Are We Aware of What Is Going on in a Student's Mind? Understanding
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Phytochrome Effects in the Nyctinastic Leaf Movements of Albizzia Julibrissin and Some Other Legumes1 2 William S
Plant Physiol. (1967) 42, 1413-1418 Phytochrome Effects in the Nyctinastic Leaf Movements of Albizzia julibrissin and Some Other Legumes1 2 William S. Hillman and Willard L. Koukkari Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 Received June 5, 1967. Summnary. Participation of phytochrome 'is evident in the nyctinastic responise of leaves of Albizzia julibrissin (silk-tree), Albizzia lophantha, Leucaena glauca, Poinciana gilliesi and Calliandra inequilatera; closure of excised pairs of pinnules upon darkening is rapid following red illumination and slow following far-red. Under good conditions the difiference is obvious within 10 minutes. These observations conifirm a report by Fondeville, Borthwick, and Hendricks on the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, but indicate that the efifect bears no necessary relationship to the anomalous sensitivity of Mimosa. In A. julibrissin, phytochrome control is mnarked in experiments conducted early in the daily 12-hour light period and appears absent, or nearly so, toward the end of the light period, perhaps due to interaction with an endogenous circadian rhythm. Effects of leaf maturity and of the position of a pinnule-pair within a leaf are also evident. Tih-ese results are not easily reconciled with hypotheses of phytochrome action through gene activation and nucleic acid synthesis, but are consistent with hypothess ibased onl permeability changes and membrane properties. The mgnitude and reproducibility of the response in A. jutlibrissin suggest its use as a lajboratory exercise; this and related systems should prove valuable for eventuai identification of the mechanism of phytochrome action. Fondeville, Borthwick, and Hendricks (2) re- pinnately twice-compound leaves generally similar in ported on a role of phytochrome in the nyctinastic character to those of Mimosa pudica, (but not obviously response of the sensitive plant, Mimnosa pudica: closure sensitive to the touch. -
Arxiv:1508.05435V1 [Physics.Bio-Ph]
Fast nastic motion of plants and bio-inspired structures Q. Guo1,2, E. Dai3, X. Han4, S. Xie5, E. Chao3, Z. Chen4 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fuzhou 350108, China 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA 4Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, NH 03755, USA 5Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA ∗ (Dated: August 25, 2015) The capability to sense and respond to external mechanical stimuli at various timescales is es- sential to many physiological aspects in plants, including self-protection, intake of nutrients, and reproduction. Remarkably, some plants have evolved the ability to react to mechanical stimuli within a few seconds despite a lack of muscles and nerves. The fast movements of plants in response to mechanical stimuli have long captured the curiosity of scientists and engineers, but the mechanisms behind these rapid thigmonastic movements still are not understood completely. In this article, we provide an overview of such thigmonastic movements in several representative plants, including Dionaea, Utricularia, Aldrovanda, Drosera, and Mimosa. In addition, we review a series of studies that present biomimetic structures inspired by fast moving plants. We hope that this article will shed light on the current status of research on the fast movements of plants and bioinspired struc- tures and also promote interdisciplinary studies on both the fundamental mechanisms of plants’ fast movements and biomimetic structures for engineering applications, such as artificial muscles, multi-stable structures, and bioinspired robots. -
Control and Coordination Class
BY SMT. RENUKA BALA BHAKAT AECS , NARWAPAHAR TYPES OF MOVEMENTS 1. TROPIC MOVEMENTS 2. NASTIC MOVEMENTS Movement of plant towards the stimulus is called tropic movement . Phototropism – Movement of plant towards light is called phototropism. Shoot grow towards light. Shoot is positively phototropic while root is negatively phototropic . Movement of plants in response to gravity is called geotropism . Roots are positively geotropic and shoots are negatively geotropic . Growth of plants towards water is called hydrotropism . Roots grow towards water. Movement of plants towards chemicals is called chemotropism . Growth of pollen tube towards ovule is an example of chemotropism. Nastic movement is not a directional movement of the plant part with response to the stimulus. In nastic movement, from whichever direction the stimulus is applied, it affects all the parts of the organ of a plant equally and they always move in the same direction . Mimosa pudica (touch me not) Plant hormones are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis to regulation of organ size, pathogen defense, stress tolerance and reproductive development. The auxin group of hormones has a wide range of uses in a plant. Auxin molecules are found in all tissues in a plant. However, they tend to be concentrated in the meristems, growth centres which are at the forefront of growth. These centres release auxin molecules, which are then distributed towards the roots. In this way, the plant can coordinate its size, and the growth and development of different tissues based on the gradient of the auxin concentration. -
Botany for Gardeners Offers a Clear Explanation of How Plants Grow
BotGar_Cover (5-8-2004) 11/8/04 11:18 AM Page 1 $19.95/ £14.99 GARDENING & HORTICULTURE/Reference Botany for Gardeners offers a clear explanation of how plants grow. • What happens inside a seed after it is planted? Botany for Gardeners Botany • How are plants structured? • How do plants adapt to their environment? • How is water transported from soil to leaves? • Why are minerals, air, and light important for healthy plant growth? • How do plants reproduce? The answers to these and other questions about complex plant processes, written in everyday language, allow gardeners and horticulturists to understand plants “from the plant’s point of view.” A bestseller since its debut in 1990, Botany for Gardeners has now been expanded and updated, and includes an appendix on plant taxonomy and a comprehensive index. Twodozen new photos and illustrations Botany for Gardeners make this new edition even more attractive than its predecessor. REVISED EDITION Brian Capon received a ph.d. in botany Brian Capon from the University of Chicago and was for thirty years professor of botany at California State University, Los Angeles. He is the author of Plant Survival: Adapting to a Hostile Brian World, also published by Timber Press. Author photo by Dan Terwilliger. Capon For details on other Timber Press books or to receive our catalog, please visit our Web site, www.timberpress.com. In the United States and Canada you may also reach us at 1-800-327-5680, and in the United Kingdom at [email protected]. ISBN 0-88192-655-8 ISBN 0-88192-655-8 90000 TIMBER PRESS 0 08819 26558 0 9 780881 926552 UPC EAN 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:20 AM Page 1 Botany for Gardeners 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 2 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 3 Botany for Gardeners Revised Edition Written and Illustrated by BRIAN CAPON TIMBER PRESS Portland * Cambridge 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 4 Cover photographs by the author. -
Plant-Environment Interactions: from Sensory Plant Biology to Active
Signaling and Communication in Plants Series Editors František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Jorge Vivanco Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, 217 Shepardson Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA František Baluška Editor Plant-Environment Interactions From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior Editor František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology IZMB University of Bonn Kirschallee 1 D-53115 Bonn Germany email: [email protected] ISSN 1867-9048 ISBN 978-3-540-89229-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89230-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938968 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com František Baluška dedicates this book to Prof. -
Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™
Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Table of Contents Introduction to Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Nutrition with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Plant Nutrition Activity . .7 Introduction to Tropisms . .10 Investigating Tropisms with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .10 Materials in the Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Hormone Kit • 1 pack of Standard Wisconsin Fast Plants™ • 1 packet anti-algal square (2 squares per packet) Seeds • 8 watering pipettes • 1 pack of Rosette-Dwarf Wisconsin Fast • 1 L potting soil Plants™ Seeds • 1 package of dried bees • 100-ppm Gibberellic Acid (4 oz) • four 4-cell quads • 1oz pelleted fertilizer • 16 support stakes • 2 watering trays • 16 support rings • 2 watering mats • Growing Instructions • wicks (package of 70) For additional activities, student pages and related resources, please visit the Wisconsin Fast Plants’ website at www.fastplants.org Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Plant physiology is the study of how plants individual is the result of the genetic makeup function. The activities and background (genotype) of that organism being expressed in information in this booklet are designed to the environment in which the organism exists. support investigations into three primary areas Components of the environment are physical of plant physiology: Nutrition, Tropism, and (temperature, light, gravity), chemical (water, Hormone Response (using gibberellin). elements, salts, complex molecules), and biotic (microbes, animals and other plants). Fundamental to the study of physiology is Environmental investigations in this booklet understanding the role that environment plays focus on the influence of nutrients, gravity, and in the functioning and appearance (phenotype) a growth-regulating hormone. -
Phototropism in Seedlings of Sunflower, Helianthus Annuus L
1 m % %ik PHOTOTROPISM IN SEEDLINGS OF SUNFLOWER, HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. J. M. FRANSSEN NN08201,824 581.184.5:582.998 J. M. FRANSSEN PHOTOTROPISM IN SEEDLINGS OF SUNFLOWER, HELIÂNTHUS ANNUUSL. Proefschrift ter verkrijging van degraa d van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, opgeza gva n derecto r magnificus, dr. H. C.-vande rPlas , hoogleraar in de organische scheikunde, in het openbaar te verdedigen opvrijda g 14 november 1980 desnamiddag s tevie ruu r in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool teWageningen . H. VEENMAN &ZONE N B.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1980 STELLINGEN I De Cholodny-Went theoriei snie t algemeen geldig. Dit proefschrift II De fototrope kromming in kiemplanten van Helianthusannum L. is onaf hankelijk van de groeisnelheid. Dit proefschrift III Fototropie in kiemplanten van Helianthus annuus L. is een blauw-licht effect, zoweltijden s de-etioleringal stijden s eenzijdige belichting. Dit proefschrift IV De bewering van Lam en Leopold dat de cotylen een rol spelen in de fototrope reactie is niet juist en berust op een door de cotylen gereguleerde invloed op delengtegroe i van het hypocotyl. LAM, S. L. and A. C. LEOPOLD (1966): Plant Physiol. 41, 847-851; SHUTTLEWORTH, J. E. and M. BLACK (1977): Planta t35, 51-55 V Debenaminge n 'tip-response'voo rd eeerst epositiev ereacti ee n 'base-response' voor de C-type reactie bij fototropie van geëtioleerde Avena saliva coleop- tielen zijn foutief. BLAAUW, O. H. and G. BLAAUW-JANSEN (1970): Acta Bot. Neerl. 19, 764-776. VI De basipetale verplaatsing van het punt van kromming, waargenomen in geo- tropie, is niet het gevolg van de geotrope reactie zelf maar van de auto- trope reactie. -
Tropism Flip Book Unit 8
Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _______ 7th Grade Science Tropism Flip Book Unit 8 Directions: You are going to create a quick reference chart for the various types of Tropism . Tropism is a term that refers to how an organism grows due to an external stimulus. For each type of tropism, you will need to provide a definition and a picture/example of that type of tropism. Below is a list of terms that you will include in your “Flip Book”. Flip Book Terms: Internal Stimuli External Stimuli Gravitropism Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Thigmatropism How Do You Create a Flip Book? Step 1: Obtain 4 half sheets of paper. Stack the sheets of paper on top of each other. They should be staggered about a 2 cm. See the picture below. 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm Step 2: Now fold the top half of the 4 pieces of paper forward. Now all of the pieces of paper are staggered 2 cm. You should have 8 tabs. Place two staples at the very top. Staples Tab #1 Tab #2 Tab #3 Tab #4 Tab #5 Tab #6 Tab #7 Tab #8 Step 3: On the very top tab (Tab #1) you are going to write/draw the words " Tropism Flip Book ". You may use markers or colored pencils throughout this project to color and decorate your flip book. Also write your name and period. See the example below. Tropism Flip Book Your Name Period Step 4: At the bottom of each tab you are going to write each of the flip book terms (Internal Stimuli, External Stimuli, Gravitropism, Phototropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism, and Thigmatropism ). -
Tropisms, Nastic Movements, & Photoperiods
Tropisms, Nastic Movements, & Photoperiods Plant Growth & Development Tropisms Defined as: ____________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 3 Types: - Phototropism - ____________ - Thigmotropism Tropisms Defined as: Plant growth responses to environmental stimuli that occur in the direction of the stimuli 3 Types: - Phototropism - Gravitropism - Thigmotropism Phototropism Defined as: the tendency of a plant to grow toward a light source Cool corn - Can be within hours - Caused by ________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Phototropism Defined as: the tendency of a plant to grow toward a light source Cool corn - Can be within hours - Caused by changes in auxin concentrations; auxins migrate to shaded tissue, causing elongation of cells Gravitropism Defined as: tendency of shoots to grow upwards (_________ gravitropism) and roots to grow downwards (____________ gravitropism) - Also related to auxin migration - Photoreceptors in shoots determine the light source Arabidopsis Gravitropism Defined as: tendency of shoots to grow upwards (negative gravitropism) and roots to grow downwards (positive gravitropism) - Also related to auxin migration - Photoreceptors in shoots determine the light source Arabidopsis Gravitropism - __________ (cells with starch grains instead of chloroplasts) in roots determine the gravitational pull Gravitropism - Stratoliths (cells with starch grains instead of chloroplasts) in roots determine the gravitational pull Thigmotropism -
New Insights Into Phototropism from Experiments in Microgravity and Fractional Gravity on the ISS John Z
New insights into phototropism from experiments in microgravity and fractional gravity on the ISS John Z. Kiss & Richard E. Edelmann Dept. of Botany, Miami University, Oxford OH USA Darwin: “The Power of Movement in Plants” Gravitropism (gravity) Thigmotropism (touch) Phototropism (light) TROPISMS-directed growth in response to stimulus phototropism gravitropism TROPISMS-directed growth in response to stimulus British plant physiologist Malcolm Wilkins wrote that without an effective gravity vector, such as in space laboratories in low Earth orbit, the “true nature of phototropism will finally be revealed” (Wilkins, 1988). Phototropism Studies in Space •Heathcote (1992) IML-1 (STS-42); wheat coleoptiles •Sack & Kern (1997) CUE (STS-87); moss protonema •Kiss, Edelmann & Hangarter (2006) Increment 14 (ISS); Arabidopsis hypocotyls •Kiss, Edelmann & Correll (2010) Increment 22 (ISS); Arabidopsis hypocotyls & roots Significance--TROPI 1. Basic questions in 2. Bioregenerative 3. Exploration sensory physiology life support TROPI: Objectives 1. Characterize phototropism without the “complications” of gravity. 2. Better understand signal transduction pathways in gravity & light in plants. Preplastid--Biorack TROPI-2--EMCS STS-81 (1997) STS-130 (2010) STS-131 Plastid--Biorack BRIC-16 STS-84 (1997) STS-131 (2010) TROPI-1-EMCS STS-121 (2006) STS-115 STS-116 (2007) STS-117 STS-120 TROPI Experiments: Arabidopsis seedlings TROPI-1 •Basic idea: photoresponses can be studied in the absence of gravity. European Modular Cultivation System •We were first group to use this facility. Trondheim Experiment Unique Equipment (EUE) 5 3 4 1 2 TROPI - Seedling Cassette Soaked with nutrient medium & hydrated on ISS Seeds were placed on this; dark color provides better contrast for video recording Heater prevents fogging to ensure high-quality video Post-flight Procedures 1. -
Plant Tropisms: Providing the Power of Movement to a Sessile Organism
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49: 665-674 (2005) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.052028ce Plant tropisms: providing the power of movement to a sessile organism C. ALEX ESMON, ULLAS V. PEDMALE and EMMANUEL LISCUM* University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, USA ABSTRACT In an attempt to compensate for their sessile nature, plants have developed growth responses to deal with the copious and rapid changes in their environment. These responses are known as tropisms and they are marked by a directional growth response that is the result of differential cellular growth and development in response to an external stimulation such as light, gravity or touch. While the mechanics of tropic growth and subsequent development have been the topic of debate for more than a hundred years, only recently have researchers been able to make strides in understanding how plants perceive and respond to tropic stimulations, thanks in large part to mutant analysis and recent advances in genomics. This paper focuses on the recent advances in four of the best-understood tropic responses and how each affects plant growth and develop- ment: phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism and hydrotropism. While progress has been made in deciphering the events between tropic stimulation signal perception and each character- istic growth response, there are many areas that remain unclear, some of which will be discussed herein. As has become evident, each tropic response pathway exhibits distinguishing characteris- tics. However, these pathways of tropic perception and response also have overlapping compo- nents – a fact that is certainly related to the necessity for pathway integration given the ever- changing environment that surrounds every plant. -
Multiscale Integration of Environmental Stimuli in Plant
Multiscale integration of environmental stimuli in plant tropism produces complex behaviors Derek E. Moultona,1,2 , Hadrien Oliveria,1 , and Alain Gorielya,1,2 aMathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom Edited by Enrico Coen, John Innes Center, Norwich, United Kingdom, and approved November 4, 2020 (received for review July 30, 2020) Plant tropism refers to the directed movement of an organ or expanding at different rates in response to the chemical and organism in response to external stimuli. Typically, these stimuli molecular signals. However, one cannot understand the change induce hormone transport that triggers cell growth or deforma- in shape of the plant and its position in relation to the direction tion. In turn, these local cellular changes create mechanical forces of the environmental stimulus at this level. To assess the effec- on the plant tissue that are balanced by an overall deformation tiveness of the growth response, one needs to zoom out. The net of the organ, hence changing its orientation with respect to the effect of a nonuniform cell expansion due to hormone signaling stimuli. This complex feedback mechanism takes place in a three- is a tissue-level differential growth (1) as depicted in Fig. 2. At dimensional growing plant with varying stimuli depending on the tissue level, each cross-section of the plant can be viewed the environment. We model this multiscale process in filamen- as a continuum of material that undergoes nonuniform growth tary organs for an arbitrary stimulus by explicitly linking hormone and/or remodeling (17). Differential growth locally creates cur- transport to local tissue deformation leading to the generation vature and torsion, but it also generates residual stress (18).