DOCSLIB.ORG

Tropisms, Nastic Movements, & Photoperiods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tropisms, Nastic Movements, & Photoperiods Tropisms, Nastic Movements, & Photoperiods Plant Growth & Development Tropisms Defined as: ____________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 3 Types: - Phototropism - ____________ - Thigmotropism Tropisms Defined as: Plant growth responses to environmental stimuli that occur in the direction of the stimuli 3 Types: - Phototropism - Gravitropism - Thigmotropism Phototropism Defined as: the tendency of a plant to grow toward a light source Cool corn - Can be within hours - Caused by ________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Phototropism Defined as: the tendency of a plant to grow toward a light source Cool corn - Can be within hours - Caused by changes in auxin concentrations; auxins migrate to shaded tissue, causing elongation of cells Gravitropism Defined as: tendency of shoots to grow upwards (_________ gravitropism) and roots to grow downwards (____________ gravitropism) - Also related to auxin migration - Photoreceptors in shoots determine the light source Arabidopsis Gravitropism Defined as: tendency of shoots to grow upwards (negative gravitropism) and roots to grow downwards (positive gravitropism) - Also related to auxin migration - Photoreceptors in shoots determine the light source Arabidopsis Gravitropism - __________ (cells with starch grains instead of chloroplasts) in roots determine the gravitational pull Gravitropism - Stratoliths (cells with starch grains instead of chloroplasts) in roots determine the gravitational pull Thigmotropism Defined as: _________________ ___________________________ - Usually found in plants that need structures to wrap around as they grow (vines, climbing plants) - Stems or ________ may wrap tightly around objects they encounter to reach light Thigmotropism Defined as: a plant’s response to touch - Usually found in plants that need structures to wrap around as they grow (vines, climbing plants) - Stems or tendrils may wrap tightly around objects they encounter to reach light Nastic Movements Defined as: a plant’s response to an environmental stimulus ___________________ ______________________________________ ____________________________ Example: Venus flytrap, sensitive plant Nastic Movements Defined as: a plant’s response to an environmental stimulus that does not necessarily take place in the direction of the stimulus Example: Venus flytrap, sensitive plant Response to Seasons ______________determines growth and flowering of plants at various times of the year - Phytochrome responsible for _____ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Response to Seasons Photoperiod determines growth and flowering of plants at various times of the year - Phytochrome responsible for plants’ photoperiod responses by detecting red light and activating signaling pathways in plant cells 4 Effects of Photoperiod on Flowering: _____________: flowers only when exposed to an extended period of darkness (Ex. Poinsettia) Long-Day Plant: flowers when exposed to a___________________________(Ex. Iris) 4 Effects of Photoperiod on Flowering: Short-Day Plant: flowers only when exposed to an extended period of darkness (Ex. Poinsettia) Long-Day Plant: flowerswhen exposed to a short period of darkness (Ex. Iris) 4 Effects of Photoperiod on Flowering: ________________________: flowers when exposed to days & nights of approximately the same length (Ex. cone flower) Day-Neutral Plant: _____________ ____________________________ ____________________________ (Ex. corn) 4 Effects of Photoperiod on Flowering: Intermediate-Day Plant: flowers when exposed to days & nights of approximately the same length (Ex. cone flower) Day-Neutral Plant: flowers regardless of day or night length (Ex. corn).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytochrome Effects in the Nyctinastic Leaf Movements of Albizzia Julibrissin and Some Other Legumes1 2 William S
    Plant Physiol. (1967) 42, 1413-1418 Phytochrome Effects in the Nyctinastic Leaf Movements of Albizzia julibrissin and Some Other Legumes1 2 William S. Hillman and Willard L. Koukkari Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 Received June 5, 1967. Summnary. Participation of phytochrome 'is evident in the nyctinastic responise of leaves of Albizzia julibrissin (silk-tree), Albizzia lophantha, Leucaena glauca, Poinciana gilliesi and Calliandra inequilatera; closure of excised pairs of pinnules upon darkening is rapid following red illumination and slow following far-red. Under good conditions the difiference is obvious within 10 minutes. These observations conifirm a report by Fondeville, Borthwick, and Hendricks on the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, but indicate that the efifect bears no necessary relationship to the anomalous sensitivity of Mimosa. In A. julibrissin, phytochrome control is mnarked in experiments conducted early in the daily 12-hour light period and appears absent, or nearly so, toward the end of the light period, perhaps due to interaction with an endogenous circadian rhythm. Effects of leaf maturity and of the position of a pinnule-pair within a leaf are also evident. Tih-ese results are not easily reconciled with hypotheses of phytochrome action through gene activation and nucleic acid synthesis, but are consistent with hypothess ibased onl permeability changes and membrane properties. The mgnitude and reproducibility of the response in A. jutlibrissin suggest its use as a lajboratory exercise; this and related systems should prove valuable for eventuai identification of the mechanism of phytochrome action. Fondeville, Borthwick, and Hendricks (2) re- pinnately twice-compound leaves generally similar in ported on a role of phytochrome in the nyctinastic character to those of Mimosa pudica, (but not obviously response of the sensitive plant, Mimnosa pudica: closure sensitive to the touch.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1508.05435V1 [Physics.Bio-Ph]
    Fast nastic motion of plants and bio-inspired structures Q. Guo1,2, E. Dai3, X. Han4, S. Xie5, E. Chao3, Z. Chen4 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fuzhou 350108, China 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA 4Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, NH 03755, USA 5Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA ∗ (Dated: August 25, 2015) The capability to sense and respond to external mechanical stimuli at various timescales is es- sential to many physiological aspects in plants, including self-protection, intake of nutrients, and reproduction. Remarkably, some plants have evolved the ability to react to mechanical stimuli within a few seconds despite a lack of muscles and nerves. The fast movements of plants in response to mechanical stimuli have long captured the curiosity of scientists and engineers, but the mechanisms behind these rapid thigmonastic movements still are not understood completely. In this article, we provide an overview of such thigmonastic movements in several representative plants, including Dionaea, Utricularia, Aldrovanda, Drosera, and Mimosa. In addition, we review a series of studies that present biomimetic structures inspired by fast moving plants. We hope that this article will shed light on the current status of research on the fast movements of plants and bioinspired struc- tures and also promote interdisciplinary studies on both the fundamental mechanisms of plants’ fast movements and biomimetic structures for engineering applications, such as artificial muscles, multi-stable structures, and bioinspired robots.
    [Show full text]
  • Control and Coordination Class
    BY SMT. RENUKA BALA BHAKAT AECS , NARWAPAHAR TYPES OF MOVEMENTS 1. TROPIC MOVEMENTS 2. NASTIC MOVEMENTS Movement of plant towards the stimulus is called tropic movement . Phototropism – Movement of plant towards light is called phototropism. Shoot grow towards light. Shoot is positively phototropic while root is negatively phototropic . Movement of plants in response to gravity is called geotropism . Roots are positively geotropic and shoots are negatively geotropic . Growth of plants towards water is called hydrotropism . Roots grow towards water. Movement of plants towards chemicals is called chemotropism . Growth of pollen tube towards ovule is an example of chemotropism. Nastic movement is not a directional movement of the plant part with response to the stimulus. In nastic movement, from whichever direction the stimulus is applied, it affects all the parts of the organ of a plant equally and they always move in the same direction . Mimosa pudica (touch me not) Plant hormones are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis to regulation of organ size, pathogen defense, stress tolerance and reproductive development. The auxin group of hormones has a wide range of uses in a plant. Auxin molecules are found in all tissues in a plant. However, they tend to be concentrated in the meristems, growth centres which are at the forefront of growth. These centres release auxin molecules, which are then distributed towards the roots. In this way, the plant can coordinate its size, and the growth and development of different tissues based on the gradient of the auxin concentration.
    [Show full text]
  • Botany for Gardeners Offers a Clear Explanation of How Plants Grow
    BotGar_Cover (5-8-2004) 11/8/04 11:18 AM Page 1 $19.95/ £14.99 GARDENING & HORTICULTURE/Reference Botany for Gardeners offers a clear explanation of how plants grow. • What happens inside a seed after it is planted? Botany for Gardeners Botany • How are plants structured? • How do plants adapt to their environment? • How is water transported from soil to leaves? • Why are minerals, air, and light important for healthy plant growth? • How do plants reproduce? The answers to these and other questions about complex plant processes, written in everyday language, allow gardeners and horticulturists to understand plants “from the plant’s point of view.” A bestseller since its debut in 1990, Botany for Gardeners has now been expanded and updated, and includes an appendix on plant taxonomy and a comprehensive index. Twodozen new photos and illustrations Botany for Gardeners make this new edition even more attractive than its predecessor. REVISED EDITION Brian Capon received a ph.d. in botany Brian Capon from the University of Chicago and was for thirty years professor of botany at California State University, Los Angeles. He is the author of Plant Survival: Adapting to a Hostile Brian World, also published by Timber Press. Author photo by Dan Terwilliger. Capon For details on other Timber Press books or to receive our catalog, please visit our Web site, www.timberpress.com. In the United States and Canada you may also reach us at 1-800-327-5680, and in the United Kingdom at [email protected]. ISBN 0-88192-655-8 ISBN 0-88192-655-8 90000 TIMBER PRESS 0 08819 26558 0 9 780881 926552 UPC EAN 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:20 AM Page 1 Botany for Gardeners 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 2 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 3 Botany for Gardeners Revised Edition Written and Illustrated by BRIAN CAPON TIMBER PRESS Portland * Cambridge 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 4 Cover photographs by the author.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrative Model of Plant Gravitropism Linking Statoliths
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.01.425032; this version posted January 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 An integrative model of plant gravitropism linking statoliths position and auxin transport Nicolas Levernier 1;∗, Olivier Pouliquen 1 and Yoël Forterre 1 1Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IUSTI, Marseille, France Correspondence*: IUSTI, 5 rue Enrico Fermi, 13453 Marseille cedex 13, France [email protected] 2 ABSTRACT 3 Gravity is a major cue for the proper growth and development of plants. The response of 4 plants to gravity implies starch-filled plastids, the statoliths, which sediments at the bottom of 5 the gravisensing cells, the statocytes. Statoliths are assumed to modify the transport of the 6 growth hormone, auxin, by acting on specific auxin transporters, PIN proteins. However, the 7 complete gravitropic signaling pathway from the intracellular signal associated to statoliths to 8 the plant bending is still not well understood. In this article, we build on recent experimental 9 results showing that statoliths do not act as gravitational force sensor, but as position sensor, to 10 develop a bottom-up theory of plant gravitropism. The main hypothesis of the model is that the 11 presence of statoliths modifies PIN trafficking close to the cell membrane. This basic assumption, 12 coupled with auxin transport and growth in an idealized tissue made of a one-dimensional array 13 of cells, recovers several major features of the gravitropic response of plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant-Environment Interactions: from Sensory Plant Biology to Active
    Signaling and Communication in Plants Series Editors František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Jorge Vivanco Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, 217 Shepardson Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA František Baluška Editor Plant-Environment Interactions From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior Editor František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology IZMB University of Bonn Kirschallee 1 D-53115 Bonn Germany email: [email protected] ISSN 1867-9048 ISBN 978-3-540-89229-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89230-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938968 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com František Baluška dedicates this book to Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Phototropism in Seedlings of Sunflower, Helianthus Annuus L
    1 m % %ik PHOTOTROPISM IN SEEDLINGS OF SUNFLOWER, HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. J. M. FRANSSEN NN08201,824 581.184.5:582.998 J. M. FRANSSEN PHOTOTROPISM IN SEEDLINGS OF SUNFLOWER, HELIÂNTHUS ANNUUSL. Proefschrift ter verkrijging van degraa d van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, opgeza gva n derecto r magnificus, dr. H. C.-vande rPlas , hoogleraar in de organische scheikunde, in het openbaar te verdedigen opvrijda g 14 november 1980 desnamiddag s tevie ruu r in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool teWageningen . H. VEENMAN &ZONE N B.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1980 STELLINGEN I De Cholodny-Went theoriei snie t algemeen geldig. Dit proefschrift II De fototrope kromming in kiemplanten van Helianthusannum L. is onaf­ hankelijk van de groeisnelheid. Dit proefschrift III Fototropie in kiemplanten van Helianthus annuus L. is een blauw-licht effect, zoweltijden s de-etioleringal stijden s eenzijdige belichting. Dit proefschrift IV De bewering van Lam en Leopold dat de cotylen een rol spelen in de fototrope reactie is niet juist en berust op een door de cotylen gereguleerde invloed op delengtegroe i van het hypocotyl. LAM, S. L. and A. C. LEOPOLD (1966): Plant Physiol. 41, 847-851; SHUTTLEWORTH, J. E. and M. BLACK (1977): Planta t35, 51-55 V Debenaminge n 'tip-response'voo rd eeerst epositiev ereacti ee n 'base-response' voor de C-type reactie bij fototropie van geëtioleerde Avena saliva coleop- tielen zijn foutief. BLAAUW, O. H. and G. BLAAUW-JANSEN (1970): Acta Bot. Neerl. 19, 764-776. VI De basipetale verplaatsing van het punt van kromming, waargenomen in geo- tropie, is niet het gevolg van de geotrope reactie zelf maar van de auto- trope reactie.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropism Flip Book Unit 8
    Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _______ 7th Grade Science Tropism Flip Book Unit 8 Directions: You are going to create a quick reference chart for the various types of Tropism . Tropism is a term that refers to how an organism grows due to an external stimulus. For each type of tropism, you will need to provide a definition and a picture/example of that type of tropism. Below is a list of terms that you will include in your “Flip Book”. Flip Book Terms: Internal Stimuli External Stimuli Gravitropism Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Thigmatropism How Do You Create a Flip Book? Step 1: Obtain 4 half sheets of paper. Stack the sheets of paper on top of each other. They should be staggered about a 2 cm. See the picture below. 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm Step 2: Now fold the top half of the 4 pieces of paper forward. Now all of the pieces of paper are staggered 2 cm. You should have 8 tabs. Place two staples at the very top. Staples Tab #1 Tab #2 Tab #3 Tab #4 Tab #5 Tab #6 Tab #7 Tab #8 Step 3: On the very top tab (Tab #1) you are going to write/draw the words " Tropism Flip Book ". You may use markers or colored pencils throughout this project to color and decorate your flip book. Also write your name and period. See the example below. Tropism Flip Book Your Name Period Step 4: At the bottom of each tab you are going to write each of the flip book terms (Internal Stimuli, External Stimuli, Gravitropism, Phototropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism, and Thigmatropism ).
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of the Gravitropic Response and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Gravistimulated Snapdragon Spikes by Calcium Chelators and Ethylene Lnhibitors’
    Plant Physiol. (1996) 110: 301-310 Regulation of the Gravitropic Response and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Gravistimulated Snapdragon Spikes by Calcium Chelators and Ethylene lnhibitors’ Sonia Philosoph-Hadas*, Shimon Meir, Ida Rosenberger, and Abraham H. Halevy Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (S.P.-H., S.M., I.R.); and Department of Horticulture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot 761 00, Israel (A.H.H.) vireacting organ; this causes the growth asymmetry that The possible involvement of Ca2+ as a second messenger in leads to coleoptile reorientation. Originally devised for snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) shoot gravitropism, as well as grass coleoptiles, this theory was soon generalized to ex- the role of ethylene in this bending response, were analyzed in plain the manifold gravitropic reactions of stems and roots terms of stem curvature and gravity-induced asymmetric ethylene as well. Evidence in favor of the Cholodny-Went hypoth- production rates, ethylene-related metabolites, and invertase esis has emerged from various studies showing an asym- activity across the stem. Application of CaZ+ chelators (ethylenedia- metric distribution of auxin, specifically IAA, in gravi- minetetraacetic acid, trans-1,2-cyclohexane dinitro-N,N,N’,N’- stimulated grass coleoptiles (McClure and Guilfoyle, 1989; tetraacetic acid, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N’,Nf,-tet- Li et al., 1991). However, it appears that changes in sensi- raacetic acid) or a CaZ+ antagonist (LaCI,) to the spikes caused a significant loss of their gravitropic response following horizontal tivity of the gravity receptor and time-dependent gravity- placement.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Gravitropism
    CHATTARAJ, PARNA. Gravitropism in Physcomitrella patens : A Microtubule Dependent Process (Under the direction of Dr. Nina Strömgren Allen) The plant cytoskeleton plays an important role in the early stages of gravisignaling (Kiss, 2000). Although in vascular plants, actin filaments are used predominantly to sense changes in the gravity vector, microtubules have been shown to play an important role in moss gravitropism (Schwuchow et al., 1990). The moss Physcomitrella patens is a model organism and was used here to investigate the role of microtubules with respect to the gravitropic response. Dark grown caulonemal filaments of P. patens are negatively gravitropic and the readily imaged tip growing apical cell is a “single-cell system” which both senses and responds to changes in the gravity vector. MTs were imaged before and after gravistimulation with and without MT depolymerizing agents. Six-day-old filaments were embedded in low melting agarose under dim green light, allowed to recover overnight in darkness and gravistimulated for 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. Using indirect immunofluorecence and high resolution imaging, MTs were seen to accumulate in the lower flank of the gravistimulated tip cell starting 30 min post turning and peaking 60 min after gravistimulation of the cells. The microtubule depolymerizing drug, oryzalin (0.1 µM for 5 min), caused MTs to disintegrate and delayed MT redistribution by 3hrs 30min. Growth of the oryzalin treated filaments was analyzed and a delay in growth was observed for both gravi and non-gravistimulated filaments. Tip cells bulged and sometimes branched after 75 min. This study demonstrates that microtubules are important for growth in P.
    [Show full text]
  • Auxin and Root Gravitropism: Addressing Basic Cellular Processes by Exploiting a Defined Growth Response
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Auxin and Root Gravitropism: Addressing Basic Cellular Processes by Exploiting a Defined Growth Response Nataliia Konstantinova, Barbara Korbei and Christian Luschnig * Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria; [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (B.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Root architecture and growth are decisive for crop performance and yield, and thus a highly topical research field in plant sciences. The root system of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is the ideal system to obtain insights into fundamental key parameters and molecular players involved in underlying regulatory circuits of root growth, particularly in responses to environmental stimuli. Root gravitropism, directional growth along the gravity, in particular represents a highly sensitive readout, suitable to study adjustments in polar auxin transport and to identify molecular determinants involved. This review strives to summarize and give an overview into the function of PIN-FORMED auxin transport proteins, emphasizing on their sorting and polarity control. As there already is an abundance of information, the focus lies in integrating this wealth of information on mechanisms and pathways. This overview of a highly dynamic and complex field highlights recent developments in understanding the role of auxin in higher plants. Specifically, it exemplifies, how analysis of a single, defined growth response contributes to our understanding of basic cellular processes in general. Citation: Konstantinova, N.; Korbei, B.; Luschnig, C. Auxin and Root Keywords: auxin; polar auxin transport; root gravitropism; PIN-FORMED Gravitropism: Addressing Basic Cellular Processes by Exploiting a Defined Growth Response.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Hormones and Tropic Responses
    Chapter 3: Plant Hormones and Tropic Responses Plant Hormones and Tropic Responses Brief Description: • Potting soil here are many hormones in plants and they all play diferent • Polystyrene cups roles. In this lesson students will learn about hormones such as • Scissors ethylene, gibberellins, cytokinin, absiscic acid and the applica- • Aluminum tray tion of hormones in commercial horticulture. • Fertilizer • Water Tropic responses in plants are those responses to light, gravity and touch. In this lesson students will learn about the difer- Vocabulary: ent tropic responses and set up experiments to demonstrate apical bud, branch, cell, cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplast, hormone efects and plant responses to stimulus. Data will be lower, fruit, internode, lateral bud, leaf blade, nucleus node, collected and summarized in tables and graphs. organelle petiole, root, root cap, stem, tissue, vacuole, abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, geotropic, gibberellin, Objective: hormone, phototropic, tropism and thigmotropic Students will be able to: 1. Grow a plant from a seed. Background: 2. Identify parts of a plant and plant cells. Plant Tissues and Structure: Plants are composed of cells 3. Understand the role plant hormones play in plant which together with other similar cells make tissues. Groups of growth. tissues form plant organs such as roots, stems, leaves and low- 4. Understand what plant tropisms are. ers (if present). 5. Work in groups to design and conduct an experiment to demonstrate a plant hormone or tropic response. Hormones and Tropisms: he distribution and concentra- tion of plant hormones occur on a cellular level. he presence, Time: absence, or balance of hormone in a tissue afects a tropism in Part I.
    [Show full text]