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Bio 102 Chapter 33 Plant Control Systems

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Bio 102 Chapter 33 Plant Control Systems Bio 102 Chapter 33 Plant Control Systems slide show by Kim Foglia modified by A Darlak One last thing for 32 • Water Transport Clip • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0med ia_bio/bioflix/bioflix.htm?cc7water • What Are the Health Benefits of Soy? – Soy protein • Is one of the few plant proteins that contains all the essential amino acids PLANT HORMONES • Experiments on how plants turn toward light led to the discovery of a plant hormone – Plants exhibit phototropism • The growth of shoots in response to light Figure 33.1A – Microscopic observations of plants • Indicate that a cellular mechanism underlies phototropism Shaded side of shoot Light Illuminated side of shoot Figure 33.1B • Showing That Light Is Detected by the Shoot Tip – Charles Darwin (late 1800s) showed that the tip of a grass seedling detects light • And transmits a signal down to the growing region of a shoot Light Control Tip Tip covered by Tip covered Base covered removed opaque cap by trans- by opaque parent cap shield Figure 33.1C Darwin and Darwin (1880) • Showing that tip needs to be continuous with stem – Boysen-Jensen cut the tips off oat coleoptiles, they did not bend. When put these tips back on, these coleoptiles bent toward the light. – Then separated tip with porous and non porous Light Control Tip Tip covered by Tip covered Base covered Tip separated Tip separated removed opaque cap by trans- by opaque by gelatin by mica parent cap shield block Figure 33.1C Darwin and Darwin (1880) Boysen-Jensen (1913) • Isolating the Chemical Signal- (Frits Went 1926) – The hormone Auxin • Was determined to affect phototropism • Promotes faster cell elongation on the shaded site of the shoot Shoot tip placed on agar block. Chemical (later called auxin) diffuses from shoot tip into agar. Agar Block with Other controls: chemical Offset blocks with Blocks with no stimulates chemical stimulate chemical have growth. Control curved growth. no effect. No light Figure 33.1D HORMONE = chemical messenger • produced by one part of the plant CELL CYTOPLASM • translocatedWALL to other parts where it triggers a response 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response • ALLOWS plant to react/adjust to external conditions w/o a nervous system Activation of cellular Relay molecules responses Receptor Hormone or environmental stimulus Plasma membrane Plant Hormones • Growth promoters: Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins • Growth inhibitors: Ethylene gas, Abscisic aci Growth promoters • Hormones can promote plant growth in two ways: – Stimulating cell division in meristems to produce new cells. – Stimulating elongation in cells. 1. Auxin (IAA- Indole Acetic Acid) • Effects – Stimulates or inhibits the elongation of shoots and roots – controls cell division & differentiation – Fruit growth – Phototropism – Gravitropism – apical dominance • stimulates proton pumps; acid weakens cell wall so cells can expand 3 Wedge-shaped expansins, activated by low pH, separate cellulose microfibrils from Cell wall cross-linking polysaccharides. The exposed cross-linking enzymes polysaccharides are now more accessible to cell wall enzymes. Cross-linking Expansin cell wall 4 The enzymatic cleaving of the cross-linking polysaccharides CELL WALL polysaccharides allows the microfibrils to slide. The extensibility of the Microfibril cell wall is increased. Turgor causes the cell to expand. H2O Cell H+ Plasma wall H+ membrane 2 The cell wall becomes more H+ acidic. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 1 Auxin increases the Nucleus Cytoplasm activity of Vacuole proton pumps. ATP + Plasma membrane H 5 With the cellulose loosened, the cell can elongate. Cytoplasm TROPISM = hormone induced growth response toward/away from stimulus • PHOTOTROPISM-response to light (Positive- grow toward light; Negative grow away from light) – Differential rate of cell elongation; Shoot bends toward light due to asymmetrical distribution of auxins – Light stimulates movement of auxin to dark side so cells on dark side elongate faster than cells on light side PHOTOTROPISM http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell _essentials_3/videos/Phototropism-V.html GRAVITROPISM • (AKA Geotropism) • respond to gravity • Roots grow down, shoots grow up due to asymmetrical distribution of auxins http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_e ssentials_3/videos/Gravitropism-V.html • Plants may detect gravity by the settling of statoliths (specialized plastids containing dense starch grains) Statoliths 20 m (a) (b) THIGOMOTROPISM • respond to touch • EX: vines curl around supports • Rubbing the stems of young plants a couple of times daily – Results in plants that are shorter than controls Apical dominance • Auxins are released from the shoot tip. These stimulate cell elongation in the stem, but suppress the lateral buds. • Cytokinins, produced in the roots, can stimulate lateral buds if the shoot tip is removed. Adventitious roots • Adventitious roots are those growing out of places where roots don’t normally grow. • Auxins stimulate root growth on the end of a houseplant cutting. Fruit growth • Developing seeds produce auxins that stimulate growth of the plant ovary into a fruit. • Removal of seeds from a strawberry prevents the fruit from growing, but add auxin and will grow. • How could this be used in commercial agriculture? 2. CYTOKININS • Promote growth of lateral buds when auxin concentrations are low. • Promote cell division in meristems. • Stimulate fruit and seed development. • Delays senescence of plant parts. Plants become bushier “Stump” after removal of apical bud Lateral branches Test it! • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_camp bell_concepts_7/process/39A/index.html 3. Gibberellins • Promote seed/bud germination; leaf growth; stimulate flowering/fruit development • Stimulate stem elongation (INTERNODES); loosen cell walls so cells can expand • Many “dwarf” varieties don’t have working gibberellins plump grapes in grocery stores have been treated with gibberellin hormones while on the vine Foolish rice seedlings • Gibberellins were discovered when Japanese scientists were investigating bakanae, or “foolish rice seedling” disease, that caused seedlings to grow excessively tall, then fall over. Commercial Uses • On the left are ordinary green grapes with seeds. On the right is a cluster of Thompson seedless grapes. These both came from the same variety of grapevine. How can this be? 4. Abscisic acid (ABA) • Often antagonistic to other hormones • Slows growth/promotes seed dormancy • LEAF________________ ABSCISSION – leaves die and fall off – Prevents deciduous trees from desiccation during winter when roots cannot absorb water from frozen ground – Stimulus is shortening days and cooler temperatures – Signals closing of stomata in leaves under water stress to save water – http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_concepts_6/activi ties/c6eLib/activities/H39/H3901/st01/frame.html Functions of Abscisic Acid • Controls seed and bud dormancy. • Inhibits gibberellins. • Promotes senescence in plants. NO ABA 5. Ethylene “gas” • Controls senescence (aging) - leaf fall, withering of flowers – Role in APOPTOSIS = programmed cell death – Promotes RIPENING OF FRUIT – Inhibits cell elongation One bad apple spoils the whole bunch… Gaseous discoveries • In ancient China, people placed pears or oranges in rooms with burning incense to make them ripen faster. • For centuries, people assumed heat or light was responsible for fruit ripening. In the 19th century, fruit ripening sheds were built using gas or kerosene heaters. When these were replaced with electric heaters, fruit didn’t ripen as fast. “Illuminating gas” • In the 1800’s, gas lighting was first installed in cities. People noticed that houseplants growing near gas light fixtures grew abnormally. Cut flowers aged and wilted quickly. • Physiologist Dimitry Neljubow analyzed natural gas and found that one component, ethylene gas, was responsible for the effects. Apoptosis in Plants What is the • Many events in plants involve evolutionary advantage of apoptosis loss of leaves – response to hormones in autumn? • ethylene • auxin – death of annual plant after flowering • senescence – differentiation of xylem vessels • loss of cytoplasm – shedding of autumn leaves Promotes Fruit Ripening • Example of positive feedback system – ethylene triggers ripening – ripening stimulates more ethylene production • Adaptation – hard, tart fruit protects developing seed from herbivores – ripe, sweet, soft fruit attracts animals to disperse seed • Mechanism – triggers ripening process • breakdown of cell wall-softening • conversion of starch to sugar-sweetening PHOTOPERIODISM = physiological response to day length • detect time of year by PHOTOPERIOD (relative length of night and day) • Circadian rhythm/ubiquitous to all eukaryotes • synchronized with the Earth's light-dark cycle Short Day/Long Night or Long Day/Short Night? 24 Darkness Flash of light Critical night night length Critical Time (hr) Time Light 0 Short-day (long-night) plants Long-day (short-night) plants http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_concepts_6/activities/c7eLi b/c6e/H39/H3902/st01/frame.html DAY LENGTH & FLOWERING • SHORT-DAY: flower in late summer/early fall/winter when daylight is decreasing • daylight < a critical length • Really should be called LONG NIGHT PLANTS • if dark interrupted by flash of light . no flowers. • LONG-DAY : flower in late spring/early summer when daylight is increasing • daylight > a critical length • SHORT NIGHT PLANTS- if dark interrupted by flash of light. it flowers • EX: lettuce NIGHT LENGTH = CRITICAL Short day plants (= really
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