Il Fashion System Cinese Dal “Made in China” Al “Designed in China”

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Il Fashion System Cinese Dal “Made in China” Al “Designed in China” Corso di Laurea magistrale in Interpretariato e Traduzione Editoriale, Settoriale Tesi di Laurea Il Fashion System Cinese Dal “Made in China” al “Designed in China” Relatore Prof.ssa Federica Passi Correlatore Prof. Attilio Andreini Laureando Alessia Baldini Matricola 828244 Anno Accademico 2014/2015 2 摘要 写本论文的目的是为了描述和介绍时尚界奢侈品今天在中国的重要性。 论文的第一部分会简洁的介绍一下中国的时装史,以及中国开始跟欧洲的时尚界合作情况, 在这部分里我们会注意到在这个话题上中国比欧洲实在是落后了许多。 在这一章里我们也会详细描述中国对时尚本身的概念错误,中国还需要很长时间拥有标志性 的服装的构思和技术。 我们将分析从‘90 年代到今天奢侈品界在中国都有了些什么样的变化。 在这一部分里我们还会将中国的奢侈品消费者的类型进行描绘,而在报告中也可以察觉到在 近 20 年消费者的要求也逐渐改变了。 许多比较富裕的中国人都喜欢每年来欧洲购物,所以我们的奢侈品专卖店能以最佳的方式来 迎接这些贵宾是非常重要的。 本文还会针对近几年中国与欧洲时尚界的关系的话题进行了讨论: 首先是分析欧洲的大奢侈 品牌从‘90 年代起是使用了什么策略逐步进入中国市场的,接下来就是讲解第一批华人设计 师是如何能在欧洲各大城市的时尚周期间展示他们的作品的,尤其是在米兰和巴黎这两个大 城市。 论文中将会有一个章节专门介绍这些新兴的华人设计师的故事,描述他们是如何来欧洲深造 学设计的,还有他们的共同愿望,也就是把中国从一个生产国家 (Made in China) 变成一个 新的创造国家 (Designed in China). 如今,在中国许多西方时尚品牌已经开始注意到国内市场的消费量已经逐渐的下降,原因就 是同一个货品在种种的关税后,在国内的价格比欧洲的原价已经要高出很多了。 我们将会分析各大品牌为了推动国内的消费而实行调整全球价格的市场策略。 第一部分的最后一章是讲述广告在中国市场的地位,特别是近几年世界著名的时尚杂志在国 内销售的重要性,尤其是 Vogue 杂志。 本论文的第二部分将会把八篇从 Vogue China 杂志上面挑选出来关于时尚的文章翻译成意 大利文。 3 每篇文章的主题都不一样。翻译这些文章让我更了解了如今的时尚界是完全的国际化了,因 为它拥有着一个共通的语言: 不论我们是用哪国的语言写的讯息,时尚界里用的词汇还是一 样的。 最后,第三部分是专门评论翻译员的感想还有描述她在翻译这几篇文章中遇到的困难以及她 是如何走出这些困境的。 4 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to analyise the fashion and luxury industry in China today. The first section of the study provides a brief summary of the history of fashion in China from the last imperial dynasty, the Qing, to the present day. I discuss the major economic, political and social changes which have taken place in China in recent years, with particular emphasis on the problem of counterfeiting and the lack of ideas and design in the Chinese fashion industry of the past. The thesis focuses on the concept of luxury and on how the Chinese perceive luxury today. I describe the behavior of Chinese people during their “shopping missions” in Europe and the strategies of many European designers who aim to increase sales by travelling to China to show their collections, organizing events and fashion shows specifically for the Chinese market. I also describe the Chinese consumers of luxury items, how they behave, how often they purchase, and their favorite brands. The study then investigates the geographical presence of some European brands that have opened new stores in China during the last few years, dividing the Chinese cities into different categories based on their size and importance, as well as the European brands that have started businesses in China by creating joint ventures or subsidiaries1. Significant attention is given to the description of certain Chinese brands that have built relationships in Europe. In many cases Chinese brands that are not economically independent are controlled by important luxury groups, such as Kering or LVMH2, whereas some European brands, suffering the effects of the economic crisis, have decided to sell part of their business to successful Chinese companies. I outline in detail the business strategies in China of the most important fashion houses in the world that are aware of the importance of the Chinese market today. Competition, even in China, is constantly increasing and local trade is suffering due to differences, in terms of prices, between Europe and Asia. For this reason, the Chinese Government and many 1 Joint Venture: A business agreement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task. Subsidiaries: A company whose rating stock is more than 50% controlled by another company. www.investopedia.com 2 French luxury goods company. 5 European brands have recently adopted some “geopricing strategies3” in order to level the prices of items in Europe and China and promote the internal market. Chapter five focuses on the most important emerging Chinese fashion designers whose work, ideas and projects are extremely important in China today as the transition from “Made in China” to “Designed in China” is achieved. In the near future China may no longer be merely the country of production but could become the country of ideas and design in fashion. The last chapter of the first section is dedicated to the importance of advertising in fashion. In China the most important international fashion magazines, among which ‘Vogue’ is the most prestigious, are all published in Chinese and they contribute to increase the popularity of all brands. The second part of the thesis presents the translation of eight articles taken from the magazine ‘Vogue China’. All the articles deal with different themes in the field of fashion, for example, fashion shows, the history of specific brands, interviews, and the relationship between fashion and architecture. The translations appear to confirm that the contemporary language of fashion has become completely international. The final chapter of the thesis is a commentary on the translation process and addresses the most important issues confronted by the translator. 3 Practice of modifying prices based on the geographical location of the brand. See chapter 4. 6 INDICE Introduzione alla tesi 10 Parte I: Il Fashion System Cinese 12 Dal made in China al Designed in China Premessa 13 1. Il mercato del lusso in Cina 17 Ritratto del consumatore cinese 2. La moda e la Cina 29 Le relazioni sino-europee 2.1 Giada 29 2.2 Francesco Scognamiglio 30 2.3 Krizia 31 2.4 Angelos Bratis 32 2.5 Qeelin 33 2.6 Ilaria 34 2.7 Shanghai Tang 34 3. Le case di moda europee in Cina 36 Le strategie di mercato 3.1 Salvatore Ferragamo 36 3.2 Ermenegildo Zegna 39 3.3 Hermès 上下 41 3.4 Bulgari 43 3.5 Louis Vuitton 44 4. Il Geopricing 47 Strategie per rafforzare il mercato interno cinese 5. Il ruolo della Cina nella moda 51 I designer cinesi 5.1 La Koradior 53 5.2 Ma Ke 54 5.3 Xiao Li e Youjia Jin: la formazione europea dei designer cinesi 56 5.4 Guo Pei 58 7 5.5 I designer cinesi emergenti 59 5.6 Il nuovo shopping "Made in China" 63 6. La pubblicità di moda in Cina 65 Le riviste 6.1 Vogue 66 6.2 Vogue China 服饰与美容 67 6.3 Italian Style 意大利时尚 68 Parte II: TRADUZIONE 71 I corpi celesti di Diesel attirano persone straordinarie 72 Pensare in blu 76 Desideri di lusso green 80 L’arte dello spazio 84 Che sia lunga o corta 90 La cultura del design 93 Le nuove tendenze per l’autunno inverno 2015 97 Guardare in faccia il mondo 104 Parte III: ANALISI TRADUTTOLOGICA 107 1. La tipologia del testo 108 2. Il contenuto dei testi 111 3. La dominante 118 8 4. La destinazione della traduzione 121 5. La macro strategia traduttiva 123 6. Le espressioni inglesi 126 6.1 Le espressioni in altre lingue 128 7. Le micro strategie traduttive 130 7.1 I nomi propri 131 7.2 Nomi geografici e toponimi 132 7.3 Le espressioni temporali 133 7.4 I nomi sociali 134 7.5 I concetti della moda 135 7.6 Le figure lessicali: le similitudini 137 7.7 I nomi collettivi 137 7.8 I titoli 138 8. L'organizzazione sintattica 140 9. L'intertestualità 147 10. I fattori extra linguistici 149 GLOSSARIO 151 Conclusioni 154 BIBBLIOGRAFIA E SITOGRAFIA Parte I – Bibliografia 155 Parte I – Sitografia 155 Parte II – Articoli tradotti 161 Dizionari consultati 162 Parte III -Bibliografia 163 Immagini 164 Ringraziamenti 165 9 Introduzione alla tesi Lo scopo della presente tesi è quello di delineare e descrivere il mondo della moda e il mercato del lusso nella Cina di oggi. La prima parte dell’analisi proposta inizia con un’introduzione sulla breve storia della moda cinese, dove si noterà il grande ritardo rispetto all’Europa con cui la Cina ha iniziato ad operare nel settore moda. In questa sezione verranno inoltre sottolineati gli errori compiuti dal gigante asiatico nel definire e rendere proprio il concetto di moda, con la conseguente mancanza di idee e tecniche nella creazione di capi di abbigliamento riconosciuti come unici ed iconici. Verranno analizzati i cambiamenti che il mondo del lusso ha subito in Cina, in particolare soffermandosi sul periodo più attuale, dagli anni ’90 ad oggi. Si delineerà inoltre il ritratto del consumatore cinese tipo di prodotti di lusso e attraverso l’analisi proposta, si potrà notare, come i gusti di questo consumatore siano sensibilmente cambiati negli ultimi vent’ anni. Molti cinesi benestanti amano recarsi ogni anno in Europa per i loro acquisti, essere preparati ad accoglierli nelle nostre boutique nei migliori dei modi, durante queste vere e proprie “shopping missions” è di fondamentale importanza. La presente tesi è rivolta anche alle relazioni nel mondo della moda che la Cina ha intrapreso con l’Europa negli ultimi anni, prima di tutto analizzando come e con quali strategie, dagli anni ‘90 in poi, i grandi marchi del lusso europei si siano gradualmente introdotti sul mercato cinese, e successivamente come i primi designer cinesi affermatesi sul territorio europeo abbiano avuto modo di mostrare le loro creazioni durante le settimane della moda europee, in particolare quelle di Milano e Parigi. Un capitolo è dedicato proprio a questi nuovi designer emergenti cinesi, alla loro formazione, spesso avvenuta in Europa e al desiderio di quest’ ultimi, attraverso i loro progetti, di trasformare la Cina da paese della produzione (Made in China) a nuovo paese della creazione (Designed in China). Oggi in Cina diversi marchi di moda occidentali stanno lentamente notando un rallentamento dei consumi nel mercato interno per le profonde differenze di prezzo che uno stesso oggetto, a causa dei dazi di importazione, presenta rispetto al reale valore di tale 10 pezzo in Europa. Verranno analizzate le strategie di mercato utili a livellare i prezzi a livello mondiale e a dare una spinta ai consumi interni che diverse griffe mondiali hanno applicato. Infine, la prima parte si chiude con un capitolo dedicato al ruolo della pubblicità in Cina, ed in particolare all’importanza che le riviste di moda più famose hanno avuto negli ultimi anni sul territorio cinese, tra queste la più prestigiosa è Vogue. La seconda parte della presente tesi è dedicata alla traduzione in lingua italiana di otto articoli di moda presi dalla rivista Vogue China.
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