DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant-Hummingbird Interactions and Temporal Nectar Availability in a Restinga from Brazil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant-Hummingbird Interactions and Temporal Nectar Availability in a Restinga from Brazil Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2015) 87(4): 2163-2175 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140349 www.scielo.br/aabc Plant-hummingbird interactions and temporal nectar availability in a restinga from Brazil LORENA C.N. FONSECA1,5, JEFERSON VIZENTIN-BUGONI2,6, ANDRÉ R. RECH3 and MARIA ALICE S. ALVES4 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/ UFRJ, CCS, IB, Caixa Postal 68020, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/ UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 970, Barão Geraldo, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil 3Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia/UFU, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 4Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, 20550-011 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 5Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo/CETESB, Av. Professor Frederico Hermann Jr, 345, Pinheiros, 05459-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 6Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Manuscript received on July 10, 2014; accepted for publication on April 27, 2015 ABSTRACT Hummingbirds are the most important and specialized group of pollinating birds in the Neotropics and their interactions with plants are key components to many communities. In the present study we identified the assemblage of plants visited by hummingbirds and investigated the temporal availability of floral resources in an area of restinga, sandy plain coastal vegetation associated with the Atlantic forest, in Southeastern Brazil. We recorded flower and nectar features, flowering phenology and interactions between plants and hummingbirds and estimated the amount of calories produced per hectare from June 2005 to August 2006. Ten plant species were visited by two hummingbirds, Amazilia fimbriata and Eupetomena macroura. Resource availability was highly variable among plant species and over time. Nectar volume and concentration per flower were similar to other Neotropical hummingbird-visited plant assemblages. The estimated nectar resource availability between months varied from 0.85 to 5.97 Kcal per hectare/day, demanding an area between one and 6.8 ha to support a single hummingbird. Our study reports an unusual tropical setting where almost all interactions between hummingbirds and plants were performed by a single hummingbird species, A. fimbriata. Hence, the variable nectar availability is probably influencing hummingbird movements, its foraging area, and consequently plant pollination. Key words: Amazilia fimbriata, Atlantic rainforest, floral resources, ornitophily, pollination, restinga. INTRODUCTION many plant species in different ecosystems (Stiles 1981, Mendonça and Anjos 2003). These birds Hummingbirds are numerically and ecologically also feed on small arthropods but they obtain most dominant in bird-flower interactions in the New of their energy requirement from nectar, being World, where they play a crucial role pollinating highly specialized on this diet (Stiles 1978, Cronk Correspondence to: Maria Alice S. Alves and Ojeda 2008). While feeding, hummingbirds E-mail: [email protected] may pollinate flowers, establishing therefore a An Acad Bras Cienc (2015) 87 (4) 2164 LORENA C.N. FONSECA, JEFERSON VIZENTIN-BUGONI, ANDRÉ R. RECH and MARIA ALICE S. ALVES mutualistic relationship with many of the plants they and the structure of plant-pollinator interactions visit (Bawa 1990, Buzato et al. 2000, Abrahamczyc in this region. Restingas are geologically recent and Kessler 2015, but see Maruyama et al. 2013). environments (less than 120,000 years before However, nectar production is costly for plants and present) where shrubland vegetation grows on near- its availability in nature is highly complex giving shore, sandy soils (Souza et al. 2008). The soil of rise to a wide array of nectar production strategies restinga tends to require plant adaptations to support (Pyke 1991, McDade and Weeks 2004). For drought, salinity and/or low nutrient availability instance, at the community level, plant species can (Scarano et al. 2001). Given the harsh conditions produce nectar with distinct sugar compositions of restingas, plant colonization is hampered and (Galetto and Bernardello 2003) or rates (MacDade often facilitation by nurse plants is crucial for the and Weeks 2004). Furthermore, hummingbird- establishment of other plant species (Scarano 2002, flowers vary greatly on flowering seazonality and Sampaio et al. 2005). In the Southeastern Brazilian length (e.g. Buzato et al. 2000, Maruyama et al. restingas, one of the most important nurse plants 2014, Vizentin-Bugoni et al. 2014). The resulting is the mainly hummingbird-pollinated bromeliad spatial and temporal dynamics of food resources Aechmea nudicaulis (Sampaio et al. 2005, Schmid may have direct effects on the hummingbird et al. 2011). Therefore, the maintenance of these assemblages (Cotton 2000) and, consequently nurse plants, and consequently its ecological influence plant pollination (Stiles 1978, 1985). role, rely to some extent on the hummingbirds. According to patterns of nectar availability, Despite the importance of these interactions for the hummingbirds present a continuum of behavioral ecosystem functioning, to our best knowledge there strategies, from trapliners (commonly species are no previous studies on plant-hummingbirds from the Hermits clade) that usually visit dispersed interactions at community level in restingas. flowers that produces higher amount of reward In this context, here we described the structure per flower, to territorial species (usually non- of a plant-hummingbird assemblage in a restinga hermits species) which generally feed on grouped area and estimated the energy production by the flowers producing a lower volume of more diluted plants. In order to characterize the relationship nectar (Stiles 1975, Feinsinger and Colwell 1978). between hummingbirds and their resources, we Therefore both, behavioral strategy and nectar also described the floral morphology, phenology availability, play a central role in determining and nectar production for the hummingbird-visited the foraging area of a hummingbird (Feinsinger plants in the assemblage. Based on our findings, and Colwell 1978). Moreover, entire plant we discuss the possible implications of nectar assemblage studies in seasonal areas of Central dynamics on hummingbird foraging area and plant South America have reported most hummingbirds reproduction. as being generalists, feeding on a wide array of ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous flowers MATERIALS AND METHODS (Oliveira and Gibbs 2000, Araújo and Sazima 2003, STUDY AREA Maruyama et al. 2013 and references therein). Some simpler tropical ecosystems, like The present study was carried out in the “Restinga the Brazilian restingas which present lower de Jurubatiba” National Park (RJNP, 22o16’41’’S; diversity, productivity and structural complexity in 41o39’41’’W), located on the coast of the state of comparison to Atlantic Forest, for instance (Scarano Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Fig. 1). The RJNP is the 2002), offer the opportunity to better understand the only national protected area specifically designed ecological issues concerning the nectar dynamics to preserve restinga ecosystems in Brazil. The An Acad Bras Cienc (2015) 87 (4) PLANT-HUMMINGBIRD interactions IN restinga 2165 restinga is characterized by geologically recent Fonseca) monitored the transects (five transects of sandy coastal plain adjacent to the core Atlantic 200 m each) twice a day. Monitoring was carried rainforest (Souza et al. 2008). The vegetation of out by walking slowly across each quadrant the study area is dominated by patches of Clusia starting between 6:00-8:00 and 16:00-18:00 and hilariana called “non-flooded open shrubland” expending around 3 h per turn/month observing, (“restinga arbustiva aberta não inundável”, in summing 78 h of observations. Along the transects Portuguese) (Magnano et al. 2011), with the we identified and quantified hummingbirds, flower forested physiognomy nearby (Araujo et al. 1998). visitation and agonistic interactions. Legitimate The rainfall is seasonally distributed varying from visits by insects were also quantified. According 40 mm per month during winter (from June to to our previous observations, our sampling period September) to 190 mm per month during summer coincides with higher activity of hummingbirds. (from December to February, Henriques et al. Flower morphology and nectar measurements were taken from June 2005 to May 2006 along 1986). Mean annual temperature varies around 22 the same quadrants. We randomly set 30 plots °C (Araujo et al. 1998). (20 X 20 m) totalling 12,000 m2 inside the five SAMPLING METHOD bigger 200 x 40 m quadrants. Inside these plots, we described flowering phenology and number of Data collection was carried out from June 2005 opened flowers once a month and measured nectar to August 2006. We established five consecutive features from the hummingbird-visited plants. 2 quadrants of 200 x 40 m (8,000 m ) covering a total Although occurring only nearby and not inside the area of 40,000 m2. Each month, from August 2005 plots, we also included the Quesnelia
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Information Bromeliaceae Family
    General Information Bromeliads are a unique and fascinating family of hundreds of extremely diversified and exotic plants, which are amazingly adaptable, tough and relatively easy to grow. People often say that Bromeliads thrive on neglect. The species can tolerate a huge variety of growing conditions including heat, light, air and moisture. No Bromeliads are native to Australia and therefore have all been imported and introduced here. The plants are native to the Southern States of the USA, Central America and deep into South America, with regions like Florida, Mexico, the West Indies, parts of Brazil and as far south as Chile having many and various species. One very primitive species is also found in Africa and has survived since the two continents separated. Bromeliaceae Family The entire bromeliad family called Bromeliaceae, is divided into three subfamilies containing many genera, with the Bromelioideae and Tillandsioideae subfamilies being the most popular bromeliads for enthusiasts and collectors. The subfamily Bromelioideae is distributed from Mexico to Argentina and has the greatest number of genera. They are mostly epiphytic, tank-type plants with spiny leaves and berry-like fruit containing wet seeds. The subfamily Pitcairnioideae are the most primitive bromeliads, descended from the grass family. Nearly all are terrestrial. Most have spiny leaves. The seeds are dry and usually winged. The subfamily Tillandsioideae has few genera, but includes about half of the species of bromeliads. Growing throughout the Americas, they are mostly epiphytes. All have spineless leaves. Seeds are dry, with feathery "parachutes" and are blown and float in the wind. The most notable and commercially developed of the family is the edible pineapple (Ananus comosus).
    [Show full text]
  • Selfing Can Facilitate Transitions Between Pollination Syndromes
    vol. 191, no. 5 the american naturalist may 2018 Selfing Can Facilitate Transitions between Pollination Syndromes Carolyn A. Wessinger* and John K. Kelly Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Submitted August 17, 2017; Accepted November 2, 2017; Electronically published March 14, 2018 Online enhancements: appendixes. Dryad data: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8hc64. fi abstract: Pollinator-mediated selection on plants can favor tran- (Herrera 1987). When pollen is limiting, pollinator ef ciency sitions to a new pollinator depending on the relative abundances and can determine fruit set per visit (Schemske and Horvitz efficiencies of pollinators present in the community. A frequently ob- 1984). Since pollinators differ in their receptiveness to floral served example is the transition from bee pollination to humming- signals and rewards as well as in how they interact with bird pollination. We present a population genetic model that examines flowers, pollinator-mediated selection has led to the wide- whether the ability to inbreed can influence evolutionary change in spread convergent evolution of pollination syndromes—sets fi traits that underlie pollinator attraction. We nd that a transition to of floral traits associated with certain types of pollinators a more efficient but less abundant pollinator is favored under a broad- ened set of ecological conditions if plants are capable of delayed selfing (Faegri and Van der Pijl 1979; Fenster et al. 2004; Harder rather than obligately outcrossing. Delayed selfing allows plants carry- and Johnson 2009). Pollinator communities vary over space ing an allele that attracts the novel pollinator to reproduce even when and time, leading to repeated evolutionary transitions in pol- this pollinator is rare, providing reproductive assurance.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Structure of the Bromeliad Tank Microbiome Is Strongly Shaped by Local Geochemical Conditions
    Environmental Microbiology (2017) 19(8), 3132–3151 doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13788 Functional structure of the bromeliad tank microbiome is strongly shaped by local geochemical conditions Stilianos Louca,1,2* Saulo M. S. Jacques,3,4 denitrification steps, ammonification, sulfate respira- Aliny P. F. Pires,3 Juliana S. Leal,3,5 tion, methanogenesis, reductive acetogenesis and 6 1,2,7 Angelica L. Gonzalez, Michael Doebeli and anoxygenic phototrophy. Overall, CO2 reducers domi- Vinicius F. Farjalla3 nated in abundance over sulfate reducers, and 1Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British anoxygenic phototrophs largely outnumbered oxy- Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. genic photoautotrophs. Functional community 2Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, structure correlated strongly with environmental vari- Vancouver, BC, Canada. ables, between and within a single bromeliad species. 3Department of Ecology, Biology Institute, Universidade Methanogens and reductive acetogens correlated Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. with detrital volume and canopy coverage, and exhib- 4Programa de Pos-Graduac ¸ao~ em Ecologia e ited higher relative abundances in N. cruenta.A Evoluc¸ao,~ Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio comparison of bromeliads to freshwater lake sedi- de Janeiro, Brazil. ments and soil from around the world, revealed stark differences in terms of taxonomic as well as func- 5Programa de Pos-Graduac ¸ao~ em Ecologia, tional microbial community structure. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 6Biology Department & Center for Computational & Introduction Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA. Bromeliads (fam. Bromeliaceae) are plants found through- 7Department of Mathematics, University of British out the neotropics, with many species having rosette-like Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • ELBS Newsletter JULY 2017
    NEWS East London LETTER Bromeliad Society July 2017 South Africa Established: 25 July 2009 Our aim is to promote and encourage awareness and interest in Bromeliads in East London and all of South AfricaAfrica!!!! ELBS is an Affiliated Society of Bromeliad Society International June Meeting And now for something completely different! We met at the home of Wyndham Whitfield who very kindly opened his home, garden and orchid houses to us to explore and enjoy. Due to his recent experience with the poisoning of the water hyacinth on the Nahoon River from where he gets his water, I was surprised to see that some beauties have survived, but not without a lot of hard work being involved plus repotting and the pain of having to let go all the orchids that did not survive. It truly was a devastating experience for Wyndham. Wyndham gave a very interesting talk on orchids, an overview of where they originally come from and the main types plus some crosses, which I would not even try to name here, so enjoy the photos of just a few samples of Wyndham’s orchids and Our host, Wyndham Whitfield with those of you who know about them, some of his gorgeous orchids. will no doubt recognise the beauties pictured here. He a l s o covered what is basically required a n d which are the most suitable to grow in our East London climate. Everyone has always told me that cymbidiums were so easy to bring into flower here, but sometimes our night time temperatures don’t go down low enough.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Structure of the Bromeliad Tank Microbiome Is Strongly Shaped by Local Geochemical Conditions
    Environmental Microbiology (2017) 19(8), 3132–3151 doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13788 Functional structure of the bromeliad tank microbiome is strongly shaped by local geochemical conditions Stilianos Louca,1,2* Saulo M. S. Jacques,3,4 denitrification steps, ammonification, sulfate respira- Aliny P. F. Pires,3 Juliana S. Leal,3,5 tion, methanogenesis, reductive acetogenesis and 6 1,2,7 Angelica L. Gonzalez, Michael Doebeli and anoxygenic phototrophy. Overall, CO2 reducers domi- Vinicius F. Farjalla3 nated in abundance over sulfate reducers, and 1Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British anoxygenic phototrophs largely outnumbered oxy- Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. genic photoautotrophs. Functional community 2Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, structure correlated strongly with environmental vari- Vancouver, BC, Canada. ables, between and within a single bromeliad species. 3Department of Ecology, Biology Institute, Universidade Methanogens and reductive acetogens correlated Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. with detrital volume and canopy coverage, and exhib- 4Programa de Pos-Graduac ¸ao~ em Ecologia e ited higher relative abundances in N. cruenta.A Evoluc¸ao,~ Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio comparison of bromeliads to freshwater lake sedi- de Janeiro, Brazil. ments and soil from around the world, revealed stark differences in terms of taxonomic as well as func- 5Programa de Pos-Graduac ¸ao~ em Ecologia, tional microbial community structure. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 6Biology Department & Center for Computational & Introduction Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA. Bromeliads (fam. Bromeliaceae) are plants found through- 7Department of Mathematics, University of British out the neotropics, with many species having rosette-like Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • ANATOMICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES of Billbergia Zebrina (Bromeliaceae) UNDER DIFFERENT in VITRO CONDITIONS
    JOÃO PAULO RODRIGUES MARTINS ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Billbergia zebrina (Bromeliaceae) UNDER DIFFERENT IN VITRO CONDITIONS LAVRAS- MG 2015 JOÃO PAULO RODRIGUES MARTINS ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Billbergia zebrina (BROMELIACEAE) UNDER DIFFERENT IN VITRO CONDITIONS This thesis is being submitted in a partial fulfilment of the requirements for degree of Doctor in Applied Botanic of Universidade Federal de Lavras. Supervisor Dr. Moacir Pasqual Co-supervisor Dr. Maurice De Proft LAVRAS- MG 2015 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração de Ficha Catalográfica da Biblioteca Universitária da UFLA, com dados informados pelo(a) próprio(a) autor(a). Martins, João Paulo Rodrigues. Anatomical and physiological responses of Billbergia zebrina (Bromeliaceae) under different in vitro conditions / João Paulo Rodrigues Martins. – Lavras : UFLA, 2015. 136 p. : il. Tese(doutorado)–Universidade Federal de Lavras, 2015. Orientador(a): Moacir Pasqual. Bibliografia. 1. Bromeliad. 2. In vitro culture. 3. Photoautotrophic growth. 4. Plant anatomy. 5. Plant physiology. I. Universidade Federal de Lavras. II. Título. JOÃO PAULO RODRIGUES MARTINS ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Billbergia zebrina (BROMELIACEAE) UNDER DIFFERENT IN VITRO CONDITIONS This thesis is being submitted in a partial fulfilment of the requirements for degree of Doctor in Applied Botanic of Universidade Federal de Lavras. APPROVED 09th of June, 2015 Dr Diogo Pedrosa Corrêa da Silva UFLA Dra Leila Aparecida Salles Pio UFLA Dr Thiago Corrêa de Souza UNIFAL-MG Dra Vânia Helena Techio UFLA Dra Cynthia de Oliveira UFLA Supervisor Dr. Moacir Pasqual Co-supervisor Dr. Maurice De Proft LAVRAS- MG 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS God for having guided my path. My wonderful family (Including Capivara), I could not ask for better people.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornithophily in the Genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae)
    Ornithophily in the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Petra Wester geb. in Linz/Rhein Mainz, 2007 Kapitel 2 dieser Arbeit wurde veröffentlicht beim Springer Verlag unter: Wester, P. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2006): Hummingbird pollination in Salvia haenkei (Lamiaceae) lacking the typical lever mechanism. Plant Systematics and Evolution 257: 133-146. Kapitel 3 dieser Arbeit wurde veröffentlicht bei Elsevier unter: Wester, P. & Claßen- Bockhoff, R. (2006): Bird pollination in South African Salvia species. Flora 201: 396- 406. Kapitel 5 dieser Arbeit ist im Druck bei Oxford University Press (Annals of Botany) unter: Wester, P. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2007): Floral diversity and pollen transfer mechanisms in bird-pollinated Salvia species. Meinen Eltern gewidmet Contents SUMMARY OF THE THESIS............................................................................................................................. 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG....................................................................................................................................... 2 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 3 2 HUMMINGBIRD POLLINATION IN SALVIA HAENKEI (LAMIACEAE) LACKING THE TYPICAL LEVER MECHANISM .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Maintenance Landscape Plants for South Florida1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. ENH854 Low-Maintenance Landscape Plants for South Florida1 Jody Haynes, John McLaughlin, Laura Vasquez, Adrian Hunsberger2 Introduction The term "low-maintenance" refers to a plant that does not require frequent maintenance—such as This publication was developed in response to regular watering, pruning, or spraying—to remain requests from participants in the Florida Yards & healthy and to maintain an acceptable aesthetic Neighborhoods (FYN) program in Miami-Dade quality. A low-maintenance plant has low fertilizer County for a list of recommended landscape plants requirements and few pest and disease problems. In suitable for south Florida. The resulting list includes addition, low-maintenance plants suitable for south over 350 low-maintenance plants. The following Florida must also be adapted to—or at least information is included for each species: common tolerate—our poor, alkaline, sand- or limestone-based name, scientific name, maximum size, growth rate soils. (vines only), light preference, salt tolerance, and other useful characteristics. An additional criterion for the plants on this list was that they are not listed as being invasive by the Criteria Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2001), or restricted by any federal, state, or local laws This section will describe the criteria by which (Burks, 2000). Miami-Dade County does have plants were selected. It is important to note, first, that restrictions for planting certain species within 500 even the most drought-tolerant plants require feet of native habitats they are known to invade watering during the establishment period.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Relations of Bromeliaceae in Their Evolutionary Context
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, 181, 415–440. With 2 figures Think tank: water relations of Bromeliaceae in their evolutionary context JAMIE MALES* Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK Received 31 July 2015; revised 28 February 2016; accepted for publication 1 March 2016 Water relations represent a pivotal nexus in plant biology due to the multiplicity of functions affected by water status. Hydraulic properties of plant parts are therefore likely to be relevant to evolutionary trends in many taxa. Bromeliaceae encompass a wealth of morphological, physiological and ecological variations and the geographical and bioclimatic range of the family is also extensive. The diversification of bromeliad lineages is known to be correlated with the origins of a suite of key innovations, many of which relate directly or indirectly to water relations. However, little information is known regarding the role of change in morphoanatomical and hydraulic traits in the evolutionary origins of the classical ecophysiological functional types in Bromeliaceae or how this role relates to the diversification of specific lineages. In this paper, I present a synthesis of the current knowledge on bromeliad water relations and a qualitative model of the evolution of relevant traits in the context of the functional types. I use this model to introduce a manifesto for a new research programme on the integrative biology and evolution of bromeliad water-use strategies. The need for a wide-ranging survey of morphoanatomical and hydraulic traits across Bromeliaceae is stressed, as this would provide extensive insight into structure– function relationships of relevance to the evolutionary history of bromeliads and, more generally, to the evolutionary physiology of flowering plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material What Do Nectarivorous Bats Like? Nectar Composition in Bromeliaceae with Special Emphasis on Bat-Pollinated Species
    Supplementary Material What do nectarivorous bats like? Nectar composition in Bromeliaceae with special emphasis on bat-pollinated species Author: Thomas Göttlinger, Michael Schwerdtfeger, Kira Tiedge, Gertrud Lohaus* *Correspondence: Gertrud Lohaus ([email protected]) Supplementary Figure S1: Concentration of sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) in nectar of seven genera of Bromeliaceae (Alcantarea (A), Guzmania (B), Pitcairnia (C), Puya (D), Tillandsia (E), Vriesea (F), Werauhia (G)) which include bat-pollinated species. The box plots show medians (horizontal line in box) and means (x in box). Supplementary Material What do nectarivorous bats like? Nectar composition in Bromeliaceae with special emphasis on bat-pollinated species Author: Thomas Göttlinger, Michael Schwerdtfeger, Kira Tiedge, Gertrud Lohaus* *Correspondence: Gertrud Lohaus ([email protected]) Supplementary Figure S2: Concentration of amino acids (ala, arg, asn, asp, gaba, gln, glu, gly, his, iso, leu, lys, met, phe, pro, ser, thr, trp, tyr, val) in nectar of seven genera of Bromeliaceae (Alcantarea (A), Guzmania (B), Pitcairnia (C), Puya (D), Tillandsia (E), Vriesea (F), Werauhia (G)), which include bat-pollinated species. The box plots show medians (horizontal line in box) and means (x in box). Supplementary Material What do nectarivorous bats like? Nectar composition in Bromeliaceae with special emphasis on bat-pollinated species Author: Thomas Göttlinger, Michael Schwerdtfeger, Kira Tiedge, Gertrud Lohaus* *Correspondence: Gertrud Lohaus ([email protected]) Supplementary Figure S3: Cation concentrations (Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+) in nectar of seven genera of Bromeliaceae (Alcantarea (A), Guzmania (B), Pitcairnia (C), Puya (D), Tillandsia (E), Vriesea (F), Werauhia (G)), which include bat-pollinated species. The box plots show medians (horizontal line in box) and means (x in box).
    [Show full text]
  • Nectarivore Birds 3
    Consideration of nectarivorous birds in wildlife risk assessments Agnes Schimera (1), Jan-Dieter Ludwigs (2), Oliver Koerner (1), Seamus Taylor (3) (1) ADAMA Deutschland GmbH; (2) RIFCON GmbH (3) ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd. Contact: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 – Introduction In subtropical and tropical climate zones where crops exhibit a flowering phase before harvest, nectar-feeding birds (see table) may be attracted to crop flower nectar. We present points to consider on whether and how a nectarivorous avian scenario might be included in higher tier environmental risk assessment (ERA) for plant protection products (PPPs) and what data would be needed. Green-throated carib Eulampis holosericeus 2 - Nectarivore birds Bird Family Distribution Diet and hibiscus flower, Guadeloupe Hummingbirds New World 90% nectar, 10% small arthropods Nectar-feeding is widespread among birds, but almost no species (Trochilidae) Woodpeckers Worldwide Occasionally nectar, mainly insects, fruits consumes nectar exclusively. Most combine it with arthropods (Picidae) and other diet types for a mixed diet at least within parts of the Parrots Tropics, SE-Asia, Lories specialized brush-tipped tongue for year. (Psittacidae) Australasia nectar-feeding New Zealand Wrens New Zealand Supplementary (when insects scarce) Twelve families of birds contain more or less specialized (Acanthisittidae) Asities Madagascar Genus Neodrepanis primarily nectarivore, nectarivores (Bezzel and Prinzinger 1990). Of particular interest are (Philepittidae) otherwise supplementary three families: hummingbirds (Trochilidae), sunbirds (Nectariniidae) Australasian Tree- Australasia Insectivores, sometimes nectar and honeyeaters (Meliphagidae), which mainly drink nectar, and creepers (Climacteridae) Honeyeaters Australasia Specialized nectarivores, but also thereby collect pollen (Campbell and Lack 1985, Lovette and (Meliphagidae) invertebrates Fitzpatrick 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Bromeletter the Official Journal of the Bromeliad Society of Australia Inc
    1 BROMELETTER THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BROMELIAD SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA INC. MEETING DATE *3rd Saturday in bromeliad.org.au NOVEMBER ONLY ISSN 2208-0465 (Online) 18th NOVEMBER Vol 55 No 6 - November / December 2017. CONTENTS Management Details 2,3, 15,18,19 September - Plant of the Month, Margaret Draddy Artistic Competition 4,5 September Show, Tell, Ask 6 Aechmea ‘Pie in the Sky’ 6,7 BSA Spring Show - Results and Photos 8,9,10,11, 12,13 How to Ease Sunburn in Bromeliads - Paul Turvey 14 New Members 15 October - Plant of the Month, Margaret Draddy Artistic Competition 16,17 Seed Bank 18 Time to RENEW your MEMBERSHIP Membership renewal is due JANUARY 1st each year. Please consider whether or not you wish to receive your Bromeletter by email (as a PDF) Please return the enclosed (attached) renewal form to renew and update any details which have changed (or email the form found on our website). BROMELETTER is published bi-monthly at Sydney by The Bromeliad Society of Australia Incorporated. Deadlines for articles:15th of February, April, June, Au- gust, October and December, To allow for publishing in the first week of March, May, July, September, November and January. 2 COMMITTEE President Ian Hook 408 202 269 (president @bromeliad.org.au) Vice President(1), Kerry McNicol 0439 998 049 & Editor ([email protected]) Vice President (2) Meryl Thomas 0401 040 762 Secretary Carolyn Bunnell 02 9649 5762 Treasurer Alan Mathew 02 9516 5976 Member Helga Nitschke 0447 955 562 Member Patricia Sharpley 0439 672 826 Member Bob Sharpley 0409 361 778 Member Joy Clark 02 4572 3534 Member John Noonan 02 9627 5704 Member Ron Farrugia 02 9533 2546 BROMELIAD SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE BROMELIAD SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA INC.
    [Show full text]