History and Epistemology of Plant Behaviour: a Pluralistic View?
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Stenospermocarpy Biological Mechanism That Produces Seedlessness in Some Fruits (Many Table Grapes, Watermelon)
Phytohormones The growth and development of a plant are influenced by: •Gene:c factors •External environmental factors •Chemical hormones inside the plant Secondary messengers 1. Involve in the transfer informaon from sources to targets 2. Amplify the signal produced by the phytohormone Phytohormones Plant hormones are organic compounds that are effec:ve at very low concentraon (1g 20,000 tons-1) They interact with specific target :ssues to cause physiological responses •Growth •Fruit ripening Phytohormones •Hormones s:mulate or inhibit plant growth Major groups of hormones: 1. Auxins 2. Gibberellins 3. Ethylene 4. Cytokinins 5. Abscisic acid 6. Brassinostereoids 7. Salicylic acid 8. Polyaminas 9. Jasmonates 10. Systemin 11. Nitric oxide Arabidopsis thaliana Phytohormones EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCED GROWTH Auxins Auxin causes several responses in plants: * Phototropism * Geotropism * Promo:on of apical dominance * Flower formaon * Fruit set and growth * Formaon of adven::ous roots * Differen:aon of vascular :ssues (de novo or repairing existent vascular :ssue) Auxins Addi:on of auxins produce parthenocarpic fruit. Stenospermocarpy Biological mechanism that produces seedlessness in some fruits (many table grapes, watermelon) diploid + tetraploid parent = triploid seeds vegetave parthenocarpy Plants that do not require pollinaon or other s:mulaon to produce parthenocarpic fruit (cucumber) Auxins Synthe:c auxins Widely used in agriculture and hor:culture • prevent leaf abscission • prevent fruit drop • promote flowering and frui:ng • control weeds Agent Orange - 1:1 rao of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dioxin usually contaminates 2,4,5-T, which is linked to miscarriages, birth defects, leukemia, and other types of cancer. -
A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(S): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M
A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(s): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M. Gordon Reviewed work(s): Source: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 20 (1989), pp. 349-366 Published by: Annual Reviews Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2097096 . Accessed: 10/02/2012 12:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Annual Reviews is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. http://www.jstor.org Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1989. 20:349-66 Copyright ? 1989 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved A FRAMEWORKFOR PLANT BEHAVIOR Jonathan Silvertown' and Deborah M. Gordon2 'BiologyDepartment, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UnitedKingdom 2Departmentof Zoology,University of Oxford,South Parks Rd, Oxford,OXI 3PS, UnitedKingdom INTRODUCTION The language of animalbehavior is being used increasinglyto describecertain plant activities such as foraging (28, 31, 56), mate choice (67), habitatchoice (51), and sex change (9, 10). Furthermore,analytical tools such as game theory, employed to model animal behavior, have also been applied to plants (e.g. 42, 54). There is some question whetherwords used to describe animal behavior, such as the word behavior itself, or foraging, can be properly applied to the activities of plants. -
Plant Physiology
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant ..................................................................................................... -
PART II PERSONAL PAPERS and ORGANIZATIONAL RECORDS Allen, Paul Hamilton, 1911-1963 Collection 1 RG 4/1/5/15 Photographs, 1937-1959 (1.0 Linear Feet)
PART II PERSONAL PAPERS AND ORGANIZATIONAL RECORDS Allen, Paul Hamilton, 1911-1963 Collection 1 RG 4/1/5/15 Photographs, 1937-1959 (1.0 linear feet) Paul Allen was a botanist and plantsman of the American tropics. He was student assistant to C. W. Dodge, the Garden's mycologist, and collector for the Missouri Botanical Garden expedition to Panama in 1934. As manager of the Garden's tropical research station in Balboa, Panama, from 1936 to 1939, he actively col- lected plants for the Flora of Panama. He was the representative of the Garden in Central America, 1940-43, and was recruited after the War to write treatments for the Flora of Panama. The photos consist of 1125 negatives and contact prints of plant taxa, including habitat photos, herbarium specimens, and close-ups arranged in alphabetical order by genus and species. A handwritten inventory by the donor in the collection file lists each item including 19 rolls of film of plant communities in El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The collection contains 203 color slides of plants in Panama, other parts of Central America, and North Borneo. Also included are black and white snapshots of Panama, 1937-1944, and specimen photos presented to the Garden's herbarium. Allen's field books and other papers that may give further identification are housed at the Hunt Institute of Botanical Documentation. Copies of certain field notebooks and specimen books are in the herbarium curator correspondence of Robert Woodson, (Collection 1, RG 4/1/1/3). Gift, 1983-1990. ARRANGEMENT: 1) Photographs of Central American plants, no date; 2) Slides, 1947-1959; 3) Black and White photos, 1937-44. -
Plant Classification and Seeds
Ashley Pearson – Plant Classification and Seeds ● Green and Gorgeous Oxfordshire ● Cut flowers ● Small amounts of veg still grown and sold locally Different Classification Systems Classification by Life Cycle : Ephemeral (6-8 wks) Annual Biennial Perennial Classification by Ecology: Mesophyte, Xerophyte, Hydrophyte, Halophyte, Cryophyte Raunkiaers Life Form System: based on the resting stage Raunkiaers Life Form System Classification contd. Classification by Plant Growth Patterns Monocots vs. Dicots (NB. only applies to flowering plants - angiosperms) Binomial nomenclature e.g., Beetroot = Beta vulgaris Plantae, Angiosperms, Eudicots, Caryophyllales, Amaranthaceae, Betoideae, Beta, Beta vulgaris After morphological characters, scientists used enzymes and proteins to classify plants and hence to determine how related they were via evolution (phylogeny) Present day we use genetic data (DNA, RNA, mDNA, even chloroplast DNA) to produce phylogenetic trees Plant part modifications ● Brassica genus ● ● Roots (swede, turnips) ● Stems (kohl rabi) ● Leaves (cabbages, Brussels Sprouts-buds) ● Flowers (cauliflower, broccoli) ● Seeds (mustards, oil seed rape) Plant hormones / PGR's / phytohormones ● Chemicals present in very low concentrations that promote and influence the growth, development, and differentiation of cells and tissues. ● NB. differences to animal hormones! (no glands, no nervous system, no circulatory system, no specific mode of action) ● Not all plant cells respond to hormones, but those that do are programmed to respond at specific points in their growth cycle ● Five main classes of PGR's ● Abscisic acid (ABA) ● Role in abscission, winter bud dormancy (dormin) ● ABA-mediated signalling also plays an important part in plant responses to environmental stress and plant pathogens ● ABA is also produced in the roots in response to decreased water potential. -
Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion
Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion What is that? Which part? Have you ever see the flying bird? Why they can do stable flying? What affects them? Let’s learn! Plant’s motion Animal’s motion in water, on air, and on land Why so important?? To know and explain motion in living things Important Terms Motion Stimulation Inertia Elasticity Surface Tension Mimosa pudica Have you ever see? Mimosa pudica Response to stimulation If the leaves got stimulation, the water flow will keep away from stimulated area Stimulated area water less, turgor tension less leaves will closed Turgor tension= tension affected by cell contents to wall cell in plant Movement Movement in living system they can change chemical energy to mechanical energy Human and animal active movement Plants have different movement Motion in Plant Growth Reaction to respond stimuli (irritability) Endonom Hygroscopic Etionom PHOTOTROPISM HYDROTROPISM TROPISM GEOTROPISM THIGMOTROPISM ENDONOM RHEOTROPISM PLANT MOTION HYGROSCOPIC ETIONOM PHOTOTAXIS TAXIS CHEMOTAXIS NICTINASTY THIGMONASTY/ NASTIC SEISMONASTY PHOTONASTY COMPLEX A. Endogenous Movement Spontaneusly Not known yet its cause certainly Predicted it caused by stimulus from plant itself Ex: ◦ Movement of cytoplasm in cell ◦ Bending movement of leaf bid because of different growth velocity ◦ Movement of chloroplast Chloroplast movement B. Hygroscopic Movement Caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cell non-homogenous wrinkling Ex: ◦ The breaking of dried fruit of leguminous fruit, such as kacang buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), kembang merak (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), and Impatiens balsamina (pacar air) and other fruits ◦ The opening of sporangium in fern ◦ Rolled of peristomal gear in moss’ sporangium C. -
Circadian Regulation of Sunflower Heliotropism, Floral Orientation, and Pollinator Visits
Title: Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits Authors: Hagop S. Atamian1, Nicky M. Creux1, Evan A. Brown2, Austin G. Garner2, Benjamin K. Blackman2,3, and Stacey L. Harmer1* Affiliations: 1Department of Plant Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. 2Department of Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 400328, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. 3Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. *Correspondence to: [email protected]. Abstract: Young sunflower plants track the sun from east to west during the day and then reorient during the night to face east in anticipation of dawn. In contrast, mature plants cease movement with their flower heads facing east. We show that circadian regulation of directional growth pathways accounts for both phenomena and leads to increased vegetative biomass and enhanced pollinator visits to flowers. Solar tracking movements are driven by antiphasic patterns of elongation on the east and west sides of the stem. Genes implicated in control of phototropic growth, but not clock genes, are differentially expressed on the opposite sides of solar tracking stems. Thus interactions between environmental response pathways and the internal circadian oscillator coordinate physiological processes with predictable changes in the environment to influence growth and reproduction. One Sentence Summary: Sun-tracking when young, east-facing when mature, warmer sunflowers attract more pollinators. Text+References+Legends Cover Main Text: Most plant species display daily rhythms in organ expansion that are regulated by complex interactions between light and temperature sensing pathways and the circadian clock (1). These rhythms arise in part because the abundance of growth-related factors such as light signaling components and hormones such as gibberellins and auxins are regulated both by the circadian clock and light (2-4). -
University of Groningen the Thermal Ecology of Flowers Van Der Kooi
University of Groningen The thermal ecology of flowers van der Kooi, Casper J.; Kevan, Peter G.; Koski, Matthew H. Published in: Annals of Botany DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz073 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2019 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): van der Kooi, C. J., Kevan, P. G., & Koski, M. H. (2019). The thermal ecology of flowers. Annals of Botany, 124(3), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz073 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. -
Tamilnadu Board Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Term I
UNIT Living World of Plants - 6 Plant Physiology Learning Objectives At the end of this unit the students will be able to understand, that Plants too have certain autonomic movements how do plants produce their food through the process of photosynthesis? that Plants are the primary producers that feed the rest of the living organisms Introduction (sunflower) follows the path of the sun from dawn to dusk, (from east to west) and Animals move in search of food, shelter and during night it moves from west to east. for reproduction, even microorganisms The dance of Desmodium gyrans (Indian show movement. telegraph plant) leaf is mesmerizing. Do plants show such movement We see a branch of a tree shaking in heavy thunder storm; and leaves dancing in gentle wind. These movements are caused by an external agency. Do they Move on their 6.1 own Accord In short, do plants have spontaneous movements without external agency? Do they breathe? In this chapter we will study some of the biological functions of plants. 6.2 Do Plants Move The leaves of Mimosa pudica (touch-me- not plant) closes on touching, and in like manner, the stalk of Helianthus annuus Mimosa pudica 6 . L i v i ng Wo l d o P a nt P a nt P y s i o og 133 IX_Science Unit-6.indd 133 27-03-2018 12:31:36 Activity 1 Roots grow down and shoots grow up You can do this experiment with some of your friends. Step -1 It is easy and fun. Take four or ve earthen cups or small pots and ll them with soil from a eld. -
Cycles and Circulation: a Theme in the History of Biology and Medicine
HPLS (2021) 43:89 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00425-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Cycles and circulation: a theme in the history of biology and medicine Nick Hopwood1 · Stafan Müller‑Wille1 · Janet Browne2 · Christiane Groeben3 · Shigehisa Kuriyama4 · Maaike van der Lugt5 · Guido Giglioni6 · Lynn K. Nyhart7 · Hans‑Jörg Rheinberger8 · Ariane Dröscher9 · Warwick Anderson10 · Peder Anker11 · Mathias Grote12 · Lucy van de Wiel13 · the Fifteenth Ischia Summer School on the History of the Life Sciences Received: 1 October 2020 / Accepted: 26 April 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract We invite systematic consideration of the metaphors of cycles and circulation as a long-term theme in the history of the life and environmental sci- ences and medicine. Ubiquitous in ancient religious and philosophical traditions, especially in representing the seasons and the motions of celestial bodies, circles * Nick Hopwood [email protected] 1 Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 2 Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 3 Naples, Italy 4 Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 5 Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, DYPAC, Versailles, France 6 Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università di Macerata, Macerata, Italy 7 Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 8 Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany 9 Bologna, Italy 10 Department of History and the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 11 Gallatin School, New York University, New York, NY, USA 12 Institut für Geschichtswissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13 Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 89 Page 2 of 39 N. -
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EVERYMAN’S SCIENCE Vol. L No. 5 (Dec’15 - Jan’16) EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Kaushik Majumdar (Gurgaon) Editor-in-Chief Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena Prof. Prabhu Nath Pandey (Ranchi) Area Editors Prof. (Dr.) N.K. Saksena (Kanpur) Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena Dr. Rajeev Jain (Gwalior) (Biological Sciences) Dr. Tejender Nath Jowhar (Dehradun) Dr. Pramod Kumar Verma (Earth Sciences, Engineering & Material Sciences) Prof. Asis Mazumdar (Kolkata) Dr. Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti Dr. Gangadhar Mishra (Ranchi) (Medical Sciences including Physiology) Prof. Karbhari Vishwanath Kale Dr. Arvind Kumar Saxena (Aurangabad) (Physical Sciences) Dr. Arvind Kumar Dixit (Kanpur) Dr. (Mrs.) Vipin Sobti (Social Sciences) Dr. Snehashish Chakraverty (Rourkela) General Secretary (Membership Affairs) Prof. (Dr.) Chittaranjan Maity (Kolkata) Dr. Nilangshu Bhushan Basu Prof. Jagdish Rai (Bareilly) General Secretary (Scientific Activities) Prof. Arun Kumar Prof. Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari (Haridwar) Editorial Secretary Dr. Amit Krishna De COVER PHOTOGRAPHS Past General Presidents of ISCA Printed and published by Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena 1. Dr. Vasant Gowariker (1992) on behalf of Indian Science Congress Association 2. Dr. S. Z. Qasim (1993) and printed at T. C. Dutta Merchants Pvt. Ltd., P- 3. Prof. P. N. Srivastava (1994) 23/24, Radha Bazar Street, Kolkata - 700 001 and 4. Dr. S. C. Pakrashi (1995) published at Indian Science Congress Association, 5. Prof. U. R. Rao (1996) 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata - 700 017, with Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena as Editor. 6. Dr. S. K. Joshi (1997) Annual Subscription : (6 issues) For permission to reprint or reproduce any portion of the journal, please write Institutional Þ 500/- ; Individual Þ 300/- to the Editor-in-Chief. -
Nathanael Pringsheim and the Foundation of the Biologische
HELGOL,~NDER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN Helgol~inder Meeresunters. 49, 113-116 (1995) Nathanael Pringsheim and the ioundation oi the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland D. Mollenhauer Porschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Aul3enstelle Lochmf~hle; 63599 Biebergemfind, Germany Many of the reasons for what people do or do not do can be found within the general sentiment of human society. We are all, to a large extent, products of our time and of our society. For many Germans, large forests and the sea have a fascinating, romantic appeal. Key themes are "Der Freischiitz" or "Der fliegende Holl~inder". During the second half of the nineteenth century, the somewhat belated industrial revolution in central Europe brought prosperity to the middle classes. Ample leisure time and hobbies were no longer privileges of the nobility. The railway system was built. People began to travel for pleasure and recreation. Holidays on the seashore became popular. Industrialization brought with it a decline Ior even decayl of the natural environment, the apprecia- tion of which now grew, with its increasing rarity. Those who are sensitive to the progressive technicalization of almost all aspects of life often express a longing for genuine nature. The sea appeared to have all the qualities of unspoiled nature. This romantimsm and enthusiasm for the naturalness of the seashore is one of many reasons that led to the "run" on Helgoland. After rather a long time-lag of insignificance, Helgoland had become a fashionable seaside resort. Biologists of the higher academic ranks had attained established social positions, and were among the cruise passengers and summer holidaymakers visiting the island. A further reason for the popularity of Helgoland was nationalism.