamens 0-1...... Callitriche 02b Plants emergent wetland species (with upper stems and leaves held above water) or upland species with self-supporting stems and leaves; leaves not as above; fowers larger, single or in clusters; petals and sepals usually present; stamens 2-4 ...... 03 4a 03a Leaves mostly basal (small, alternate stem leaves, if present, soon shed) ...... 04 03b Leaves paired or whorled on the stem, sometimes alternate on the upper stem . . .05

4b 04a Corollas present, 4-lobed; stamens (2)4, white, yellow, pink or reddish (2 purple stamens in Plantago elongata) ...... Plantago 04b Corollas absent; stamens 2, purplish ...... 6a 5a ...... Veronica wyomingensis ...... [Besseya wyomingensis] 05a Corollas with a hollow, slender extension (spur) (→) projecting back/down from base . . . . . 06 → 05b Corollas not spurred ...... 08 06a Flowers yellow, in branched, elongating clusters (racemes) at stem tips; plants perennial, from creeping rootstocks . .Linaria 06b Flowers blue to purple, single in taxils of leaf- like bracts or in elongating clusters at stem tips; plants annual (sometimes germinate in fall and produce seed next spring), from taproots . . 07 07a Stems 1-several, often in a sprawling rosette 7a with upturned tips, unbranched, bluish-green, with a pale waxy coating (glaucous), ± hairless; fowers mostly 10-12 mm long (excluding 2-9 mm spur), on 2-4 mm stalks in clusters at stem tips ...... Nuttallanthus texanus S2 ...... [Linaria canadensis var. texana] 7b 07b Stems usually single, erect, branched, green to blue-green, not glaucous, glandular-hairy; fowers 5-7 mm long (excluding 1.5-2 mm spur), on slender, ±10 mm stalks in the axils of leaf-like bracts. . . . .Chaenorhinum minus X

13 08a Calyxes and corollas 4-lobed; stamens 2, projecting from the fower . Veronica (in part) 08b Calyxes and corollas 5-lobed; stamens 2 or 4/5, included within or projecting from the fower ...... 09 8a 09a Stamens 2, included within the fower; corolla tubular, weakly 2-lipped Gratiola neglecta S3 09b Stamens 4-5 (sometimes with 1 sterile stamen) ...... 10 9a 10a Flowers white with a yellow centre, bell- shaped with 5, spreading, ± equal petal lobes above a tubular base, 1-2 in leaf axils; plants often foating in shallow water; stems lax and sprawling, foating or with tips or held above the water ...... Bacopa rotundifolia S1 10b Flowers blue, purple, pink or white, tubular and strongly 2-lipped, numerous, in spikes at stem tips of in the axils of upper leaves/bracts; 10a plants of upland sites; stems usually erect . 11 11a Plants perennial, usually from a woody base and/or stout taproot; sterile stamen flament well-developed, thread-like; corollas 6-45 mm long, blue, purple, pink or white, in dense, elongating clusters at stem tips or dense clusters in upper leaf axils . . . . . Penstemon 11b Plants slender annuals from weak taproots; 11b 11a sterile stamen/flament absent; corollas 4-6(8) mm long, with a white to blue upper lip and ------blue lower lip, in loose clusters of 1-5 in upper leaf axils ...... Collinsia parvifora 1a CALLITRICHE Water-starwort 01a Leaves linear to egg- to spatula-shaped (above, at least when foating), joined at the 2a base by small, winged ridges; fowers with 2 bracts; fruits without a wing, or winged at the tip only; pollen colored . Callitriche palustris ...... [Callitriche verna] 01b Leaves all linear, 1-nerved, not joined at the base; fowers without bracts; fruits winged throughout; pollen colorless ...... 02 2b 02a Wing width < seed width, <0.1 mm wide, even at the tip of the fruit; fruit stalks >0-1 mm long ...... Callitriche stenoptera SU ------02b Wing width ≥ the seed width; fruit stalkless . . ♀ ...... Callitriche hermaphroditica 1b HIPPURIS Mare’s-tail 01a Stems and rootstocks <1 mm wide; leaves generally <1 mm x 2-6(10) mm; fowers mostly either ♂ or ♀; n Rockies to w of Calgary . . . . ♂ ...... Hippuris montana S1 01b Stems and rootstocks (1.5)3-5(7) mm wide; leaves generally >1 mm x 10-50(60) mm; fowers mostly with ♂ and ♀ parts; widespread 1a in AB ...... Hippuris vulgaris

14 LINARIA Toadflax 01a Stem leaves broadly lance-shaped, with basal lobes clasping the stem; fowers 3-4 cm long ...... Linaria dalmatica XX 01b Stem leaves linear, tapered to a stalk-like base; fowers 2-3 cm long Linaria vulgaris XX 1a

1b ------PENSTEMON Beardtongue 01a Plants shrubby; stems distinctly woody at the base, sprawling to erect ...... 02 01b Plants herbaceous; stems not distinctly woody at the base, ± erect ...... 04 02a Plants 30-80 cm tall; leaves all on the stem, often >6 cm long and/or >2.5 cm wide ...... 2a 3a ...... Penstemon lyallii 02b Plants 5-40 cm tall; leaves basal and on the stem, <6 cm long and <2.5 cm wide ...... 03 03a Plants ascending to erect, 10-40 cm tall; leaves lance-shaped, 1-5 cm long, 2-10X as long as wide ...... Penstemon fruticosus 03b Plants sprawling in mats, 5-20 cm tall; leaves elliptic to round, 0.5-1.5 cm long, 1-2.5X as long as wide ...... Penstemon ellipticus 04a Flowers 8-12 mm long, in dense clusters at stem tips or at stem joints ...... 05 04b Flowers 15-40 mm long, not densely clustered ...... 06 5a

3b 05a Flowers yellow to yellowish-white; fower → bracts with papery, ragged edges ...... Penstemon confertus 05b Flowers blue to purple (rarely white); fower bracts with smooth edges ...... Penstemon procerus

06a Anthers densely long-woolly (→); plants 30-80 5b 6a cm tall ...... Penstemon lyallii 06b Anthers smooth or with inconspicuous short hairs; plants mostly <40 cm tall ...... 07

07a Plants with a whitish, waxy coating (glaucous), not glandular-hairy; leaves ± smooth-edged; lower fower bracts broadly egg-shaped to ± round...... Penstemon nitidus 07b Plants not glaucous, glandular hairy (at least in the fower cluster); leaves smooth-edged or toothed; lower fower bracts lance-shaped . 08 8a 08a Flowers white, fnely purplish lined or spotted ...... Penstemon albidus 08b Flowers blue or purplish ...... 09 7a

15 → 09a Sterile stamen (→) with long, yellow hairs, projecting from the fower ...... Penstemon eriantherus S2 9a 10a 09b Sterile stamen without long, yellow hairs, not projecting from the fower ...... 10 10a Stems arising from above-ground stem bases; corollas light blue to blue-violet, 12-15(20) mm long ...... Penstemon albertinus 10b Stems arising singly or few together from short underground stem bases; corollas lilac to whitish, mostly (15)18-20(23) mm long...... Penstemon gracilis

10b PLANTAGO Plantain ------01a Leaves linear with no clearly defned stalk .02 01b Leaves lance-shaped or elliptic to egg-shaped, usually with a clearly defned stalk ...... 04 02a Corolla tubes hairy; plants perennial; leaves thick and feshy, 12-22 cm long, hairless; salt fats neAB ...... Plantago maritima S1 02b Corolla tubes hairless; plants annual (sometimes biennial); leaves not feshy, 2a 3a 2-12(13) cm long, densely to sparsely hairy; grasslands seAB ...... 03 03a Leaves (1)2-7 mm wide, long woolly-hairy; stamens 4; corolla lobes 1.5-2 mm long ...... Plantago patagonica 03b Leaves 0.3-1.5 mm wide, sparsely short-hairy (rarely hairless); stamens 2; corolla lobes 0.5- 1.0 mm long ...... Plantago elongata 04a Plants densely brown-woolly at the base . . . . 3b ...... Plantago eriopoda 04b Plants not brown-woolly at the base, or only sparsely so ...... 05 05a Leaves lance-shaped, 3- to 5-nerved ...... Plantago canescens 5a 4a 05b Leaves elliptic to egg-shaped, 5- to 9-nerved ...... 06

06a Leaf blades usually ± hairless, abruptly narrowed to a long stalk; stamens inconspicuous; capsules 5- to 25-seeded; seeds 1 mm long ...... Plantago major X 06b Leaf blades white-hairy, gradually tapered to a short stalk; stamens conspicuous, with long pink flaments; capsules 2- to 4-seeded; seeds 1.8-2 mm long ...... Plantago media X 6a

16 VERONICA Speedwell 01a Leaves mainly basal and long-stalked, stem 1a leaves alternate, small, stalkless, sometimes absent; petals absent; stamens purplish . . . . 2a ...... Veronica wyomingensis ...... [Besseya wyomingensis] 01b Leaves mostly paired on the stem (upper leaves sometimes alternate), short stalked to stalkless and clasping; petals present; stamens variously colored ...... 02 02a Flowers in elongating clusters (racemes) branching from the upper leaf axils and often paired ...... 03 02b Flowers in ± compact clusters (spikes or 2b racemes) at the tip of the main stem and/or single in leaf axils ...... 07 03a Plants evidently hairy (at least below); leaves 1-2X as long as wide; disturbed upland sites ...... Veronica chamaedrys X 03b Plants ± hairless or with fne glands in the fower clusters (V. scutellata is rarely hairy, but its leaves are >3X as long as wide); leaves 1.5-5(8)X as long as wide; streams, ponds 04 04a Leaves short-stalked. . .Veronica americana 4a 3a 04b Leaves stalkless ...... 05 05a Capsules fattened, much wider than long, broadly notched at the tip; seeds 5-9/side, 1.2- 1.8 mm; leaves (3)4-20X as long as wide...... Veronica scutellata 05b Capsules swollen, not much wider than long, slightly notched to ± rounded at the tip; seeds many, ≤0.5 mm; leaves 1.5-5(8)X as long as 4b wide ...... 06 6a 06a Leaves 1.5-3X as long as wide; capsules round to slightly longer than wide, on strongly ascending to upcurved stalks; fowers light blue or violet, 5-8 mm wide ...... Veronica anagallis-aquatica 06b Leaves (2.5)3-5(8)X as long as wide; capsules slightly wider than long, on wide-spreading stalks; fowers white to pink or pale bluish, 3-5 mm wide ...... Veronica catenata SU 07a Plants annual, from slender taproots or fbrous roots; fower bracts gradually smaller than the leaves, so the fowers appear to be single in the upper leaf axils ...... 08 07b Plants perennial, from creeping rootstocks or stolons; fower bracts abruptly smaller than the leaves, so the fowers appear to be in clusters (racemes or spikes) at the stem tips ...... 11 6b

17 08a Leaves at mid-stem deeply cut into linear lobes; fruits distinctly glandular-hairy; reported from the Waterton area . . . . Veronica verna X 08b Leaves at mid-stem sometimes toothed, but not deeply lobed; fruits hairless to sparsely hairy; variously distributed ...... 09 09a Flower stalks ±1 mm long (even in fruit); stems erect; leaves smooth-edged to irregularly 9a toothed ...... Veronica peregrina 09b Flower stalks >3 mm long; stems creeping or sprawling to loosely ascending; leaves 8a coarsely blunt-toothed to scalloped ...... 10 10a Flowers 4-8 mm wide; capsules 4-6 x 3-4 mm, on 6-15 mm stalks . . . . Veronica agrestis X 10b Flowers 8-12 mm wide; capsules 5-9 x 3-5 mm, on 15-40 mm stalks Veronica persica X 10a 11a Leaves sharply toothed, the larger ones >4 cm long; stems (30)40-100 cm tall; fowers short- stalked, in crowded, spike-like clusters...... Veronica longifolia X 11b Leaves smooth edged to obscurely toothed, <4 11a cm long; stems 5-30 cm tall; fowers slender- 10b stalked, in looser, raceme-like clusters . . . . 12 12a Leaves all stalkless; stems with loose spreading hairs, erect (sometimes slightly bent 12a at the base); capsules longer than wide, 4-7 mm long ...... Veronica wormskjoldii ...... [Veronica alpina; Veronica nutans] 12b Lower leaves stalked; stems with short, close hairs, sprawling and often rooting at joints; capsules wider than long, 3-4 mm long ...... Veronica serpyllifolia

12b

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