Root Tropisms: New Insights Leading the Growth Direction of the Hidden Half
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Plant Physiology
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant ..................................................................................................... -
Arxiv:1508.05435V1 [Physics.Bio-Ph]
Fast nastic motion of plants and bio-inspired structures Q. Guo1,2, E. Dai3, X. Han4, S. Xie5, E. Chao3, Z. Chen4 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fuzhou 350108, China 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA 4Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, NH 03755, USA 5Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA ∗ (Dated: August 25, 2015) The capability to sense and respond to external mechanical stimuli at various timescales is es- sential to many physiological aspects in plants, including self-protection, intake of nutrients, and reproduction. Remarkably, some plants have evolved the ability to react to mechanical stimuli within a few seconds despite a lack of muscles and nerves. The fast movements of plants in response to mechanical stimuli have long captured the curiosity of scientists and engineers, but the mechanisms behind these rapid thigmonastic movements still are not understood completely. In this article, we provide an overview of such thigmonastic movements in several representative plants, including Dionaea, Utricularia, Aldrovanda, Drosera, and Mimosa. In addition, we review a series of studies that present biomimetic structures inspired by fast moving plants. We hope that this article will shed light on the current status of research on the fast movements of plants and bioinspired struc- tures and also promote interdisciplinary studies on both the fundamental mechanisms of plants’ fast movements and biomimetic structures for engineering applications, such as artificial muscles, multi-stable structures, and bioinspired robots. -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
SMITHSONIAN MJSCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-I'"i nit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture WMW (Publication 3013) t APR5-k CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture (Publication 3013) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 Z^c Bovb (^aPfttnorc (preee BALTIMORE, MD., O. 8. A, TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA By N. E. McIndoo senior entomologist, deciduous-fruit insect investigations, bureau of entomology, u. s. department of agriculture CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 2 A. Tropisins 2 I. Phototaxis 3 1. Review of literature : 3 (a) Definitions and problems in the study of light reactions... 3 (b) Are light reactions adaptive ? 4 (c) Is orientation accomplished by selection of trial movements? 5 (d) How do light rays bring about orientation? 5 (e) Do circus movements support Loeb's theory? 5 (f ) What wave lengths stimulate insects most? 6 (g) Light traps are not yet considered successful 9 2. Phototactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 10 II. Chemotaxis 14 1. Review of literature 14 2. Chemotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 17 III. Geotaxis 19 1. Review of literature 19 2. Geotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 20 IV. Thigmotaxis 21 1. Review of literature 21 2. Thigmotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 22 B. -
An Integrative Model of Plant Gravitropism Linking Statoliths
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.01.425032; this version posted January 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 An integrative model of plant gravitropism linking statoliths position and auxin transport Nicolas Levernier 1;∗, Olivier Pouliquen 1 and Yoël Forterre 1 1Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IUSTI, Marseille, France Correspondence*: IUSTI, 5 rue Enrico Fermi, 13453 Marseille cedex 13, France [email protected] 2 ABSTRACT 3 Gravity is a major cue for the proper growth and development of plants. The response of 4 plants to gravity implies starch-filled plastids, the statoliths, which sediments at the bottom of 5 the gravisensing cells, the statocytes. Statoliths are assumed to modify the transport of the 6 growth hormone, auxin, by acting on specific auxin transporters, PIN proteins. However, the 7 complete gravitropic signaling pathway from the intracellular signal associated to statoliths to 8 the plant bending is still not well understood. In this article, we build on recent experimental 9 results showing that statoliths do not act as gravitational force sensor, but as position sensor, to 10 develop a bottom-up theory of plant gravitropism. The main hypothesis of the model is that the 11 presence of statoliths modifies PIN trafficking close to the cell membrane. This basic assumption, 12 coupled with auxin transport and growth in an idealized tissue made of a one-dimensional array 13 of cells, recovers several major features of the gravitropic response of plants. -
Ovary Signals for Directional Pollen Tube Growth
Sex Plant Reprod (2001) 14:3–7 © Springer-Verlag 2001 REVIEW M. Herrero Ovary signals for directional pollen tube growth Received: 15 December 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2001 Abstract In angiosperms, the female gametophyte has a work has focussed on pollen tube growth along the stig- secluded life; it is protected by several concentric layers ma and style, the ovary has been neglected; it has often that envelop each other. The embryo sac is surrounded been assumed that once the pollen tubes arrive at the by the nucellus, which in turn is wrapped by the integu- base of the style fertilisation occurs. However, informa- ments forming the ovule, which is nested in the ovary. tion is converging toward the concept (Herrero 2000) These wrappings are not hermetic, but contain little that the process is far from straightforward, and that in “gates” the pollen tube must traverse on its way towards the ovary, also, an interesting male-female interaction the embryo sac. Information is emerging that shows that occurs. the ovary and ovule provide signals orienting and direct- A close look at the ovary shows that the female game- imng the pollen tube on the right course. There are three tophyte has a secluded life, protected by a number of main bodies of evidence supporting this hypothesis. One concentric layers that consecutively envelop each other. relates to developmental changes in the female tissues Thus, the embryo sac is surrounded by the nucellus, and how they affect pollen tube growth. The second re- which in turn is wrapped by the integuments forming the fers to defective ovule mutants, which induce defective ovule, which is nested in the ovary. -
Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 28 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, 8, (Suppl-1, M2) 28-57 Open Access Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi Alexander Lichius1,* and Kathryn M. Lord2 1Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom Abstract: Research on cell communication and differentiation in filamentous fungi has provided a number of novel insights into chemoattractive mechanisms in recent years. Still, identification of specific chemoattractant molecules, cognate receptors and downstream signaling pathways is strongly biased towards those involved in mating; probably due to the relative ease of functional genomic comparison to the budding yeast model. The multicellular nature of filamentous fungi, however, preserved a more complex morphology compared to unicellular fungi and revealed chemoattractive mechanisms lost during yeast evolution. Two hallmarks of this higher complexity are the formation of an interconnected colony network and the development of elaborate sexual reproductive organs. Morphogenesis of both structures depends on two different modes of chemoattraction: attraction to self and attraction to nonself. Nonself chemoattraction between genetically distinct mating partners is the basis for sexual reproduction and generally regulated through a bilateral sex- pheromone/cognate-receptor system, widely but not exclusively equivalent to that known from yeasts. In contrast, self- chemoattraction between genetically identical cells is regulated independently of the sex-pheromone/cognate-receptor systems, and does not exist in yeast. Although both chemoattractive modes do share a number of molecular components, we are only beginning to understand how cell morphogenesis is regulated by means of gene expression and targeted protein recruitment during the establishment of self-fusion. -
Plant-Environment Interactions: from Sensory Plant Biology to Active
Signaling and Communication in Plants Series Editors František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Jorge Vivanco Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, 217 Shepardson Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA František Baluška Editor Plant-Environment Interactions From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior Editor František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology IZMB University of Bonn Kirschallee 1 D-53115 Bonn Germany email: [email protected] ISSN 1867-9048 ISBN 978-3-540-89229-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89230-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938968 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com František Baluška dedicates this book to Prof. -
Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™
Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Table of Contents Introduction to Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Nutrition with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Plant Nutrition Activity . .7 Introduction to Tropisms . .10 Investigating Tropisms with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .10 Materials in the Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Hormone Kit • 1 pack of Standard Wisconsin Fast Plants™ • 1 packet anti-algal square (2 squares per packet) Seeds • 8 watering pipettes • 1 pack of Rosette-Dwarf Wisconsin Fast • 1 L potting soil Plants™ Seeds • 1 package of dried bees • 100-ppm Gibberellic Acid (4 oz) • four 4-cell quads • 1oz pelleted fertilizer • 16 support stakes • 2 watering trays • 16 support rings • 2 watering mats • Growing Instructions • wicks (package of 70) For additional activities, student pages and related resources, please visit the Wisconsin Fast Plants’ website at www.fastplants.org Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Plant physiology is the study of how plants individual is the result of the genetic makeup function. The activities and background (genotype) of that organism being expressed in information in this booklet are designed to the environment in which the organism exists. support investigations into three primary areas Components of the environment are physical of plant physiology: Nutrition, Tropism, and (temperature, light, gravity), chemical (water, Hormone Response (using gibberellin). elements, salts, complex molecules), and biotic (microbes, animals and other plants). Fundamental to the study of physiology is Environmental investigations in this booklet understanding the role that environment plays focus on the influence of nutrients, gravity, and in the functioning and appearance (phenotype) a growth-regulating hormone. -
Phototropism in Seedlings of Sunflower, Helianthus Annuus L
1 m % %ik PHOTOTROPISM IN SEEDLINGS OF SUNFLOWER, HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. J. M. FRANSSEN NN08201,824 581.184.5:582.998 J. M. FRANSSEN PHOTOTROPISM IN SEEDLINGS OF SUNFLOWER, HELIÂNTHUS ANNUUSL. Proefschrift ter verkrijging van degraa d van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, opgeza gva n derecto r magnificus, dr. H. C.-vande rPlas , hoogleraar in de organische scheikunde, in het openbaar te verdedigen opvrijda g 14 november 1980 desnamiddag s tevie ruu r in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool teWageningen . H. VEENMAN &ZONE N B.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1980 STELLINGEN I De Cholodny-Went theoriei snie t algemeen geldig. Dit proefschrift II De fototrope kromming in kiemplanten van Helianthusannum L. is onaf hankelijk van de groeisnelheid. Dit proefschrift III Fototropie in kiemplanten van Helianthus annuus L. is een blauw-licht effect, zoweltijden s de-etioleringal stijden s eenzijdige belichting. Dit proefschrift IV De bewering van Lam en Leopold dat de cotylen een rol spelen in de fototrope reactie is niet juist en berust op een door de cotylen gereguleerde invloed op delengtegroe i van het hypocotyl. LAM, S. L. and A. C. LEOPOLD (1966): Plant Physiol. 41, 847-851; SHUTTLEWORTH, J. E. and M. BLACK (1977): Planta t35, 51-55 V Debenaminge n 'tip-response'voo rd eeerst epositiev ereacti ee n 'base-response' voor de C-type reactie bij fototropie van geëtioleerde Avena saliva coleop- tielen zijn foutief. BLAAUW, O. H. and G. BLAAUW-JANSEN (1970): Acta Bot. Neerl. 19, 764-776. VI De basipetale verplaatsing van het punt van kromming, waargenomen in geo- tropie, is niet het gevolg van de geotrope reactie zelf maar van de auto- trope reactie. -
Tropism Flip Book Unit 8
Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _______ 7th Grade Science Tropism Flip Book Unit 8 Directions: You are going to create a quick reference chart for the various types of Tropism . Tropism is a term that refers to how an organism grows due to an external stimulus. For each type of tropism, you will need to provide a definition and a picture/example of that type of tropism. Below is a list of terms that you will include in your “Flip Book”. Flip Book Terms: Internal Stimuli External Stimuli Gravitropism Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Thigmatropism How Do You Create a Flip Book? Step 1: Obtain 4 half sheets of paper. Stack the sheets of paper on top of each other. They should be staggered about a 2 cm. See the picture below. 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm Step 2: Now fold the top half of the 4 pieces of paper forward. Now all of the pieces of paper are staggered 2 cm. You should have 8 tabs. Place two staples at the very top. Staples Tab #1 Tab #2 Tab #3 Tab #4 Tab #5 Tab #6 Tab #7 Tab #8 Step 3: On the very top tab (Tab #1) you are going to write/draw the words " Tropism Flip Book ". You may use markers or colored pencils throughout this project to color and decorate your flip book. Also write your name and period. See the example below. Tropism Flip Book Your Name Period Step 4: At the bottom of each tab you are going to write each of the flip book terms (Internal Stimuli, External Stimuli, Gravitropism, Phototropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism, and Thigmatropism ). -
Regulation of the Gravitropic Response and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Gravistimulated Snapdragon Spikes by Calcium Chelators and Ethylene Lnhibitors’
Plant Physiol. (1996) 110: 301-310 Regulation of the Gravitropic Response and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Gravistimulated Snapdragon Spikes by Calcium Chelators and Ethylene lnhibitors’ Sonia Philosoph-Hadas*, Shimon Meir, Ida Rosenberger, and Abraham H. Halevy Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (S.P.-H., S.M., I.R.); and Department of Horticulture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot 761 00, Israel (A.H.H.) vireacting organ; this causes the growth asymmetry that The possible involvement of Ca2+ as a second messenger in leads to coleoptile reorientation. Originally devised for snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) shoot gravitropism, as well as grass coleoptiles, this theory was soon generalized to ex- the role of ethylene in this bending response, were analyzed in plain the manifold gravitropic reactions of stems and roots terms of stem curvature and gravity-induced asymmetric ethylene as well. Evidence in favor of the Cholodny-Went hypoth- production rates, ethylene-related metabolites, and invertase esis has emerged from various studies showing an asym- activity across the stem. Application of CaZ+ chelators (ethylenedia- metric distribution of auxin, specifically IAA, in gravi- minetetraacetic acid, trans-1,2-cyclohexane dinitro-N,N,N’,N’- stimulated grass coleoptiles (McClure and Guilfoyle, 1989; tetraacetic acid, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N’,Nf,-tet- Li et al., 1991). However, it appears that changes in sensi- raacetic acid) or a CaZ+ antagonist (LaCI,) to the spikes caused a significant loss of their gravitropic response following horizontal tivity of the gravity receptor and time-dependent gravity- placement. -
Tamilnadu Board Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Term I
UNIT Living World of Plants - 6 Plant Physiology Learning Objectives At the end of this unit the students will be able to understand, that Plants too have certain autonomic movements how do plants produce their food through the process of photosynthesis? that Plants are the primary producers that feed the rest of the living organisms Introduction (sunflower) follows the path of the sun from dawn to dusk, (from east to west) and Animals move in search of food, shelter and during night it moves from west to east. for reproduction, even microorganisms The dance of Desmodium gyrans (Indian show movement. telegraph plant) leaf is mesmerizing. Do plants show such movement We see a branch of a tree shaking in heavy thunder storm; and leaves dancing in gentle wind. These movements are caused by an external agency. Do they Move on their 6.1 own Accord In short, do plants have spontaneous movements without external agency? Do they breathe? In this chapter we will study some of the biological functions of plants. 6.2 Do Plants Move The leaves of Mimosa pudica (touch-me- not plant) closes on touching, and in like manner, the stalk of Helianthus annuus Mimosa pudica 6 . L i v i ng Wo l d o P a nt P a nt P y s i o og 133 IX_Science Unit-6.indd 133 27-03-2018 12:31:36 Activity 1 Roots grow down and shoots grow up You can do this experiment with some of your friends. Step -1 It is easy and fun. Take four or ve earthen cups or small pots and ll them with soil from a eld.