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22 Poaceae E Leguminose

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22 Poaceae E Leguminose Principali famiglie di Angiosperme prevalentemente non legnose della flora italiana MONOCOTILEDONI: 1.Poaceae 2.Cyperaceae DICOTILEDONI: 1.Asteraceae 2.Fabaceae 3.Brassicaceae 4.Lamiaceae 5.Caryophyllaceae MONOCOTILEDONI Poaceae: la famiglia più importante dal punto di vista di ecologico (biomi continentali) Prateria americana Savana africana Pascolo alpino Steppa asiatica Prateria arida MONOCOTILEDONI Poaceae: la famiglia più importante dal punto di vista economico (piante alimentari «cereali») - Mais (gen. Zea ) - Grano (gen. Triticum ) - Canna da zucchero - Saccharum) - Riso, gen. Oryza Caratteri fondamentali : - piante erbacee, perenni o annuali - fusti cavi ( culmi ) con nodi e internodi (sp. con rizomi) - foglia con guaina e lamina - ligula : espansione alla loro giunzione (variabile) L - fi. riuniti in infiorescenze: spighette. I Spighette a loro volta riunite in G infiorescenze composte (spighe, U pannocchie, ecc.) L - Androceo: tre stami E - Gineceo: ovario supero monocarpellare; due stimmi piumosi (impollinazione anemofila) Anatomia della Spighetta • Ogni spighetta è avvolta alla base da due glume; • Può essere formata da 1 a 20 fiori (in questo es. sono 2) • Ogni fiore è avvolto da due «glumette»: una superiore Palea detta palea e una inferiore detta lemma. • Alla base dell’ovario ci sono altre due piccolissime squamette dette lodicole Gluma Spighetta Infiorescenza di secondo ordine delle Poaceae costituita da uno o più fiori, ciascuno avvolto da due glumette, una inferiore detta lemma ed una superiore detta palea ; i fiori sono inseriti lungo un asse e a loro volta sono contenuti in due glume, una superiore ed una inferiore palea Glume Fiore lemma Spighetta (con 4 fiori) GRAMINACEAE Sottofamiglia POOIDEAE Avena sterilis L. FPVI,1: 63, Fig. 3 Cariosside: frutto secco indeiscente monospermo (un solo seme) pericarpo pericarpo endosperma amilaceo strato endosperma aleuronico amilaceo scutello embrione aleuronico strato del seme tegumento La cariosside dal punto di vista alimentare: AMIDO : 60-70%. Localizzato nell’endosperma del seme. Elevata quantità di zuccheri assimilabili. PROTEINE: 8-12%. Sono localizzate nello strato aleuronico. VITAMINA E. Piccole quantità nello strato aleuronico e nell’embrione. ELEMENTI E SALI MINERALI (ferro, zinco, manganese, fosforo, altri) Alcune importanti Poaceae della flora italiana Specie foraggere per l’allevamento o di valore alimentare per la fauna selvatica. Di queste specie gli erbivori mangiano le parti vegetative (foglie e culmi). Molte specie perenni hanno intenso accestimento e ricacciano dopo la brucatura e il calpestio, grazie a gemme situate al livello del suolo; in alcune specie vi sono rizomi e stoloni (fusti sotterranei) che fungono da organi di riserva e di espansione orizzontale. Rizomi di Cyonodon dactylon (gramigna) Poa pratensis L. Prati e pascoli. Emicriptofita cespitosa. 1. Dactylis glomerata L. Prati e pascoli. Emicriptofita cespitosa 2. Lolium perenne Prati e pascoli, Emicriptofita cespitosa. Arrhenatherum elatius: Prati. Emicriptofita cespitosa Phleum pratense L. Prati e pascoli. Emicriptofita cespitosa Festuca arundinacea Prati e pascoli. Emicriptofita cespitosa Avena sativa Prati e pascoli aridi. Terofita cespitosa Festuca heterophylla Lam. boschi su suolo acido Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. boschi su suolo acido Brachypodium rupestre L. boschi degradati su suoli calcarei DICOTILEDONI. FABACEAE (ord. FABALES) Ca. 11.000 sp. Numerose erbacee e arbustive; anche sp. arboree. Caratteristiche morfologiche principali: - foglie alterne, stipolate, semplici o spesso composte (trifogliate, pennate, semplici..) - corolla zigomorfa «papilionacea» - frutto a legume - Simbiosi radicali con batteri azoto- fissatori ( Rhizobium) Laburnum anagyroides Medik. Noduli con Rhizobium (batterio azotofissatore) su radici di fagiolo noduli Fiore con corolla zigomorfa formata da 5 petali: - vessillo (1 petalo), - ali (2 petali) - carena (2 petali) Impollinazione per imenotteri Androceo con 10 stami (tutti saldati o 9 saldati + 1 libero) Gineceo: ovario supero monocarpellare Legume: frutto secco deiscente (si Valva apre a maturità per liberare i carpello seme semi); raram. indeiscente (lomento). Forme e dimensioni molto variabili (importante carattere sistematico). Legumi spiralati di Medicago sativa SEMI. Grande valore alimentare 1. Spesso numerosi in ogni legume e di cospicue dimensioni. 2. Endosperma ricco di amido. 3. Cotiledoni spesso con elevato contenuto proteico (15-40%; ma carenza di alcuni amminoacidi solforati). 4. Lipidi (sferosomi) 5. Elementi minerali abbondanti: Calcio, Fosoforo, Magnesio,ecc. Ma: i semi di alcuni specie sono scarsamente digeribili (lectine) Alcune importanti Fabaceae della flora italiana Specie foraggere per l’allevamento o di valore alimentare per la fauna selvatica. Di queste specie gli erbivori mangiano prevalentemente le parti vegetative (foglie e fusti) per il loro elevato contenuto proteico. Erba medica essiccata per foraggio Medicago sativa L. - Erba medica Ampiamente coltivata, ma anche spontanea. Emicriptofita scaposa Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. - Lupinella Ampiamente coltivata, ma anche spontanea. Emicriptofita scaposa Hedysarum coronarium L. - Sulla Ampiamente coltivata, ma anche spontanea. Terofita scaposa Vicia sativa L. - Veccia Spontanea e coltivata. Terofita scaposa Lotus corniculatus L. - Ginestrino Spontanea in prati e pascoli, raram. coltivata. Emicriptofita scaposa Pisum sativum L. –Pisello selvatico Spontanea. Terofita scaposa Melilotus officinalis L. - Meliloto Spontanea in prati e pascoli, raram. coltivata. Emicriptofita scaposa Trifolium sp. L. –Trifogli (numerose specie) Spontanee e coltivate in prati e pascoli. Emicriptofita o terofite T. pratense L. T. repens L. T. alpinum L. T. subterraneum L. Esempi di importanti Fabaceae legnose della flora italiana Ceratonia siliqua L. (carrubo) Cercis siliquastrum L. (Albero di Giuda) Robinia pseudacacia L. (E- Stati Uniti) arbusti a fiori gialli di ambiente mediterraneo Cytisus villosus Pourret Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link Arbusti a fiori gialli di boschi caducifogli mesofili Coronilla emerus L. (= Emerus major Mill.) Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link – Ginestra dei carbonai Spartium junceum L. Ginestra odorosa Maggiociondoli Laburnum alpinum (Miller) Bercht. & Presl Laburnum anagyroides Medicus Tossici per alcaloidi (laburnina e citisina) !! FINE DELLA PARTE SISTEMATICA DEL CORSO DI BIOLOGIA VEGETALE.
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