Online Instructor’s Manual with Testbank for

Organized Crime

Seventh Edition

Michael D. Lyman Columbia College of Missouri

Test Bank

Chapter 1 Understanding Organized Crime

1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) In many ways the image and impression we have of organized crime, whether accurate or not, have been shaped by American “______” culture. A) bebop B) rap C) pop D) country Answer: C Page Ref: 2 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Basic 2) The 1972 movie ______, starring Marlon Brando, depicted organized crime. A) The Underworld B) The Black Dahlia C) The Choir Boys D) The Godfather Answer: D Page Ref: 3 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 3) Donald Liddick (2004) suggests that organized crime is “the provision of illegal goods and services, various forms of theft and fraud, and the restraint of trade in both licit and illicit market sectors, perpetuated by informal and changing networks of ‘upper-world’ and ‘under-world’ societal participants who are bound together in complex webs of ______relationships.” A) seller-user B) boss-subordinate C) patron-client D) power-patron Answer: C Page Ref: 8-9 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate

126 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) The National Criminal Intelligence Service (2005) describes organized crime as having four salient attributes, which include all of the following EXCEPT ______. A) an organized crime group contains at least three people B) the group, or at least one member, commits or aggravated assault C) the group is motivated by a desire for profit or power D) the group commits serious criminal offenses Answer: B Page Ref: 12 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Basic 5) Organized crime profits by trafficking women across international borders for prostitution and often uses women as ______in the drug trade during transit. A) mules B) horses C) cows D) oxen Answer: A Page Ref: 13 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Difficult 6) Unlike street criminals or even professional criminals, organized criminals work together on a ______basis in illegal enterprises. A) friendly B) need to know C) continuous D) supply and demand Answer: C Page Ref: 13 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Difficult 7) Organized crime exists for one primary purpose: ______. A) to beat the criminal justice system B) to make a profit C) to get away with murder D) to protect each other from other organizations Answer: B Page Ref: 14 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate

127 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 8) Instead of shaking down neighborhood bars and restaurants, organized crime agencies, hired by legitimate businesses, now harass their ______. A) local police agency B) accountants C) attorneys D) competitors Answer: D Page Ref: 14 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 9) Organized crime involves a defined ______, with people in leadership and management roles who make “policy” decisions. A) hierarchy B) procurement C) enterprise D) scope Answer: A Page Ref: 17 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 10) Which type of hierarchies are tightly controlled groups with strong systems of internal discipline and clearly defined roles and lines of authority? A) Standard B) Core C) Regional D) Clustered Answer: C Page Ref: 21 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 11) A hallmark of organized crime is the provision of ______, which are not available from legitimate businesses. A) loans B) drugs C) services D) weapons Answer: D Page Ref: 26 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Basic

128 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 12) One of the most comprehensive examinations of the ______Mafia comes from Anton Blok (1974), an anthropologist who studied the Mafia of a Sicilian village for the period from 1860 to 1960. A) Mexican B) European C) Sicilian D) Greek Answer: C Page Ref: 30 Objective: Learn about the Sicilian heritage as it relates to the Italian Mafia. Level: Basic 13) What is a Gabelloti? A) Special police force B) Violent peasant entrepreneurs C) A trademark of Mexican Mafia D) A weapon used often in torture Answer: B Page Ref: 30 Objective: Learn about the Sicilian heritage as it relates to the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 14) In Naples in the province of Campania on the Italian mainland, a powerful criminal brotherhood called the ______(stemming from a Spanish word meaning dispute or fight) also operated. A) Palazzo B) C) Partito D) Answer: B Page Ref: 31 Objective: Learn about the Sicilian heritage as it relates to the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 15) The Italian Mafia grew and developed during the reign of fascist dictator Benito ______in the 1920s. A) Juarez B) Ciccio C) Mori D) Mussolini

129 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer: D Page Ref: 31 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Basic 16) Until the Kefauver Committee hearings in 1950, the single most comprehensive and credible exploration of organized crime was ______Organized Crime in Chicago. A) John Wickliffe’s B) John Landesco’s C) W. S. Parkerson’s D) Charles Mtranga’s Answer: B Page Ref: 35 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Intermediate 17) The ______was established to study the nature and extent of organized crime in the United States and to develop strategies and recommendations to combat it. A) President’s Commission on Organized Crime B) Wickersham Commission C) Anti-Mafia Commission D) Washington School of Organized Crime Answer: A Page Ref: 45 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate 18) Representing the core of the organized crime unit, the ______is made up of persons who utilize criminality and violence and are willing to corrupt in order to gain power and profit. A) Pizza Connection B) Koran C) Sicilian orthodox D) criminal group Answer: D Page Ref: 46 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate

130 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 19) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the criminal group? A) Continuity B) Structure C) Membership D) Transparency Answer: D Page Ref: 46-47 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Basic 20) A corrupt public official is a “______.” A) protector B) punisher C) eraser D) motivator Answer: A Page Ref: 47 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate 21) ______are composed of persons who purchase organized crime’s illegal goods and services, such as drug users, patrons of bookmakers, and prostitution rings, and people who knowingly purchase stolen goods. A) Specialized supporters B) Social supporters C) Crime groups D) User supporters Answer: D Page Ref: 48 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Basic 22) Chambliss (1978) conceives of organized crime as being a network of individuals, the most powerful of whom are ______. A) friends B) neighbors C) businesspeople D) family members

131 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer: C Page Ref: 53 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate 23) According to ______(1983), in New York, no group exercises control over entrepreneurs in gambling and loan-sharking. A) Reuter B) Laswell C) Hellman D) Chap Answer: A Page Ref: 56 Objective: See how organizational constraints affect organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate 24) Organized crime is made up of a series of highly adaptive, flexible networks that readily take into account ______. A) hard targeting B) new opportunities for distribution C) perceptional blindness D) new law enforcement hiring strategies Answer: B Page Ref: 57 Objective: See how organizational constraints affect organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate 25) In recognition of a need to regulate and constrain illicit activity, public officials put their policy-making and enforcement powers on the ______. A) lam B) forefront C) back burner D) market Answer: D Page Ref: 57 Objective: See how organizational constraints affect organized crime groups. Level: Difficult

132 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 True/False Questions 1) Organized crime organizations manipulate and control legitimate industries like trash hauling. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 3 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 2) Law enforcement priorities shifted in 2001 with the 9/11 bombings, which also resulted in an end to transnational organized crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 3 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Difficult 3) The 1990s and the early twenty-first century witnessed an increased sophistication in the crimes associated with the global drug trade. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 4) The FBI notes that there are only two structures under which TOC groups function— hierarchies and clans. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 5) Organized crime is a profit-driven enterprise, but the distinction between licit and illicit markets is often difficult to determine. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 11 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 6) The impact of globalization is the same everywhere. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 12 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate

133 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) Organized crime and legitimate business can produce their goods and services more cheaply if they have a wider international reach. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 12 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Difficult 8) Incomes and wealth are decreasing enormously in some countries, drastically increasing the demand for organized crime’s illegal goods and services, particularly in the drug and sex industries. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 12 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Difficult 9) Organized crime involves well-organized groups involved in a variety of criminal activities for the purpose of accumulating money or power. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 15 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 10) A regional hierarchy is an organized crime group that involves a number of smaller organized crime groups that coordinate their activities and enterprises. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 22 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 11) The Wickersham Commission noted that certain traits of criminal groups could be distinguished from other forms of criminality. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 27 Objective: Contrast the different roles of different commissions dealing with organized crime. Level: Difficult 12) One view of the Mafia states that violent crime, organized and ruthless, was transplanted to the United States from Sicily. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 Objective: Learn about the Sicilian heritage as it relates to the Italian Mafia. Level: Basic

134 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 13) was also known as Don Vito. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 32 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Intermediate 14) The pizzu was named after the small hand of an infant and the mafia saying “to wet the diaper” as it applies to the extortion of money. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 32 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Intermediate 15) The police chief of New Orleans, David Hennessey, was indicted on October 15, 1890. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 34 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 16) After the death of David Hennessey, a lynch mob killed 11 people, some of whom were not connected to the Hennessey murder. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 34 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 17) Membership is not a characteristic of the criminal group. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 46 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Basic 18) According to Cressey (1967), the primary unit of La Cosa Nostra is the family, which embodies mostly female members of Mexican ancestry. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 48 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate

135 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 19) In La Cosa Nostra, the is a close associate of the boss, who enjoys considerable influence on and status in the family. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 49 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Difficult 20) In drug trafficking, the production, importation, distribution, and retail activities are kept as discrete functions, often performed by completely different organized crime groups, most of which are both temporary and small. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 56 Objective: See how organizational constraints affect organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate

1.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) Perhaps the greatest problem in understanding organized crime is not with the word crime but with the word ______. Answer: organized Page Ref: 6 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Basic 2) Joe Albini (1971) tells us that organized crime is “any criminal activity involving two or more individuals, specialized or nonspecialized, encompassing some form of social structure, with some form of leadership, utilizing certain modes of operation, in which the ultimate purpose of the organization is found in the ______of the particular group.” Answer: enterprises Page Ref: 8 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 3) One of the most profound ways in which a globalized economy has changed organized crime is that it has vastly ______the number and types of enterprises from which organized crime may profit. Answer: increased Page Ref: 14 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate

136 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) A ______hierarchy is a single organized crime group, usually led by a single powerful individual. Answer: standard Page Ref: 19 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Basic 5) A ______group is an unstructured group of organized criminals surrounded by a larger network of individuals engaged in serious criminal activity. Answer: core Page Ref: 23 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 6) The offering of ______services represents one of the main enterprises of organized crime organizations. Answer: illicit Page Ref: 26 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Difficult 7) One becomes a member of a ______through a long process of socialization within the village structure and the traditions of feudal Sicilian society. Answer: cosca Page Ref: 30-31 Objective: Learn about the Sicilian heritage as it relates to the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 8) The ______developed during the 1820s as a self-protection society for inmates in the Spanish-dominated prisons of Naples. Answer: Camorra Page Ref: 31 Objective: Learn about the Sicilian heritage as it relates to the Italian Mafia. Level: Intermediate 9) The official, government version of organized crime in the United States begins to emerge most clearly in the report of the Senate’s Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, chaired by Senator Estes ______of Tennessee. Answer: Kefauver Page Ref: 37 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult

137 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 10) Despite allegations of mob assistance to the Kennedy campaign in Chicago and possibly West Virginia, President Kennedy’s brother ______probably played the most significant role in combating organized crime of any government official in U.S. history. Answer: Robert Page Ref: 42 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 11) During the 1970s, New York police broke up the so-called French ______: the pipeline for heroin shipments to the United States from Marseilles, France. Answer: Connection Page Ref: 42 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Intermediate 12) The two primary defendants in the ______Connection case were , the 60-year-old former Mafia boss in Sicily, and Salvatore Catalano, a power boss with the Bonanno organization, who operated a bakery and pizzeria. Answer: Pizza Page Ref: 43 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 13) Rudolph Giuliani’s rise to fame came in the summer of 1986 when, following an 8-month trial, a federal jury convicted Carmine Persico and eight others for operating ______rackets in New York’s Colombo . Answer: labor Page Ref: 44 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult 14) By 1983, the FBI boasted that since 1979 the government had convicted almost 500 predominantly ______criminals and their associates as the result of organized crime investigations. Answer: Italian Page Ref: 45 Objective: Learn how official investigations into organized crime have contributed to an understanding of the Italian Mafia. Level: Difficult

138 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) Francis Ianni (1973) maintains that organized crime is best explained by examining local kinship or ______social networks. Answer: ethnic Page Ref: 52 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Basic

1.4 Essay Questions 1) What is organized crime? Answer: In 2002, the UNODC conducted an international survey of law enforcement agencies in which data on the structure, activities, and organization of organized crime groups in their jurisdictions were collected. In attempting to analyze that data, the United Nations (UN) brought together a group of academics and law enforcement agencies to formulate a working definition of organized crime. They failed. After considerable debate and several attempts at compromise, they concluded that they could not agree on a working definition. However, they did agree on a working definition of an “organized criminal group.” That definition described an organized criminal group as a “structured group of three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.” Page Ref: 11 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 2) What are criminal groups? Answer: Unlike street criminals or even professional criminals, organized criminals work together on a continuous basis in illegal enterprises. There is a core group of criminals and a much larger group of individuals who work with them, performing specific tasks and providing specific services, but who are primarily legitimate economic and political actors. In the globalized economy, computer experts and financial advisors are every bit as important to organized crime groups as are drug pushers, bookies, and prostitutes. These individuals are brought into a crime network as their services are needed. This kind of peripheral association is highly utilitarian. It makes it extremely difficult for law enforcement to trace specific activities back to a core group of criminals. Page Ref: 13 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate

139 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 3) What are criminal networks? Answer: Criminal networks are loosely organized, highly adaptable, very fluid networks of individual participants who organize themselves around an ongoing criminal enterprise. The membership, shape, and organization of a network are defined by those individuals’ participation in it at any given time. Individual attributes, such as specific skills, financial resources, political connections, and the like, determine the importance of network participants. There is no sense of ethnic or social identity—only personal loyalties to the enterprise itself. Networks are created, re-formed, and initiated around a series of continuing criminal projects. Individuals come and go from the network, so the organization is constantly re-forming itself from project to project. Criminal networks maintain a very low public profile and almost never identify themselves by any name or attribution other than the participation of the individuals in the network itself. Page Ref: 24 Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Intermediate 4) What is Cressey’s Cosa Nostra Theory? Answer: Cressey (1967) has described organized crime as having a bureaucratic structure not unlike that adopted by governmental bureaucracies, such as police departments and federal law enforcement agencies. According to Cressey, the primary unit of La Cosa Nostra is the family, which embodies male members of Italian ancestry. The family must abide by a code of conduct that prohibits members from revealing organizational secrets and that authorizes violent punishment for those who violate the code. Cressey has suggested the existence of a hierarchy within the Mafia that facilitates the flow of power and expectations of members. Included in the hierarchy are the boss, the , the underboss, the , and the soldiers. Page Ref: 48 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate 5) Explain Joseph Albini’s (1971) patron-client theory. Answer: As a result of his study of organized crime in Detroit, Joseph Albini (1971) concluded that it was made up of criminal patrons who exchanged information, connections with governmental officials, and access to a network of operatives for the client’s economic and political support. The roles of client and patron fluctuated, depending on the enterprise, and combinations were formed, dissolved, and re-formed with new actors. Albini (1971: 229) suggested that organized crime actually consists of “syndicates” in a “loose system of power relationships.”

140 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. Organized crime groups resemble a simple social organization or social-exchange network in the community. The power of organized crime is found in the organizational qualities of loose structuring, flexibility, and adaptability. Organized criminals have strategic contacts with persons who control various resources. Key organized crime figures occupy focal points in social-participation networks that interconnect private and public sector organizations and licit and illicit enterprises. Organized criminals occupy intersections and are critically positioned facilitators in complex social relationships that permit clients to deal with the larger society. A social network of connections with the police, public officials, and other criminal operatives is at the criminal’s disposal. An organized criminal has sufficient contacts to provide coordination and to locate specialized talents and services necessary for criminal entrepreneurship. Persons involved in organized crime and its operations in this web of social participation are not, in many cases, directly part of an organization. The structure of relationships varies considerably with each participant. Albini (1971: 288) argues that “rather than being a criminal secret society, a criminal syndicate consists of a system of loosely structured relationships functioning primarily because each participant is interested in furthering his own welfare.” The patron—client relationship also has been observed by numerous other studies of organized crime (e.g., Block 1979; Reuter 1983; Jenkins and Potter 1986). Page Ref: 50 Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Intermediate

1.5 Critical Thinking Questions 1) What is the difference between organized crime and street gangs? Answer: The terms “street gang” and “criminal organization” are used interchangeably, but the two are different. Although both groups typically participate in criminal activities, the groups are organized differently and their members fit into entirely different profiles. Criminal organizations are large, complex networks of illegal structures often operating behind legitimate businesses. Traditional institutions like labor unions, construction, and trash hauling have been ways to hide illegal activities. These crime rings operate under a hierarchical structure similar to normal businesses, with several levels of power and opportunities for advancing within the organization. Typically members become increasing wealthy by advancing in the organization. Although some participants are socialized into this system as youth, the organizations are run by career criminal adults. Organized crime networks are present around the world, many partnering in crime through modern technology like the Internet. Russian mobsters, the Italian Mafia, Chinese Tongs, and the Japanese Brorkudan are some of those more widely recognized.

141 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. Street gangs are composed of youth within a given location or “turf.” Gang members range in age from as young as 12 to the mid-twenties. There is no single definition for a gang, and terms like “gang,” “youth gang,” and “street gang” are used interchangeably. Gangs can form anywhere, but most are found in larger metropolitan areas. According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency, gangs arise out of a need for power and strength in a powerless environment. Youth respond by forming social groups, and these gangs become surrogate families, providing a sense of belonging linked by location, symbols, and in name. Often members are “socialized” into gangs through friends or older siblings who already participate. Objective: Understand the numerous definitions of organized crime. Level: Difficult 2) What would likely happen to organized crime if drugs were legalized? Answer: Many believe that traditional organized crime would be seriously affected by legalization. Some feel that the Mafia would not disappear, because organized crime would be able to survive on other criminal activities, such as loan sharking, gambling, prostitution, and child pornography. But drug legalization would basically remove the backbone of organized crime’s profits, causing it to diminish in importance. Objective: Compare the various theories that have been developed to explain the structure of organized crime groups. Level: Difficult

142 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.