WHAT IS JUNETEENTH?

Juneteenth commemorates the effective end of slavery in the United States

Elizabeth Nix, History.com

JUNETEENTH AND SLAVERY IN TEXAS Juneteenth (short for “June Nineteenth”) marks the day when federal troops arrived in In Texas, slavery had continued as the state Galveston, Texas in 1865 to take control of the experienced no large-scale fighting or state and ensure that all enslaved people be significant presence of Union troops. Many slave freed. The troops’ arrival came a full two and a owners from outside the Lone Star State viewed half years after the signing of the Emancipation it as a safe haven and had moved there with Proclamation. Juneteenth marks an effective end their slaves. to slavery in the United States and is considered the longest-running African American holiday. After the war came to a close in the spring of 1865, General Granger’s arrival in Galveston Confederate General Robert E. Lee had that June signaled freedom for Texas’s 250,000 surrendered at Appomattox Court House two slaves. Although emancipation didn’t happen months earlier in Virginia, but slavery had overnight for everyone—in some cases, slave remained relatively unaffected in Texas—until owners withheld the information until after U.S. General Gordon Granger stood on Texas soil harvest season—celebrations broke out among and read General Orders No. 3: “The people of newly freed black people, and Juneteenth was Texas are informed that, in accordance with a born. That December, slavery in America was proclamation from the Executive of the United formally abolished with the adoption of the 13th States, all slaves are free.” Amendment.

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION The year following 1865, freedmen in Texas organized the first of what became the annual The Emancipation Proclamation issued by celebration of “Jubilee Day” on June 19. In the President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, ensuing decades, Juneteenth commemorations had established that all enslaved people in featured music, barbecues, prayer services and Confederate states in rebellion against the Union other activities, and as black people migrated “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” from Texas to other parts of the country the But in reality, the Emancipation Proclamation Juneteenth tradition spread. didn’t instantly free any slaves. The proclamation only applied to places under Confederate In 1979, Texas became the first state to make control and not to slave-holding border states Juneteenth an official holiday. Today, 47 states or rebel areas already under Union control. recognize Juneteenth as a state holiday, while However, as Northern troops advanced into the efforts to make it a national holiday have so far Confederate South, many slaves fled behind stalled in Congress. Union lines.