A Critical Discourse Analysis on Hillary Clinton's

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON HILLARY CLINTON’S CAMPAIGN SPEECH

A THESIS

MERLIN DAMANIK

REG.NO.140705011

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Wednesday, December 19th, 2018

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Prof. T.Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. ______

Dr. Deliana, M. Hum. ______

Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. ______

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MERLIN DAMANIK, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : December 19th, 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

NAME : MERLIN DAMANIK TITLLE OF THESIS : A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON HILLARY CLINTON’S CAMPAIGN SPEECH QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed : Date : December 19th, 2018.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to the only

Savior of mine, Jesus Christ, for He always bless me abundantly. Even, blessings in disguise an unpredictable strength for me during the time of doing and finishing this thesis of mine. Naturally, I can do nothing without Him.

My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, my Father Efendi Damanik, the greatest man who always cares for me and give extract support in writing this thesis and my mother Rina Purba, the best woman I ever had who always prays for me, always listens to my sad yet happy story in writing and finishing this thesis. Thank you for always support me, and taught for me to always patient and remind me about healthy body is very important first. Moreover, I do thank you to my beloved brother and sisters, who always give me support to do the best in my college life. I always have a lot of love for you guys.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. as my supervisor for her knowledge, patience, and support for me to write and finish this thesis. Also, I would like to thank to Dian Marisha Putri, S.S, M.Si as my co-supervisor for her kindness, knowledge to help me in writing this thesis.

My gratitude also goes to the Head and the Secretary of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D., and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and all of the lectures and the staff of English Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this faculty.

My special thanks goes to Medio Purba as my everyday partner for being another best person who gives me support, love and share so many happiness. I hope you can graduated, from your college and find your ambition and I hope we can always make our parents proud and we can build our dream together in the future.

vii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

I want thank to my organization, HIMAPSI, GMNI, as my organization with all the great people in there, always build my knowledge and my mind set, thanks for everything You have done guys

And then I want thank to my cray friend in my classmate, who always support, listening and accompany me for 4 years, we always together in happing and sadness, Desy Purba, Entina Manalu and Widia Panjaitan, thanks guys. And also special thanks to my beloved friend in Siantar, Frida Pahla Sitanggang, Thanks for your advice, support and helping me, so you can get your success too. Moreover, I want to thank to all my friends in English Literature 2014 A. Thank you for a memorable 4 years spent with you guys.

I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of writing this thesis. Thank you so much for being my power and motivator. Finally, May this thesis be advantageous for the readers, May the grace and love of God be with us all forever. Amin.

Medan, December 19th 2018

Merlin Damanik Reg. No. 140705011

viii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ABSTRACT This research discusses about Hillary Clinton‘s speech entitled ―A Critical Discourse Analysis on Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign Speech‖. The objectives of this research are finding the text structure, social cognition and social analysis on Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech. The analysis focused on the critical discourse analysis on Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech text. This research conducted Van Djik Critical Discourse Analysis theory and qualitative method. This research not only discusses text structure of the speech, but also social cognition and social context of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech. In the conclusion, this research shows that each campaign speech has different styles in presenting the text. Hillary Clinton campaign speech focuses on, her experience and vison to build America. The result shows that CDA can explore the relationships between language and ideology. Through the language used, it can be known the strength of power and purpose of the speaker, which the power is strongly felt and the ideology is clearly seen as well as understandable.

Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), text structure, social cognition, social context.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini membahas tentang pidato kampanye Hillary Clinton, dengan judul ―A Critical Discourse Analysis on Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign Speech‖. Objek dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan struktur kalimat, sosial kognisi dan sosial konteks pada pidato kampanye Hillary Clinton. Analisis ini fokus pada analisis wacana kritis ada teks pidato kampanye Hillary Clinton. Penelitian ini menggunakan Analysis Wacana Kritis teori Van Djik dan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Penelitian ini tidak hanya membahas tentang struktur teks pada pidato tetapi juga pada sosial kognisi dan sosial konteks pidato kampanye Hillary Clinton. Kesimpulanya, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setiap pidato kampanye memiliki gaya yang berbeda dalam menyajikan teks. Pidato kampanye Hillary Clinton, fokus pada pengalamanya dan visinya untuk membangun Amerika. Hasilnya, menunjukkan bahwa AWK dapat menyelidiki hubungan antara bahasa dan ideologi. Melalui bahasa yang digunakan, dapat diketahui kekuasaan dan tujuan daripada sipembicara, yang mana kekuasaan adalah perasaan yang kuat dan ideologi dapat dengan jelas dilihat sebagaimana dimengerti.

Kata kunci: Analisis Wacana Kritis (AWK), Struktur Teks, Sosial Kognisi, Sosial Konteks

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

TABLE OF CONTENT AUTHORS DECLARATION...... v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... vii ABSTRACT...... ix ABSTRAK...... x TABLE OF CONTENT...... xi LIST OF TABLES...... xiii LIST OF PICTURES...... xiv LIST OF FIGURES...... xv LIST OF APPENDIX...... xvii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 5

1.3. Objectives of the Study ...... 5

1.4. Scope of the Study ...... 6

1.5. Significance of the Study ...... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Discourse Analysis ...... 7

2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ...... 8

2.3 Van Dijk‘s Discourse Analysis Concept ...... 11

2.3.1 Text Analysis ...... 12

2.3.1.1 Macrostructure ...... 15

2.3.1.2 Superstructure ...... 17

2.3.1.3 Microstructure ...... 20

2.3.2 Social Cognition ...... 27

2.3.2.1 Mental Models ...... 28

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.3.2.2 Context Models ...... 29

2.3.3 Social Context ...... 30

2.3.3.1 Power ...... 30

2.3.3.2 Access ...... 31

2.3.4 Campaign Speech of Hillary Clinton ...... 32

2.3.4.1 Campaign Speech ...... 32

2.3.5 Conceptual Framework ...... 36

2.3.6 Relevant Study ...... 37

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of the Study ...... 40

3.2 Data and Data Source ...... 41

3.3. Data Collecting Method ...... 41

3.4 Data Analysis Method ...... 42

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis ...... 46

4.1.1 Text Structure Analysis ...... 46

4.1.1.1 Macrostructure ...... 46

4.1.1.2 Superstructure ...... 50

4.1.1.3 Microstructure ...... 57

4.1.2 Social Cognition Analysis ...... 69

4.1.2.1 Mental Models ...... 69

4.1.2.2 Context Models ...... 76

4.1.3 Social Context Analysis ...... 79

xii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.1.3.1 Power ...... 79

4.1.3.2 Access ...... 81

4.1.4 Findings ...... 83

4.1.5 Discussions ...... 85

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...... 86

5.2 Suggestion ...... 88

REFERENCES ...... 89

APPENDIX

xiii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

LIST OF TABLES

No. Tittle Page

Table 2.1 Van Djik‘s Discourse Analysis Concept .…………………...... 12

Table 2.2 Van Djik‘s Discourse Text Elements….…………....…...... 14

xiv

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

LIST OF PICTURE No. Tittle Page

Picture 2.1 Election Process of President in United States.…….…...... 34

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

LIST OF FIGURES No. Tittle Page

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework...... ……………………………...... 36

Figure 3.1 Component of Data Analysis: Interactive Model...... 42

xvi

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Campaign speech is speech which tells of promises and pledges of a candidate who is running in a election (Babylon NG dictionary).The campaign speeches are important tools politicians use to express views and feelings to the public with the sole intensions of re shaping and re directing the electorates opinions to agree with theirs. Beside that, there are a lot of things to be conveyed in a speech, namely there is a relationship between language, power and ideology which through the use of language, it creates the idea, power, and ideology and the most important factors which influenced the success of the campaign speech. The campaign speech automatically consist campaign language.

Election campaign language is distinctive. Its goals and its audience differ markedly from other kinds of political language such as press releases, policy documents or the routine communications of governing. There is a sense that elections are a time when it is possible to engage with those who are not usually listening to politicians when they speak; a chance to move campaigning politician‘s dialogue with their constituents to the center of the national public stage. At the same time as the words spoken by campaigning leaders aim to attract media coverage and electoral support, they also work on inviting citizens to think and acts as guardians of the national interest. Campaign speech is one object used by the candidates to convey his message and to create a lasting impression with the voters.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Campaign language has some crucial meaning in this term, first, campaign language is a field language, which is an attractive target for current language research. Second, the language of campaign also contains persuasive words that can attract attention, ignite enthusiasm, and control the mass of supporters. Third, by looking at the language of the presidential campaign, we will be able to know the direction of policy about the socio- political reality of the presidential candidate of the political party.

In the campaign speech, the communicative imbalance between politicians and electorates in America, places huge communicative task on politicians to devise a linguistic tactics to convince the electorates to carry out the desired intent of politicians.

This linguistic imbalance has caused politicians in America to employ a lot of linguistic strategies to convince electorates to vote for them. In campaign speech every candidate will apply his or her rich language expression, impassioned speeches and wholehearted attitudes to try to win the votes, and also every candidate has ideology and power of speeches to persuade the public to accept and support his policies. So this term is only can be analyzed by Critical Discourse Analysis.

Discourse Analysis (DA) is the analytical framework which was created for studying actual text and talk in the communicative context while Critical Discourse Analysis

(CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance and inequality and enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. CDA is particularly interested in the detailed interface between structures of discourses and the structures of power.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

According to Van Djik (1998), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a field that is concerned with studying and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality and bias. It examines how these discursive sources are maintained and reproduced within specific social, political and historical contexts. In a similar vein, Fairclough (1993:135) defines CDA as; discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore often opaque relationships of causality and determination between (a) discursive practices, events and texts, and (2) wider social and cultural structures, relations and process; to investigate how such practices , events and texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relations of power and struggles over power; and to explore how the opacity of these relationship between discourse and society is itself a factor securing power and hegemony.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a theory and method analyzing the way that individuals and institutions use language. Critical Discourse Analysis focus on relations between discourse, power, dominance and social inequality and how discourse

(re)produces and maintains these relations of dominance and inequality. CDA therefore addresses broader social issues and attends to external factors, including ideology, power, inequality, etc. and draws on social and philosophical theory to analyze and interpret written and spoken texts.

There are many linguistics theories that can be used to analyzing a discourse. One of theories is Van Djik‘s Critical Discourse Analysis theory that is able to analyze the underlying social practice of a discourse. Because of that, Critical Discourse Analysis according to Van Djik, explained that the analysis of discourse not only based on text is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

produced. Discourse analysis is not enough only analyze the text itself, because text has a practical production that must be observed. Van Dijk sees discourse by three dimensions; they are text, social cognition and social analysis.

Van Djik looks the text from some structures that construct each other. Van Djick branches the discourse elements in three points; those are macro structure, superstructure and microstructure (Dijk): (1)Macro structure (Global meaning from the text that can be analyzed by seeing the topic and the theme that appeared in the text of Hillary Clinton speech of campaign, (2) Superstructure (Schema of the text, such as introduction, content and conclusion), (3) Microstructure (Local meaning from the text that can be analyzed by seeing the word choices(diction), sentence structure, and rhetorical that presented in the text).

Not only analyze text, the critical discourse analysis of Van Djik also analyzes the social cognition. Social cognition discuss about how the text can be produced, because someone responds is sometimes wrong. A text can have a meaning depend on the writer, so many writer construct the text. Beside a meaning, text also describes an ideology of author. As the case for other fundamental notions, ‗cognition‘ is a notion that is jointly defined by all the disciplines currently integrated under the label ‗cognitive science‘, such as psychology, linguistics, philosophy and logic as well as the brain sciences. The last dimension of Van Djik‘s discourse analysis concept is social context or social analysis. This dimension will discuss how the text will be produced by readers. Social analysis also will discuss diction of text, power, access that forming a discourse, such as background situation, event, and social condition that happening. In campaign speech

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

every candidate will apply his or her rich language expression, impassioned speeches and wholehearted attitudes to try to win the votes, and also every candidate have ideology and power of speeches to persuade the public to accept and support his policies. So this term is only can be analyzed by Critical Discourse Analysis.

In this case, the writer is interested in discussing and analyzing the text structure and social cognition, and social context using by Hillary Clinton in her campaign speech.

Campaign speech can be used as tool to construct reality, self image, public opinion, new meaning of certain experiences. Campaign speech is a great tool to get international support. Such support can be created by having a trust which is believed to be truth or reality, language skills are very necessary in drawing up the text of the speech. Thus,

Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech is one from of language consisting of a set of sentences that have a sense of relationship with one another, then a lot of linguistic aspects contained in.

1.2 Problems of the Study

1. How is text structure realized in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech?

2. How is social cognition in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech?

3. How is social analysis in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1. To describe the text structure in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech

2. To describe the social cognition in Hillary Clinton‘ campaign speech

3. To describe the social analysis in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

1.4. Scope of the Study

Focus of this study is on the analysis of text structure, social cognition and social analysis of the Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech at New York by using Teun A Van

Djik Critical Discourse Analysis theory.

1.5. Significance of the Study

1. Theoretically

The writer hopes that this research give any contribution to the theoretical development of Van Djik discourse analysis concept and this research become the reference for them who want to do the further research about discourse analysis.

2. Practically

This research gives about the knowledge not only for the writer, but also for the other academician in all level education, and people know the meaning of each candidates and choose the better one.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Discourse Analysis

Discourse Analysis refers to a number of approaches used for analyzing application of written, spoken and gestural language or any type of symbolic application. The principles of discourse analysis are beyond text analysis, speech or paper analysis.

Social condition, the field of text or speech appearance nonverbal communications and relationship between structure and words in general propositions are also considered in discourse analysis. There are two general approaches to discourse analysis: descriptive and critical.

The conceptualization of discourse analysis has numerous meaning, which has changed over the time. Stubbs refers the term discourse analysis as the attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause; and therefore to study large linguistic units such as conversational exchanges or written text (Baker

2011: 32).

Van Dijk used the term ―text analysis‖ which is known as the discourse analysis today. Discourse analysis continuously develops, which in the past, the discourse only limited in the analyzing of the text elf that has such meaning and structure only, now some discourse analyst such as van Djik focuses the analyzing on the function of both textual and contextual (cognitive, social), Fairclough and Foucault maintain the text with the power relationship and ideologies (Fairclough in Baker, 2011: 32).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

On the other hands, Littlejohn argues that speech act or dialogues is such kinds of discourse because it has a systematic arguments. Littlejohn breaks the discourse on three points, the first is theoretical discourse which emphasizes the evidence. It means that the discourse is arranged and in principle used by the communicators to produce and understand the message in conversation. Secondly, discourse was viewed as a practical discourse which emphasizes norms. The communicators used the request, turn taking, politeness strategy or cooperative principle in order to present the direct action in conversation. And the last, discourse emphasizes the good evidence and appropriate norms depending on the given situation the communicators talked, this is known as the metatheoretical discourse which refers the standard concept of argument in individual used in conversation (Littlejohn 2005 :332).From the explanation above, it can be concluded that discourse analysis is the study of the higher level organization of sentences correlated to the other linguistics units such as coherence relations, overall topics, schematic forms, stylistic and rhetorical dimensions, in order to find the textual and contextual meaning of texts.

2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

According to Van Djik (1998a) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a field that is concerned with studying and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality and bias. It examines how these discursive sources are maintained and reproduced within specific social, political and historical contexts.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Fairclough (1993: 135) defines CDA as; discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore often opaque relationships of causality and determination between (a) discursive practices, events and texts, and (2) wider social and cultural structures, relations and process; to investigate how such practices , events and texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relations of power and struggles over power; and to explore how the opacity of these relationship between discourse and society is itself a factor securing power and hegemony.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is ‗a theory and method analyzing the way that individuals and institutions use language‘. Critical Discourse Analysts focus on

‗relations between discourse, power, dominance and social inequality‘ and how discourse (re) produces and maintains these relations of dominance and inequality‘.

CDA therefore addresses broader social issues and attends to external factors, including ideology, power and inequality, etc. and draws on social and philosophical theory to analyze and interpret written and spoken texts. As Fairclough (2001:26) said:

CDA analyses text and interactions, but it does not start from texts and interactions. It starts rather from social issues and problems, problems which face people in their social lives, issues which are taken up within sociology, political science and/or cultural studies.

A Critical perspective on discourse analysis, then, explores the connections between language use and the social and political context in which it occurs. It does this in a way the deals critically with the norms and expectations of particular discourse

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

communities, raises issues of social, economic and political concern, yet aims to provide students with tools the need to succeed the campaign.

As citied Critical Discourse Analysis second draft by Teun A. Van Djik (1998:1-2),

CDA is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in social and political context. With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus to understand, expose and ultimately resist social inequality.

In the application of CDA in a study, it should be noted also the principles in there which Fairclough and Wodak (1997:271-280) describe critical discourse analysis as being based on eight key principles. These are:

1. Critical discourse analysis addresses social problem by examining the linguistic

character of social and cultural processes and structures. Thus, social and

political processes have a (partly) linguistic or discursive character that is

reflected in the use of certain linguistic and discourse strategies and choices.

2. Power relations are exercised and negotiated in discourse. Thus, power operates

trough language and is negotiated through language.

3. Discourse constitutes society and culture in that language not only reflects social

relations but it is a part of them and reproduces them.

4. Ideologies are very often produced through discourse. Their production includes

way of representing and constructing society such as relations of power, relations

of domination and exploitation, and relations based on gender and ethnicity.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

5. Discourse cannot be considered separately from the discourses that have

preceded it and that will follow it. Nor it can be produced or understood without

taking these intertextual relations and sociocultural knowledges into

consideration.

6. Critical discourse analysis makes connections between social and cultural

structures and properties of texts. These connections are, however complex, and

more often indirect than direct that is, they are very often mediated.

7. Critical discourse analysis goes beyond description and is both interpretative and

explanatory. Further, these interpretations and explanations are open and may

affected by new readings and new contextual information.

8. Critical discourse analysis, by uncovering opaqueness and power relationship is a

form of social action that attempt to intervene and bring about change in

communicative and socio-political practices.

2.3 Van Dijk’s Discourse Analysis Concept

Van Djik‘s discourse analysis concept is always said as a social cognition,

According to van Djik, the discourse analysis is not enough only analyze the text itself, because text has a practical production that must be observed. In this condition, the readers have to know how the text is produced, so they can know the knowledge why the texts must be like that.

Van Djik creates the connection between the big elements such as social structure with the micro elements such as social structure with the micro element called social cognition. This social cognition has two meanings. First, is shows how the process of the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

texts that produced by the candidate, and secondly, it describes the social value in society which is wider. The social value also will influence the candidate knowledge in produced the text.

Van Djik sees how the social structure, dominant, and power community in society are. Moreover, he analyzes how the candidate cognition and awareness that can influence to the certain text. Van Dijk sees discourse by three dimensions; they are text, social cognition and social analysis.

Table 2.1. Van Djik’s Discourse Analysis Concept

Social Social Text Context Cognition

This figure is drawn out from the idea Van Djik, who claims that the relationship between discourse and society is in fact never direct. As shown in the figure, the cognitive process it between discourse and society.

2.3.1 Text Analysis

There three elements in discourse analysis: Macrostructure, superstructure, microstructure. First, microstructure, it is global or general meaning from a text that more emphasize on the meaning which can be observed by looking at the topic and themes from a text. Second, superstructure, it is how a discourse framework being

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

organized by conventional schemata. How texts parts are arranged into the whole news.

Last, microstructure, concern on local meaning of the discourse by observing the semantics, syntax, stylistic and rhetoric aspects.

Van Djik looks the text from some structures that construct each other. Van Djick branches the discourse elements in three points; those are macro structure, superstructure and microstructure.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Table 2.2: Van Djik’s Discourse Text Elements

Discourse Case that observed Elements

Structures

Macrostructure Thematic Topic/Theme

Theme or topic in text

Superstructure Schematic Scheme

The arrangement of the part of the

text

Microstructure Syntax Sentence form, coherence,

Formation of the clause or sentence preposition

is used in the text

Semantic Background, detail,

The meaning is delivered on the meaning, pre assumption

text. For instance by giving details

on one side or reducing another

detail on the other.

Stylistic Lexicon

Word choice is used in the text

Rhetoric Metaphor, expression

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

To get the more explanation of those whole elements above, below is the short explanation:

2.3.1.1 Macrostructure

Thematic elements are global meanings from one discourse. Themes are general descriptions of opinions or ideas delivered by someone or in here by candidate. The theme shows the dominant concept, and most important of the contents of a speech or news. Teun Van Djik defines topic as a macro structure of a discourse. Because from the topic, we can find out problems and actions taken by the communicator in overcoming a problem. Actions, decisions, or opinions can be observed in the macro structure on a discourse.

A macrostructure is global meaning of discourse, macrostructure are formed using three macro rules.

i. Deletion rule: A given sequence of proposition, eliminates those propositions

that are not relevant for the interpretation of other proposition in discourse.

Example: A girl in the red car is a teacher

- A girl is a teacher

- She was diving a car

- The car is red

ii. Generalization rule: convert those specific propositions into more general

propositions.

Example: Desy was doing her assignment, Tika was writing his paper, and

Tony was leaning English with his brother.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

- The children were studying.

iii. Construction rule: one propositions can be constructed from a number of

propositions substituting all propositions by a propositions that denotes a

global fact.

Example: Dora opened the door, she sat on the sofa, when her mother asked

her why she had just arrived in the home, and she promised to come on time

tomorrow.

- Dora late to come back home.

The general proposition is simply constructed, but it contain all the purposes of the text.

The example of Thematic in George W Bush campaign speechtext :

Thank you all for coming today. I am proud to be the first sitting President ever to have visited The Villages. The other ones missed out on a lot. Thanks for having me. Thanks for coming. This is a huge crowd, for which I am grateful. I told Jeb it looks like a beautiful day in The Villages. He said, it's always a beautiful day in The Villages.

I'm traveling your state to ask for the vote. I think you got to get out amongst the people and say, I want your vote. I'm going to give you some reasons to put me back into office. I also want your help. You need to go to your friends and neighbors. Tell them we have a duty in our free society to vote. When you get them headed to the polls, remind them, if they want a safer America, a stronger America, a better America, to put me and Dick Cheney back in office.

Four years ago, when I traveled your great state, four years ago when I came to The

Villages, for that matter, I made this pledge, that if you gave me a chance to serve, I would uphold the honor and the dignity of the office to which I had been elected. With

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

your help, I will do so for four more years. God bless. Thanks for coming. Thank you all. Thank you all.

2.3.1.2 Superstructure

Superstructure is a text or discourse generally has a scheme or the flow from the introduction to the end. The flow show how the parts in the text are arranged and sorted form one unity of meaning. A speech consists of three large schemes. According to Van

Djik, the significance of the schematic is candidate‘s strategy to support certain topics to be conveyed by arranging parts with specific sequences. Schematic give which pressure takes precedence, and which parts can then as a strategy to hide important information.

a. Schematic

Schemata, on the other hand, is used to describe the overall from of a discourse, the schema shows how the parts of the text is arranged to form unity of meaning. Schemata shows which parts were emphasized and which part were hidden, as a part of important strategy. The concealment is performed by placing the part to be hidden at the end of the text. So, that it indicates to the reader or voters which information in the text is most

―important‖ or prominent.

A good speech is no exception. By providing your speech with a beginning, a middle, and an end.

(1). Opening

The first thirty seconds of your speech are probably the most important. In that period of time you must grab the attention of the audience, and engage their interest in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

what you have to say in your speech. This can be achieved in several ways. For example you could raise a thought-provoking question, make an interesting or controversial statement, recite a relevant quotation or even recount a joke. Once you have won the attention of the audience, your speech should move seamlessly to the middle of your speech.

(2). Body

The body of your speech will always be the largest part of your speech. At this point your audience will have been introduced to you and the subject of your speech (as set out in your opening) and will hopefully be ready to hear your arguments, your thoughts or even your ramblings on the subject of your speech.

(3). Closing

Like your Opening, the Closing of your speech must contain some of your strongest material. You should view the closing of your speech as an opportunity. It is an opportunity Summarize the main points of your speech, Provide some further food for thought for your listeners, Leave your audience with positive memories of your speech and with a final thought/emotion (e.g. With well wishes to the Bride and Groom, With fond memories of a departed friend, With admiration for winners and losers at an awards ceremony).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

The example of schema of text campaign speech:

Part The main topic Sentence

1. In opening He tell about his purpose in Sentences 1

the campaign speech.

2. In content In body, he convey his record Sentences 2

and visions as a candidate of president

3. In closing of this speech consists Sentences 3

persuade strategies to vote him to be

president twice

The part 1 describes his purpose in the campaign speech, he want to be the next president, so he try to persuade American to vote for him.

Thank you all for coming today. I am proud to be the first sitting President ever to have visited The Villages. The other ones missed out on a lot. Thanks for having me. Thanks for coming. This is a huge crowd, for which I am grateful. (Applause.) I told Jeb it looks like a beautiful day in The Villages. He said, it's always a beautiful day in the Villages.

In part the text describes his record and vissons as a candidate of

My record is one of reforming education, of lowering taxes, of providing prescription drug coverage for our seniors, of improving homeland protections, and of waging an aggressive war against the ideologues of hate. I enjoyed the chance to lay out my vision for the future.

In the part 3, or in closing section of his campaign speech, George Walker Bush closing his campaign speech with his meeting purpose that day, namely to ask American for vote him in Next President election. It is an opportunity Summarize the main points of your speech, Provide some further food for thought for your listener

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Four years ago, when I traveled your great state, four years ago when I came to The Villages, for that matter, I made this pledge, that if you gave me a chance to serve, I would uphold the honor and the dignity of the office to which I had been elected. With your help, I will do so for four more years. God bless. Thanks for coming. Thank you all. Thank you all.

2.3.1.3 Microstructure

Micro structure is a local meaning. A concrete text that can observe in terms of choice of words, sentences, and the style of language used in a text. In Critical Discourse

Analysis, microstructure is seen as the meaning of discourse that canbe observed by analyzing words and propositions displayed (sentence structure or how opinions are delivered)

a. Semantic

Semantic is related to meaning or significance of language. In this case, the meaning that will be found on the text is derived from the relationship between sentences and propositions that build a particular meaning in the text building. Semantic strategies are intended to describe that the writer or the own group is right and marginalize other group, thus producing the opposite meaning. Positive values of self described with great detail, explicit, direct and clearly. On the contrary, when describing the positive value of the other group, it is presented with a short detail, implicit and vague. Semantics has elements of discourse: background, detail and intention.

(1). Background

Background is a part of the text that affects the meaning that will be delivered.

Background generally rose at the beginning before the candidates opinion with the aim of influencing and giving the impression that the opinion of the candidates reasoned.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Background is chosen determines which way the views of readers want to be directed.

Background is containing author‘s intention. The main purpose sometimes presented implicitly. By looking at how the background is described and presented, we can analyze the intention and purpose of the candidates.

The example Background analize:

The sentences above explains, his purpose travelling to the state, and back to the office and hope found amongst the people to vote him as the President.

(2). Detail

Detail is related to information control which is delivered by the candidates.

Communicator will show excessive information that is worth for himself, and it aims to create good image. The candidate will show a little information if it is detrimental to his position. Detail element is the candidate‘s way to express his opinion implicitly.

Example analyze detail element:

When I came into office, the stock market had been in serious decline for six months. And then we headed into a recession. To help families and to get this economy growing again, I pledged to reduce taxes. I kept my word.The results are clear. The recession was one of the shallowest in American history. Over the last three years, our economy has grown at rates as fast as any in nearly 20 years

From the text about, there is detail because the campaign speech text of George W Bush only presents the economy recession, when he came into the office, the stock

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

market had been in serious decline, in here he don‘t convey what cause of the decline in economy, he directly want to change it and help the families.

(3). Presupposition

Presupposition element it is efforts to support the opinion by providing a believable premise truth. Presupposition is special type implicit information, to assume beforehand, the term which is originated in the philosophy of logic.

b. Syntax

Syntactic aspects of a discourse are related to how phrase or sentences are arranged and presented and syntax elements will get closed with the ordering and structuring sentences to build the systematical and ideological ideas in sentences. The candidate choose some syntax elements because of the ideologically motivated. The syntax elements include coherence, reference, and sentence structure (active and passive voice).

In syntax discourse analysis the discourse coherence deals with the coherent sentences in the logic and structure forming in the text levels. A simple basic rule of the coherence sentence A is coherent with sentence B, if A refers to a situation or an event that is a possible condition of the situation or event referred to by B.

Thus, the sequence sentences of ―this night my father had a headache. He went to the pharmacy to get medicine ―. Is coherent according to that rule (The first sequence sentence has the condition namely a reason and then the second sequence sentence is doing a consequent action), whereas the sequence sentences of ―we went to an expensive café. Merlin ordered a fiction books.‖ is not coherent, (because our knowledge about eating in café tell us that ordering a book is not a normal thing to do in café).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

A text will be said as a coherence if it describes a possible sequence of events.

Moreover, the coherence depends on our knowledge and beliefs about what is possible in the world. Coherence sentences in the text are easily analyzing by seeing the conjunctive cohesion. Halliday and Hassan distinguish four conjunctive cohesions. The four types of the conjunctive cohesion are exemplified below:

a. Additive: and, or, futhermore, similarly, in addition

b. Adversative: but, however, on the other hand, nevertheless

c. Causal: so, consequently, for this reason

d. Temporal: then, after that, finally, at last

Sentence structure express the semantic roles of participants in an event by use of active and passive voices. This sentence structure is not only being the technical issues of the truly grammatical usage, but also it can determine the meaning that was forming by the sentence structure. In active voice, agent is being the subject position of a statement, as the key role or do of an action, while the passive voice focuses on the object. In passive voice, the agent will position as an object case of a statement, have less prominent role, order in the end of the sentence and event it can be deleted.

My teacher struck a mathematic student

A mathematic student was struck by the teacher

A mathematic student was struck

In the first sentence above, the teacher is positioned in first, subject position, and expressed an agent role. The second sentence is about the ill student and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

the teacher is located at the end position of the sentence, it means that the teacher is having a less prominent role on that sentence. And in the third sentence, the passive sentence disappeared the agent or the doer of the action in order to make the syntactically ambiguous agent (Djik:11)

c. Stylistic

Stylistic is the study of style. Its related to how diction and figure of campaign speech used in a text. The style of language is used to select and arrange words and sentences that are considered the most express a theme, idea, emotion, and the experience of the speaker or writer. The stylistic variation will be influenced by the situation of conversation (formal and informal), written text (formal and informal texts), gender, power and status. Stylistics is used to create particular image/ meaning. The element of stylistic is lexicon.

In this campaign speech of Hillary Clinton using lexicon to ensure American to vote her as a President, it can be seen as follows:

You know, President Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed. One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama,and another is my husband, Bill Clinton The word “testament” is dramatizes. According to Oxford dictionary the meaning of

“testament” is “a thing that shows that else something exists or it is true” the message that she wants to deliver is, America must finished unfinished work by Former President

Roosevelt because it is a legacy to lifted up a nation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

d. Rhetoric

Strategy in rhetoric level is style that is expressed when a person speaks or writes.

How the candidate deliver the messages which will be delivered to audience. Rhetoric has persuasive function. Rhetoric also appears into interaction form whether formal interaction that creates as an impression of how presenting himself in front of audience the elements, of rhetoric is metaphor.

(1). Metaphor

Metaphor is a way of representing something in terms of something else (Baker

2011:70). The metaphor is not only using as the rhetoric element but also it introducing the using of stylistic, too. Van Djik gives some examples of the war metaphors to present the fighting action in the campaign speech.Its sentence to support the main idea.

In a discourse, the authors or candidates delivers not only main idea by text, but also proverb, expression and metaphor intended as ornament from a discourse. Metaphor that the author used has function as basis of reasoning, justification for opinion or particular idea to audience. The author used common sense, expression, colloquialisms, proverbs, religious advice, ancient words. It is used to reinforce the candidate‘s opinion.

Example of Metaphor element:

You know, there's an old saying, no one ever washes a rental car A lot of wisdom in that statement.

In the text there is a metaphor, when the candidate convey a statement ―no one ever washes a rental car‖. It is mean When you own something, you have a vital stake in the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

future of your country. That's why we'll continue to encourage ownership. Every time a small business is started, someone is achieving the American Dream.

(2). Graphics

Graphics is form of writing, whether capital letter, lowercase, big size or small size, italic, bold, underline, number, colored or not. Those writing form is used to reveal which parts of the text are highlighted or prioritized and which parts are marginalized. In conversation form of discourse the emphasized delivered by using intonation from the speaker.

Example of graphics element:

20 % of workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 %, provided 16 million working people

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.3.2 Social Cognition

Not only analyze text, the Critical Discourse Analysis of Van Djik also analyze the social cognition. Socio cognitive, concerns two important concepts: context and text. It focuses on the impact of discourse and the controlling power that has on society. Both context and text are considered essential for discourse interpretation. Text is something produced by people in the process of making discourse. It can be written or spoken as a part of everyday conversation, a speech, a book, or a newspaper, etc. Context is something psychological and dynamic. In terms of being psychological, context is defined as a mental structure that is essential for discourse production and comprehension. Context is the process in people‘s minds which can be perceived as a device people use when they speak or write something and when they consume written or spoken text. They need it in order to extract the meaning embed in the text.

Van Dijk, has proposed this as a ‗context model‘. A context model is in the middle of society and discourse as SCA suggests that discourse indirectly controls people‘s actions but it can influence people‘s minds and the minds can control people‘s actions. Through the processes running in our minds, discourse is produced and consumed. It can be claimed that the production and consumption of discourse cannot be directly linked to social structures. It needs a device that can link them, a mediating cognitive device.

There are two notions of principle models that can be cognitive devices which can control people‘s actions and interpretations: mental models and context models.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.3.2.1 Mental Models

The notion of mental models was introduced by van Dijk. Mental models are explained as memory in people‘s minds. They may be identified with people‘s experiences, specific acts or events they participate in, witness to or hear/read about.

Discourses are often specific. They always involve specific people, acts and settings as in everyday conversation, as well as the news. From these specific utterances made by people, the brain starts to construct some memory in their minds. According to vanDijk, the mental models may also have a schematic structure, namely the schematic structure of events (setting, participants, actions, etc.). Since mental models typically feature personal opinion, mental models then define the situation. These opinions may become social attitudes and finally construct social ideologies. Mental models may also be ideologically biased, and can form the input of discourse production. Such biased discourse may appear in various forms of discourse: biased topics, lexical items, or metaphors, among many other (especially semantic) properties of discourse.

Moreover, the ideological influence of discourse is often indirect. Ideologies influence social attitudes which may influence the individual opinions of group members represented by the mental models of specific people and events. Mental models with ideologies thus control meaning produced in text and talk, discourse about such events.

When people perform a discourse, they may form biased models according to their ideologies. Therefore, different individual social members may have different ideological comprehensions. This is one of the reasons for the variable nature of discourse comprehension and interpretation. From this, it can be concluded that variation of opinions between different group members does not mean that the group does not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

share attitudes or ideologies. It is only individual group members that do not share such attitudes or ideologies.

2.3.2.2 Context Models

Van Djik, stated that context models, defined as specific mental models, represented in people‘s memory, act as a mediating cognitive device. They make sure that language users adapt their discourse to the social environment, so that it is socially appropriate.

Context models represent every kind of communication in which people participate such as conversation at breakfast, meeting at work, etc. Context models are considered dynamic since they represent ongoing actions. They will be continuously updated or changed during the processing of discourse. Each different participant in a communicative event tends to have his/her own, personal context model according to his/her social experience. Therefore, each participant may have a different personal interpretation of a current situation. However, discursive interaction and communication will occur only when context models are partly shared, synchronized, or negotiated.

Participants may produce and update each other's models when they communicate.

Speakers may have models that are partly similar to those of recipients and vice versa.

Context models can be understood as the structure of all properties of a social situation that are systematically relevant for the production, comprehension, or function of discourse and its structures. In this case, the word relevance is defined by a current context model, and it may be both personal and social. That is to say, it is not social features such as age, ethnicity, and sex that constitute the context, but the socially based and mentally represented constructions that social members make or take to be relevant in social interaction. In order to distinguish between the theoretically infinite complexity

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

of a social situation and the context constructed out of this situation, language users have learned to focus on those properties of the social situation that are systematically relevant for discourse in a given culture.

2.3.3 Social Context

The last dimension of Van Djik‘s discourse analysis concept is social context or social analysis. This dimension will discuss how the text will be produced by readers.

Social analysis also will discuss diction of text, power, access that forming a discourse, such as background situation, event, and social condition that happening.

Before the language users are able to match incoming information against the more general linguistic and other knowledge in memory, they must analyze the context with respect to which a certain speech act is performed. In order to illustrate informally our levels and categories operating in pragmatic context analysis of language users, we will give two examples of speech acts and a characterization of a context in which they are appropriate.

Based on Van Djik‘s concept, there are two points of social analysis, they are power and access.

2.3.3.1 Power

Power is about relation of difference, and particularly about the effects of differences in social structures. The constant unity of language and other social matters ensure that language entwined in social power in a number of ways; language indexes power, expresses power in, is involved where there is contention over and a challenge to power.

Power does not derive from language but language can be used to challenge power, to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

subvert it, to alter distributions of power in the short and long term. Language provides a finely articulated means for differences in power in social hierarchical structures.

The power actually is enforced through individuals such teacher, judges, lawyers, priests, presidents, prime ministers, and much more. Undoubtedly that such specific high class of people are more intended to have it than them from minority one. Political power indeed, which commonly uttered by such kind of person, controls many aspects of people: how much should pay for the tax, the education fee for government schools, what kind of license we must own, and many other fields. It actually can be classified as

‗personal power‘.

2.3.3.2 Access

Van Djik‘s discourse analysis concept always discuss the relation between power and access. Access may even be analyzed in terms of the topics or referents of discourse, that is, who is written or spoken about. We may assume, as for other social resources, that more access according to there several participant roles, corresponds with more social power.

In other words, measures of discourse access may be rather faithful indicators of the power of social groups and their members. We have suggested that one of social resources on which power and dominance are based is the privileged access to discourse and communication. Access is an interesting but also a rather vague analytical notion.

In our case it may mean that language users or communicators have more or less freedom in the use of special discourse genres or styles, or in the participation in specific communicative events and contexts. Thus, only parliamentarians have access to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

parliamentary debates and top managers to meeting in the boardroom. People may have more or less active or passive access to communicative events, as is usually the case for journalist, professors or bosses when writing for, or speaking to, a more or less passive audience.

2.3.4 Campaign Speech of Hillary Clinton

2.3.4.1 Campaign Speech

An election for president of the United States occurs every four years on Election

Day, held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in begins with the primary November.

The election process begins with the primary elections and causes and moves to nominating conventions, during which political parties each select a nominee to unite behind. The nominee also announces a vice presidential running mate at this time. The candidates then campaign across the country, to explain their views and plans to voters and participate in debates with candidates from other parties.

During the general election, Americans go to their polling place to cast their vote for president. But the tally of those votes, the popular vote, does not determine the winner. Instead, the presidential elections use the Electoral College. To win the election, a candidate must receive a majority of electoral votes. In the event no candidate receives

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

the majority, the house of Representatives chooses the president and the Senate chooses the vice president.

The president election process follows a typical cycle:

1. Spring of the year before the election, candidates announce their intentions to

run

2. Summer of the year before an election through spring of the election year,

primary and caucus debates take place

3. January to June of election year, States and parties hold primaries and

caucuses

4. July to early September, parties hold nominating conventions to choose their

candidates

5. September and October, candidates participate in presidential debates

6. Early November, Election Day

7. December, Electors cast their votes in the Electoral College

8. Early January of the next calendar year, Congress counts the electoral votes

9. January 20, Inauguration Day

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Picture 2.1: Election Process of President in United States

When Hillary Clinton was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2001, she became the first

American first lady to ever win a public office seat. She later became the 67th U.S. secretary of state in 2009, she became the first woman in U.S history to become the presidential nominee of a major political party. Hillary Clinton was born on October 26,

1947, in Chicago, Illinois, going to earn her law degree from Yale University. She married fellow law school graduate Bill Clinton in 1975. She later served as first lady from 1993 to 2001 and then as a U.S. senator from 2001 to 2009. In early 2007, Clinton announced her plans to run for the presidency. During the 2008 Democratic primaries, she conceded the nomination when it became apparent that Barack Obama held a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

majority of the delegate vote. After winning the national election, Obama appointed

Clinton secretary of state. She was sworn in as part of his cabinet in January 2009 and served until 2013. In the spring of 2015, she announced her plans to run again for the

U.S. presidency. In 2016, she became the first woman in U.S. presidency. In 2016, she became the first woman in U.S. history to become the presidential nominee of a major political party. After a popularizing campaign against Donald Trump. Clinton was defeated in general election that November.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.3.5 Conceptual Framework

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (VAN DJIK)

Discourse Structure Social Cognition Social Context

Macro Structure (Topic/theme) Super structure (schema) Micro Structure (Semantic: background, detail, Ideology Power and Access presupposition nominalization), Syntax :Sentence form, coherence, reference), Stylistic: lexical choices), Rhetorical (metaphor)

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN CANDIDATE PRESIDENT CAMPAIGN SPEECH

Figure 2.1: Conceptual Framework

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.3.6 Relevant Study

In writing this research, the researcher uses some references from various sources based on some books, e-book, thesis/journals, and internet to support the researcher‘s research. Based on the title of writer‘s research about Critical Discourse

Analysis in President campaign speech, this below some relevant thesis and journal has been collected to supply relevant information to the topic.

Nurfadilah, Arini. 2017.―A Critical Discourse Analysis of Teun Van Djik on the

Jakarta Post‘s Editorials ―New Year in Singkill‖ and ―Banning Hate Speech‖ (A Thesis).

Jakatra: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah. In this thesis the writer discuss the same Approach ‗Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)‘ and used descriptive qualitative method. In this thesis the writer, used Van Djik discourse analysis concept to analyze the text structure, social cognition, and social context of The Jakarta Post in presenting church destruction in Aceh Singkil., but the writer use advertisement as the object in this research. This thesis can help the writer as a helper for completly the writer research because this thesis used Van Djik framework, and the writer used it too, for complete the research.

Saputro, Hadi. 2014. ―Bahasa Pidato Kampanye: Kajian Analis Wacana Kritis‖

(A Thesis). Surabya: Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya. In this thesis the writer discuss the same Approach ‗Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and used descriptive qualitative method. In this thesis the writer, used Van Djik discourse analysis concept to make description, interpretation and explanation (1)theme/topic, (2)scheme(introduction, contents and conclusion), (3) word coherence, (4) sentence coherence, (5) the rhetoric of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

candidate, in this thesis the writer also use text speeches from the candidates ((Megawati

Soekarno Putri campaign speech, Dr. H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono campaign speech, and H. Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, S.E campaign speech) in Trans TV Jakarta and debate politics of the candidate in Trans TV Jakatra. This thesis can help and give the contribution for the research because this thesis used Van Djik framework and the writer used it too, for completly this research.

Harahap,Annisa.2015.―AnalisisKritisTerhadapPidatoKenegaraanPresidenSoekar noPadaTanggal 17 Agustus 1966‖ (A Thesis).Medan: Fakultas Ilmu Politik USU. In this thesis the writer discuss the same Approach‘ Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and used descriptive qualitative method. In this thesis the writer using Van Djik theory,

Foulcault theory and Lacau theory to analyze (1) to analyze Soekarno mind set about crucial period and to analyzed the language have used, (2) to analyze the word which have power and the effect of the word, (3) to understanding how Soekarno constructed

Demokrasi Liberal is the enemy of Indonesia, until there is discourse leadership

Demokrasi. The object in this thesis is president Soekarno‘s speech in 17 Agustus 1945, in this thesis can help the writer to find the analyze discourse analysis by van Djik.

Wang, Junling. 2010.‖A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama‘s

Speeches‖ (A Journal). Lanzhou, China: School of Foreign Languages, Northwest

Normal University. In this Journal the writer used ‗Michael Alexander Kirkwood

Halliday‘theory to develop an internationally influential grammar model- the Systemic

Functional Grammar as the foundation of Critical Discourse Analysis as well as other theories in pragmatics., to find out the formal features of Barack Obama‘s speeches. Its

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

aim is to explore the relationships among language, ideology and power and to find out how to use the power of speech to persuade the public to accept and support his policies.

The writer use Barack Obama‘s public speech as the object. It can help the writer to see the power of speech to persuade the public to accept and support the candidate.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of the Study

The method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive analysis because the data are qualitative. As Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:1), said Qualitative Data

Analysis usually in the form of words rather than numbers, have always been the staple of some fields in the social sciences, notably anthropology, history, and political sciences. In qualitative-descriptive analysis, we identify and provide evidence to support our hypothesis and describe them.

After identifying the data, the writer, then, find the right approach in analyzing them.

According to Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:8), there are three approaches to qualitative data analysis. They are Interpretifism, Social Anthropology and

Collaborative social research. The writer uses the first approach, for it is the most suitable one for this kind of research. Interpretivism says that human discourse and action could not be analyzed with the methods of natural and physical science.

Interpretivist of all types also insist researchers have their own understandings, and their own convictions. This study aims to describe the text structure, social cognitive and social analysis found in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, based on that purposes, this research used descriptive qualitative method.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

3.2 Data and Data Source

The source of data in this research is Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech at

Roosevelt Island, New York, June 16, 2015 https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/hillaryclintoncampaign-rally-speech- transcript118973 and the data is campaign speech text of Hillary Clinton.

3.3. Data Collecting Method

Data collection according to Mahsun (2007:32) is the stage of providing or collecting data related to providing activities and availability of data. Technique can be seen through: questionnaire, interview, observation, documentation, etc. In this study, the writer uses the method of documentation in collecting the data.

In collecting the data, the writer uses documentation method is intended to obtain data directly from the research, including relevant books, studying, and relevant research data. In this study, documentation method is the way to take data by watching or reading the source and making the list of collected data. Then the writer used note technique in collecting and taking note about text structure, social cognition, and social analysis which found in Hillary Clinton’s campaign speech. According to Mahsun

(2007:91).Note techniques is the continuation technique which applies the observation method.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

In collecting the data, the writer did these following steps:

a. Choose an speech text form HRC (Human Rights Campaign) Website

b. Read the speech text

c. Mark the sentences which containing discourse element

3.4 Data Analysis Method

According to Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014), there are three concurrent flows of activity in the process of analyzing the data; (1) data condensation, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion: drawing/verification.

Data Data Collection Display

Data Conclusion: Condensation Drawing/Verifying

Figure: 3.1 Component of Data Analysis: Interactive Model

(Sources: Miles, Huberman and Saldana, 2014:14)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

The writer uses Miles and Huberman methodology to analyze the whole data.

The steps are:

a. Data Collection

First step in research by using qualitative methods is data collection. In this research, collecting data is done by searching on Google, selecting the President Campaign

Speech that will be taken as the data, and downloading the selected in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech from the internet and print them out.

b. Data Condensation

After data collection, the next steep is data condensation. According to Miles and

Huberman, data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data that appear in the full corpus (body) of written- up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials. The data condensing/transforming process continues after the fieldwork is over, until report is completed.

Data condensation is a form of analysis that sharpens, sorts, focuses, discards and organizes data such a way that ―final‖ conclusion can be drawn and verified. Thus, in this study the data are condensed through the process of selecting and focusing. The writer starts the process by selecting, which data are needed for this study and focusing on data which are the whole and each element of text structure, social cognition and social analysis in president campaign speech as a data analysis. But in this study, the data are not condensed in text structure because, we need the text to find the theme and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

other elements of text structure but the data are condensed in social cognitive and social analysis to find out the power, ideology and access of the candidate.

c. Data Display

According to Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:11) state a display is an organized, organized, compressed assembly of information the permits conclusion drawing and action. The displays discussed in this book include many types of matrices, graphs, charts, and networks. All designed to assemble organized information into an immediately accessible, compact form so that the analysts can see what is happening and either draw justified conclusions or move on the next step of analysis the display suggest may be useful. And in this research using table for the data display.

d. Conclusions: Drawing/Verifying

According to Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014:11) state that conclusions are also verified as the analysis proceeds. Verification may be as brief as a fleeting second thought crossing the analysists mind during writing, with a short excursion back to the field notes, or it may be trough and elaborate, with lengthy argumentation and review among colleagues to develop ―intersubjective consensus‖ or with extensive efforts to replicate a finding in another data set.

The analysis of data that writer will do is based on Miles, Huberman and Saldana theory is there is no data condensation in this study, because the data is campaign speech and to see the text structure, socio cognition and social analysis need all the text.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

a. Text analysis

After data collected, there are steps conducted during the study:

1. Reading the text in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech.

2. Identifying and classified the text structure elements (Macro Structure:

Theme/Topic, Micro Structure: Semantic, Syntax, Stylistic and Rhetorical, and

Superstructure: Scheme) to answer the first problem study, Hillary Clinton‘s

campaign speech.

3. Identifying the text, ideology, power and access based on VanDjik Theory, in

Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech. b. Social Cognition

To answering the second problem of the study in this research, the writer will do following steps analysis:

1. Reading the campaign speech transcript

2. Identifying how the ideology of the candidate in his campaign speech by using

van Djik theory c. Social Analysis

To answering the third problem of the study in this research, the writer will do following step analysis:

1. Reading the campaign speech transcript

2. Identifying how access and power in campaign speech

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis

In this chapter, the writer analyzed Hillary Clinton Campaign Speech, by applying Teun A. Van Djik Approach of Critical Discourse Analysis. To answer the problem of study, namely: (1) how does text structure realize in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech?, (2) how is social cognition in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech? ,

(3) how social context in Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech?

In Critical Discourse Analysis (Van Djik, 1998), a text can be analyzed through three dimension that is the text itself, socio cognition and social analysis.

4.1.1 Text Structure Analysis

Van Djik (1998), looks the text from some structures that construct each other.

Van Djik branches the discourse structure in three points; those are macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure.

4.1.1.1 Macrostructure

Macrostructure is global meaning from the text that can be analyzed by seeing the topic or theme that appear in the text. Teun van Djik defines topic as micro structure of a discourse. Because from the topic, we can find out problems and actions taken by the candidate in overcoming a problem. Actions, decisions, or opinions can be observed in the macro structure on a discourse.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

a. Thematic Analysis

Thematic elements are global meanings from one discourse. Themes are general description of opinions or ideas delivered by someone or candidate. The theme shows the dominant concept and most important of the contents of a speech or news.

The discourse topic is followed by the subtopic in order to support the general topic, on the other hands, subtopic will be supported by the fact sentences that functions as the unity and coherence information of the texts, always called as co-text. Co-text is a coherence text. It derives the readers or listeners to understand that all the purpose from the President candidate or in here is Hillary Clinton campaign speech must have coherence sentences in every paragraph. Moreover, the good coherence sentence topic will go to discourse topic as the global level topic that appeared in the headline of the campaign speech.

(a). The topic of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech is President Roosevelt‘s Four

Freedoms.

You know, President Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed. One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama, and another is my husband, Bill Clinton.

The topic of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech is President Roosevelt‘s Four

Freedoms. According to the writer, President Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms are testament to their nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of their unfinished work at home and abroad. Testament means a promise for their country to finish their work in America

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

and abroad. And his legacy can lifted up American country and inspired presidents who followed, like Former President Barack Obama and Bill Clinton.

(b). Sub Topic of Hillary Clinton’s campaign speech is about:

Every topic has sub topic in every paragraph of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech. They are as follows: President Roosevelt‘s four freedoms are a testament to our nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a remainder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed, like Barack

Obama and Bill Clinton.

Two Democrats guided by the. Oh, that will make him so happy. They were and are two Democrats guided by the fundamental American belief that real and lasting prosperity must be built by all and shared by all. In here, one of the sub topic is real and lasting prosperity, this statement means that testament of President Roosevelt are real and lasting prosperity for America, and there are two Democrats guided by the fundamental American belief that testament.

President Roosevelt called on every American to do his or her part, and every American answered. He said there‘s no mystery about what it takes to build a strong and prosperous America: “Equality of opportunity… Jobs for those who can work… Security for those who need it… The ending of special privilege for the few. The preservation of civil liberties for all… a wider and constantly rising standard of living.” The second Sub Topic which support the topic is a strong and prosperous

America, to build a strong and prosperous America is one of unfinished testament for

America, a strong and prosperous America is their purpose in their Country America, the testament are “Equality of opportunity… Jobs for those who can work… Security for those who need it… The ending of special privilege for the few. The preservation of civil liberties for all… a wider and constantly rising standard of living.”, according to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

the writer if American does all the testament, they will can make a strong and

Prosperous America.

It’s America’s basic bargain. If you do your part you ought to be able to get ahead. And when everybody does their part, America gets ahead too.

Then, the third sub topic of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, is It’s America’s basic bargain. The bargain, according to the oxford dictionary is an agreement between two or more people or groups, to do something for each other, bargain has a similar meaning to testament, namely to building strong and prosperous America, and Hillary

Clinton said if everybody does their part (America‘s basic bargain) America gets ahead too.

That bargain inspired generations of families, including my own. It‘s what kept my grandfather going to work in the same Scranton lace mill every day for 50 years.

And in the next paragraph, the writer also found the sub topic That bargain inspired generations of families and Hillary Clinton’s grandfather also do the basic bargain too, by going to work in the same Scranton lace mill every day for 50 years.

The writer also found the subtopic in this paragraph, When President Clinton honored the bargain, the America had the longest peacetime expansion in history, a balanced budget, and the first time in decades the America grew together, it means that

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

America is the incomes is increase in period, from the statement Hillary Clinton want to conclude that the bargain is the way to building strong and Prosperous America.

When President Obama honored the bargain, we pulled back from the brink of Depression, saved the auto industry, provided health care to 16 million working people and replaced the jobs we lost faster than after a financial crash.

The writer also found the sub topic in this paragraph, when President Obama honored the bargain, America pulled back from the brink of Depression, saved the auto industry , provided health care and replaced job, its mean that the basic bargain have big and positive impact for American.

4.1.1.2 Superstructure

A speech consists of three large schemes. According to Van Djik, the significance of the schematic is candidate‘s strategy to support certain topics to be conveyed by arranging parts with specific sequences. In the superstructure, there is schematic element.

a. Schematic

Schemata, on the other hand, is used to describe the overall from of a discourse, the schema shows how the parts of the text is arranged to form unity of meaning. . Schemata shows which parts were emphasized and which part were hidden, as a part of important strategy. The concealment is performed by placing the part to be hidden at the end of the text. In a good campaign speech is no exception, by providing our speech with a beginning, a middle, and an end.

The headline of this speech is ―Hillary Clinton Campaign Speech‖.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

(1) Opening Section

In opening section, in this period of time the candidate must grab her attention of the audience and engage their interests in what the candidate has to say in her speech.

Those statements are described in text:

In this Opening Section, Hillary Clinton in her campaign speech grab attention to all the audience in New York City. She bring their mind set to look back the history, she tells her experience as a senate for eight years in America. In the opening section of Hillary Clinton campaign speech, she also persuade the audience to look and remember the history of America unfinished work at home and abroad, by delivering

President Roosevelt‘s four freedoms are a testament, as we know former President

Roosevelt was a success president by his Four freedoms for everyone in Americans, it means she wants to persuade American to finished it together and she became a next president.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

(2) The Content

In contents section, a candidate of campaign speech, at this point the audience will have been introduced to the candidate and the subject of her speech (as set in the opening) and will hopefully be ready to hear the arguments, your thoughts and even the ramblings on the subject of her speech.

Those statements are described in text:

You know, President Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation’s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed. One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama, and another is my husband, Bill Clinton

Hillary Clinton, remind Americans, about former President Roosevelt‘s unfinished work at home and abroad..

For decades, Americans have been buffeted by powerful currents. Advances in technology and the rise of global trade have created whole new areas of economic activity and opened new markets for our exports, but they have also displaced jobs and undercut wages for millions of Americans. The financial industry and many multi-national corporations have created huge wealth for a few by focusing too much on short-term profit and too little on long- term value… too much on complex trading schemes and stock buybacks, too little on investments in new businesses, jobs, and fair compensation. Our political system is so paralyzed by gridlock and dysfunction that most Americans have lost confidence that anything can actually get done. And they‘ve lost trust in the ability of both government and Big Business to change course. Now, we can blame historic forces beyond our control for some of this, but the choices we‘ve made as a nation, leaders and citizens alike, have also played a big role. Our next President must work with Congress and every other willing partner across our entire country. And I will do just that, to turn the tide so these currents start working for us more than against us‖…

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Hillary Clinton running to make American be better in many terms in Economy, in advances technology, in the financial industry and many multi-national corporations, and in political system. And she hopes that the next president must work with Congress and every other willing partner.

As a young girl, I signed up at my Methodist Church to babysit the children of Mexican farmworkers, while their pasrents worked in the fields on the weekends. And later, as a law student, I advocated for Congress to require better working and living conditions for farm workers whose children deserved better opportunities. My first job out of law school was for the Children’s Defense Fund. I walked door-to-door to find out how many children with disabilities couldn’t go to school, and to help build the case for a law guaranteeing them access to education As a leader of the Legal Services Corporation, I defended the right of poor people to have a lawyer. And saw lives changed because an abusive marriage ended or an illegal eviction stopped. In Arkansas, I supervised law students who represented clients in courts and prisons, organized scholarships for single parents going to college, led efforts for better schools and health care, and personally knew the people whose lives were improved.

In this part, Hillary Clinton convey her experiences when she is young girl, she signed up the Methodist Church to babysit the children of Mexican farmworkers, and as a law student she also advocated for congress to require better working and living conditions for farm workers . and Hillary Clinton also convey her first job when out of law school was for the children‘s Defense Fund, she walked door to door to find out how many children with disabilities couldn‘t go to school. And in Arkansas, Hillary Clinton also supervised for single parents going to college, led efforts for better schools and health care. Its means that‘s, when she as young girl, she is very care for her society in her environment.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

In the coming weeks, I‘ll propose specific policies to: Reward businesses who invest in long term value rather than the quick buck – because that leads to higher growth for the economy, higher wages for workers, and yes, bigger profits, everybody will have a better time. I will rewrite the tax code so it rewards hard work and investments here at home, not quick trades or stashing profits overseas. (Cheers, applause.) I will give new incentives to companies that give their employees a fair share of the profits their hard work earns. (Cheers, applause.) We will unleash a new generation of entrepreneurs and small business owners by providing tax relief, cutting red tape, and making it easier to get a small business loan. We will restore America to the cutting edge of innovation, science, and research by increasing both public and private investments. And we will make America the clean energy superpower of the 21 st century. Developing renewable power – wind, solar, advanced biofuels…Building cleaner power plants, smarter electric grids, greener buildings… Using additional fees and royalties from fossil fuel extraction to protect the environment …‖And ease the transition for distressed communities to a more diverse and sustainable economic future from coal country to Indian country, from small towns in the Mississippi Delta to the Rio Grande Valley to our inner cities, we have to help our fellow Americans now, this will create millions of jobs and countless new businesses, and enable America to lead the global fight against climate change. We will also connect workers to their jobs and businesses. Customers will have a better chance to actually get where they need and get what they desire with roads, railways, bridges, airports, ports.

Hillary Clinton, deliver her specific policies to reward business , she will rewrite tax, she will and broadband brought up to global standards for the 21 st century. incentives to companies, she will unleash a new generation of entrepreneurs and small business owners by providing tax relief, cutting red tape, and making it easier to get a small business loan and restore America to the cutting edge of innovation, science, and research by increasing both public and private investments and make America the clean energy superpower of the 21st century.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

With that same spirit, together, we can win these four fights. We can build an economy where hard work is rewarded. We can strengthen our families. We can defend our country and increase our opportunities all over the world. And we can renew the promise of our democracy. If we all do our part. In our families, in our businesses, unions, houses of worship, schools, and, yes, in the voting booth. I want you to join me in this effort. Help me build this campaign and make it your own. Talk to your friends, your family, your neighbors. Text ―JOIN‖ J-O-I-N to 4-7-2- 4-6.Go to hillaryclinton.com and sign up to make calls and knock on doors. . It‘s no secret that we‘re going up against some pretty powerful forces that will do and spend whatever it takes to advance a very different vision for America. But I‘ve spent my life fighting for children, families, and our country. And I‘m not stopping now

In this part Hillary Clinton campaign speech, he persuade America to Vote and joint with her in the President election, by saying “with that same spirit, together, we can win these four fights, we can build an economy where hard work is rewarded. We can strengthen our families, we can defend our country and increase our opportunities all over the word” and “I want you to joint with me in this effort”, she also convey to make the different vision of America.

There are some information delivered by Hillary Clinton in her campaign speech, and the writer found there are many Personal Pronoun found “we‖ and “I” in her campaign of speech, the writer can conclude that, when she often use the pronoun ―we‖ it means that, she tries to make audience have the same purpose and goals with her, and in the end they believe to build and reach it together, for example to vote her to be a next president.

And the writer also find, there are many pronoun ―I‖ in her campaign speech text, Personal pronoun “I”, in here explained about individual role. According to the writer, using of Personal Pronoun “I”, is to make sure the audiences of her better

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

experience and great vision to make American to be a Superpower country, if she was elected as a president.

(3) Closing Section

In the last of campaign speech is closing section, like in opening of our speech, the closing of our speech must contain some of our strongest material. In the closing section of our campaign speech, we must summarize the main points of our campaign speech, leave the audience with positive memories of our speech, and make them sure to vote for us in a president of election on this term, and the end with the final trough/ emotion.

Those statements are described in text:

I wish she could have seen the America we’re going to build together. An America, where if you do your part, you reap the rewards. Where we don‘t leave anyone out, or anyone behind. An America where a father can tell his daughter: yes, you can be anything you want to be. Even President of the United States.Thank you all. God bless you. And may God bless America.

The former of America Secretary, Hillary Clinton end her campaign speech by say

“Thank you all” to all people in America and give the hope statements, “may God bless America”. Beside that she also hopes can build America together and persuade

American to vote her to be the next president.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.1.1.3 Microstructure

The last analysis from Van Djik in text analysis is microstructure. Microstructure is a local meaning. A concrete text that can observe in terms of choice of words, sentences, and style of language used in a campaign speech text. In microstructures elements, there are semantic, syntactic, stylistic , and rhetoric. For more details will be described as follows:

a. Semantic

Semantic is related to meaning or significance of language. In this case, the

meaning that will be found on the text is derived from the relationship between

sentences and propositions that build a particular meaning in the text building. .

Semantics has elements of discourse: background ,detail and intention.

(1). Background

Background is a part of the text that affects the meaning that will be delivered.

Background generally rose at the beginning before the candidates opinion with the aim of influencing and giving the impression that the opinion of the candidates reasoned. .

By looking at how the background is described and presented, we can analyze the intention and purpose of the candidates.

You know, President Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed. One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama, (cheers, applause) and another is my husband, Bill Clinton

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

In Hillary Clinton campaign speech the background element are illustrated by the following sentences, ―you know, President Roosevelt’s four freedoms are testament to our nation’s unmatched aspirations and a remainder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed”.

Hillary Clinton explained, explicitly, the testament of former president Roosevelt unfinished work and it will continue by the followed president, it meaning that she wants to finished the unfinished work of American people by she become a the next American

President.

(2). Detail

Detail is related to information control which is delivered by the candidates.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Developing renewable power – wind, solar, advanced biofuels… Building cleaner power plants, smarter electric grids, greener buildings… Using additional fees and royalties from fossil fuel extraction to protect the environment In this campaign speech, she deliver her vision as a candidate President America, and we can see, that‘s her method to ensure American from all the term, like Economy,

Political, advance technology, and etc.

b. Syntax

In Syntactic aspects of a discourse are related to how phrase or sentences are arranged and presented and syntax elements will get closed with the ordering and structuring sentences to build the systematical and ideological ideas in sentences. The candidate choose some syntax elements because of the ideologically motivated. The syntax elements include coherence, reference, and sentence structure (active and passive voice).

In syntax discourse analysis the discourse coherence deals with the coherent sentences in the logic and structure forming in the text levels.

(1). Conjunction

In discourse analysis, coherence is the syntax tool to connect the words, sentences, or paragraphs. The coherence is used to connect the two difference sentences or paragraphs to be correlating each other by using the connector. The coherence uses the cohesive devices to the coherence of the sentences in the paragraphs. Moreover, the coherence depends on our knowledge and beliefs about what is possible in the world, coherence sentences in the text are easily analyzing by seeing the conjunctive cohesion.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

(Halliday and Hassan), on their part, propose four types of conjunction that ensure cohesion on in English generally :(a) Additive Conjunctions, (b) Adversative

Conjunctions, (c) Causal Conjunctions, (d) Temporal conjunctions. The explanation of this conjunction is followed bellow:

(a) Additive Conjunctions act to structurally coordinate or link by adding to

proposed item and is used to show that the idea a chronological sequences with

other chronological and are signaled by and, also, or, furthermore, in addition,

etc.

In this campaign speech, the writer find two additive conjunctions, namely “and” and

“or”

(b) Additive Conjunctions “And”

The additive “and” is used to show that the idea that a chronological sequences with other chronological, used to show that one idea is the result of the other.

In here, and is used to introduce an additional comment. Namely, “a testament to our nation’s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and aboard”, in here uses the connective and to explain that President

Roosevelt‘s four freedoms, not only a testament to their nation‘s unmatched aspirations but also a reminder of their(American people) unfinished work at home and abroad. And then, in this part of sentences “and” is used to connect words of the same part clauses

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

that are to be taken jointly his (President Roosevelt) legacy, not only lifted up a nation, but also inspired presidents who followed (Bill Clinton and Barack Obama).

Our political system is so paralyzed by gridlock and dysfunction that most Americans have lost confidence that anything can actually get done. And they‘ve lost trust in the ability of both government and Big Business to change course

In here, “and” used to show that the idea that a chronological sequences with other chronological. The first case is, Our (American government) political system is paralyzed and dysfunction that most Americans have lost confidence that anything can actually get done, and they (American People) lost trust in the ability of both government and big business.

The additive ―Or‖ is used to show that only one possibility can be realized, including one or the other.

Now, that is an understandable question considering that in many places, if you lose an election you could get imprisoned or exiled even killed not hired as Secretary of State.

In this sentence, “or” is used to indicate a negative condition. That is an understandable question considering that in many places, if you (American people) lose an election you could get imprisoned or exiled killed (it means that imprisoned or exiled killed is her treat), to American if they not get an election of President.

(2) Adversative Conjunctions are used to express comparison or contrast between sentences and they include but, on the other hand, however, yet, though, only.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

In this Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign speech, the writer find adversative conjunctions “But”

(a) Adversative Conjunctive “But”

―adversative “But” is used to demonstrate the affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by the reverse) and is used to show the contrast or difference unexpected.

When President Obama honored the bargain, we pulled back from the brink of Depression, saved the auto industry, provided health care to 16 million working people, and replaced the jobs we lost faster than after a financial crash. But, it‘s not 1941, or 1993, or even 2009. We face new challenges in our economy and our democracy.

In here adversative “But” used to show the different phenomenon, namely when president Obama honored the bargain, the American pulled back from the brink of

Depression, saved auto industry, provided health care and increase the financial crash but its different in 2009, the American face the new challenges in their economy and their democracy.

For everyone who‘s ever been knocked down, but refused to be knocked out. I‘m not running for some Americans, but for all Americans. Our country‘s challenges didn‘t begin with the Great Recession and they won‘t end with the recovery. In here, the adversative “But” is used to show the difference, that Hillary Clinton intended not running for some American but for all Americans. In here, Hillary Clinton intends to work and serve all the American, not only the government, not only for high class people, middle class but all Americans.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

(3) Causal Conjunctions express the cause or reason of what is being stated. They include: then, so, hence, therefore.

In this Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, the writer find causal “so”

(a) Causal “so”

The conjunction “so”of which the function is to introduce ―a result‖ of what is stated previously.

As we have since our founding, Americans made a new beginning. You worked extra shifts, took second jobs, postponed home repairs... you figured out how to make it work. And now people are beginning to think about their future again – going to college, starting a business, buying a house, finally being able to put away something for retirement. So we‘re standing again. But, we all know we‘re not yet running the way America should. You see corporations making record profits, with CEOs making record pay, but your paychecks have barely budged. While many of you are working multiple jobs to make ends meet, you see the top 25 hedge fund managers making more than all of America‘s kindergarten teachers combined. And, often paying a lower tax rate. So, you have to wonder: ―When does my hard work pay off? When does my family get ahead?‖ ―When?‖ I say now.

In this Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign Speech, Causal “So” interested to convey her purposse.

(4) Temporal conjunctions represent sequence relationships between clauses and

they include: since, when ,secondly, then, in the end.

In this Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, the writer find Temporal conjunction “Since” and “when”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

(a) Temporal “when”

Temporal “when” is used to show for something happens when something else happening, the two things are happening at the same time and used to show the past to refer background events.

In here “when” is used to show the background events is President Bill Clinton honored the bargain, we (American) had the longest peacetime history, a balanced budget, and the first time in decades we (American People) all grew together, and the writer see it means to explain something happens when something else is happening

(President Bill Clinton honored the bargain). It her style to make sure American People, that her husband (Bill Clinton was a success former president in America by using the bargain and she want to continue it too).

(b) Temporal “Since”

Temporal “Since” is used to refer the point after a specific time in the past, or it can refer to a particular point beginning sometime in the past and continuing until the present time. As we have since our founding, Americans made a new beginning.

In here, “since” refer to a particular point beginning sometime in the past and continuing until the present time, namely since our (American People and Hillary

Clinton) founding (it means her top pay lower taxes), American made a new beginning

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

(it means from incomes dropped became increasing incomes), she explained that if they vote her to be a president it‘s a new beginning to make the increasing incomes.

c. Stylistic

Stylistic is the study of style. It relates to how diction and figure of campaign speech used in a text. The style of language is used to select and arrange words and sentences that are considered the most express a theme, idea, emotion, and the experience of the speaker or writer. The stylistic variation will be influenced by the situation of conversation (formal and informal), written text (formal and informal texts), gender, power and status. Stylistics is used to create particular image/ meaning. The element of stylistic is lexicon.

In this campaign speech of Hillary Clinton using lexicon to ensure American to vote her as a President, it can be seen as follows:

You know, President Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed. One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama, (cheers, applause) and another is my husband, Bill Clinton The word “testament” is dramatizes. According to Oxford dictionary the meaning of

“testament” is “a thing that shows that else something exists or it is true” the message that she wants to deliver is, America must finish unfinished work by Former President

Roosevelt because it is a legacy to lifted up a nation.

It‘s America‘s basic bargain. If you do your part you ought to be able to get ahead. And when everybody does their part, America gets ahead too.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

The word “Bargain” is dramatized. According to Oxford dictionary, “Bargain” is an agreement between two or more people or groups, to do something for each others. The message that she wants to convey, that an agreement two or more people

(Americans) principles. As Hillary Clinton said, that when every body does their part,

America gets ahead too.

d. Rhetoric

Strategy in rhetoric level is style that is expressed when a person speaks or writes.

How the candidate delivers the messages which delivered to audience. Rhetoric has persuasive function. Rhetoric also appears into interaction form whether formal interaction that creates as an impression of how the candidate presenting himself in front of audience the elements, of rhetoric is metaphor.

(1). Metaphor

Metaphor that the author used has function as basis of reasoning, justification for opinion or particular idea to audience. The author used common sense, expression, colloquialisms, proverbs, religious advice, ancient words. It is used to reinforce the candidate‘s opinion.

I can still hear her saying: ―Life‘s not about what happens to you, it‘s about what you do with what happens to you, so get back out there.

In that sentences above, Hillary Clinton convey a wise word from her mother,

“Life’s not about what happens to you, it’s about what you do with what happens to you, so get back out there” it is mean that, her mother is an inspired woman and she want to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

continue her mother struggle to Make America better, no matter every body come from middle class, they have the same change to be leader in America.

(2). Graphics

I want you to join me in this effort. Help me build this campaign and make it your own. Talk to your friends, your family, your neighbors. Text “JOIN” J-O-I-N to 4-7-2- 4-6.Go to hillaryclinton.com and sign up to make calls and knock on doors

In this campaign speech text, Hillary Clinton presents the bold word: “J-O-I-N-T to

4-7-2-4-6”… on her campaign speech text, in the part of her campaign speech the bold and capital word represents about the main idea or discourse topic of the whole text.

Therefore, if the readers only see the bold word in her part of speech, they will know what exactly the discourse wants to talk about: : talk to your friends, your family and your neighbors to text

“J-O-I-N-T to 4-7-2-4-6”… That‘s statements used by Hillary Clinton to make the readers concern more for those statements and to persuade people to joint and vote her as the next America President.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

(3). Number

The candidate present number such as:

20 % of workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 %, provided 16 million working people

In this term, Hillary Clinton using some number as her rhetoric, the first is 20% of workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 %,, this is the expansion in history, a balanced budget when President Clinton honored the bargain, as we know former President Clinton is her husband and it‘s a success of workers incomes, and the second number of Hillary Clinton convey in her campaign speech is provided health care 16 million working people and replaced the jobs we lost faster than after a financial crash, it means that there is 16 million working people get the provided their health and get the a financial crash, it happens when President Obama as a president, and we can see that Hillary Clinton was a secretary of former President Obama. According, to the two number explanation in her campaign speech we can see that Hillary Clinton try to make sure people that she has a closed relationship and try to see the track record of the success of former President America , that is her style ensures American to vote her.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.1.2 Social Cognition Analysis

The analyzing of social cognition on the Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech is

analyze as the following: (1) Mental Models, (2) Context Models

4.1.2.1 Mental Models

The mental models was introduced by van Djik, mental models are explained as memory in people‘s minds. They may identified with people‘s experiences, specific acts or events they participate in. According to van Djik, the mental models may also have a schematic structure, namely the schematic structure events (setting, participants, actions,etc). Mental models may also be ideologycally biased and can form the input of discourse production. Ideologies influence social attitudes which may influence the individual opinions of group members represented by the mental models of specific people an devents. When people perform a discourse, they may form biased models according to their ideologies.

According to Van Djik, there are several types of models or schemes that can be described, they are (1) Person Schemas, (2) Self Schemas, (3) Role Schemas, (4) Events

Schemas.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

a. Person Schemas

Person Scheme drawing how a speaker descibes and looks the other people

In this section, Hillary Clinton said that, President Roosevelt‘s four freedom are a testament to America and its unmatched aspirations and a reminder of unfinished work in America and abroad. Hillary Clinton is interested in President Roosevelt four freedoms and using it for her vision on her campaign for President America. She believes that the testament lifted up a nation and inspired presidents.

When President Clinton honored the bargain, we had the longest peacetime expansion in history, a balanced budget, and the first time in decades we all grew together, with the bottom 20 percent of workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 percent. When President Obama honored the bargain, we pulled back from the brink of Depression, saved the auto industry, provided health care to 16 million working people,and replaced the jobs we lost faster than after a financial crash. But, it‘s not 1941, or 1993, or even 2009. We face new challenges in our economy and our democracy.

Hillary Clinton also, convey President Clinton as her husband, that President Clinton honored the bargain, the America had the longest peacetime expansion in history, a balanced budget and the first time in decades they they all grew together. And she also deliver, President Barack Obama honored bargain. In this term, the writer see that,

Hillary Clinton also support the bargain for build America.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

These Republicans trip over themselves promising lower taxes for the wealthy and fewer rules for the biggest corporations without regard for how that will make income inequality even worse. We‘ve heard this tune before. And we know how it turns out.

Hillary Clinton, in her campaign speech also conveys the Republicans, as her opposite the campaign, she said that the republicans trip over themselves promising lower taxes for the wealthy and fewer rules for the biggest corporations without regard for how that will make income inequality even worse. She did not support the

Republicans system in the society of America.

b. Self Schemas

This scheme relates how our self is seen, understood, and described by someone.

In this campaign speech, the writer find that Hillary Clinton, have interpreted and support many terms to buid America, they are: (a). A fair tax system, (b). Disability rights, (c). Early childhood education, (d). Health care, (e). Labor and workers rights, (f).

LGBT rights and equality.

(1) A fair tax system

Instead of an economy built by every American, for every American, we were told that if we let those at the top pay lower taxes and bend the rules, their success would trickle down to everyone else. What happened? Well, instead of a balanced budget with surpluses that could have eventually paid off our national debt, the Republicans twice cut taxes for the wealthiest, borrowed money from other countries to pay for two wars, and family incomes dropped. You know where we ended up.

Accrording to Hillary Clinton an economy built by every American, for every American. Because, if Republicans twice cut taxes for the surpluses that could have eventually paid off their national debt, the Republicans twice cut taxes for the wealthiest,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

borrowed money from other countries to pay for two wars, and family incomes dropped. You know where we ended up.

(2) Disability rights

I want to make it easier for every citizen to vote. That's why I've proposed universal, automatic registration and expanded early voting. I‘ll fight back against Republican efforts to disempower and disenfranchise young people, poor people, people with disabilities, and people of color. She said that America must continue to expand opportunities for Americans with disabilities because every people have the same rights.

(3) Early childhood education

Now, building an economy for tomorrow also requires investing in our most important asset, our people, beginning with our youngest. That‘s why I will propose that we make preschool and quality childcare available to every child in America. And I want you to remember this, because to me, this is absolutely the most-compelling argument why we should do this. Research tells us how much early learning in the first five years of life can impact lifelong success. In fact, 80 percent of the brain is developed by age three.

Every child deserves the chance to live up to his or her God given potential

That‘s why she will propose that we make preschool and quality childcare available to every child in America. And she want you to remember this, because to me, this is absolutely the most-compelling argument why we should do this.

(4) Health care

In Arkansas, I supervised law students who represented clients in courts and prisons, organized scholarships for single parents going to college, led efforts for better schools and health care, and personally knew the people whose lives were improved.As Senator, I had the honor of representing brave firefighters, police officers, EMTs, construction workers, and volunteers who ran toward danger on 9/11 and stayed there, becoming sick themselves.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

It took years of effort, but Congress finally approved the health care they needed. Universal, quality, affordable health care for everyone in America

(5) Labor and workers rights

Now, the second fight is to strengthen America‘s families, because when our families are strong, America is strong. And today‘s families face new and unique pressures. Parents need more support and flexibility to do their job at work and at home. I believe you should have the right to earn paid sick days. I believe you should receive your work schedule with enough notice to arrange childcare or take college courses to get ahead. When unions are strong, America is strong, the second fight is to strengthen

America‘s families, because when our families are strong, America is strong. And today‘s families face new and unique pressures. Parents need more support and flexibility to do their job at work and at home. She believe you should have the right to earn paid sick days.

(6) LGBT rights and equality

And, we should ban discrimination against LGBT Americans and their families (cheers, applause) so they can live, learn, marry, and work just like everybody else.You know, America‘s diversity, our openness, our devotion to human rights and freedom is what‘s drawn so many to our shores. What‘s inspired people all over the world. I know. I‘ve seen it with my own eyes. And these are also qualities that prepare us well for the demands of a world that is more interconnected than ever before. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Americans deserve to live their lives free from discrimination and she said that they should ban discrimination against LGBT

Americans and their families so they can live, learn, marry, and work just like everybody else.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

c. Role Schemas

This scheme relates to how one views and describes the role and position occupied someone in society.

Hillary grew up in a middle-class home in Park Ridge, a suburb of Chicago. Her dad, Hugh, was a World War II Navy veteran and a small-business owner who designed, printed, and sold drapes. Hugh was a rock-ribbed Republican, a pay-as-you-go kind of guy who worked hard and wasted nothing. Hillary helped with the family business whenever she could. Hillary‘s mother, Dorothy, had a tough childhood. She was abandoned by her parents as a young child and shipped off to live with relatives who didn‘t want to raise her. By age 14, Dorothy knew the only way she‘d get by was to support herself, and she started working as a housekeeper and babysitter while she went to high school. Her mother‘s experience inspired Hillary to fight for the needs of children everywhere.

Hillary‘s childhood was very different from her mother‘s. Her parents built a stable middle-class life. Hillary attended public school and was a Brownie and a Girl

Scout. She was raised a Methodist, and her mother taught Sunday school. On a trip to

Chicago with her youth ministry, Hillary got to see Martin Luther King Jr. speak—this sparked her lifelong passion for social justice. After graduating high school, Hillary attended Wellesley College, where she became more involved with social justice activism. By the time she graduated, Hillary had become a prominent student leader— she was elected by her peers to be the first-ever student speaker at Wellesley‘s commencement ceremony. After college, Hillary enrolled in Yale Law School, where

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

she was one of just 27 women in her graduating class. While attending Yale, Hillary began dating one of her classmates, Bill Clinton.

After law school, Hillary didn‘t join a big law firm in Washington or New York.

Instead, she went to work for the Children‘s Defense Fund, going door-to-door in New

Bedford, Massachusetts, gathering stories about the lack of schooling for children with disabilities. These testimonials contributed to the passage of historic legislation that required the state to provide quality education for students with disabilities. This commitment to public service and fighting for others—especially children and families—has stayed with her throughout her life.

After serving as a lawyer for the congressional committee investigating President

Nixon, she moved to Arkansas where she taught law and ran legal clinics representing disenfranchised people. She co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, one of the state‘s first child advocacy groups. On October 11, 1975, Hillary married Bill in a small ceremony in Fayetteville, Arkansas. As first lady of Arkansas, she was a forceful champion for improving educational standards and health care access. And she and Bill started their own family when their daughter, Chelsea, was born in 1980.

Bill was first elected president in 1992 and re-elected in 1996. As first lady,

Hillary tenaciously led the fight to reform our health care system so that all families would have access to the care they need at affordable prices. When the insurance companies and other special interests defeated that effort, Hillary didn‘t give up. She worked with Republicans and Democrats to help create the successful Children‘s Health

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Insurance Program, which provides health coverage to more than 8 million children and has helped cut the uninsured rate for children in half.

d. Events Schemas

This scheme is the most widely used because almost everyday we always see, hear the passing events. And every event we always interpret in particular scheme. Generally this scheme of events is the one most used by the speaker.

The even scheme of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech had been desribed in the superstructure, the writers see that in the introduction of her speech she coveys her experiences as a senator in America, in the context section of her speech, she delivers some vison to build and Prosperous American, and the last is closing section, Hillary clinton explains some term of crucial problem happen in America nowdays and gives the solution for it, and as a candidate from Democrat she persuade American for vote for her in election of Presidential.

4.1.2.2 Context Models

Van Djik, stated context models defined as specific mental models, represented in people‘s memory, act as a mediating cognitive device. Each diffrent participant in a communicative event tends to have his/her own, personal context model according to:

(a). Social Experience, (b). Participant interpretation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

a. Social Experience

As a young girl, I signed up at my Methodist Church to babysit the children of Mexican farmworkers, while their parents worked in the fields on the weekends. And later, as a law student, I advocated for Congress to require better working and living conditions for farm workers whose children deserved better opportunities. My first job out of law school was for the Children‘s Defense Fund. I walked door-to- door to find out how many children with disabilities couldn‘t go to school, and to help build the case for a law guaranteeing them access to education. As a leader of the Legal Services Corporation, I defended the right of poor people to have a lawyer. And saw lives changed because an abusive marriage ended or an illegal eviction stopped.

From all the situation we can see that, Hillary Clinton have many experiences in all the term of society, when she was a young girl, she signed the Methodist Church to babysit the children of Mexican farmworkers, while their parents work at the farm in the weekend, it means that Hillary Clinton have an experience in Church as the children babysit the children of Mexican farmworkers, she also advocated for the congress to require better working and living conditions for farm whose children deserved better opportunities, in here the writer see that, Hillary Clinton have a big attention for the middle class, like farmworkers.

Hillary Clinton‘s first job when she out from law school was for the Children‘s

Defense Fund, to find out children disabilities couldn‘t go to school, and she also participated on supervised law students who represented clients in courts and prisons, organized scholarship for single parents going to college, it means that she was efforts for approved the health care they need, and she want every children can get the education well.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

In Arkansas, I supervised law students who represented clients in courts and prisons, organized scholarships for single parents going to college, led efforts for better schools and health care, and personally knew the people whose lives were improved. As Senator, I had the honor of representing brave firefighters, police officers, EMTs, construction workers, and volunteers who ran toward danger on 9/11 and stayed there, becoming sick themselves. Clinton continued to pratice law after Bill Clinton became governor of Arkansas, while also serving as a very active first lady. She led the Arkansas Educational Standarts

Commite, which greatly improved schools, and promoted programs that benefit women.

In 1992, when Bill Clinton was elected president, Clinton became the first lady to hold a law degree. She continued her tradition of public service, most notably leading an attempt to reform the nation‘s health care. However, the effort failed in the mid-1990s.

Clinton continued to work on edges of the issue, helping to establish the 1997 Children‘s

Health Insurance Program.

In this campaign speech text, Hillary Clinton always concern on Children‘s health Insurance Program, she also deliver how to make greatly improved schools, and promoted programs that benefit women, she also care of children from middle class. So they can get the education in College.

b. Participant interpretation.

Like so much else in my life, I got this from my mother. When I was a girl, she never let me back down from any bully or barrier. In her later years, Mom lived with us, and she was still teaching me the same lessons. I‘d come home from a hard day at the Senate or the State Department, sit down with her at the small table in our breakfast nook, and just let everything pour out. And she would remind me why we keep fighting, even when the odds are long and the opposition is fierce. I can still hear her saying: ―Life‘s not about what happens to you, it‘s about what you do with what happens to you – so get back out there.‖

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

One participant in this campaign speech is her mother. She tells that her mother was teaching her some lessons, reminds her how to keep fighting even the odds are long and opposition is fierce.

4.1.3 Social Context Analysis

The third dimension of discourse analysis concept by van Djik is social analysis.

This dimension discusses how the text is produced by readers or listeners. Social analysis also discusses diction of text, power, access that forming a discourse, such as background situation, event, and social condition that happening.

Based on Van Djik‘s concept, there are two points of social analysis, they are power and access.

4.1.3.1 Power Power is about relation of difference, and particularly about the effects of differences in social structures. The power actually is enforced through individuals such teacher, judges, lawyers, priests, presidents, prime ministers, and much more.

Undoubtedly that such specific high class of people are more intended to have it than them from minority one. Political power indeed, which commonly uttered by such kind of person, controls many aspects of people: how much should pay for the tax, the education fee for government schools, what kind of license we must own, and many other fields. It actually can be classified as ‗personal power‘.

Hillary Rodham Clinton has served as secretary of state, senator from New York, first lady of the United States, first lady of Arkansas, a practicing lawyer and law

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

professor, activist, and volunteer but the first thing her friends and family will tell you is that she‘s never forgotten where she came from or who she‘s been fighting for.

As Senator, I had the honor of representing brave firefighters, police officers, EMTs, construction workers, and volunteers who ran toward danger on 9/11 and stayed there, becoming sick themselves.

In 2000, Hillary was elected to the U.S. Senate. After the terrorist attacks of

September 11, 2001, Hillary pushed the Bush administration to secure $20 billion to rebuild New York and fought to provide health care for responders who were at Ground

Zero. Hillary worked across the aisle to expand TRICARE, giving members of the

Reserves and National Guard and their families better access to health care.

Bill was first elected president in 1992 and re-elected in 1996. As first lady,

Insurance Program, which provides health coverage to more than 8 million children and has helped cut the uninsured rate for children in half.

So I‘m looking forward to a great debate among Democrats, Republicans, and Independents. I’m not running to be a President only for those Americans who already agree with me. I want to be a President for all Americans.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Hillary ran for president in 2016, championing her belief that Americans are stronger together. In July 2016, she became the first woman to earn a major party‘s nomination for president, and went on to earn 66 million votes. In her concession speech on November 9, 2016, she called on supporters to ―never stop believing that fighting for what‘s right is worth it.‖ Inspired by the widespread activism after the election, Hillary founded Onward Together, an organization that works to advance progressive values by encouraging people to organize, get involved, and run for office.

4.1.3.2 Access

In other words, measures of discourse access may be rather faithful indicators of the power of social groups and their members (Djik 1989: 86). We have suggested that one of social resources on which power and dominance are based is the privileged access to discourse and communication. Access is an interesting but also a rather vague analytical notion (Van Djik, 1989b, 1993b). In our case it may mean that language users or communicators have more or less freedom in the use of special discourse genres or styles, or in the participation in specific communicative events and contexts.

But President Obama asked me to serve, and I accepted because we both love our country. That‘s how we do it in America. After winning the U.S. presidential election, Obama nominated Hillary Clinton as secretary of state. She accepted the nomination and was officially approved as the

67th U.S. secretary of state by the Senate on January 21, 2009. During her term, Clinton used her position to make women's rights and human rights a central talking point of

U.S. initiatives. She became one of the most traveled secretaries of state in American history, and promoted the use of social media to convey the country's positions.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

On her campaign site, Clinton addresses a wide variety of issues she believes in, among them: lowering student debt, criminal justice reform, campaign finance reform, improving the healthcare coverage and costs of the Affordable Care Act (a.k.a.

Obamacare), and women's rights.

However, she is also known for changing her stances on various hot button issues such as gay marriage (she now supports it) and trade deals (e.g. she is now against the Trans Pacific Partnership). In regard to the environment, Clinton has a plan to combat climate change but has been questioned by environmental activists for supporting fracking. She is also in support of the death penalty but claims it should be implemented in exceptional cases.

The writer found that Hillary Clinton have an access and power to win the election of Presidential America, because she is a senator of America and Former

President Obama ask for her to continue his unfinished work, also has many experiences as Senator for eight years and faces some issues in America, actually she has the big access and power to influence American people by her campaign speech to vote for her as the next President of America.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.1.4 Findings

The first dimmension is text which has some parts such as Macrostructure

(theme), Superstructure (schema), and Microstructure (Semantic, Sintax, stylistic and rhetoric). In macrostructure, the writer found the topic and subtopic on Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, in superstructure analysis, the writer found the scheme of her campaign speech, begin from the opening section, contents and closing. In every part of her campaign speech text, has a meaning and purpose. In opening section paragraph,

Hillary Clinton grab attention to audiences in New York City, in content section, Hillary

Clinton she delivered some information that America basic bargain is to build a strong and prosperous America and in closing section of her campaign speech is about America are going to buid together and she persuade all American people for vote her as the next

American President.

This research deals with Microstructure, (Semantic, Syntax, Stylistic and

Rhetoric) that makes and help the audiences to understand the candidate/communicator messages. It is applying semantic, the researcher analysis about background, detail. In background, the writer find 1 sentences, using backround elements, in detail elements, the writer find 9 sentences using detail elements. In syntax, the researcher analysis about conjunction, From the wholes sentences in Hillary Clinton Campaign Speech text, at least contain of 4 coherence elements. The coherence elements are; additive conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, causal conjunctions, and temporal conjunctions.

Additive coherence elements is the most commonly used in Hillary Clinton Campaign speech text. There are 5 sentences contain additive coherence element. The additive

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

coherence element in this campaign speech text tuse conjunctions ―and‖ and ―or‖. And then, the coherence element that found in Hillary Clinton campaign speech text is adversative conjunctions, there are ―but‖, the writer fin 1 sentence, and then there are causal 1 sentence conjunction ―so‖, and then there is 1 sentence of temporal conjunction

―when‖ and 1 sentence using conjunction temporal ―since‖.

In stylistic is about lexicon, in lexicon analysis, the writer find 2 sentences using stylistic elements and the last in rhetoric, the researcher analysis is about metaphor, graphics and number. in metaphor, the writers 1 sentences using metaphor elements, in graphic elements there are 2 sentences using graphic elements, and the last in number, there are 1 sentences using number elements. The analysis of the first problem of study is Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, she persuade all American people to build

American together and ask for vote her for the next American President.

In social cognition, of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, Former first lady and secretary of State, Hillary Clinton delivered her official campaign speech in New York on June 13, 2015. Clinton‘s platform of her campaign is to lay out her vision for the people of the United States of America in what she calls the ―Four Fights‖ of her campaign Economy, Family, Leadership and Reform and the writer also find her laid out a comprehensive progressive vison for America‘s future and she also supports the

Human Rights ideology for all the Americans.

The social analysis of Hillary Clinton campaign speech, campign rally June 13,

2015, at Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park on the southern tip of New York

City‘s Roosevlet island. In this campaign speech, Clinton addressed income inequality in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

the united states, specially endorsed universal pre kindergarten, paid family leave, equal pay for women college affordability, and incentives for companies that provide profit sharing to employees, When Clinton campaigned she identified local issues of interest to the Democratic voters of the state and Emphasis on experience and steady leadership, all

American believe that she can choose to be Next President in America.

4.1.5 Discussions In this thesis, the writer is discussing and analyzing the text structure, social cognition and social context in Hillary Clinton campaign speech using Van Djik theory, namely text structure, social cognition and social context. According, to Van Djik, discourse analysis is not enough only analyze the text it self, because text has a practical production that must observed. Van Djik creates the connection between the big elements such as social structure with social cognition and social context. This social cognition has two meanings, first is shows how the process of the text that produced by the candidate and secondly, it describes the social value in society which is wider. The social value also will influence the candidate knowledge in produced the campaign speech.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

This research applies Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) theory by Teun A van

Djik in Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign Speech. This theory focuses on three dimension of text. The dimensions include text, social cognition, and social context. This research uses Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign Speech held at Ohio State October 11, 2016 as data.

The first dimmension is text which has some parts such as Macrostructure

(theme), Superstructure (Schema), and Microstructure (Semantic, Syntax, Stylistic and

Rhetoric). The theme is about President Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms, Hillary Clinton‘s

Campaign Speech organizes her opinion into three parts of schema, there are opening, content and closing. In the opening, description paragraph she grab attention to all the audience in NewYork City, she tells her experience as a senate for eight year in

America, she also persuades the audience to look at and remember the history of

America Unfinished work at home and abroad. In contents section, she also delivered some information that America‘s basic bargain is to build a strong and prosperous

America and the closing is about America are going to buid together and she persuade all American people for vote her as the next American President.

This research deals with Microstructure, (Semantic, Syntax, Stylistic and

Rhetoric) that makes and help the audiences to understand the candidate/communicator messages. It is applying semantic, the writer analysis about background, and detail. In syntax, the writer analysis about conjunction and sentence structure. In stylistic is about

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

lexicon and the last in rhetoric, the writer analysis is about metaphor, graphics and number. The analysis of the first problem of study is Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, she persuade all American people to build American together and ask for vote her for the next American President.

In social cognition of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech, former first lady and secretary of State, Hillary Clinton delivered her official campaign speech in New York on June 13, 2015. Clinton‘s platform of her campaign is to lay out her vision for the people of the United States of America in what she calls the ―Four Fights‖ of her campaign Economy, Family, Leadership and Reform and the writer also find her laid out a comprehensive progressive vison for America‘s future and she also supports the

Human Rights ideology for all the Americans.

The social analysis of Hillary Clinton campaign speech, campign rally June 13,

2015, at Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park on the southern tip of New York

City‘s Roosevlet island. In this campaign speech, Clinton addressed income inequality in the united states, specially endorsed universal pre kindergarten, paid family leave, equal pay for women college affordability, and incentives for companies that provide profit sharing to employees, When Clinton campaigned she identified local issues of interest to the Democratic voters of the state and Emphasis on experience and steady leadership, all

American believe that she can be choosen to be Next President in America.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

5.2 Suggestion

The writer suggest to students who are interested in Critical Discourse Analysis

(CDA) research to use diffrent object of research. This research is aimed to find text structures, social cognition, and social analysis of Hillary Clinton‘s campaign speech. It is linguistic research which needs to be improved and explored. The improvement will enrich and deepen the theory of discourse stucture, socio cognition and social analysis.

For further study in this subject, the other method and type of discourse is can still be applied in this Hillary Clinton‘s campign speech. The writer, hopes for the next researches may use the Fairclough discourse analyis method, focusing on representation, relation, and identity use text media for example news in newspaper.

Finally, the writer hope that this study can enrich the readers knowledge and perspective about discourse analysis and also can be useful as a reference for the further researchers who want to analyze in depth about the discourse analyis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

REFERENCES

Allan, Keith.2009. Concise Encyclopedia of Semantic. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Baker, Paul.2011. Key Term in Discourse Analysis. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. Eriyanto. 2001. Analisis Wacana: Pengantar Analisis Teks Media. Yogyakarta: Lki

Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. New York: Longman Group UK Limited. ______.1993. Critical Discourse Analysis and Commodification of Pubic Discourse.In https://www.iiste.org/Journals/indsex.php/RHSS/article/viewFile/19832/20542

______.1995.Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Harlow-Essex: Longman Group Limited.

______. 2001. To Analyze and Interpret Written and Spoken Texts. http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/35088/2/ARINI%20 NURFADILAH-FAH.pdf

______.2003. Interpret Spoken and Written Text. http://eprints.dinus.ac.id/19169/8/bab1_18311.pdf.

Fairclough, N., and Wodak,R. 1997.Critical Discourse Analysis. In T.A. van Djik (ed).Discourse as Social Interaction. London: Sage

Hansard, Michelle. 1995. Active and Passive Voice. Purdue: Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Jacob. 2009. Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatic, second Edition. Denmark: Elsevier.

Levinson, Brown. 1983. Pragmatic. London: Cambridge University Press.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Littlejohn, Stephen. 2005. Theories of Human Communication, Eight Edition. Canada: Thomson.

Miles, Huberman, & Saldana.2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook 3rd Edition. United Stated of America: Sage Publication, Inc.

Mahsun, 2007.MetodologiPenelitianBahasa: TahapStrategi, Metodedan tekniknya .Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.

Van Dijk, Teun A. 1943. Macro Structures: An Interdisciplinary Study of Global Structures in Discourse, Interaction, and Cognition. New Jersey: Lawrence Associates. ______. 1997. Text and Context: Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse. London: Longman.

______.1980. An Interdisciplinary Study of Global Structures in Discourse, Interaction, and Cognition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ______.1985.Discourse Semantic Analysis. London: Longman. ______.1994.Discourse and Cognition in Society. Cambridge: Polity Press Yule and Brown. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ______.1998a. Critical Discourse Analysis. Retrivied from: .http://www.hum.uva.nl/teun/cda.htm. (1/25/2000).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Journals and Thesis Harahap,Annisa.2015.Analisis Kritis Terhadap Pidato Kenegaraan Presiden Soekarno Pada Tanggal 17 Agustus 1966 .Medan: Fakultas Ilmu Politik USU. Retrieved from:http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/52980/cover.pdf? sequenc (March,2015).

Nurfadilah, Arini. 2017. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Teun Van Djik on the Jakarta Post‘s Editorials ―New Year in Singkill‖ and ―Banning Hate Speech. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah. Retrieved from: vandjik%20jurnal.pdf. (March 2017).

Saputro, Hadi. 2014.‖Bahasa Pidato Kampanye: Kajian Analis Wacana Kritis Surabaya Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabya. Retrieved from:http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitsteam/123456789/35088/2/ARINI% 20NURFADI LAH-FAH.pdf (December 2014).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIX

Hillary Clinton campaign rally speech transcript

By POLITICO STAFF

06/13/2015 02:02 PM EDT

https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/hillary-clinton-campaign-rally-speech- transcript-1 18973

Thank you! Oh, thank you all! Thank you so very, very much. It is wonderful to be here with all of you. To be in New York with my family, with so many friends, including many New Yorkers who gave me the honor of serving them in the Senate for eight years. To be right across the water from the headquarters of the United Nations, where I represented our country many times. To be here in this beautiful park dedicated to Franklin Roosevelt‘s enduring vision of America, the nation we want to be. And in a place… with absolutely no ceilings. You know, President Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed. One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama, and another is my husband, Bill Clinton. Two Democrats guided by the Oh, that will make him so happy. They were and are two Democrats guided by the fundamental American belief that real and lasting prosperity must be built by all and shared by all. President Roosevelt called on every American to do his or her part, and every American answered. He said there‘s no mystery about what it takes to build a strong and prosperous America: ―Equality of opportunity… Jobs for those who can work… Security for those who need it… The ending of special privilege for the few…The preservation of civil liberties for all a wider and constantly rising standard of living.‖ That still sounds good to me. It‘s America‘s basic bargain. If you do your part you ought to be able to get ahead. And when everybody does their part, America gets ahead too. That bargain inspired generations of families, including my own. It‘s what kept my grandfather going to work in the same Scranton lace mill every day for 50 years.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It‘s what led my father to believe that if he scrimped and saved, his small business printing drapery fabric in Chicago could provide us with a middle-class life. And it did. When President Clinton honored the bargain, we had the longest peacetime expansion in history, a balanced budget, and the first time in decades we all grew together, with the bottom 20 percent of workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 percent. When President Obama honored the bargain, we pulled back from the brink of Depression, saved the auto industry, provided health care to 16 million working people, and replaced the jobs we lost faster than after a financial crash. But, it‘s not 1941, or 1993, or even 2009. We face new challenges in our economy and our democracy. We‘re still working our way back from a crisis that happened because time- tested values were replaced by false promises. Instead of an economy built by every American, for every American, we were told that if we let those at the top pay lower taxes and bend the rules, their success would trickle down to everyone else. What happened? Well, instead of a balanced budget with surpluses that could have eventually paid off our national debt, the Republicans twice cut taxes for the wealthiest, borrowed money from other countries to pay for two wars, and family incomes dropped. You know where we ended up. Except it wasn‘t the end. As we have since our founding, Americans made a new beginning. You worked extra shifts, took second jobs, postponed home repairs... you figured out how to make it work. And now people are beginning to think about their future again – going to college, starting a business, buying a house, finally being able to put away something for retirement. So we‘re standing again. But, we all know we‘re not yet running the way America should. You see corporations making record profits, with CEOs making record pay, but your paychecks have barely budged. While many of you are working multiple jobs to make ends meet, you see the top 25 hedge fund managers making more than all of America‘s kindergarten teachers combined. And, often paying a lower tax rate. So, you have to wonder: ―When does my hard work pay off? When does my family get ahead?‖ ―When?‖

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA I say now. Prosperity can‘t be just for CEOs and hedge fund managers. Democracy can‘t be just for billionaires and corporations. Prosperity and democracy are part of your basic bargain too. You brought our country back. Now it‘s time — your time to secure the gains and move ahead. And, you know what? America can‘t succeed unless you succeed. That is why I am running for President of the United States. Here, on Roosevelt Island, I believe we have a continuing rendezvous with destiny. Each American and the country we cherish. I‘m running to make our economy work for you and for every American. For the successful and the struggling. For the innovators and inventors. For those breaking barriers in technology and discovering cures for diseases. For the factory workers and food servers who stand on their feet all day. For the nurses who work the night shift. For the truckers who drive for hours and the farmers who feed us. For the veterans who served our country. For the small business owners who took a risk. For everyone who‘s ever been knocked down, but refused to be knocked out. I‘m not running for some Americans, but for all Americans. Our country‘s challenges didn‘t begin with the Great Recession and they won‘t end with the recovery. For decades, Americans have been buffeted by powerful currents. Advances in technology and the rise of global trade have created whole new areas of economic activity and opened new markets for our exports, but they have also displaced jobs and undercut wages for millions of Americans. The financial industry and many multi-national corporations have created huge wealth for a few by focusing too much on short-term profit and too little on long-term value… too much on complex trading schemes and stock buybacks, too little on investments in new businesses, jobs, and fair compensation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Our political system is so paralyzed by gridlock and dysfunction that most Americans have lost confidence that anything can actually get done. And they‘ve lost trust in the ability of both government and Big Business to change course. Now, we can blame historic forces beyond our control for some of this, but the choices we‘ve made as a nation, leaders and citizens alike, have also played a big role. Our next President must work with Congress and every other willing partner across our entire country. And I will do just that to turn the tide so these currents start working for us more than against us. At our best, that‘s what Americans do. We‘re problem solvers, not deniers. We don‘t hide from change, we harness it. But we can‘t do that if we go back to the top-down economic policies that failed us before. Americans have come too far to see our progress ripped away. Now, there may be some new voices in the presidential Republican choir, but they‘re all singing the same old song... A song called ―Yesterday.‖ You know the one — all our troubles look as though they‘re here to stay and we need a place to hide away… They believe in yesterday. And you‘re lucky I didn‘t try singing that, too, I'll tell you! These Republicans trip over themselves promising lower taxes for the wealthy and fewer rules for the biggest corporations without regard for how that will make income inequality even worse. We‘ve heard this tune before. And we know how it turns out. Ask many of these candidates about climate change, one of the defining threats of our time, (cheers, applause) and they‘ll say: ―I‘m not a scientist.‖ Well, then, why don‘t they start listening to those who are? They pledge to wipe out tough rules on Wall Street, rather than rein in the banks that are still too risky, courting future failures. In a case that can only be considered mass amnesia. They want to take away health insurance from more than 16 million Americans without offering any credible alternative. They shame and blame women, rather than respect our right to make our own reproductive health decisions. They want to put immigrants, who work hard and pay taxes, at risk of deportation. And they turn their backs on gay people who love each other. Fundamentally, they reject what it takes to build an inclusive economy. It takes an inclusive society. What I once called ―a village‖ that has a place for everyone.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Now, my values and a lifetime of experiences have given me a different vision for America. I believe that success isn‘t measured by how much the wealthiest Americans have, but by how many children climb out of poverty... How many start-ups and small businesses open and thrive… How many young people go to college without drowning in debt… How many people find a good job… How many families get ahead and stay ahead. I didn‘t learn this from politics. I learned it from my own family. My mother taught me that everybody needs a chance and a champion. She knew what it was like not to have either one. Her own parents abandoned her, and by 14 she was out on her own, working as a housemaid. Years later, when I was old enough to understand, I asked what kept her going. You know what her answer was? Something very simple: Kindness from someone who believed she mattered. The 1 st grade teacher who saw she had nothing to eat at lunch and, without embarrassing her, brought extra food to share. The woman whose house she cleaned letting her go to high school so long as her work got done. That was a bargain she leapt to accept. And, because some people believed in her, she believed in me. That's why I believe with all my heart in America and in the potential of every American. To meet every challenge. To be resilient… no matter what the world throws at you. To solve the toughest problems. I believe we can do all these things because I‘ve seen it happen. As a young girl, I signed up at my Methodist Church to babysit the children of Mexican farmworkers, while their parents worked in the fields on the weekends. And later, as a law student, I advocated for Congress to require better working and living conditions for farm workers whose children deserved better opportunities. My first job out of law school was for the Children‘s Defense Fund. I walked door-to- door to find out how many children with disabilities couldn‘t go to school, and to help build the case for a law guaranteeing them access to education.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA As a leader of the Legal Services Corporation, I defended the right of poor people to have a lawyer. And saw lives changed because an abusive marriage ended or an illegal eviction stopped. In Arkansas, I supervised law students who represented clients in courts and prisons, organized scholarships for single parents going to college, led efforts for better schools and health care, and personally knew the people whose lives were improved. As Senator, I had the honor of representing brave firefighters, police officers, EMTs, construction workers, and volunteers who ran toward danger on 9/11 and stayed there, becoming sick themselves. It took years of effort, but Congress finally approved the health care they needed. There are so many faces and stories that I carry with me of people who gave their best and then needed help themselves. Just weeks ago, I met another person like that, a single mom juggling a job and classes at community college, while raising three kids. She doesn‘t expect anything to come easy. But she did ask me: What more can be done so it isn‘t quite so hard for families like hers? I want to be her champion and your champion. If you‘ll give me the chance, I‘ll wage and win Four Fights for you. The first is to make the economy work for everyday Americans, not just those at the top. To make the middle class mean something again, with rising incomes and broader horizons. And to give the poor a chance to work their way into it. The middle class needs more growth and more fairness. Growth and fairness go together. For lasting prosperity, you can‘t have one without the other. Is this possible in today‘s world? I believe it is or I wouldn‘t be standing here. Do I think it will be easy? Of course not. But, here‘s the good news: There are allies for change everywhere who know we can‘t stand by while inequality increases, wages stagnate, and the promise of America dims. We should welcome the support of all Americans who want to go forward together with us. There are public officials who know Americans need a better deal. Business leaders who want higher pay for employees, equal pay for women and no discrimination against the LGBT community either.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There are leaders of finance who want less short-term trading and more long- term investing. There are union leaders who are investing their own pension funds in putting people to work to build tomorrow‘s economy. We need everyone to come to the table and work with us. In the coming weeks, I‘ll propose specific policies to: Reward businesses who invest in long term value rather than the quick buck – because that leads to higher growth for the economy, higher wages for workers, and yes, bigger profits, everybody will have a better time. I will rewrite the tax code so it rewards hard work and investments here at home, not quick trades or stashing profits overseas. I will give new incentives to companies that give their employees a fair share of the profits their hard work earns. We will unleash a new generation of entrepreneurs and small business owners by providing tax relief, cutting red tape, and making it easier to get a small business loan. We will restore America to the cutting edge of innovation, science, and research by increasing both public and private investments. And we will make America the clean energy superpower of the 21 st century. Developing renewable power – wind, solar, advanced biofuels… Building cleaner power plants, smarter electric grids, greener buildings… Using additional fees and royalties from fossil fuel extraction to protect the environment… And ease the transition for distressed communities to a more diverse and sustainable economic future from coal country to Indian country, from small towns in the Mississippi Delta to the Rio Grande Valley to our inner cities, we have to help our fellow Americans. Now, this will create millions of jobs and countless new businesses, and enable America to lead the global fight against climate change. We will also connect workers to their jobs and businesses. Customers will have a better chance to actually get where they need and get what they desire with roads, railways, bridges, airports, ports, and broadband brought up to global standards for the 21 st century. We will establish an infrastructure bank and sell bonds to pay for some of these improvements. Now, building an economy for tomorrow also requires investing in our most important asset, our people, beginning with our youngest.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA That‘s why I will propose that we make preschool and quality childcare available to every child in America. And I want you to remember this, because to me, this is absolutely the most-compelling argument why we should do this. Research tells us how much early learning in the first five years of life can impact lifelong success. In fact, 80 percent of the brain is developed by age three. One thing I‘ve learned is that talent is universal – you can find it anywhere – but opportunity is not. Too many of our kids never have the chance to learn and thrive as they should and as we need them to. Our country won‘t be competitive or fair if we don‘t help more families give their kids the best possible start in life. So let‘s staff our primary and secondary schools with teachers who are second to none in the world, and receive the respect they deserve for sparking the love of learning in every child. Let‘s make college affordable and available to all …and lift the crushing burden of student debt. Let‘s provide lifelong learning for workers to gain or improve skills the economy requires, setting up many more Americans for success. Now, the second fight is to strengthen America‘s families, because when our families are strong, America is strong. And today‘s families face new and unique pressures. Parents need more support and flexibility to do their job at work and at home. I believe you should have the right to earn paid sick days. I believe you should receive your work schedule with enough notice to arrange childcare or take college courses to get ahead. I believe you should look forward to retirement with confidence, not anxiety. That you should have the peace of mind that your health care will be there when you need it, without breaking the bank. I believe we should offer paid family leave so no one has to choose between keeping a paycheck and caring for a new baby or a sick relative. And it is way past time to end the outrage of so many women still earning less than men on the job and women of color often making even less. This isn‘t a women‘s issue. It‘s a family issue. Just like raising the minimum wage is a family issue. Expanding childcare is a family issue. Declining marriage rates is a family issue. The unequal rates of incarceration is a family issue. Helping more people with an addiction or a mental health problem get help is a family issue. In America, every family should feel like they belong.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA So we should offer hard-working, law-abiding immigrant families a path to citizenship. Not second-class status. And, we should ban discrimination against LGBT Americans and their families so they can live, learn, marry, and work just like everybody else. You know, America‘s diversity, our openness, our devotion to human rights and freedom is what‘s drawn so many to our shores. What‘s inspired people all over the world. I know. I‘ve seen it with my own eyes. And these are also qualities that prepare us well for the demands of a world that is more interconnected than ever before. So we have a third fight: to harness all of America‘s power, smarts, and values to maintain our leadership for peace, security, and prosperity. No other country on Earth is better positioned to thrive in the 21 st century. No other country is better equipped to meet traditional threats from countries like Russia, North Korea, and Iran – and to deal with the rise of new powers like China. No other country is better prepared to meet emerging threats from cyber attacks, transnational terror networks like ISIS, and diseases that spread across oceans and continents. As your President, I‘ll do whatever it takes to keep Americans safe. And if you look over my left shoulder you can see the new World Trade Center soaring skyward. As a Senator from New York, I dedicated myself to getting our city and state the help we needed to recover. And as a member of the Armed Services Committee, I worked to maintain the best-trained, best-equipped, strongest military, ready for today‘s threats and tomorrow‘s. And when our brave men and women come home from war or finish their service, I‘ll see to it that they get not just the thanks of a grateful nation, but the care and benefits they‘ve earned. I‘ve stood up to adversaries like Putin and reinforced allies like Israel. I was in the Situation Room on the day we got bin Laden. But, I know — I know we have to be smart as well as strong.

Meeting today‘s global challenges requires every element of America's power, including skillful diplomacy, economic influence, and building partnerships to improve lives around the world with people, not just their governments. There are a lot of trouble spots in the world, but there‘s a lot of good news out there too.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA I believe the future holds far more opportunities than threats if we exercise creative and confident leadership that enables us to shape global events rather than be shaped by them. And we all know that in order to be strong in the world, though, we first have to be strong at home. That‘s why we have to win the fourth fight – reforming our government and revitalizing our democracy so that it works for everyday Americans. We have to stop the endless flow of secret, unaccountable money that is distorting our elections, corrupting our political process, and drowning out the voices of our people. We need Justices on the Supreme Court who will protect every citizen‘s right to vote, rather than every corporation‘s right to buy elections. If necessary, I will support a constitutional amendment to undo the Supreme Court‘s decision in Citizens United. I want to make it easier for every citizen to vote. That's why I've proposed universal, automatic registration and expanded early voting. I‘ll fight back against Republican efforts to disempower and disenfranchise young people, poor people, people with disabilities, and people of color. What part of democracy are they afraid of? No matter how easy we make it to vote, we still have to give Americans something worth voting for. Government is never going to have all the answers – but it has to be smarter, simpler, more efficient, and a better partner. That means access to advanced technology so government agencies can more effectively serve their customers, the American people. We need expertise and innovation from the private sector to help cut waste and streamline services. There‘s so much that works in America. For every problem we face, someone somewhere in America is solving it. Silicon Valley cracked the code on sharing and scaling a while ago. Many states are pioneering new ways to deliver services. I want to help Washington catch up. To do that, we need a political system that produces results by solving problems that hold us back, not one overwhelmed by extreme partisanship and inflexibility. Now, I‘ll always seek common ground with friend and opponent alike. But I‘ll also stand my ground when I must. That‘s something I did as Senator and Secretary of State — whether it was working with Republicans to expand health care for children and for our National Guard, or improve our foster care and adoption system, or pass a treaty to reduce the number of Russian

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA nuclear warheads that could threaten our cities — and it‘s something I will always do as your President. We Americans may differ, bicker, stumble, and fall; but we are at our best when we pick each other up, when we have each other‘s back. Like any family, our American family is strongest when we cherish what we have in common, and fight back against those who would drive us apart. People all over the world have asked me: ―How could you and President Obama work together after you fought so hard against each other in that long campaign?‖ Now, that is an understandable question considering that in many places, if you lose an election you could get imprisoned or exiled even killed not hired as Secretary of State. But President Obama asked me to serve, and I accepted because we both love our country. That‘s how we do it in America. With that same spirit, together, we can win these four fights. We can build an economy where hard work is rewarded. We can strengthen our families. We can defend our country and increase our opportunities all over the world. And we can renew the promise of our democracy. If we all do our part. In our families, in our businesses, unions, houses of worship, schools, and, yes, in the voting booth. I want you to join me in this effort. Help me build this campaign and make it your own. Talk to your friends, your family, your neighbors. Text ―JOIN‖ J-O-I-N to 4-7-2-4- 6.Go to hillaryclinton.com and sign up to make calls and knock on doors. It‘s no secret that we‘re going up against some pretty powerful forces that will do and spend whatever it takes to advance a very different vision for America. But I‘ve spent my life fighting for children, families, and our country. And I‘m not stopping now. You know, I know how hard this job is. I‘ve seen it up close and personal. All our Presidents come into office looking so vigorous. And then we watch their hair grow grayer and grayer. Well, I may not be the youngest candidate in this race. But I will be the youngest woman President in the history of the United States! And the first grandmother as well. And one additional advantage: You‘re won‘t see my hair turn white in the White House. I‘ve been coloring it for years! So I‘m looking forward to a great debate among Democrats, Republicans, and Independents. I‘m not running to be a President only for those Americans who already agree with me. I want to be a President for all Americans. And along the way, I'll just let you in on this little secret. I won‘t get everything right. Lord knows I‘ve made my share of mistakes. Well, there‘s no shortage of people pointing them out!

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA And I certainly haven‘t won every battle I‘ve fought. But leadership means perseverance and hard choices. You have to push through the setbacks and disappointments and keep at it. I think you know by now that I‘ve been called many things by many people ―quitter‖ is not one of them. Like so much else in my life, I got this from my mother. When I was a girl, she never let me back down from any bully or barrier. In her later years, Mom lived with us, and she was still teaching me the same lessons. I‘d come home from a hard day at the Senate or the State Department, sit down with her at the small table in our breakfast nook, and just let everything pour out. And she would remind me why we keep fighting, even when the odds are long and the opposition is fierce. I can still hear her saying: ―Life‘s not about what happens to you, it‘s about what you do with what happens to you – so get back out there.‖ She lived to be 92 years old, and I often think about all the battles she witnessed over the course of the last century — all the progress that was won because Americans refused to give up or back down. She was born on June 4, 1919 — before women in America had the right to vote. But on that very day, after years of struggle, Congress passed the Constitutional Amendment that would change that forever. The story of America is a story of hard-fought, hard-won progress. And it continues today. New chapters are being written by men and women who believe that all of us – not just some, but all – should have the chance to live up to our God-given potential. Not only because we‘re a tolerant country, or a generous country, or a compassionate country, but because we‘re a better, stronger, more prosperous country when we harness the talent, hard work, and ingenuity of every single American. I wish my mother could have been with us longer. I wish she could have seen Chelsea become a mother herself. I wish she could have met Charlotte. I wish she could have seen the America we‘re going to build together. An America, where if you do your part, you reap the rewards. Where we don‘t leave anyone out, or anyone behind. An America where a father can tell his daughter: yes, you can be anything you want to be. Even President of the United States. Thank you all. God bless you. And may God bless America.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA