Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion What is that? Which part? Have you ever see the flying bird? Why they can do stable flying? What affects them? Let’s learn! Plant’s motion Animal’s motion in water, on air, and on land Why so important?? To know and explain motion in living things Important Terms Motion Stimulation Inertia Elasticity Surface Tension Mimosa pudica Have you ever see? Mimosa pudica Response to stimulation If the leaves got stimulation, the water flow will keep away from stimulated area Stimulated area water less, turgor tension less leaves will closed Turgor tension= tension affected by cell contents to wall cell in plant Movement Movement in living system they can change chemical energy to mechanical energy Human and animal active movement Plants have different movement Motion in Plant Growth Reaction to respond stimuli (irritability) Endonom Hygroscopic Etionom PHOTOTROPISM HYDROTROPISM TROPISM GEOTROPISM THIGMOTROPISM ENDONOM RHEOTROPISM PLANT MOTION HYGROSCOPIC ETIONOM PHOTOTAXIS TAXIS CHEMOTAXIS NICTINASTY THIGMONASTY/ NASTIC SEISMONASTY PHOTONASTY COMPLEX A. Endogenous Movement Spontaneusly Not known yet its cause certainly Predicted it caused by stimulus from plant itself Ex: ◦ Movement of cytoplasm in cell ◦ Bending movement of leaf bid because of different growth velocity ◦ Movement of chloroplast Chloroplast movement B. Hygroscopic Movement Caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cell non-homogenous wrinkling Ex: ◦ The breaking of dried fruit of leguminous fruit, such as kacang buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), kembang merak (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), and Impatiens balsamina (pacar air) and other fruits ◦ The opening of sporangium in fern ◦ Rolled of peristomal gear in moss’ sporangium C. Exogenous Movement/Etionom Caused by external stimulus: ◦ Light ◦ Gravity ◦ Water ◦ Touch ◦ Chemical The Various Kinds of Etionom Movement 1. Tropism Movement 2. Nastic Movement 3. Taxis Movement 1. Tropism Movement From Greek word “trope” means turning Movement directed is determined by the stimulus Positive tropism: toward the stimulus Negative tropism: away from stimulus Kind of Tropism 1. Geotropism 2. Hydrotropism 3. Thigmotropism 4. Phototropism 5. Chemotropism 6. Rheotropism 1. 1.Geotropism Also called gravitropism Caused by gravity Look at the picture! 1.2. Hydrotropism Root always grow toward the water Affected by water stimuli 1.3. Thigmotropism Caused by stimulus of touch to harder thing Thigma = touch Ex: Tendril in grape, squash or melon, (Cucurbitaceae), sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), and passion flower plant Find out! 1.4. 1.4. Phototropism Caused by light stimuli Also called heliotropism There are phototropism negative and positive Ex: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Auxin Stimulates cell elongation Involved in phototropism, gravitropism, apical dominance, and vascular differentiation Stimulates ethylene synthesis Stimulates fruit and flower development Induces adventitious roots on cuttings Auxin Found at: Embryo of seed, young leaves, meristem of apical buds 1.5. Chemotropism Affected by chemical substance Ex: ◦ movement of root to food/fertilizer substance in soil 1.6. Rheotropism Caused by a stream of fluid Change direction of growth Ex: river 2. Taxis Movement Is transfer movement of all part of plant to stimulus and its direction is determined by the stimulus Occurs in unicellular Kinds of taxis movement: ◦ Phototaxis ◦ Chemotaxis 2.1. Phototaxis Caused by light stimulus Ex: movement of chlorophyll to surface/nearer surface the leaves to get the light, euglena, chlamidomonas 2.2. Chemotaxis Caused by chemical substances stimulus Ex: movement of spermatozoid of moss/fern (in archegonium) to ovum attracted to the sugar or protein that produced by archegonium 3. Nastic Movement Plant movement to stimulus Its direction is not determined by stimulus, but by plant itself Kinds of nastic movement: ◦ Nictinasty ◦ Photonasty ◦ Thigmonasty (Seismonasty) ◦ Thermonasty ◦ Complex nasty 3.1. Nictinasty Caused by dark condition (sleeping movement) Due to changes in turgor pressure in the leaf joints Ex: leaves in leguminous plants (Leguminsaceae/polong-polongan) and tamarind leaves (lamtoro) will be closed at night. The leaves will be open in the morning 3.2. Photonasty 3.2. Photonasty Mirabilis jalapa (Four clock flower) It caused by light stimulus 3.2. Photonasty 9 o’clock flower (Portulaca grandiflora) 3.3. Seismonasty/Thigmonasty Remember this? Is caused by touch or vibration 3.4. Thermonasty Tulips always bloom on the spring. It caused by temperature in spring is hotter than winter Thermonasty is a nastic movement caused by temperature 3.4. Thermonasty Sakura/Cherry Blossom 3.5. Complex Nasty Caused by more than one stimulus Ex: open and close stomata caused by water, light, temp, and chemical concentration Can you mention what types of movement? Find out! www.howplantswork.com Assignment Design your experiment about plant movement! Report your concept and theme! Must be collected in 3 weeks. ANIMAL MOVEMENT How animal move? Animal Locomotion Terestrial animals muscles and bones, esp. foot Fish fin Bird wings 1. Animal in Water Water have higher density than air Have bigger bouyant force animal can float in the water 1. Animal in Water Most animal water shape torpedo shape its body can swerving to the left and to the right. Fish body streamline ◦ To decline barriers ◦ Tails and fins are use to push fish in the water Fish Fins allow the fish to move, to keep balance, and to turn Their streamlined body are slimy, help them swim faster Up and down gas-filled swim bladder By changing the volume of the bladder Have flexible muscle and back bone structure Fish Fish, which use a pair of fin and center fin live in coral This fish are slower than fish which use their body and fin tail. 2. Animal in Air Animals have a big power to lift up to counterbalance gravity To increase wings Wings light skeleton, strong sternum and breast muscle Boost to downward result power to lift up. 3. Animal in Land Have strong muscles and bones Muscle and bones prevent inertia and to store elasticity Elephant and buffalo big energy to against inertia Horses, cheetahs, and deer very strong skeleton and muscle Deer and cheetah slimmer foot, high elasticity more in the air.