Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion

 What is that?  Which part? Have you ever see the flying bird?

Why they can do stable flying? What affects them? Let’s learn!

 Plant’s motion  Animal’s motion in water, on air, and on land Why so important??

 To know and explain motion in living things Important Terms

 Motion  Stimulation  Inertia  Elasticity  Surface Tension Mimosa pudica Have you ever see?

Mimosa pudica  Response to stimulation If the leaves got stimulation, the water flow will keep away from stimulated area Stimulated area  water less, turgor tension less  leaves will closed Turgor tension= tension affected by cell contents to wall cell in plant Movement

 Movement in living system  they can change chemical energy to mechanical energy  Human and animal  active movement  Plants have different movement Motion in Plant

Growth Reaction to respond stimuli (irritability)

 Endonom  Hygroscopic  Etionom PHOTOTROPISM

HYDROTROPISM

TROPISM GEOTROPISM

THIGMOTROPISM ENDONOM

RHEOTROPISM PLANT MOTION HYGROSCOPIC

ETIONOM PHOTOTAXIS TAXIS

CHEMOTAXIS

NICTINASTY

THIGMONASTY/ NASTIC SEISMONASTY

PHOTONASTY

COMPLEX A. Endogenous Movement

 Spontaneusly  Not known yet its cause certainly  Predicted it caused by stimulus from plant itself  Ex: ◦ Movement of cytoplasm in cell ◦ Bending movement of leaf bid because of different growth velocity ◦ Movement of chloroplast Chloroplast movement B. Hygroscopic Movement

 Caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cell   non-homogenous wrinkling

 Ex: ◦ The breaking of dried fruit of leguminous fruit, such as kacang buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), kembang merak (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), and Impatiens balsamina (pacar air) and other fruits ◦ The opening of sporangium in fern ◦ Rolled of peristomal gear in moss’ sporangium

C. Exogenous Movement/Etionom

 Caused by external stimulus: ◦ Light ◦ Gravity ◦ Water ◦ Touch ◦ Chemical The Various Kinds of Etionom Movement 1. Tropism Movement 2. Nastic Movement 3. Taxis Movement 1. Tropism Movement

 From Greek word “trope” means turning  Movement directed is determined by the stimulus  Positive tropism: toward the stimulus  Negative tropism: away from stimulus Kind of Tropism

1. Geotropism 2. Hydrotropism 3. Thigmotropism 4. Phototropism 5. Chemotropism 6. Rheotropism 1. 1.Geotropism

 Also called gravitropism  Caused by gravity  Look at the picture! 1.2. Hydrotropism

 Root always grow toward the water  Affected by water stimuli 1.3. Thigmotropism

 Caused by stimulus of touch to harder thing  Thigma = touch  Ex: Tendril in grape, squash or melon, (Cucurbitaceae), sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), and passion flower plant Find out! 1.4. 1.4. Phototropism

 Caused by light stimuli  Also called heliotropism  There are phototropism negative and positive  Ex: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Auxin

 Stimulates cell elongation  Involved in phototropism, gravitropism, apical dominance, and vascular differentiation  Stimulates ethylene synthesis  Stimulates fruit and flower development  Induces adventitious roots on cuttings Auxin

Found at:  Embryo of seed,  young leaves,  meristem of apical buds 1.5. Chemotropism

 Affected by chemical substance  Ex: ◦ movement of root to food/fertilizer substance in soil 1.6. Rheotropism

 Caused by a stream of fluid  Change direction of growth  Ex: river 2. Taxis Movement

 Is transfer movement of all part of plant to stimulus and its direction is determined by the stimulus  Occurs in unicellular  Kinds of taxis movement: ◦ Phototaxis ◦ Chemotaxis 2.1. Phototaxis

 Caused by light stimulus  Ex: movement of chlorophyll to surface/nearer surface the leaves to get the light, euglena, chlamidomonas 2.2. Chemotaxis

 Caused by chemical substances stimulus  Ex: movement of spermatozoid of moss/fern (in archegonium) to ovum  attracted to the sugar or protein that produced by archegonium 3. Nastic Movement

 Plant movement to stimulus  Its direction is not determined by stimulus, but by plant itself  Kinds of nastic movement: ◦ Nictinasty ◦ Photonasty ◦ Thigmonasty (Seismonasty) ◦ Thermonasty ◦ Complex nasty 3.1. Nictinasty

 Caused by dark condition (sleeping movement)  Due to changes in turgor pressure in the leaf joints  Ex: leaves in leguminous plants (Leguminsaceae/polong-polongan) and tamarind leaves (lamtoro) will be closed at night. The leaves will be open in the morning 3.2. Photonasty 3.2. Photonasty

 Mirabilis jalapa (Four clock flower)  It caused by light stimulus 3.2. Photonasty

 9 o’clock flower (Portulaca grandiflora) 3.3. Seismonasty/Thigmonasty

 Remember this?

 Is caused by touch or vibration 3.4. Thermonasty

 Tulips always bloom on the spring.  It caused by temperature in spring  is hotter than winter  Thermonasty is a nastic movement caused by temperature 3.4. Thermonasty

 Sakura/Cherry Blossom 3.5. Complex Nasty

 Caused by more than one stimulus  Ex: open and close stomata  caused by water, light, temp, and chemical concentration Can you mention what types of movement? Find out!

 www.howplantswork.com Assignment

 Design your experiment about plant movement!  Report your concept and theme!  Must be collected in 3 weeks. ANIMAL MOVEMENT

 How animal move? Animal Locomotion

 Terestrial animals  muscles and bones, esp. foot  Fish  fin  Bird  wings 1. Animal in Water

 Water have higher density than air  Have bigger bouyant force  animal can float in the water 1. Animal in Water

 Most animal water shape  torpedo shape  its body can swerving to the left and to the right.  Fish body  streamline ◦ To decline barriers ◦ Tails and fins are use to push fish in the water Fish

 Fins allow the fish to move, to keep balance, and to turn  Their streamlined body are slimy, help them swim faster  Up and down  gas-filled swim bladder By changing the volume of the bladder  Have flexible muscle and back bone structure Fish

 Fish, which use a pair of fin and center fin  live in coral  This fish are slower than fish which use their body and fin tail. 2. Animal in Air

 Animals have a big power to lift up to counterbalance gravity  To increase  wings  Wings  light skeleton, strong sternum and breast muscle  Boost to downward result power to lift up. 3. Animal in Land

 Have strong muscles and bones  Muscle and bones  prevent inertia and to store elasticity  Elephant and buffalo  big energy to against inertia  Horses, cheetahs, and deer  very strong skeleton and muscle  Deer and cheetah  slimmer foot, high elasticity  more in the air