Multiscale Integration of Environmental Stimuli in Plant
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Stenospermocarpy Biological Mechanism That Produces Seedlessness in Some Fruits (Many Table Grapes, Watermelon)
Phytohormones The growth and development of a plant are influenced by: •Gene:c factors •External environmental factors •Chemical hormones inside the plant Secondary messengers 1. Involve in the transfer informaon from sources to targets 2. Amplify the signal produced by the phytohormone Phytohormones Plant hormones are organic compounds that are effec:ve at very low concentraon (1g 20,000 tons-1) They interact with specific target :ssues to cause physiological responses •Growth •Fruit ripening Phytohormones •Hormones s:mulate or inhibit plant growth Major groups of hormones: 1. Auxins 2. Gibberellins 3. Ethylene 4. Cytokinins 5. Abscisic acid 6. Brassinostereoids 7. Salicylic acid 8. Polyaminas 9. Jasmonates 10. Systemin 11. Nitric oxide Arabidopsis thaliana Phytohormones EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCED GROWTH Auxins Auxin causes several responses in plants: * Phototropism * Geotropism * Promo:on of apical dominance * Flower formaon * Fruit set and growth * Formaon of adven::ous roots * Differen:aon of vascular :ssues (de novo or repairing existent vascular :ssue) Auxins Addi:on of auxins produce parthenocarpic fruit. Stenospermocarpy Biological mechanism that produces seedlessness in some fruits (many table grapes, watermelon) diploid + tetraploid parent = triploid seeds vegetave parthenocarpy Plants that do not require pollinaon or other s:mulaon to produce parthenocarpic fruit (cucumber) Auxins Synthe:c auxins Widely used in agriculture and hor:culture • prevent leaf abscission • prevent fruit drop • promote flowering and frui:ng • control weeds Agent Orange - 1:1 rao of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dioxin usually contaminates 2,4,5-T, which is linked to miscarriages, birth defects, leukemia, and other types of cancer. -
A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(S): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M
A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(s): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M. Gordon Reviewed work(s): Source: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 20 (1989), pp. 349-366 Published by: Annual Reviews Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2097096 . Accessed: 10/02/2012 12:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Annual Reviews is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. http://www.jstor.org Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1989. 20:349-66 Copyright ? 1989 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved A FRAMEWORKFOR PLANT BEHAVIOR Jonathan Silvertown' and Deborah M. Gordon2 'BiologyDepartment, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UnitedKingdom 2Departmentof Zoology,University of Oxford,South Parks Rd, Oxford,OXI 3PS, UnitedKingdom INTRODUCTION The language of animalbehavior is being used increasinglyto describecertain plant activities such as foraging (28, 31, 56), mate choice (67), habitatchoice (51), and sex change (9, 10). Furthermore,analytical tools such as game theory, employed to model animal behavior, have also been applied to plants (e.g. 42, 54). There is some question whetherwords used to describe animal behavior, such as the word behavior itself, or foraging, can be properly applied to the activities of plants. -
Plant Physiology
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant ..................................................................................................... -
Arxiv:1508.05435V1 [Physics.Bio-Ph]
Fast nastic motion of plants and bio-inspired structures Q. Guo1,2, E. Dai3, X. Han4, S. Xie5, E. Chao3, Z. Chen4 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fuzhou 350108, China 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA 4Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, NH 03755, USA 5Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA ∗ (Dated: August 25, 2015) The capability to sense and respond to external mechanical stimuli at various timescales is es- sential to many physiological aspects in plants, including self-protection, intake of nutrients, and reproduction. Remarkably, some plants have evolved the ability to react to mechanical stimuli within a few seconds despite a lack of muscles and nerves. The fast movements of plants in response to mechanical stimuli have long captured the curiosity of scientists and engineers, but the mechanisms behind these rapid thigmonastic movements still are not understood completely. In this article, we provide an overview of such thigmonastic movements in several representative plants, including Dionaea, Utricularia, Aldrovanda, Drosera, and Mimosa. In addition, we review a series of studies that present biomimetic structures inspired by fast moving plants. We hope that this article will shed light on the current status of research on the fast movements of plants and bioinspired struc- tures and also promote interdisciplinary studies on both the fundamental mechanisms of plants’ fast movements and biomimetic structures for engineering applications, such as artificial muscles, multi-stable structures, and bioinspired robots. -
History and Epistemology of Plant Behaviour: a Pluralistic View?
Synthese (2021) 198:3625–3650 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02303-9 BIOBEHAVIOUR History and epistemology of plant behaviour: a pluralistic view? Quentin Hiernaux1 Received: 8 June 2018 / Accepted: 24 June 2019 / Published online: 2 July 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract Some biologists now argue in favour of a pluralistic approach to plant activities, under- standable both from the classical perspective of physiological mechanisms and that of the biology of behaviour involving choices and decisions in relation to the environ- ment. However, some do not hesitate to go further, such as plant “neurobiologists” or philosophers who today defend an intelligence, a mind or even a plant consciousness in a renewed perspective of these terms. To what extent can we then adhere to pluralism in the study of plant behaviour? How does this pluralism in the study and explanation of plant behaviour fit into, or even build itself up, in a broader history of science? Is it a revolutionary way of rethinking plant behaviour in the twenty-first century or is it an epistemological extension of an older attitude? By proposing a synthesis of the question of plant behaviour by selected elements of the history of botany, the objective is to show that the current plant biology is not unified on the question of behaviour, but that its different tendencies are in fact part of a long botanical tradition with contrasting postures. Two axes that are in fact historically linked will serve as a common thread. 1. Are there several ways of understanding or conceiving plant behaviour within plant sciences and their epistemology? 2. -
Plant Classification and Seeds
Ashley Pearson – Plant Classification and Seeds ● Green and Gorgeous Oxfordshire ● Cut flowers ● Small amounts of veg still grown and sold locally Different Classification Systems Classification by Life Cycle : Ephemeral (6-8 wks) Annual Biennial Perennial Classification by Ecology: Mesophyte, Xerophyte, Hydrophyte, Halophyte, Cryophyte Raunkiaers Life Form System: based on the resting stage Raunkiaers Life Form System Classification contd. Classification by Plant Growth Patterns Monocots vs. Dicots (NB. only applies to flowering plants - angiosperms) Binomial nomenclature e.g., Beetroot = Beta vulgaris Plantae, Angiosperms, Eudicots, Caryophyllales, Amaranthaceae, Betoideae, Beta, Beta vulgaris After morphological characters, scientists used enzymes and proteins to classify plants and hence to determine how related they were via evolution (phylogeny) Present day we use genetic data (DNA, RNA, mDNA, even chloroplast DNA) to produce phylogenetic trees Plant part modifications ● Brassica genus ● ● Roots (swede, turnips) ● Stems (kohl rabi) ● Leaves (cabbages, Brussels Sprouts-buds) ● Flowers (cauliflower, broccoli) ● Seeds (mustards, oil seed rape) Plant hormones / PGR's / phytohormones ● Chemicals present in very low concentrations that promote and influence the growth, development, and differentiation of cells and tissues. ● NB. differences to animal hormones! (no glands, no nervous system, no circulatory system, no specific mode of action) ● Not all plant cells respond to hormones, but those that do are programmed to respond at specific points in their growth cycle ● Five main classes of PGR's ● Abscisic acid (ABA) ● Role in abscission, winter bud dormancy (dormin) ● ABA-mediated signalling also plays an important part in plant responses to environmental stress and plant pathogens ● ABA is also produced in the roots in response to decreased water potential. -
Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion
Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion What is that? Which part? Have you ever see the flying bird? Why they can do stable flying? What affects them? Let’s learn! Plant’s motion Animal’s motion in water, on air, and on land Why so important?? To know and explain motion in living things Important Terms Motion Stimulation Inertia Elasticity Surface Tension Mimosa pudica Have you ever see? Mimosa pudica Response to stimulation If the leaves got stimulation, the water flow will keep away from stimulated area Stimulated area water less, turgor tension less leaves will closed Turgor tension= tension affected by cell contents to wall cell in plant Movement Movement in living system they can change chemical energy to mechanical energy Human and animal active movement Plants have different movement Motion in Plant Growth Reaction to respond stimuli (irritability) Endonom Hygroscopic Etionom PHOTOTROPISM HYDROTROPISM TROPISM GEOTROPISM THIGMOTROPISM ENDONOM RHEOTROPISM PLANT MOTION HYGROSCOPIC ETIONOM PHOTOTAXIS TAXIS CHEMOTAXIS NICTINASTY THIGMONASTY/ NASTIC SEISMONASTY PHOTONASTY COMPLEX A. Endogenous Movement Spontaneusly Not known yet its cause certainly Predicted it caused by stimulus from plant itself Ex: ◦ Movement of cytoplasm in cell ◦ Bending movement of leaf bid because of different growth velocity ◦ Movement of chloroplast Chloroplast movement B. Hygroscopic Movement Caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cell non-homogenous wrinkling Ex: ◦ The breaking of dried fruit of leguminous fruit, such as kacang buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), kembang merak (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), and Impatiens balsamina (pacar air) and other fruits ◦ The opening of sporangium in fern ◦ Rolled of peristomal gear in moss’ sporangium C. -
Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™
Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Table of Contents Introduction to Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Nutrition with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Plant Nutrition Activity . .7 Introduction to Tropisms . .10 Investigating Tropisms with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .10 Materials in the Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Hormone Kit • 1 pack of Standard Wisconsin Fast Plants™ • 1 packet anti-algal square (2 squares per packet) Seeds • 8 watering pipettes • 1 pack of Rosette-Dwarf Wisconsin Fast • 1 L potting soil Plants™ Seeds • 1 package of dried bees • 100-ppm Gibberellic Acid (4 oz) • four 4-cell quads • 1oz pelleted fertilizer • 16 support stakes • 2 watering trays • 16 support rings • 2 watering mats • Growing Instructions • wicks (package of 70) For additional activities, student pages and related resources, please visit the Wisconsin Fast Plants’ website at www.fastplants.org Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Plant physiology is the study of how plants individual is the result of the genetic makeup function. The activities and background (genotype) of that organism being expressed in information in this booklet are designed to the environment in which the organism exists. support investigations into three primary areas Components of the environment are physical of plant physiology: Nutrition, Tropism, and (temperature, light, gravity), chemical (water, Hormone Response (using gibberellin). elements, salts, complex molecules), and biotic (microbes, animals and other plants). Fundamental to the study of physiology is Environmental investigations in this booklet understanding the role that environment plays focus on the influence of nutrients, gravity, and in the functioning and appearance (phenotype) a growth-regulating hormone. -
Tropism Flip Book Unit 8
Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _______ 7th Grade Science Tropism Flip Book Unit 8 Directions: You are going to create a quick reference chart for the various types of Tropism . Tropism is a term that refers to how an organism grows due to an external stimulus. For each type of tropism, you will need to provide a definition and a picture/example of that type of tropism. Below is a list of terms that you will include in your “Flip Book”. Flip Book Terms: Internal Stimuli External Stimuli Gravitropism Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Thigmatropism How Do You Create a Flip Book? Step 1: Obtain 4 half sheets of paper. Stack the sheets of paper on top of each other. They should be staggered about a 2 cm. See the picture below. 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm Step 2: Now fold the top half of the 4 pieces of paper forward. Now all of the pieces of paper are staggered 2 cm. You should have 8 tabs. Place two staples at the very top. Staples Tab #1 Tab #2 Tab #3 Tab #4 Tab #5 Tab #6 Tab #7 Tab #8 Step 3: On the very top tab (Tab #1) you are going to write/draw the words " Tropism Flip Book ". You may use markers or colored pencils throughout this project to color and decorate your flip book. Also write your name and period. See the example below. Tropism Flip Book Your Name Period Step 4: At the bottom of each tab you are going to write each of the flip book terms (Internal Stimuli, External Stimuli, Gravitropism, Phototropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism, and Thigmatropism ). -
Circadian Regulation of Sunflower Heliotropism, Floral Orientation, and Pollinator Visits
Title: Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits Authors: Hagop S. Atamian1, Nicky M. Creux1, Evan A. Brown2, Austin G. Garner2, Benjamin K. Blackman2,3, and Stacey L. Harmer1* Affiliations: 1Department of Plant Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. 2Department of Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 400328, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. 3Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. *Correspondence to: [email protected]. Abstract: Young sunflower plants track the sun from east to west during the day and then reorient during the night to face east in anticipation of dawn. In contrast, mature plants cease movement with their flower heads facing east. We show that circadian regulation of directional growth pathways accounts for both phenomena and leads to increased vegetative biomass and enhanced pollinator visits to flowers. Solar tracking movements are driven by antiphasic patterns of elongation on the east and west sides of the stem. Genes implicated in control of phototropic growth, but not clock genes, are differentially expressed on the opposite sides of solar tracking stems. Thus interactions between environmental response pathways and the internal circadian oscillator coordinate physiological processes with predictable changes in the environment to influence growth and reproduction. One Sentence Summary: Sun-tracking when young, east-facing when mature, warmer sunflowers attract more pollinators. Text+References+Legends Cover Main Text: Most plant species display daily rhythms in organ expansion that are regulated by complex interactions between light and temperature sensing pathways and the circadian clock (1). These rhythms arise in part because the abundance of growth-related factors such as light signaling components and hormones such as gibberellins and auxins are regulated both by the circadian clock and light (2-4). -
University of Groningen the Thermal Ecology of Flowers Van Der Kooi
University of Groningen The thermal ecology of flowers van der Kooi, Casper J.; Kevan, Peter G.; Koski, Matthew H. Published in: Annals of Botany DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz073 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2019 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): van der Kooi, C. J., Kevan, P. G., & Koski, M. H. (2019). The thermal ecology of flowers. Annals of Botany, 124(3), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz073 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. -
Tesi Dottorato
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA "TOR VERGATA" FACOLTA' DI INGEGNERIA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA DEI MICROSISTEMI CICLO DEL CORSO DI DOTTORATO XXI Plantoid: Plant inspired robot for subsoil exploration and environmental monitoring Alessio Mondini A.A. 2008/2009 Docente Guida/Tutor: Dott. Barbara Mazzolai Dott. Virgilio Mattoli Prof. Cecilia Laschi Prof. Paolo Dario Coordinatore: Prof. Aldo Tucciarone Abstract Biorobotics is a novel approach in the realization of robot that merges different disciplines as Robotic and Natural Science. The concept of biorobotics has been identified for many years as inspiration from the animal world. In this thesis this paradigm has been extended for the first time to the plant world. Plants are an amazing organism with unexpected capabilities. They are dynamic and highly sensitive organisms, actively and competitively foraging for limited resources both above and below ground, and they are also organisms which accurately compute their circumstances, use sophisticated cost–benefit analysis, and take defined actions to mitigate and control diverse environmental insults. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the realization of a robot inspired to plants, a plantoid. The plantoid robot includes root and shoot systems and should be able to explore and monitoring the environment both in the air and underground. These plant-inspired robots will be used for specific applications, such as in situ monitoring analysis and chemical detections, water searching in agriculture, anchoring capabilities and for scientific understanding of the plant capabilities/behaviours themselves by building a physical models. The scientific work performed in this thesis addressed different aspects of this innovative robotic platform development: first of all, the study of the plants‟ characteristics and the enabling technologies in order to design and to develop the overall plantoid system.