42 (1): (2018) 5-33 Review article

Towards an Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps

Manfred A. Fischer✳

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria

ABSTRACT: This is on the one hand an announcement of the two-volume Fourth Edition of the Excursion Flora for Austria expanded by also including the remaining parts of the Eastern Alps (chapter 1), and on the other hand a rough survey of the flora of the Eastern Alps in connection with the main vegetation types (chapter 2). The geographical scope includes, besides Austria, the entire Eastern Alps from the Rhine valley in E Switzerland (Grisons) to the Vipava valley in SW Slovenia. Volume 1 mainly contains comprehensive introductory chapters like introductions to plant morphology, taxonomy, and nomenclature, as well as a sketch of ecomorphology and habitat ecology, a survey of vegetation types (phytosociology) and floristic peculiarities of the different natural regions, a rough history of floristic research, a detailed glossary including the meaning of epithets, etc., and drawings of several plant species characteristic of the flora covered. The structure of the keys concentrated in volume 2 is explained: besides the descriptive traits, they include for each taxon comprehensive ecological and plant geographical data, as well as information about Red Lists of the countries involved, plant uses, and taxonomical problems. Genus names are given not only in German, but also in the Romansh (Rumantsch Grischun), Italian, and Slovenian languages. In chapter 2, some important chorotypes including endemics are characterised, and an overview of floristic diversity (lists of exemplary taxa) in accordance with the main and most characteristic vegetation types is presented.

Keywords: flora, Alps, chorotypes, endemism, identification keys, Vienna diacritical method, vegetation.

Received: 13 March 2017 Revision accepted: 09 August 2017 UDC: 436:356.114:581.92 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1173550

✳correspondence: [email protected] © 2018 Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Belgrade 6 vol. 42 (1)

Table of Contents 1 The Fourth Edition of the Austrian Ex- 1 The Fourth Edition of the Austrian Excursion Flora cursion Flora 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Origin and history of the project 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.2 The Excursion Flora of Austria and the Entire Eastern Alps 1.1.1 Origin and history of the project. Up until 1994, 1.1.3 General objectives and uses of an excursion Flora Austrian botanists, florists, and teachers interested in the 1.1.4 Aims and intention of our Flora flora of their country had to use the Excursion Flora for 1.1.5 Authors and collaborators Austria by Fritsch (1922) – covering most of the Austri- 1.1.6 Sources an part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, but not the 1.2 Geographic scope entire small Republic of Austria, and being taxonomically 1.3 Taxonomic scope outdated and providing no ecological information – or to 1.4 The keys – general items rely on more modern Floras of neighbouring countries. 1.4.1 General key structure The Excursion Flora by Adler et al. (1994) present- 1.4.2 Families and genera ed dichotomous keys for all species found in the wild 1.4.3 Species keys within the boundaries of Austria and also covered the 1.5 Further information about the taxa most important cultivated species. It was mainly based 2 Short overview of the flora and vegetation of Austria on the catalogue (a flora without keys, but with distribu- and all the Eastern Alps tion data) by Janchen (1956–1960, 1963–1966) and on 2.1 Examples of some characteristic chorotypes the Central European checklist by Gutermann & Nikl- 2.1.1 Significant chorotypes of Austria and the Eastern feld (1973), the keys being influenced by Flora Europaea Alps (Tutin et al. 1964–1993) and several Floras of adjacent 2.1.2 Examples of established (naturalised) aliens countries. The main authors were three floristic enthu- 2.2 Endemism siasts with myself a co-author and the editor. The book 2.2.1 Endemics of the Alps was well accepted and became the standard of Austrian 2.2.2 Some Austrian endemics and subendemics floristics. The revised Second Edition was published in 2.2.3 Some other endemics and subendemics of the 2005. It extended the territory covered by including two Eastern Alps neighbouring regions – the Principality of Liechtenstein 2.3 Main natural regions and the Italian province of Bolzano-South Tyrol [Südti- 2.4 The flora arranged as to main vegetation types rol (this mainly German speaking “Autonome Provinz 2.4.1 Zonal natural vegetation Bozen – Südtirol / Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano 2.4.2 Azonal natural vegetation – Sudtirolo, Alto Adige” was up to 1919 part of Tyrol, 2.4.3 Anthropogenic vegetation Austria)]. The revised and updated Third Edition was 2.5 Nature reserves, national parks published in 2008. 2.5.1 Austria No Flora published so far adequately treats the East- 2.5.2 Alpic Bavaria ern Alps, as parts of Hegi’s huge Flora of Central Europe 2.5.3 Liechtenstein (First Edition 1908–1929) are much outdated, and the 2.5.4 E Alpic Italy more recent editions (1936–2016) are still far from deal- 2.5.5 Switzerland: E Grisons ing with all families. The impressive “Flora Alpina” by 2.5.6 Alpic Slovenia Aeschimann et al. (2004) contains excellent photographs and ecological and distributional data, but does not pro- vide determination keys. However, it was gratefully used by us for our Flora. The keys for “Excursion Flora of the Alps” by Götz (2017), in the German language, are still not completed. Austria’s boundaries – like almost any political bor- ders – do not delimit plant geographical regions, but cut across the ranges of mountain species instead. This is in- adequate for botanical study, as is evident when looking along the southern boundary with Slovenia and NE Italy (the Carnian Alps and Karawanken), where the ranges of local endemics like Wulfenia carinthiaca subsp. carinthi- aca and Leucanthemum lithopolitanicum, each restricted to a single mountain, are cut by the borderline, which makes them elements of two states (Austria and Italy or Slovenia, respectively). M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 7

1.1.2 The Excursion Flora for Austria and the Entire Hohla et al. 2009) contain little or no information be- Eastern Alps. In view of the situation outlined above, yond the plant names. it was quite obviously necessary to expand our Austri- An excursion Flora, however, is much more compre- an Flora to encompass the closely adjacent parts of the hensive than a field guide, which often mainly contains Alps, primarily those in the south (Italy and Slovenia) colour photographs and short descriptions (“Steck- and also ones in the west (Grisons in Switzerland) and briefe”) for a selection of common or important and/or northwest (the Alps of Bavaria) in order to include the showy species. A beautiful example of a “triple-hybrid” entire Eastern Alps. between an excursion Flora, a field guide, and a full Flo- Our new edition (Fischer et al. in prep.) of Adler et ra is the two-volume “Flora Helvetica” by Lauber et al. al. (1994) and Fischer et al. (2005, 2008) attempts to be (2012), which contains excellent photos and a separate, popular and user-friendly, but simultaneously scientific though very short key and was used by us as a source and as complete and informative as possible. This book for distributions in Grisons. Typical excursion Floras are tries to demonstrate that it is quite possible to achieve those created by W. Rothmaler (Rothmaler & Jäger both those ends, since it is intended to be used by am- 2011, 2016) for Germany and by Martinčič et al. (2007) ateur botanists and floristic enthusiasts; by teachers in for Slovenia, while that of Mayer (2015) for Italy is a educational institutions, from schools to universities; considerably bigger and heavier example (deviating in by professional botanists and a wide range of zoologists this respect). Usually single-volumed, excursion Flo- and other naturalists; by “applied” botanists like forest- ras provide no colour photos or drawings of complete ers (sylviculturists), agriculturists, gardeners (horticul- plants, but rather only illustrations of selected charac- turists), pharmacists, and conservationists; by landscape ters helpful for identification. Moreover, they include ecologists, ethnobotanists, and geographers; and by an- neither family nor genus descriptions, no distribution ybody interested in nature and landscape, as well as lin- maps, no references or nomenclatural details. Keys and guists studying plant names. This ample scope of users species descriptions are not separate, but combined. calls for careful language, short but critical wording of However, they treat the flora completely, down to the the texts, and clear explanations of all technical terms level of subspecies. Also, a typical excursion Flora fits used. Furthermore, didactic skills are needed to explain into a rucksack. scientific botany at all. A Flora to be used by beginners and autodidacts as well as by highly trained profession- 1.1.4 Aims and intention of our flora. Although some als is obliged to raise interest in the study not only of users of identification keys may be interested in plant plants, but also of the whole complex world of botany as names only, a good Flora, even an excursion Flora, is part of scientific biology. obliged to provide connections to almost all fields of Our Excursion Flora will consist of two volumes and botany and general biology. Our Flora tries to offer a is planned to be published in 2019. Volume 1 contains synthesis of botanical knowledge of our territory. Be- general information about morphology, taxonomy, ecol- sides phytography (descriptive terminology), a deeper ogy, geography, vegetation, nature conservancy, etc. (see knowledge of plants implies familiarity not only with 1.1.4 below); volume 2 contains the keys, the glossary comparative morphology, anatomy, karyology, taxono- and a combined index of Latin and German names. my (including molecular), evolution, pollination ecolo- gy, synecology (including phytocoenology), chorology 1.1.3 General objectives and uses of an excursion flora. (plant geography, phylogeography), phytochemistry, What is a Flora and what is an excursion Flora? By tra- and ecophysiology, but also with pedology, geology, dition, both are limited to vascular plants, i.e., they do plant physiology (C4-photosynthesis!), and the history not treat algae, mosses, and liverworts. Excursion Floras of botany (in connection with nomenclature). These sci- are smaller and more concise than “full” Floras, which entific fields are treated in the overall characterisations usually comprise several volumes, like “Flora Europaea” of individual genera and species (as exemplified below) by Tutin et al. (1964–1993); “Flora d’Italia” by Pignatti and in the general introductory chapters and appendi- (1982, 2017); “Flora der Schweiz” by Hess et al. (1976– ces. Identifying plants must not be isolated from botany, 1980); “Květena České Republiky” by Hejný & Slavík which means that descriptive botany should be linked to (1988, 1990, 1992), Slavík (1995, 1997, 2000), Slavík & scientific “deep” morphology and other pertinent fields. Hejný (2004), and Štěpánková & Hejný (2010) – all of Thus, the whole of botany is focused in each plant spe- which were used for our Flora –, “Flora Srbije” by Josi- cies, because its name is just the least relevant item. Flora fović (1970–1977), and by Sarić (1992); and “Flora Hel- writers must be skilful teachers of botany and as such lenica” by Strid & Tan (1997–2002). On the other hand, try to arouse or intensify love and understanding of our they may consist of only one volume, like the “New Flora green world. of the British Isles” by Stace (2011), which is something In this respect, the introductory chapters play an im- of a hybrid with an excursion Flora. Checklists or cat- portant role and will be enlarged in comparison with alogues (“enumerationes”) (e.g., Wilhalm et al. 2006; the Third Edition. They will contain (a) introductions to 8 vol. 42 (1)

taxonomy and evolutionary systematics, discussions on ferences in fact depict the same species. Although they traditional and molecular taxonomy, and (b) scientific are tempting, pictures can therefore lead the reader Latin nomenclature and naming in national languag- astray. Exact determinations made only by looking at es, including vernacular names. A main chapter deals pictures are near to impossible. with (c) phytography (descriptive terms), morphology (scientific, comparative), and karyology (meaning chro- 1.1.5 Authors and collaborators. Three main authors mosome numbers). Further chapters concentrate on were responsible for production of the keys: myself, to- (d) ecomorphology, including pollination biology and gether with Wolfgang Adler and Karl Oswald, my co- flower fragrance (information about which is provided authors from the First Edition, both amateur botanists to by an expert); (e) the study of plant ranges (chorotypes), whom the honorary title of professor has been awarded flora statistics, and plant species mapping; (f) principles for their contributions to botany. Additionally, we en- of vegetation science (ecology, coenology); (g) an over- joyed the support of many professional and a few ama- view of the vegetation of Austria and the Eastern Alps; teur colleagues, some of whom should be mentioned here: (h) floristic and ecological characterisations of the natu- Gregor Dietrich (Tulln; water plants, cultivated plants, ral regions within the study area; (i) nature conservancy escapees), Franz G.Dunkel (Karlstadt; Ranunculus auri- and flora change; (j) a review of the history of floristic comus agg.), Peter Englmaier (Vienna; Poaceae, Batra- research in Austria and the adjacent included countries; chium, neophytes), Franz Essl (Vienna; neophytes), Božo (k) advice on how to use the book and how to collect Frajman (Innsbruck, Euphorbia, Knautia, phylogeogra- plants and prepare a herbarium. As supplements, a “veg- phy), Sigurd E. Fröhner (Dresden; Alchemilla), Günter etative” key for identification without flowers (l) and a Gottschlich (Tübingen; Hieracium and Pilosella), “winter key” (m) will enable the user to identify woody Thomas Gregor [Schlitz (Germany); Characeae], Wolf- species from their buds and bark. Moreover, such sup- gang Gregor (Vienna; Rubus), Josef Greimler (Vienna; plements will contain a survey of the vascular plant sys- Dianthus, Gentianella), Walter Gutermann (Vienna; tem accepted, as opposed to former, traditional systems alpine flora, general consultant for taxonomy and no- (n); references to other floras and taxonomic, phytogeo- menclature), Michael Hohla (Obernberg am Inn; Upper graphic, etc., literature (o); a detailed glossary of all tech- Austrian flora, neophytes), Nejc Jogan (Ljubljana; Poace- nical terms used in the book (p); translations of Latin ae, flora of Slovenia), Arndt Kästner (Halle/Saale; draw- epithets (q); translations of specific Austrian-German ings), Wolfgang Lippert (Munich; Alchemilla, Bavarian words used (Austriacisms) (r); and an index of the Latin, flora), Alexander Ch. Mrkvicka (Vienna; Rosa), Harald German, Romansh, Italian, and Slovenian plant names Niklfeld (Vienna; chorology, flora mapping), Norbert used (s). Some drawings of whole plants, preferably en- Novak (Vienna; Orchidaceae), Marie-Louise Oschatz demic ones, will also be provided. (Vienna; flower scents), Konrad Pagitz (Innsbruck; Ru- In order to realise this, it becomes necessary – in con- bus, neophytes), Filippo Prosser (Rovereto; Italian flo- trast to the Third Edition – to put these general sections ra), Romedi Reinalter (Ardez; flora of Engadin), Walter in a separate volume (vol. 1), since the main second vol- Rottensteiner (Graz; Delphiniinae), Johannes Saukel ume containing all the keys will cover about 1400 pages, (Vienna; Achillea), Gerald M. Schneeweiss (Vienna, which seems to us a maximum for a pocket flora (thin Alyssum, Androsace, Orobancheae), Peter Schönswet- paper taken for granted). Of course, all the introductory ter (Innsbruck, Phyteuma, Senecio etc., phylogeogra- general keys leading to the families, together with the phy), Luise Schratt-Ehrendorfer (Vienna; conserv- genus, species and subspecies keys, must be united with- ancy, Red Lists), Oliver Stöhr (Lienz; Pteridophytes, in one volume (vol. 2), along with the glossary and index East Tyrol), Herwig Teppner (Graz; Onosma, Nigritella), of names. ThomasWilhalm (Bozen/Bolzano; South Tyrolian flora, For the beginner, the identification process starts Poaceae, neophytes), Johannes Walter (Vienna; Cheno- (in the volume containing the keys) with several “main podiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae, neophytes), keys” that eventually lead to the families. For each fami- Wolfgang Willner (Vienna; vegetation ecology), and ly, a genus key leads to the genera, and species keys to the Ingo Uhlemann (Dresden; Taraxacum). species and subspecies. In addition to the text, the keys in our Excursion Flora are accompanied by drawings of 1.1.6 Sources. There are several books on local flo- characters less easily described in words. We deliberate- ras (with or without distribution maps), e.g., Janchen ly do not present colour photographs because there are (1977; Lower Austria and Northern Burgenland), Seit- many sources containing excellent photos of the flower- ter (1977; Liechtenstein), Grabherr & Polatschek ing parts in popular books and readily available on the (1986; Vorarlberg), Wittmann et al. (1987; Salzburg: internet. However, it is risky to use such photos for plant maps), Zimmermann et al. (1989; Red Book of Styria), determination because they usually neglect vegetative Schönfelder & Bresinsky (1990; Bavaria: maps), Peer plant parts and do not show variation. Thus, different (1991, 1995; South Tyrol: vegetation maps), Hartl et al. species sometimes look alike and pictures showing dif- (1992; Carinthia: maps), Bernhard (1994–2002; Liech- M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 9 tenstein: vegetation), Maurer (1996–2006; Flora of catalogues of biotope types (Essl et al. 2002; Aigner et Styria with keys), Polatschek (1997, 1999, 2000, 2001) al. 2004; Traxler et al. 2005; Essl et al .2015), a cata- and Maier et al. (2001; Tyrol and Vorarlberg: records, logue of the syntaxa of Austria by Mucina et al. (1993a, maps), Fenaroli (1998; Italian Alps), Jogan (2001; Slo- b), Grabherr & Mucina (1993), and its emendation venia: maps), Poldini (2002, Friuli: maps), Bernhard pertaining to forests by Willner & Grabherr (2007), & Borgmann (2002; Liechtenstein: vegetation), Adler which also presents an identification key for forest com- & Mrkvicka (2003; Vienna), Reinalter (2004; Enga- munities. Some regional and local vegetation studies in din), Argenti & Lasen (2004; prov. Belluno), Brandes Austria include Schiechtl & Stern (1975–1982, 1985), & Gatto (2005; Monte Baldo), Rossi & Giacomini Hartl et al. (2001), and several studies on the Italian (2005; mount Grigna), Conti (2005; Italia), Wilhalm Alps, e.g., Pignatti & Pignatti (2014, 2017) on the Do- et al. (2006; South Tyrol), Martinčič et al. (2007; Slo- lomites. venia), Hohla et al. (2009; Upper Austria), Prosser et In order to provide up-to-date information on dis- al. (2009; Monte Baldo), Berger & Ehrendorfer (2011; tribution and taxonomy, several botanical journals were Vienna: landscape, ecosystem, biocoenoses), Lauber consulted besides international taxonomic ones like Tax- et al. (2012; Switzerland), Martini et al. (2012; part of on, Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society (Reading), Lombardy: provinces Bergamo and Brescia), Polat- Willdenowia, etc. Among the most important of them schek & Neuner (2013a, b; Tyrol and Vorarlberg: re- for our region: Acta ZooBot Austria (Vienna), Alpine cords, maps), Lippert & Meierott (2014; checklist of Botany (Botanica Helvetica, Heidelberg), Annalen des Bavaria), Pignatti & Pignatti (2014, 2017; Dolomites), Naturhistorischen Museums Wien (Wien), Berichte der Amann (2016; Vorarlberg: Red List), and Scortegagna Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft (München), Ber- et al. (2016; Vicenza). – We also tried to consult prima- ichte der Botanisch-Zoologischen Gesellschaft Liech- ry taxonomic and floristic literature as much as possi- tenstein-Sargans-Werdenberg (Vaduz), Carinthia II ble, among many others, Fenaroli (1954), Titz (1972), (Klagenfurt), Folia Geobotanica (Prague), Gredleriana Prosser & Scortegaglia (1998), Frajman et al. (2016). (Bozen), Hacquetia (Ljubljana), Hladnikia (Ljubljana), – Some popular books and regional or local field guides Joannea Botanik (Graz), Kochia (Berlin), Neilreichia are Wraber (1990, 2006; Slovenian Alps), Costantini (Wien), Plant Diversity and Evolution (Botanische Jahr- & De Kock (1993; Mt. Baldo), Peer (2001; South Tyrol), bücher, Stuttgart), Preslia (Prague), and Stapfia (Linz). Waldburger et al. (2003; Liechtenstein), Waldburger Study of living plants as well as herbarium specimens & Staub (2006; Liechtenstein), Fischer & Fally (2006; is of great importance. Virtually all our authors and col- Burgenland), Holzner (2013–2015; Lower Austria), laborators are experienced field botanists with knowl- Hartl et al. (2014; Hohe Tauern), and Grabherr et al. edge of the species in their living state. (2016; Vorarlberg). Internet web sites such as Flora of Ba- The data in our Flora are partly based on many stud- varia (http://daten.bayernflora.de/de/index.php = http:// ies undertaken in preparing a comprehensive Flora of wiki.bayernflora.de/web/) and FloraWeb (http://www. Austria, a small part of which has been published on the floraweb.de/index.html) should also be mentioned. internet [“Wiki” Flora (http://www.flora-austria.at/flo- Current distribution data were provided by the ra_oesterreich.html)]. Austrian Floristic Mapping Scheme (H. Niklfeld & L. Schratt-Ehrendorfer and collaborators at the 1.2 GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE University of Vienna). Additionally, of course, man- uals like Meusel et al. (1965a, b, 1968a, b), Meusel & Six countries are involved (see Fig. 1): Austria (entirely, Jäger (1992a, b), and Staudinger et al. (2009; Austrian i.e., including regions outside the Alps in the east and endemics) were consulted, as well as internet sources, north), Germany (the small southern edge), Liechten- particularly the Plant Distribution Atlas of South Tyrol stein (entirely), Switzerland (the easternmost part), Italy (http://www.florafauna.it/), “info flora” of Switzerland (the northeasternmost parts), and Slovenia (the northern (https://www.infoflora.ch/de/flora/art-abfragen.html), and northwestern parts). The Austrian flora is composed etc. of three main plant geographic elements: the Pannonian Important contributions to study of the vegetation flora in the northeast, the Central European flora in low- of Austria and the Eastern Alps are a vegetation map of lands and in the north, and the flora of the Alps, com- Austria by Wagner (1971, 1985), floristic maps and anal- prising most of the country. The area treated extends be- yses by Niklfeld (1973a, b, 1979), an introductory sur- yond Austria in the northwest, west, and south (see Fig. vey on flora and vegetation geography(Niklfeld 1993), 1). Thus, besides Austria, it includes all of the German several biodiversity analyses of Austria (Borsdorf Alps (in S. Bavaria), ranging from the Allgäuer Alpen in 2005; Essl et al. 2008; Niklfeld et al. 2008; Sauber- the west to Mt. Untersberg close to the city of Salzburg er & Dullinger 2008), a significant forest coenology of in the east, continuing and completing the northern cal- the Eastern Alps (Mayer 1974), a book on the hemeroby careous Austrian Alps of Salzburg, Tyrol, and Vorarl- of Austrian forest communities (Grabherr et al. 1998), berg. The line dividing the Eastern from the Western 10 vol. 42 (1)

Fig 1. Physical map of the Eastern Alps. Red line: boundary of territory covered by the “Flora of Austria and all the Eastern Alps”; reddish-shadowed broken lines: national borders. A: Pannonian region; B: rump mountains of gneiss and granite (“Bohemian Massif” of Mühlviertel and Waldviertel); C: lowlands of the “Northern Alpenvorland”; D: southeastern foothills of the Alps, eastern Styria and South Burgenland; E: Calcareous Northern Alps; F: Central Alps; G: Calcareous Southern Alps.

Alps is admittedly highly arbitrary, but quite traditional the town of Maribor, thus including all mountain ranges in geography: it runs from Lake Constance at the tri- of the eastern Italian Alps from the Bergamascan Alps angle where Austria, Switzerland, and Germany meet, in the west to the Julian Alps in the east and covering moving southwards (upstream) along the Rhine river, in all the Slovenian Alps from the Julian Alps eastwards to the northern part separating Austria and Liechtenstein mount Pohorje. In political terms, Austria and Liechten- from Switzerland, further south cutting through Canton stein in their entirety are included, together with a small Grisons (Graubünden) of Switzerland to pass Splügen southern part of Germany, the easternmost part of Swit- (on the Swiss/Italian boundary), and farther through zerland (the eastern part of Canton Grisons, i.e., that on Italy along the rivers Liro and Mera to Lake Como and the right-hand side of the Rhine river), the Italian auton- its eastern branch, following the river Adda down to the omous provinces of South Tyrol (prov. Bozen/Bolzano) very edge of the mountains. In other words, the area of and Trento (Trentino), and the northern, mountainous the Eastern Alps outside of Austria is bounded by a line parts of the Italian regions Lombardy, Veneto, and Fri- running counter-clockwise between the cities Vienna – uli-Venezia Giulia, as well as the northwestern, moun- Salzburg – Bregenz – Vaduz – Chur – Lecco – Brescia tainous parts of Slovenia. In Slovenia, deviating from – Verona – Vicenza – Gemona – Gorizia – Ljubljana – the border-line in “Flora alpina” (Aeschimann et al. Maribor – (now within Austria:) Graz – Vienna. 2004), we include the foothill region southeast of the The southern border of our flora closely follows the Alps (predalpsko območje according to Martinčič et southern edge of the Alps – from the town of Lecco to al. 2007) and also the southernmost part of the Julian M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 11

Alps, which are transitional mountains between the ras (see Stace 2009, 2010; Kadereit et al. 2016). Our Southern Alps and the Northern Dinarids, i.e., Trnovski system, indeed, deviates slightly from the strictly mo- gozd with mount Čaven and Hrušica with mount Nanos, lecular-based and cladistic APG system because we do sometimes considered the northern end of the Dinarid not strictly avoid paraphyletic taxa (they are designated mountain range. by the Greek letter Π), but instead try to outline an evo- For a geographic overview of the region treated, see lutionary system (Hörandl 2010; Fischer 2012, 2013; also Chapter 2.3! Willner et al. 2014). Within the families, the genera are As to the floristic status of the taxa treated, see under arranged taxonomically, but not alphabetically (as was 1.5! done by Rottensteiner 2014 and Tison & Foucault 2014) because this would disrupt closely allied and only 1.3 TAXONOMIC SCOPE recently split ones. It is very unfriendly to the user if, for example, Pilosella and Jacobaea are placed far away Though unusual, our excursion flora will also contain from their closest allies, Hieracium s. str. and Senecio s. keys for identifying Characeae of the area. This is be- strictiss., because those are treated at the generic level. cause there is not much literature of the kind, since phy- The same is true for the arrangement of families. Even in cologists tend to neglect this “non-microscopic” group, discussing taxonomical arrangement, we think it useful whereas ecologists, on the other hand, consider Char- to mention synonyms and those taxa included as well as aceae to be “macrophytes” important for their studies. those excluded. At least the annotations of “sensu lato” In terms of the number of taxa (casuals and cultivat- and “sensu stricto” are never omitted. In some cases, ed taxa excluded in the following), the Flora will include special notes explain why circumscriptions of families, c. 790 genera with c. 4050 terminal taxa {TT, species plus genera, and species and their names have been changed. additional subspecies [three taxa but only two terminal taxa are species consisting of two subspecies (families, 1.4 THE KEYS – GENERAL ITEMS tribes, genera, sections, etc., are taxa as well)]}, i.e., 30 genera with 100 TT of pteridophytes, eight genera with 1.4.1 General key structure. Identification keys in the 16 TT of gymnosperms, and c. 745 genera with c. 3930 first place serve to identify a plant, a living one as well TT of angiosperms. The Austrian flora equals c. 85% of as a dry (herbarised) one, by use of easily recognisable that of our Flora. In comparison with Austria includ- traits (visible to the naked eye or with a lens), i.e., by use ing South Tyrol (covered in the Third Edition), 46 genera of “key characters” in contrast to taxonomic characters. (several of which are cultivated, like Olea and Nerium) Often, it is not possible to make the key congruent with and 430 species (mainly of the Southern Alps and sub- taxonomy. As a consequence, multiple keying out will mediterranean) had to be added. result, which therefore must not be avoided. Trying to As in the entire Holarctic realm, the composites combine the key with taxonomy (though welcome, if (Asteraceae) form the largest family in terms of genera easily possible) is not always desirable because it often and species (all following numbers are approximate), damages usability. The main aim of a key is not to give with 85 genera and 590 TT. In second and third place an introduction to taxonomy, but simply to provide a us- as to species number are the Rosaceae, with 26/340 (in- er-friendly way to achieve the correct result as easily as cluding 120 spp. of Rubus and 85 of Alchemilla) and the possible! Many taxonomically important characters are Gramineae (Poaceae), with 75/305. Next come the cruci- difficult to analyse or hardly visible by lens, to say noth- fers (Brassicaceae), with 52/190; Cyperaceae, with 15/157 ing about chromosome numbers. To understand the tax- (112 Carex spp.); Fabaceae (consisting of Faboideae onomic position of the taxa keyed, a taxonomic survey only), with 29/200 (including 21 Astragalus, both Pan- is provided separately, particularly in the case of large nonian and Alpine spp.); Caryophyllaceae, with 28/180 families and genera. To be sure, we consider taxonomy (including 26 Dianthus and 25 Cerastium); Ranuncu- very important as a link between Floras, floristics, and laceae, with 24/169 (75 Ranunculus, including 30 of R. identification keys on the one hand, and scientific bota- auricomus agg.); Apiaceae, with 52/137; Lamiaceae, with ny (including biosystematics, phylogeny, and evolution) 27/105; Orobanchaceae s. lat., with 10/96; and Orchi- on the other. daceae, with 27/95. Typical large genera of the mountain Our keys aim at a strictly scientific structure (the flora are Saxifraga (49), Veronica (45), Galium (42), Cam- “Vienna diacritical method”). They are dichotomous panula (42), Primula (25), and Androsace (15). (with only very few exceptions) and not indented. Pleas- The arrangement of families is mainly a taxonom- ant for authors, for publishers, and – misleadingly! – for ic one, but not strictly following APG IV (Chase et al. users, short keys suffer from enabling misidentifications, 2016). We agree, of course, that DNA-based systems are as do incomplete descriptions. On the other hand, com- a great scientific achievement, but not without problems prehensive and long lining up of all characters makes it of rationale, and that with ongoing refinements they difficult to ascertain the essential differential ones.- An should also be taken into account by compilers of Flo- other important principle is to avoid repetitions of traits 12 vol. 42 (1)

already mentioned before. Hence, no family character with the roots and ending with the seeds. This makes it and no genus character should be repeated in the spe- easy to spot a certain character needed for comparison. cies key. Within each lead, we distinguish “diacritical” The diacritical characters are logical and strictly op- characters (not overlapping) and “complementary” ones posite, e.g., there is no “style 4 mm long” vs. “style up to (which may overlap), providing further traits applicable 8 mm long” or “basal rosette present” vs. “stem leafy” to the resultant taxon or, alternatively, traits common to or “palea 7–9 mm” vs. “palea as long as the glume” all taxa following later in the key; both are separated by (these examples are not fictitious). Identical charac- an ultra-long dash. A complete description of any taxon ters are described by the same wording, since other- results from adding family and genus characters togeth- wise the user cannot decide whether or not alteration er with all the characters mentioned throughout the key of expression indicates a difference. Omitted character and, of course, the characters given close to the result. states (e.g., ”pubescent” vs. indument not mentioned) Thus, there is no need to provide a complete species de- are dangerous because the user does not know whether scription, as is mandatory in big Floras. (a) it is in the default (“normal”) state (glabrous), or (b) For some taxa, additional alternative keys are pro- it is variable, or (c) it is unknown (unexplored), or (d) it vided: this is done for Genisteae, Alsineae, Umbellif- is just omitted because considered unimportant by the erae (using no fruit characters), and the genus group author. Some users tend to recognise only those char- Lathyrus + Vicia + Ervilia + Ervum. For the species of acters mentioned and to neglect those not mentioned. Salix and Allium, three different keys each consider different sexual or developmental stages, respectively. 1.4.2 Families and genera. To include synonyms of An important point is the consistent use of exactly family and genus names (as already indicated above) is defined descriptive terms. It is a regrettable fact that an essential help for the reader in times of often chang- some terms are used in different Floras with differ- ing taxa circumscriptions. The genus names are given ent meanings, examples being “lanceolate”, “dentate”, not only in botanical Latin and German, but also in and “bract” (Fischer 2010; Fischer & Willner 2010). the Romansh (Rhaeto-Roman), Italian, and Slovenian Therefore, all terms must be precisely explained in a languages. The German book-name that we qualify as glossary in order to enable the keys to be used unequiv- the standard – preferably the one used in Austria, by ocally without misunderstandings, which is particular- floristic tradition – is indicated in bold print, but other ly necessary for non professionally trained persons. Of German book-names used in botanical literature are course, the definitions in the glossary are strongly and quoted as well, and even the deviating names in Swiss consistently congruent with their meaning in the keys books are included (see Fischer 2006), those names – sometimes not easy to accomplish in Floras written by being explicitly designated as ones used in Germany several authors. Qualitative character states are avoid- or Switzerland, respectively. For genera of larger fam- ed, quantitative ones being much preferred (“petals 4–6 ilies, the key numbers in the generic key are indicated mm long” instead of “petals large”). Writing a good key (flush right, in lower-case letters), which is to enable means coping with the challenge of combining the intu- the reader to find generic characters given in the genus itional and visual knowledge of the experienced author key. Eponymic genus names are explained in a footnote (who “thinks” with his eyes) with the need for an ana- by a very short biographic note on the persons com- lytical description intelligible to students not equipped memorated. with previous botanical knowledge. For each family and each genus, the approximate The information in our keys will be as complete as number of genera and/or species world-wide and in possible and include, for example, vegetative charac- Europe is given in brackets after the genus names. ters of the rosettes (important for field ecologists) and There are no real family descriptions (they would flower fragrance. All of the characters are separated by often be misleading as many families are tropically cen- semicolons. The most important characters are under- tred and exhibiting a lot of characters not relevant for lined. We do not shrink from using abbreviations in a the European flora). Instead, in the big families short modest degree for often used plant parts like the stem, summaries of characters common to the genera treat- foliar leaves, flower, style, etc. (in the German lan- ed are given, accompanied by a brief characterisation guage, many of these words are rather long, so the gain of the total geographic range. However, characters of of space is obvious). Wherever possible, they should be the genera are presented within the generic keys. Hints self-explanatory. However, we do not abbreviate the about special techniques for analysis (like methods of terms for character states. measuring) and explanations of specific terms used in In the “diacritical characters” before the ultra-long this family or genus are provided as well. Literature dash, the sequence of characters presented may follow sources and, for large families and genera, a conspectus their significance for identification. After that, howev- of internal taxonomy (subdivisions) follow. er, among the complementary characters it must strict- At the beginning of the family and the genus, in ly follow the same “phytographic sequence”, starting many cases less commonly cultivated species not treat- M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 13 ed in the key and even some common indoor plants are with ecological indicator values and syntaxonomical mentioned in order to make beginners acquainted with entities; the plant’s altitudinal (vertical) range; and its taxonomy and act as a link to the study of the wild flo- frequency of occurrence within the habitat range men- ra, since indoor and garden plants are generally much tioned. Distributional information is presented by enu- more familiar to many people than wild plants. meration of regions, viz., the Austrian Bundesländer, Grisons (i.e., its part on the right-hand side of the Rhine 1.4.3 Species keys. A frequent shortcoming of keys is river), Italian regions or provinces, and the Slovenian that they neglect variation. It is necessary to describe Alps. In species with local distribution, localities like not the “ideal” set of characters most typical for the mountain ranges are additionally provided between taxon, but rather its whole range of variation (Fischer brackets. The floristic status of non-native (not autoch- 2010; Fischer & Willner 2010). The specimens to be thonous) taxa is carefully determined, i.e., whether they identified usually do not perfectly comply with what are naturalized taxa (established aliens), casual taxa the taxonomist thinks to be a “good” or “typical” tax- (extremely rare casuals are not keyed, but mentioned on. This often makes it necessary to key out the result- only by a short annotation), or cultivated and more or ant taxon at more than one exit. In such cases of mul- less frequently escaped taxa. The external distribution tiple keying out, the relevant exit leads are mutually range and/or the chorotype as well as the type of ende- referenced in order to make reverse keying possible and mism (whether of the Eastern Alps or of the Alps) are enable the user to understand the full set of characters. designated. Then, the conservational status and degree A general objective of useful keys is that, within a of threat are given for all countries involved, and a sign genus, all taxa should be – as far as possible – compara- (icon) indicating legal protection is provided. For many ble with all the others, i.e., it should be possible to find species, the following ethnobotanical data are briefly the relevant differential traits you need for checking summarised: toxicity; use as a medicinal plant (popu- your resultant taxon with other taxa, not simply with lar, official, homeopathic); economic use for human and those differential traits against the partner taxon with- animal food; and popular use (as a wild vegetable, salad, in the same lead, but also against all other similar taxa spice, etc.). Occasionally, specific physiological traits with which they are liable to be confused. like C4-photosynthesis and phytochemical ingredients Bracketed derivation numbers immediately after are presented. Indication of the ploidy level is given if it the lead number allow the keys to be used in reverse is of taxonomic interest (in polyploid complexes). Crit- order, i.e., starting with the result and following the ical taxonomic annotations are considered important: characters backwards. Intermediate results (like sub- doubtful taxa are discussed and references to pertinent generic taxa) are welcome if the key easily allows for literature are provided. Specials signs (symbols) are that; as explained above, they are not necessary where added after the name of a species or subspecies which consideration of taxonomy would detract from the us- is difficult to identify, either because its characters are er-friendliness of the key. complicated (designated by ◆ after the species name) or As in some other Floras (e.g., Tutin et al. 1964–1993), because the taxon has still not been adequately studied closely allied or very similar and confusable species are (explored) (designated by ■). These signs prevent the put together in species groups called “species aggregates” user from becoming desperate, for inexperienced users (agg.), after Gutermann & Niklfeld (1973). are unaware of the fact that several taxa are not easi- Keys leading to subspecies follow in fine print. The ly determined even by trained professionals, and they subspecies comprising the nomenclatural type of the rather think it their mistake if they fail to identify them. species (the so-called “typical” subspecies – a bad ex- The nomenclature is treated thoroughly: the accept- pression!) is named, congruent with the Code, by re- ed species name and the German book-name proposed peating the species epithet. The species name must not as standard are given in bold print. Additional names be designated “sensu stricto”, as in certain Floras (e.g., used in other Floras and elsewhere in the botanic liter- Lauber et al. 2012). Varieties, being no natural units, ature are given in normal (light-faced) print. National are treated only exceptionally. names for species occurring only outside Austria are given in Romansh (= Rhaeto-Romanic, for Grisons), 1.5 FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE TAXA Italian, and Slovenian. The names in minority languag- es like Croatian, Slovenian, and Hungarian in Austria As already mentioned above, we try to give as much in- and Dolomite-Ladinian in South Tyrol are listed for formation as possible about each species and subspecies species in the relevant areas. Important regional ver- by referring to many different fields of botany. A stand- nacular (dialect) names are mentioned occasionally (in ard set of characters tries to accomplish this objective fine print). Synonyms are supplied: ones used in earlier for each species, such characters including the height editions as the accepted names are given in bold print, range of the plant; its life-form and life-time; the flow- while those used in the last edition are in bold print and ering months; a description of the habitat(s), if possible underlined. Synonyms refering to only a part of the tax- 14 vol. 42 (1)

on are designated by the abbreviation “incl.”. Though European: Ajuga reptans, Chaerophyllum temulum, not required by formal nomenclature rules, this avoids Corylus avellana, Fumaria officinalis, Galium album, G. misinterpretation. pumilum, Mercurialis perennis, Moehringia trinervia, Pa- The authors of the taxa names are omitted on purpose paver rhoeas, Quercus petraea, Rumex obtusifolius, Sanic- because they are of no value for exact determination of ula europaea. the taxon. On the contrary, they are misleading because Central European: Carpinus betulus, Euphorbia dul- almost all users (many professional botanists included), cis, Fagus sylvatica, Galium sylvaticum, Genista german- in consequence of nomenclatural ignorance, fail to rec- ica, Potentilla heptaphylla, Rosa elliptica, Tilia platyphyl- ognise their meaning and might think that the names of los, Trifolium rubens. these nomenclatural authorities refer to the identifica- Central European-Sarmatic: Asarum europaeum, tion and circumscription, which of course is not the case Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis. (Fischer 2000, 2010, 2011; Fischer & Willner 2010). West European (mainly of the Western Alps and Pyr- Actually, full (!) nomenclatural author citations are use- enees): Anagallis tenella, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, ful and necessary only for the taxonomist who produces Digitalis purpurea, Erica tetralix, Erinus alpinus, Galium new taxa or changes the scope and meaning of a taxon harcynicum, Galeopsis segetum, Hypericum elodes, Ilex in order to establish the legitimate name. On the other aquifolium, Lonicera periclymenum, Mibora minima, On- hand, taxonyms (i.e., names appearing in a book where onis rotundifolia, Orobanche hederae, Osmunda regalis, they are accepted and their meaning is intelligible, ir- Polygala serpyllifolia, Teucrium scorodonia, Trifolium al- respective of whether or not they are nomenclaturally pinum, Ulex europaeus, Viola calcarata subsp. calcarata. legitimate, see Fischer 2015) are often useful, and this West Alpic (centered in the Western Alps): Achillea is why we indicate taxonyms (i.e. synonyms with a refer- nana, Adenostyles leucophylla, Astragalus sempervirens ence symbol) in the case of certain taxa. The pronunci- subsp. alpinus, Cephalaria alpina, Crepis pygmaea, Fri- ation of Latin names is explained generally, the stressed tillaria tubiformis, Gentiana purpurea, Salix foetida, Tri- syllable being indicated by underlining. folium alpinum, T. saxatile. Our Excursion Flora also provides notes on possi- West Alpic-Pyrenean: Colchicum (Bulbocodium) ver- ble mistakes and confusion with similar species. Such num, Pinus uncinata, Polygala alpina. species are explicitly named, and their similar features South Alpic (for east-Alpic endemics, see chapter 2.2): (with respect to “overall growth habit”) and most im- Androsace vandellii, A.vitaliana, Athamanta turbith, Cen- portant distinguishing characters are mentioned. Refer- taurea dichroantha, Coincya cheiranthos subsp. montana, ence to the taxonomic and floristic literature is amply Euphorbia saxatilis agg., Grafia golaka, Potentilla nitida, provided (footnotes being used for this purpose). Primula latifolia, Trochiscanthes nodiflora. Alpic-Carpathian: Hypochaeris uniflora, Leontopodi- 2. SHORT OVERVIEW OF THE FLORA AND VEG- um alpinum. ETATION OF AUSTRIA AND ALL THE EASTERN East Alpic-Carpathian: Asperula neilreichii, Biscute- ALPS lla laevigata subsp. austriaca (?), Campanula alpina, Carex firma, Cerastium carinthiacum, Crepis jacquinii, 2.0. So far, there is no general and summarising infor- Dianthus glacialis, Galium austriacum, Gentiana frigi- mation available on the flora and vegetation of the East- da, Saponaria pumila, Saussurea pygmaea, Saxifraga ern Alps as a whole. For this reason, the following brief carpatica, S. rudolphiana, Scorzoneroides (Leontodon) survey is offered as being possibly useful by enabling flo- crocea, Senecio subalpinus, Viola alpina. ristically interested persons to get some first impression. Alpic-Illyrian: Cyclamen purpurascens. South Alpic-Illyrian or -Dinaric: Chamaecytisus pur- 2.1 EXAMPLES OF SOME CHARACTERISTIC pureus, Euphrasia cuspidata, Medicago carstiensis, Lami- CHOROTYPES um orvala, Ranunculus traunfellneri, Scabiosa hladniki- Genera and species absent from Austria are underlined. ana. South Alpic-Submediterranean: Epimedium alpi- 2.1.1 Significant chorotypes of Austria and the East- num, Omphalodes verna, Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii. ern Alps. A few examples of characteristic chorotypes South Alpic-Illyrian and/or Dinaric (*also at east- of the East-Alpic flora [following Merxmüller (1952, ern edge of the Alps): Astrantia carniolica, Cardamine 1953, 1954), we distinguish between ‘alpine’, referring glauca, Frangula rupestris, Hladnikia pastinacifolia, Ho- to the altitudinal vegetation belt above the timberline, mogyne sylvestris, Moehringia villosa, Peltaria alliacea*, and ‘Alpic’, referring to the mountain range of the Alps, Rhamnus fallax, Vicia oroboides*. irrespective of altitude] might throw some light on the East Alpic-Dinaric: Campanula cespitosa, C. pyrami- complicated florogenetic history of the mainly moun- dalis, Drypis spinosa subsp. jacquiniana, Phyteuma zahl- tain taxa within a small country like Austria and hint at bruckneri, Pedicularis acaulis, Rhodothamnus chamae- its varied plant cover. cistus, Salix waldsteiniana, Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii. M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 15

East Alpic-Apennine: Moltkia suffruticosa. triacus, Cirsium brachycephalum, Iris pumila, I. spuria, Alpic-Pyrenean-Apennine-Dinaric-Balcanic-Car- Rapistrum perenne, Suaeda prostrata, Veronica spuria. pathian-Caucasian: Rumex alpinus. Pontic-Pannonian-South Siberian: Adonis vernalis, Arctic-alpine [usually including other (South) Eu- Astragalus austriacus, Atriplex intracontinentalis, Bassia ropean mountains]: Alchemilla alpina, Carex norvegi- laniflora, Campanula sibirica, Crambe tataria, Festuca ca, Cerastium alpinum, Dryas octopetala, Eriophorum valesiaca, Hypericum elegans, Nepeta nuda, Onobrychis scheuchzeri, Kalmia (Loiseleuria) procumbens, Juncus arenaria, Oxytropis pilosa, Phlomis tuberosa, Prunus trifidus, Lactuca (Cicerbita) alpina, Ranunculus glacia- fruticosa, Stipa capillata, Verbascum phoeniceum. lis, Salix herbacea, Silene acaulis s. lat., Veronica alpina, Pannonian-South Siberian: Artemisia laciniata, Viscaria alpina. Plantago tenuiflora. Alpic-Pyrenean-Illyrian-Carpathian: Geum monta- Pontic-Caucasian: Echium (Pontechium) maculatum num, Kernera saxatilis, Petrocallis pyrenaica. (doubtful whether native), Melica picta. Alpic-Pyrenean: Crepis pyrenaica, Ononis rotundifo- Pontic-Pannonian & Inside-Alpic: Astragalus exs- lia. capus, Dracocephalum austriacum. (Circum-)boreal-Alpic: Calla palustris, Linnaea bore- Pannonian-Illyrian: Dorycnium germanicum. alis, Salix reticulata, Trientalis europaea. Holarctic (Eurasia + North America): Coeloglossum Alpic-arctic-Siberian-North American: Galium tri- viride, Drosera rotundifolia, Epilobium angustifolium, florum, G. trifidum. Parnassia palustris, Urtica dioica. Arctic-alpine-circumpolar: Lomatogonium carinthi- Subcosmopolitan: Pteridium aquilinum. acum, Tofieldia pusilla. Arctic-alpine-Central Asian: Arctostaphylos alpi- 2.1.2 Examples of established (naturalized) aliens [see, nus, Astragalus frigidus, A. norvegicus, Gagea (Lloydia) for example, Essl & Rabitsch (2002), for a list of all al- serotina, Kobresia myosuroides, Myricaria germanica, iens recorded in Austria]. An asterisk* denotes invasive Persicaria (Bistorta) vivipara, Phleum alpinum agg., Poa (i.e. still expanding) species. alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Thalictrum alpinum. Northern Europe: Cochlearia danica*. Alpic-Central Asian: Comastoma tenellum. Mediterranean: Dittrichia graveolens*, Geranium West Caucasian: Rhododendron luteum. purpureum*. Submediterranean: Acer opalus, Bupleurum veron- Caucasian: Heracleum mantegazzianum*, Rubus ar- ense, Calamintha grandiflora, Fraxinus ornus, Molopo- meniacus*, Veronica filiformis. spermum peloponnesiacum, Ostrya carpinifolia, Pseudo- North American neophytes: Acalypha virginica, Acer fumaria (Corydalis) lutea. negundo*, Amaranthus powellii, A. retroflexus, Ambro- East Submediterranean: Eryngium amethystinum, sia artemisiifolia*, Bidens frondosa, Datura stramonium, Quercus cerris. Echinocystis lobata, Epilobium adenocaulon, Erechtites hi- Submediterranean taxa in the Pannonian flora: Ae- eraciifolia, Erigeron annuus, E. canadensis, Juncus tenuis, gonychon (Buglossoides) purpurocaeruleum, Dictamnus Matricaria discoidea, Parthenocissius quinquefolia s. lat., albus, Limodorum abortivum, Onosma visianii, Quercus Phytolacca americana, Robinia pseudacacia*, Rudbeckia pubescens. laciniata, Sisyrinchium montanum, Solidago gigantea*, S. Submediterranean taxa on the northeastern edge of canadensis*. Iva xanthiifolia remains as a casual. the Alps (= western edge of the Pannonian region south Central Asian or Southwest or South Asian neo- of Vienna): Convolvulus cantabrica, Cotinus coggygria, phytes: Dysphania botrys, Impatiens glandulifera*, I. Geranium lucidum, Lathyrus venetus, Ruscus hypoglos- parviflora, Oxalis corniculata, Potentilla( Duchesnea) sum. indica*, Veronica persica. Submediterranean-Atlantic: Asplenium ceterach (Ce- East Asian neophytes: Acorus calamus, Ailanthus al- terach officinarum), Helleborus foetidus, Ophrys sphego- tissima*, Artemisia verlotiorum, Buddleja davidii*, Car- des, Orchis (Aceras) anthropophora, Ruscus aculeatus. damine occulta (still a casual), Eragrostis multicaulis*, Mediterranean (southern edge of the Alps; all these Fallopia japonica*, Lycium barbarum, Persicaria nepa- genera/species absent from Austria): Argyrolobium zano- lensis, Phytolacca acinosa, Rubus phoenicolasius, Sedum nii, Arundo donax, Capparis spinosa, Cistus albidus, C. sarmentosum, Setaria faberi*. salviifolius, Cynoglossum creticum, Helichrysum itali- South African neophyte: Senecio inaequidens*. cum, Hermodactylus tuberosus, Iris foetidissima, Ononis South American neophytes: Dysphania pumilio, Ga- reclinata, Paliurus spina-christi, Phillyrea latifolia, Sera- linsoga parviflora, Xanthium spinosum (in Austria al- pias vomeracea, Smyrnium olusatrum, Viburnum tinus. most extinct because of vanishing pasture-land in the Pannonian-Balkanic-Pontic-Caucasian: Inula ger- Pannonian region). manica. Synanthropic-subcosmopolitan: Matricaria dis- Pannonian or Pontic-Pannonian: Acer tataricum, coidea (matricarioides), Poa annua, Plantago major, Artemisia pancicii, Astragalus asper, Chamaecytisus aus- Senecio vulgaris, Veronica persica. 16 vol. 42 (1)

2.2 ENDEMISM On the eastern edge of the Central Siliceous Alps (mount Koralpe): Moehringia diversifolia, Saxifraga par- An important part of chorotypes are the endemic taxa. adoxa, and Doronicum cataractarum. Just a few examples are presented. (In the following par- In the Central Siliceous Alps: Alchemilla curta, A. agraphs, genera or epithets of species absent from Aus- norica, Braya alpina, Cochlearia excelsa, Oxytropis tri- tria are underlined.) flora, Saxifraga blepharophylla, S. styriaca, Sempervivum In the Eastern Alps, there are five endemic genera pittonii (a local Styrian endemic on ophiolitic bedrock), [plus one more (Berardia) in the whole Alps, all monospe- S. stiriacum, and Valeriana celtica subsp. norica. cific]: Rhizobotrya, which grows only in the Dolomites, Pannonian rather than Alpic species are Cochlearia being a sister to Kernera (Brassicaceae); Physoplexis, macrorrhiza (close to C. pyrenaica), a local endemic on which is close to Phyteuma (Campanulaceae); Psilathera the verge of extinction in a fen in the Vienna Basin, and and Sesleriella (both Poaceae formerly included in Ses- Puccinellia peisonis, a subendemic in saline habitats in leria) (Frajman et al. (2016). The fifth one,Hladnikia North Burgenland (also in W Hungary). (Apiaceae), is a local endemic of W Slovenia (Trnovski In contrast, there are several ”negative“ Austrian gozd) at the southern margin of the Julian Alps. All of subendemic species absent from most of Austria while them occur only in the Southern Alps. common elsewhere around: Dioscorea (Tamus) commu- nis, Gentiana lutea, and Persicaria alpina. 2.2.1 Endemics of the Alps. Some examples of species and subspecies: Androsace alpina and A. brevis (with a 2.2.3 Some other endemics and subendemics of the narrow range on the border between the Eastern and Eastern Alps. Here we call attention to a few examples Western Alps), Artemisia atrata and A. genipi, Astra- of species and subspecies. Note the remarkable concen- galus vesicarius subsp. pastellianus, Campanula bertolae tration of endemics in the Southern Alps (the designa- and C. cenisia, Cirsium spinosissimum, Daphne striata, tion S means: in the S Alps only), particularly on their Galium megalospermum, Laserpitium halleri, Oxytropis southeastern edge (the Carnian, Julian, and Kamniške fetida (extinct in the Eastern Alps), Pedicularis recutita Alps and the Karawanken/Karavanke, designated by and P. rostratospicata subsp. helvetica, Phyteuma beton- SE); and further to the west in the so-called “Judicari- icifolium and Ph. humile, Primula villosa, Ranunculus an” region (Giudicarie in a larger sense, designated by villarsii, Saxifraga biflora, S. muscoides, S. mutata subsp. G), viz., the Brenta group northwest of Lake Garda, the mutata and S. seguieri, and Viola cenisia and V. thoma- Bergamascan Alps, and the adjacent mountains (mainly siana. in the provinces of Trento, Brescia, and Bergamo), which owe their existence to the presence of glacial refugia [see 2.2.2 Some Austrian endemics and subendemics (al- Tribsch & Schönswetter (2003), Schönswetter et most all of them concurrently East-Alpic endemics, see al. (2005), and Schneeweiss & Schönswetter (2011)]. 2.2.3). The restricted distribution ranges of most of the First of all, we call attention to examples of some no- endemics are attributable to Quaternary conditions. The table high mountain families or genera: Eastern Alps and most of the Austrian Alps were cov- Campanulaceae: Campanula bertolae (S), C. carni- ered by a huge ice-shield during the last (Würm) glaci- ca subsp. puberula (SE), C. elatinoides (G), C. martinii ation everywhere except for the easternmost parts (east (S), C. morettiana (S), C. petraea (G), C. raineri (S), C. of the eastern reaches of Niedere Tauern) and the north- zoysii (SE), Phyteuma globulariifolium subsp. globularii- eastern Calcareous Alps east of the Salzach and Traun folium, Ph. hedraianthifolium, Ph. sieberi (S), and Phys- rivers approximately. These montains provided refugial oplexis comosa (S). – Gentianaceae: Comastoma nanum, places (Niklfeld 1972, 1973a, b), like the mountains on Gentiana bavarica, G. brentae (G), G. froelichii (SE), G. the southern and especially the southeastern margins of lutea subsp. vardjanii (S), G. pannonica, G. prostrata, the Alps, which is why most of the endemics are restrict- G. pumila, G. terglouensis (S), Gentianella aspera, G. ed to those regions. engadinensis, and G. ramosa. – Orobanchaceae (s. lat.): In the Northeastern Alps: Achillea clusiana, Alche- Euphrasia portae (S), E. tricuspidata (S), Pedicularis as- milla anisiaca, Alyssum neglectum, Callianthemum ane- pleniifolia, P. elongata, P. hoermanniana (SE), P. julica monoides, Campanula praesignis, C. pulla, Dianthus al- (SE), P. recutita, and P. rosea subsp. rosea. – Primulace- pinus, Doronicum glaciale subsp. calcareum, Draba stel- ae: Primula albenensis (G), P. carniolica (SE), P. daon- lata, Galium meliodorum, G. truniacum, Gentiana pan- ensis, P. glaucescens (G), P. glutinosa, P. grignensis (S), nonica (subendemic), Leucanthemum atratum s. str., Eu- P. recubariensis (G), P. spectabilis (G), P. tyrolensis (S), phorbia saxatilis, Nigritella archiducis-joannis, N. nigra Androsace hausmannii, A. vitaliana subsp. sesleri (S), subsp. austriaca, N. stiriaca, Noccaea (Thlaspi) crantzii, and A. wulfeniana. – Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga aphylla Pedicularis portenschlagii, Primula clusiana, Pulsatilla (subendemic), S. arachnoidea (G), S. biflora, S. burseri- alpina subsp. schneebergensis, Pulmonaria kerneri, and ana, S. depressa (S), S. exarata subsp. carniolica (SE), S. Soldanella austriaca. facchinii (S), S. hohenwartii (SE), S. hostii, S. berica (S: a M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 17 local endemic of Monti Berici a little south of the Alps), Grisons and Lombardia), mount Ortler (3890 m asl, on S. paradoxa (SE), S. petraea (S), S. presolanensis (G), S. the border between South Tyrol and Lombardia), and squarrosa (S), S. stellaris subsp. prolifera, S. tenella, S. mount Großglockner (3798 m asl, in the Glockner group tombeanensis (G), and S. vandellii (G). on the border between Carinthia, Tyrol, and Salzburg. Examples from further families: Achillea oxyloba (S), Some Austrian regions are outside the Alps, viz., the Alchemilla compta, Allium insubricum (G), A. kerme- lowlands east of Vienna (Fig. 1A), most of the Vienna sinum (SE), Alyssum wulfenianum subsp. wulfenianum Basin between the Alps and the Small Carpathians, and (SE), Aquilegia thalictrifolia (G), A. vestinae (species the adjacent hilly regions to the north (“Weinviertel”) rank questionable) (G), Arenaria huteri (S), Asplenium and Northern Burgenland to the south, which are part presolanense (G), Astrantia bavarica, Biscutella praealpi- of the Pannonian vegetation and flora (the Pannonian na (S), Callianthemum kernerianum (G), Carex balden- floristic province), characterised by a warm and dry cli- sis, Cerastium carinthiacum, C. julicum (SE), C. subtri- mate (the planar-colline belt, altitudes of 115–400 m asl, florum (SE), Cirsium carniolicum, Cytisus emeriflorus average annual precipitation of 550–650 mm) with com- (S), Daphne petraea (G), Draba sauteri, Doronicum gla- paratively warm and hence dry summers, the (1) natu- ciale, Euphorbia kerneri (S), Facchinia (Minuartia) cher- ral vegetation being woodland made up mainly of xero- lerioides subsp. cherlerioides, F. (Minuartia) grignensis thermic subcontinental mixed oak-forests and (7) large (S), Festuca calva (SE), F. laxa (SE), Galium baldense, riverside forests along the Danube, the March/Morava G. margaritaceum, G. montis-arerae (G), G. noricum, (7b), and other rivers. These original vegetation types Gypsophila papillosa (G), Helictochloa (Avenula, Helic- survived in some places only (mostly in nature reserves) totrichon) adsurgens subsp. ausserdorferi, Heracleum because since Neolithic times the landscape has largely austriacum (subendemic), Hladnikia pastinacifolia (SE), changed to become pastures (12a), agricultural land (15), Homogyne discolor (subendemic), Hornungia alpina sub- and settlements (16). Most of the Pannonian pastures sp. austroalpina (S), Laserpitium nitidum (S), Leucanthe- and large parts of the riverside (floodplain) vegetation mum lithopolitanicum (SE), Linaria tonzigii (G), Liparis disappeared in more recent times. Land-use: growing nemoralis (S), Luzula glabrata, Minuartia graminifolia of cereals (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare s. lat.); (S), Moehringia bavarica subsp. insubrica (G), M. con- growing of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris cv.); viniculture carenae (G), M. dielsiana (G), M. glaucovirens (S), M. (Vitis vinifera); and growing of vegetables (Asparagus of- markgrafii (G), M. villosa (SE), Nigritella buschmanniae ficinalis, Allium cepa, Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum (G), N. dolomitensis (S), N. lithopolitanica (SE), Noccaea annuum, Lactuca sativa, the famous Styrian oil pump- (Thlaspi) rotundifolia subsp. cepaeifolia (SE) and subsp. kin Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, and fruits (Prunus ar- grignensis (G), Paederota bonarota (S), P. lutea (SE, sub- meniaca, Prunus avium, Fragaria ananassa, etc.). endemic), Pinguicula poldinii (S), Pseudostellaria euro- The highlands of the so-called Bohemian“ Massif”, paea (SE), Pulmonaria carnica (SE), P. stiriaca (subend- mostly siliceous Variscian rump mountains main- emic?), P. vallarsae (S), Ranunculus bilobus (G), R. vene- ly north of the Danube (Waldviertel in northwestern tus (S), Rhododendron hirsutum (subendemic), Sabulina Lower Austria and Mühlviertel in northern Upper Aus- (Minuartia) austriaca, Salix mielichhoferi, Sanguisorba tria, Fig. 1B) are for the most part composed of granite dodecandra (G), Scabiosa vestina (S), Sempervivum dolo- and gneiss bedrock. They constitute a submontane to miticum (S), S. wulfenii, Taraxacum handelii, T. reichen- low-montane belt with elevations of c. 500–1000 m asl bachii, Trisetum argenteum (S), Valeriana saxatilis, Vio- and precipitation of c. 700–1000 mm that was original- la comollia (G), V. culminis (G), V. dubyana (S), Wulfenia ly covered by forests of Fagetalia (2, 3, 4), which have carinthiaca subsp. carinthiaca (SE). been replaced by arable land (15), meadows and pastures (13a–f), and artificial economic spruce forests Picea( 2.3 MAIN NATURAL REGIONS abies). Only very few areas with raised bog vegetation (10) have survived. Land-use: forestry (Picea abies, here See also Fig 1. The bracketed numbers refer to the short and there also Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii); dairy presentations of vegetation types with examples of their farming; growing of Solanum tuberosum, Secale cereale, floras given below in chapter 2.4. and Papaver somniferum; and in parts growing of special The Eastern Alps (Fig. 1) stretch from the Raetian Alps crops like Silybum marianum and Linum usitatissimum. in the west to the Vienna Woods (Wienerwald, includ- Thelowland and hilly regions further to the west, the ing the western margins of the city of Vienna) in the Northern Alpine forelands, between the Danube and east, i.e., 470 km. Their greatest width between Am- the Alps in Lower and Upper Austria up to the north- mergebirge in Bavaria and Monte Baldo in Italy (close ernmost part of Salzburg (Northern Alpenvorland, Fig. to Lake Garda) and between Höllengebirge in Upper 1C) represent a colline belt at elevations of c. 200–600 m Austria (near Lake Traunsee) and mount Nanos in Slo- asl with precipitation of c. 700–900 mm and almost no venia is 210 km in both transects. The highest mountain more natural vegetation. Land-use: mainly growing of tops are Piz Bernina (4049 m asl, on the border between cereals and fruits, and meat production. 18 vol. 42 (1)

The foothills and foreland southeast of the Alps in different meaning of the term applied, for example, by southern Styria (Steirisches Hügelland south and east most Italian authors. The Central Alps extend from the of Graz, Fig. 1D) and Southern Burgenland constitute Raetian Alps (in Grisons) and mount Bernina, mount a submontane belt at altitudes of c. 200–450 m asl with Ortler, and the Adamello group (with glaciers) in the precipitation of c. 650–750 mm. Originally they were west through Vorarlberg (mount Silvretta), Tyrol (the dominated by sub-Pannonian to sub-Illyrian Carpinion Ötztaler and Zillertaler Alps, with glaciers), Salzburg communities (2, 3c) and some wetland communities (9, (mountain range Hohe Tauern, with glaciers), Carinthia 10), today replaced by vast tracts of agricultural land. (the Gurktaler Alps), Styria (mountain range Niedere In contrast to 1C are some characteristic sub-Mediter- Tauern, mount Koralpe), and N Slovenia (mount Po- ranean and sub-Illyrian species like Castanea sativa horje) to Lower Austria (mount Wechsel). Lithologi- (naturalized), Erythronium dens-canis, Dioscorea (Ta- cally (tectonics are ignored here because of hardly any mus) communis, Succisella inflexa, Crocus exiguus, and pedological or vegetation relevance), viz. with respect (in Southern Burgenland) Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus to bedrocks, mainly two geologically different types of (of questionable status: autochthonous or naturalized?). mountains can be distinguished: the Greywacke zone Land-use: mainly agriculture, i.e., growing of Zea mays, (Grauwackenzone) between the Northern Calcareous Triticum aestivum and some T. spelta, Hordeum vulgare Alps and the Central Alps, with soft rounded mountain s. lat., Sorghum bicolor, Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, and shapes, consists of Palaeozoic phyllites, slate, metamor- Glycine max (Soja hispida), as well as some fruits, viz., phic vulcanites, slightly metamorphic limestone, and Malus domestica ("pumila"), Pyrus communis, Aronia, quartzites (the Tuxer and Kitzbüheler Alps in Tyrol, Sambucus nigra, and Castanea sativa. the Salzburgian schistaceous Alps, and the Eisenerzer TheAlps (the montane to nival belt at elevations of c. Alps in Styria). Soils here are generally more or less acid, 500–4049 m asl with precipitation of c. 1000–2000 mm) the vegetation acidophilous (vast Nardetalia communi- can be roughly subdivided into the Northern Calcareous ties are present, 13f). The main and higher parts of the Alps (Fig. 1E; 3, 5, 6), the Central Alps (mainly siliceous) Central Alps, however, are made up of different types (Fig. 1F; 5, 6), and the Southern Calcareous Alps (Fig. of hard siliceous bedrocks, mainly gneiss, producing 1G; 3, 5, 6). Most parts of the northern and the south- strongly acid soils (3a, b, d, e; 6d, e, f, g; 8). The Hohe ern Calcareous Alps are situated relatively close to the Tauern range is remarkable because of large areas (e.g., outside edges of the Alps, in terms of climate and vege- between the Brenner pass and Mauterndorf in Lungau) tation, they belong to the Exterior Alps (Randalpen) (see on Grisons slate (Bündnerschiefer), i.e., metamorphic below). The Central Alps reach higher elevations and, Jurassic/Cretaceous sediments composed of calcareous concerning climate and vegetation, they belong to the and micaceous schists and calcareous and clay shale Interior Alps (Innenalpen) (see below). The Calcareous producing (“intermediate”) soils in between carbonate Alps are characterised by strongly accentuated geomor- and siliceous, known for their conspicuously rich flo- phological relief, i.e., by steep slopes, sharp peaks, pre- ra (Braya alpina, Comastoma tenellum, Draba pacheri, cipitous rocks and large scree slopes (6c, 11a). Gentiana prostrata, Hornungia alpina subsp. brevicau- The Northern Calcareous Alps (Fig. 1E) are almost lis, Lomatogonium carinthiacum, Oxytropis campestris, exclusively carbonatic and extend from Mount Rätikon Saxifraga rudolphiana, S. biflora, Taraxacum pacheri, in southern Vorarlberg eastwards through several moun- Thalictrum alpinum). tain ranges like Karwendel (Tyrol), Hochkönig (with gla- In the southeast, the easternmost mountains of the cier, Salzburg), Dachstein (with glacier, Upper Austria/ Southern Alps are the Kamniške Alps. Further to the Styria), Hochschwab (Styria), and Rax (Styria / Lower east, mount Pohorje (with highest altitudes of 1517 and Austria) up to the “Viennese” (c. 60 km south-southwest 1543 m asl) belongs to the Central Alps and is mainly of Vienna) Schneeberg. There is a remarkable eastward siliceous. The easternmost edge of the siliceous Central decline in precipitation towards the eastern edge of the Alps follows two low mountain ranges, viz., the Öden- Alps at the boundary of the Pannonian region (“Ther- burg (558 m asl) and Güns (884 m asl) mountains, which menalpen”). The easternmost mountains are character- cross Burgenland and touch Hungary (close to Sopron ised by several thermophilous species such as Bupleu- and Kőszeg, respectively). Special habitats here are pro- rum praealtum (rare), Daphne laureola, Euphorbia an- duced by local ophiolithic (“serpentine”) bedrock rich in gulata, Noccaea (Thlaspi) montana, Staphylea pinnata, magnesium (the Bernstein and Güns montains): Pinus and Veratrum nigrum, but several species common to sylvestris forests with “serpentinophilous” vegetation forests further to the west such as Chrysosplenium al- and flora (11c) are present. ternifolium, Helleborus niger and Silene dioica, are rare The Southern Calcareous Alps (Fig. 1G) extend from to absent. southern Grisons in the west through the E Italian Alps Central Alps / “Zentralalpen” (Fig.1F). In Austrian [e.g., the Judicarian Alps, Dolomites (see Pignatti & terminology, this concept refers only to a geographical Pignatti 2014, 2017), Monte Baldo (see Prosser et al. position within the Eastern Alps, in contrast to the quite 2009), and the Carnian Alps] to southern Carinthia and M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 19

Slovenia (the Julian Alps, Karavanke/Karawanken, and ia and Southern Burgenland, the Klagenfurt Basin in the Kamniško-Savinjske Alps). Calcareous bedrock pre- Carinthia, the lowland along the Rhine in Vorarlberg, vails (3a, d, f; 8), but there are also rather large schista- and the valleys of the rivers Mur, Mürz, Enns, Inn, and ceous, plutonic, and volcanic areas (porphyries), espe- Drau/Drava are colline to submontane and dominated cially in parts of the Dolomites. by anthropogenic vegetation: meadows and pastures Complementary to the mainly geologically based di- (13a, c, d, e, f), arable land (15), and settlements (16). vision outlined above, there also exists a bioclimatic var- The large valleys of the Southern Alps, e.g., of the riv- iance leading to important differences in vegetation. In ers Adda (Valtellino), Oglio, Adige/Etsch, Piave, Taglia- this context, the terms Exterior Alps (“Randalpen”) and mento, Soča/Isonzo, and Sava, show forests with a more Interior Alps (“Innenalpen”) are widely used. or less distinct submediterranean flavour characterised The Exterior Alps are subject to suboceanic climate by Acer opalus (in Lombardy only), Quercus pubescens, characterised by high average annual precipitation also Ostrya carpinifolia, and Fraxinus ornus on a calcareous in the summer time (c. 1600–2500 mm), but moderate substrate and Castanea sativa on a more or less acid sub- winter temperatures. In the southern Exterior Alps, the strate. The northeast end of the Alps, the Vienna Woods suboceanic climate is even more strongly pronounced (Wienerwald), consists of mountains that range from c. and the climate slightly warmer. A significant indicator 400 to 893 m asl in elevation and are submontane to low- of the ecological difference between the Exterior and In- er montane. Bedrocks are flysch sandstones or, on the terior Alps is the distribution of beech (Fagus sylvatica), southern edge, carbonate bedrock (limestone or dolo- which is present only in the montane belt of the Exterior mite). Annual precipitation is 700–900 mm. Vegetation Alps, reaching up to the timberline in the Southern Alps is mostly subnatural (with a low degree of hemeroby) (3), but completely absent from the Interior Alps. The and consists of Carpinion (2) and Fagion (3) forests, and zones intermediate between the Exterior and Interior meadows. There is only little arable land. Alps are called “Zwischenalpen” (“Intermediate Alps”) Both the Northern and the Southern Calcareous (see Mayer 1974: “Abietetum”), the natural forest vege- Alps, as well as the Central Alps (on mainly siliceous tation here being characterised by fir-spruce forests. bedrocks), extend through the low-montane (3a, b), high The Interior Alps, in contrast to the Exterior Alps, montane (3, 4), and subalpine (5) belts up to the alpine, exhibit a subcontinental climate with comparatively dry subnival, and nival (6) belts. The montane belt ranges summers and cold winters (precipitation of c. 450–1000 from c. 400 to 1600 m asl and, in the Exterior Alps, bears mm), a difference which is clearly paralleled by the vege- low-montane beech forests and high-montane spruce- tation and flora: natural spruce-forest Vaccinio-Piceion( ) fir-beech forests (Fagion sylvaticae), larch-spruce forests communities dominate (4). The valleys and low belts of in the Interior Alps (4), Tilio-Acerion (see 3e) in the gorg- the Inner Alps exhibit subcontinental spruce-larch for- es and ravines, and vast more or less artificial spruce for- ests and pine forests (5c), rocky slopes with Juniperus ests (with a high degree of hemeroby). Anthropogenic sabina, and pastures of dry grassland vegetation floris- grasslands (13) are present, but there is little arable land. tically close to the Pannonian “steppes” in East Austria, Thesubalpine belt (5) – c. 1600–1900 m asl in the Exteri- e.g., with Stipa pennata agg. Such subcontinental Inner or Alps and c. 1900–2200 m asl in the Interior Alps – is Alpic valleys are the Vinschgau in northwestern South the transitional belt between the upper border of com- Tyrol; the less distinctly subcontinental upper Inn valley pact forests and the timberline. It is characterised by a of Engadine (Grisons) and “Oberes Gericht” in western mosaic of scattered trees with scrub communities (5a, North Tyrol; and the even less distinctly subcontinen- b) and natural grassland (5d) and is often (particular- tal Virgen valley (northern East Tyrol) (12c), with traces ly on carbonate rocks) rich in rock and scree vegetation extending eastwards only to the upper Mur valley (Salz- (11a). Man-made habitats here include mainly subalpine burg and Styria). (More distinctly developed Inner Al- pastures (Poion alpinae, see 13h). The alpine belt (6) – c. pic subcontinental dry valleys exist in the Western Alps, 1900–2300 in the Exterior Alps and c. 2200–2700 m asl e.g., in the Wallis/Valais valley in SW Switzerland, Aos- in the Interior Alps – is the belt above the timberline ta valley in NW Italy, and several valleys in the French (uppermost trees). In the Interior Alps and on shallow Alps.) soils on rocky slopes in the Exterior Alps, pine forests Land-use in the Alps: Wood production [mainly (8) are developed. from monocultures of spruce (Picea abies), as well as The altitudinal zonation is characterised by a gener- (to a smaller extent) Larix decidua and Pinus cembra); al upward shifting of the vegetation belts in the Interior meadows and pastures with mountain and alpine farm- Alps, with the timberline at 2200–2400 m asl and the ing (dairy farming, herding of livestock) up to the sub- lower subalpine belt (5c) having forests of Pinus cembra alpine belt; game. (Swiss pine), in comparison with the Exterior Alps with Altitudinal zonation in the Eastern Alps: The Pan- their relatively suboceanic “beech” climate (more pre- nonian region in the east and the plains north of the cipitation), where timberline is at about 1800–1900 m Alps towards the Danube, the hilly region in E Styr- asl. 20 vol. 42 (1)

2.4 THE FLORA ARRANGED AS TO MAIN VEGE- Veronica (Pseudolysimachion) orchidea (rare), and V. TATION TYPES (Pseudolysimachion) spuria (very rare). (1c) Mainly in the sub-Mediterranean Southern Alps In the following, we present a very rough characterisa- (southern parts of G in Fig. 1): Acer opalus, Celtis aus- tion of the flora of Austria and adjacent parts of the East- tralis, Cotinus coggygria, Dioscorea (Tamus) communis, ern Alps, arranged by (numbered) vegetational units. Frangula rupestris, Fraxinus ornus, Hippocrepis emerus Some significant species (common as well as rare) are (Emerus majus), Pistacia terebinthus, Prunus mahaleb, selected only as examples. “Significant” is understood in Ruscus aculeatus, and R. hypoglossum. two opposite ways: (a) common or (b) exclusive though often rare in the respective vegetation type. Thus, the (2) Oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinion betuli): examples are a mixture of both, (a) ordinary, frequent (2a) Central European. Acer campestre, Carpinus betu- species and (b) remarkable rarities. We try to mention lus, Prunus avium, Quercus petraea; Crataegus laeviga- each species, if possible, only once, i.e., in its most char- ta, Lonicera xylosteum, and Staphylea pinnata; Anemo- acteristic habitat. Genera or species absent from Austria ne nemorosa, Carex pilosa, Dactylis polygama, Fragaria are underlined. moschata, Galium sylvaticum, Isopyrum thalictroides, The classification primarily reflects ecological species Lathyrus niger, Melica nutans, Oxalis acetosella, Poa groups and thus approximates gross habitat (biotope) nemoralis, Rosa arvensis, Stellaria holostea, Tanacetum types. Syntaxa are indicated, either according to Will- corymbosum, Viola alba, and V. riviniana. ner & Grabherr 2007 (forest communities) or accord- (2b) In SE Styria and Slovenia, forests of Illyric character ing to Grabherr & Mucina (1993) and Mucina et al. (e.g., Erythronio-Carpinion and Epimedio-Carpinetum): (1993a, b) (other communities). In several instances, Crocus exiguus (vittatus, “napolitanus”), Epimedium al- however, syntaxa are combined to arrive at a more com- pinum, Erythronium dens-canis, Galium intermedium (= pact and clear and ecologically easily understandable schultesii), Helleborus dumetorum, H. odorus, Poa stiri- arrangement. Not all the taxa mentioned are necessari- aca, Pseudostellaria europaea, and Pulmonaria stiriaca. ly diagnostic only for the respective syntaxon, but some are diagnostic for subordinate syntaxa. Taxonomy and (3) Different further broad-leaved forests (Fagion sylvat- nomenclature of the taxa are primarily according to Fis- icae, Quercion roboris, and Tilio-Acerion): cher et al. (2008 and/or in prep.), but important syno- (3a) General beech forests (Fagion sylvaticae): Acer pseu- nyms in brackets. doplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior; Ajuga reptans, Asarum europaeum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, 2.4.1 Zonal natural vegetation Cardamine bulbifera, C. enneaphyllos, Carex digitata, (1) Xerothermic forests: Daphne mezereum, Dryopteris carthusianorum agg., (1a) Mixed oak forests (Quercion pubescenti-petraeae, Euphorbia amygdaloides, E. dulcis, Galeobdolon mont- mainly in A of Fig. 1). Tree species: Quercus pubescens, anum, Hepatica nobilis, Hordelymus europaeus, Lactuca Qu. cerris, Sorbus aria, S. domestica, and S. tormina- (Mycelis) muralis, Knautia drymeia, Mercurialis per- lis; shrub species: Cornus mas, Euonymus verrucosus, ennis, Neottia nidus-avis, Paris quadrifolia, Phyteuma Viburnum lantana, Ligustrum vulgare, Loranthus eu- spicatum, Prenanthes purpurea, Pulmonaria officinalis, ropaea (epiphyte); herbaceous species: Aegonychon (Bu- Salvia glutinosa, Sanicula europaea, Solidago virgaurea, glossoides) purpurocaerulea, Aster amellus, Campanula and Viola reichenbachiana. bononiensis, Carex halleriana, C. michelii, Conringia (3b) Dry, thermophilous, calcareous beech forests at austriaca (very rare), Coronilla coronata, Corydalis pum- lower altitude (low-montane, Cephalantherio-Fagenion): ila, Hierochloë australis, Laser trilobum, Limodorum Bromus benekenii, Carex alba, Cephalanthera damaso- abortivum, Mercurialis ovata, Piptatherum (Oryzopsis) nium, C. rubra, Cyclamen purpurascens, Daphne lau- virescens, Primula veris, Pseudoturritis (Arabis) turrita, reola, Laserpitium latifolium, Melittis melissophyllum, Ranunculus polyanthemus, Trifolium rubens, Veronica Primula vulgaris, and Veratrum nigrum. austriaca, V. vindobonensis, and Vincetoxicum hirundi- (3c) Oak and beech forests on acid soil (Quercion rob- naria. [See also 3f!] oris, Luzulo-Fagenion): Castanea sativa, Quercus robur, (1b) Xerothermic fringe communities (Geranion san- Sorbus aucuparia. Species generally indicating acid soils: guinei): Prunus fruticosa, Rosa spinosissima (pimpinell- Avenella flexuosa, Blechnum spicant, Calluna vulgaris, ifolia); Bupleurum praealtum (rare), Centaurea (Cyanus) Genista germanica, Hieracium murorum, H. sabaudum, triumfetti, Clematis recta, Crepis pannonica (very rare), H. umbellatum, Lathyrus linifolius (rare), Luzula luzu- Dictamnus albus, Euphorbia polychroma (epithymoides), loides, L. nivea, Majanthemum bifolium, Melampyrum Geranium sanguineum, Inula germanica, Iris variegata, pratense, Oxalis acetosella, Pteridium aquilinum, Silene Klasea (Serratula) lycopifolia (very rare), Melampyrum nutans, Teucrium scorodonia (rare in Austria), Thely­ cristatum, Phlomis tuberosa (rare), Scorzonera hispani- pteris limbosperma, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Viscaria ca, Valeriana officinalis subsp. angustifolia (wallrothii), vulgaris (Lychnis viscaria). M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 21

(3d) Middle- and high-montane spruce-fir-beech for- (Neottia) cordata, Luzula luzulina, Lycopodium annoti- ests: Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, num, L. clavatum, Moneses uniflora, Phegopteris connec- Picea abies, Sorbus aucuparia; Lonicera alpigena, Rosa tilis, and Vaccinium myrtillus. pendulina; Adenostyles glabra, Aposeris foetida, Buph- thalmum salicifolium, Calamagrostis varia, Cardamine (5) Subalpine vegetation: trifolia, Centaurea montana, Cirsium erisithales, Dry- (5a) Green-alder shrubs and tall herb (megaphorb) com- opteris filix-mas, Helleborus niger, Knautia maxima, munities (Adenostyletalia, Alnion viridis) in moist, nu- Polygonatum verticillatum, Primula elatior, Ranunculus trient-rich places: Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus alnobetula nemorosus (tuberosus), Stellaria nemorum, Valeriana (viridis), Sorbus aucuparia; Lonicera caerulea, Ribes pe- montana, and V. tripteris. On more distinctly acid soils traeum, Salix appendiculata; Achillea macrophylla, Aco- (mainly in siliceous mountains): Galium rotundifolium, nitum lycoctonum agg., A. variegatum agg., Adenostyles Gentiana asclepiadea, Homogyne alpina, Luzula sylvat- alliariae, Alchemilla glabra, Astrantia major, Athyrium ica, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Oxalis acetosella, and Py- distentifolium, Cerinthe glabra, Chaerophyllum villarsii, rola rotundifolia. Cirsium heterophyllum, Crepis pyrenaica, Delphinium (3e) Forests in ravines and gorges (Tilio-Acerion): Acer elatum s. lat., Doronicum austriacum, Epilobium alp- platanoides (low altitudes), A. pseudoplatanus, Fraxi- estre, Geranium sylvaticum, Heracleum sphondylium nus excelsior, Tilia platyphyllos, Ulmus glabra; Staphyl- subsp. elegans, Hypericum maculatum, Lactuca (Cicer- ea pinnata; Aconitum lycoctonum agg., A. variegatum bita) alpina, Peucedanum ostruthium, Rumex alpestris, agg., Aethusa cynapium, Aruncus dioicus, Asplenium Sanguisorba dodecandra, Senecio nemorensis subsp. her- (Phyllitis) scolopendrium, A. viride, Campanula lati- cynicus, Thalictrum aquilegiifolium, and Tozzia alpina. folia, C. trachelium, Carex pendula, Circaea lutetiana, – In the Southern Alps: Barbarea bracteosa, Eryngium Cystopteris fragilis, Euonymus europaeus, Festuca (Sche- alpinum, Myrrhis odorata, and Rhaponticum scariosum donorus) gigantea, Geranium robertianum, Gymnocarpi- (Stemmacantha rhapontica) [See also (13h)!] um dryopteris, Impatiens noli-tangere, Lunaria rediviva, (5b) Dwarf-pine shrub (Pinion mugo) and dwarf shrub Moehringia muscosa, Memoremea (Omphalodes) scor- (heath, Ericion carneae, Rhododendro-Vaccinietalia) pioides, Polystichum aculeatum, P. braunii, Ranunculus communities in more or less dry places: Arctostaphylos lanuginosus, R. platanifolius, Ribes uva-crispa, Saxifraga uva-ursi, and Pinus mugo. Basiphilous: Arctostaphylos rotundifolia, Silene dioica, Streptopus amplexifolius, and alpinus, Clematis alpina, Daphne striata, Erica carnea, Viola biflora. Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, (3f) Illyrian broad-leaf forests and spruce-fir forests in and Sorbus chamaemespilus. Acidophilous: Calluna vul- the Southern Alps (Ostryo-Fagenion, Hacquetio-Frax- garis, Empetrum nigrum s. lat., Hieracium (Schlagint- inetum, Laburno alpini-Piceetum, Anemono trifoli- weitia) intybaceum, Juniperus communis subsp. nana, ae-Abietetum, Ligustro-Piceetum): Castanea sativa, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Salix helvetica, Vaccinium Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia; Euonymus latifo- uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides, and V. vitis-idaea. lius, Laburnum alpinum; Anemone trifolia, Antheri- (5c) Subalpine Pinus cembra forests (Vaccinio-Pinetum cum liliago, Aremonia agrimonioides, Asperula taurina, cembrae): Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, and Rhododen- Cardamine heptaphylla, C. pentaphyllos, C. waldstein- dron ferrugineum. Note: The timber-line generally has ii, Dioscorea (Tamus) communis, Euphorbia carniolica, been lowered by c 200 m as a result of alpine pasturing for Galium aristatum, G. laevigatum, Geranium nodosum, centuries, which has produced vast alpine pastures (13h), Hacquetia epipactis, Homogyne sylvestris, Ilex aquifoli- but also 5d and secondary Pinion mugo shrubland (5b). um (but also in Vorarlberg), Lactuca perennis, Lamium (5d) Subalpine natural grassland (Caricion ferrugineae): orvala, Lathyrus laevigatus subsp. laevigatus, L. venetus, Allium victorialis, Anemonastrum narcissiflorum, As- Lilium carniolicum, Luzula nivea, Phyteuma ovatum, tragalus australis, A. frigidus, Campanula barbata, C. Polystichum setiferum, Pulmonaria vallarsae, and Saxi- thyrsoides, Carduus defloratus, Carex ferruginea, Crepis fraga cuneifolia. pontana, Festuca pulchella, Geum montanum, Hedysar- (3g) Basiphilous spruce and spruce-fir forests Abi( - um hedysaroides, Heracleum austriacum, Luzula glabra- eti-Piceion): Aster bellidiastrum, Betonica alopecurus, ta, Narcissus radiiflorus, Oxytropis montana, Pedicularis Cephalanthera longifolia, Clinopodium (Acinos) alpi- foliosa, Pulsatilla alpina, Rhodiola rosea, Scorzonera ro- num, Epilobium montanum, Gymnocarpium robertia- sea, Senecio doronicum, Trifolium badium, T. thalii, and num, Orthilia secunda, Polystichum lonchitis, and Ve- Trollius europaeus. ronica urticifolia. [For the subalpine rock flora, see (11)!]

(4) Euro-Siberian spruce and spruce-fir montane for- (6) Alpine vegetation (Seslerietea albicantis, Caricetea ests on acid soil (Vaccinio-Piceion): Larix decidua, Picea curvulae, and Salicetea herbaceae). abies, Pinus sylvestris; Calamagrostis villosa, Equisetum (6a) Turfs on calcareous bedrocks and very shallow sylvaticum, Huperzia selago, Linnaea borealis, Listera soil, upper alpine belt [calcareous cushion sedge turf/ 22 vol. 42 (1)

swards (Caricion firmae)]: Carex firma, Chamorchis al- cea, Sibbaldia procumbens, and Soldanella pusilla or pina, Dryas octopetala, Festuca pumila, Helianthemum (bb) on alkaline (calcareous) soils (Arabidion caeruleae): alpestre, Homogyne discolor, Facchinia (Minuartia) Achillea atrata, A. clusiana (NE Alps), Arabis caerulea, cherlerioides subsp. cherlerioides, Cherleria (Minuartia) Campanula pulla (NE Alps), Galium baldense (S Alps), sedoides, Potentilla nitida (S Alps), Saxifraga caesia, S. G. noricum, Gnaphalium hoppeanum (also on “interme- squarrosa (S Alps), Saussurea pygmaea, Silene acaulis diate” bedrock), Potentilla brauneana, Ranunculus alp- subsp. longiscapa, and Primula clusiana (N Alps). [See estris, Rumex nivalis, Soldanella alpina, S. austriaca (NE also (11)!] Alps), S. minima (SE Alps), and Veronica alpina. (6b) Turfs on calcareous bedrock of the lower alpine belt (6f) Special habitats in wind-exposed places (Oxytropi- (Seslerion coeruleae): Achillea clavennae, Androsace cha- do-Elynion): Agrostis alpina, Cerastium alpinum, Co- maejasme, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris, Armeria mastoma tenellum, Draba siliquosa, Dianthus glacialis, alpina (also on acid soils), Aster alpinus, Biscutella laevi- Kalmia (Loiseleuria) procumbens, Kobresia (Elyna) myo- gata, Campanula cespitosa, Carex sempervirens (also on suroides, Lomatogonium carinthiacum, and Salix serpy- acid soils), Crepis jacquinii, Dianthus alpinus, Euphrasia llifolia. salisburgensis, Galium anisophyllum (also on acid soils), (6g) Subnival belt: Few vascular plants are present, in Gentiana clusii, Globularia cordifolia, G. nudicaulis, He- detached tufts only: Androsace alpina, Cerastium uni- lianthemum grandiflorum, Hieracium villosum, Leon- florum, Draba fladnizensis, Leucanthemopsis alpina, Poa topodium alpinum, Nigritella archiducis-joannis (local), laxa, Ranunculus glacialis, Saxifraga biflora, S. bryoides, N. miniata, Pedicularis rostratocapitata, P. verticillata S. exarata, and S. oppositifolia. (also on acid soils), Primula auricula, Scabiosa lucida, Selaginella selaginoides, Sesleria caerulea, and Veronica 2.4.2 Azonal natural vegetation fruticans (also on more or less siliceous rocks). – In the (7) Riparian (alluvial, floodplain) forests Salicion( albae, Southern Alps (Caricion austroalpinae): Achillea oxylo- Alnion incanae): ba (S Alps), Allium insubricum, Callianthemum kerner- (7a) General: Prunus padus, Salix alba, S. euxina (fragi- ianum, Carex austroalpina, C. baldensis, Geranium ar- lis), Ulmus laevis; Clematis vitalba, Sambucus nigra, So- genteum, Helictotrichon petzense (SE Alps), Horminum lanum dulcamara, Viburnum opulus, Vitis vinifera sub- pyrenaicum, Knautia baldensis, K. transalpina, K. ve- sp. sylvestris (very rare); Aegopodium podagraria, Alliar- lutina, Laserpitium nitidum, L. peucedanoides, Leucan- ia petiolata, Calystegia sepium, Carduus crispus, Ficaria themum heterophyllum, Pedicularis gyroflexa, Primula verna, Gagea lutea, Galanthus nivalis, Galium aparine, glaucescens, P. spectabilis, Scabiosa vestina, and Semper- G. palustre, Geranium phaeum, Geum urbanum, Glecho- vivum dolomiticum (Dolomites). ma hederacea, Humulus lupulus, Parietaria officinalis, (6c) Subalpine and alpine calcareous scree (Thlaspion ro- Rubus caesius, Scilla bifolia agg., Silene (Cucubalus) bac- tundifolii): Campanula cochleariifolia, Cerastium carin- cifera, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria (Myosoton) aquatica, thiacum, Crepis terglouensis, Hornungia alpina subsp. Urtica dioica, Veronica sublobata. – Along mountain alpina, Linaria alpina, Noccaea rotundifolia, Papaver rivers and streams: Alnus incana, Salix eleagnos; Mat- alpinum, Scorzoneroides (Leontodon) montana, and Va- teuccia struthiopteris, Petasites hybridus, and Rumex leriana supina. longifolius (Upper Engadine only). (6d) Turfs on siliceous bedrocks (Caricion curvulae): (7b) The riverside forests and meadows in the Pannonian Campanula alpina, Carex curvula subsp. curvula, Gen- region along the March/Morava river forming Austria’s tiana acaulis s. str., Helictochloa (Avenula) versicolor, eastern border with Slovakia are distinguished by sever- Kalmia (Loiseleuria) procumbens, Leucanthemopsis al- al ecological and floristic features, typical species being pina, Minuartia recurva, Oreochloa disticha, Pedicula- [see Schratt-Ehrendorfer (1999)] Fraxinus angusti- ris kerneri, Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Pulsatilla alpina folia subsp. danubialis; Barbarea stricta, Clematis integ- subsp. alba (austriaca), Saponaria pumila, Senecio carn- rifolia, Filipendula ulmaria subsp. picbaueri, Galium ri- iolicus agg., Silene acaulis subsp. exscapa, Valeriana celt- vale, Hierochloë repens (very rare), Chaiturus (Leonurus) ica, and Veronica bellidioides. – Alpine siliceous scree marrubiastrum, Leucojum aestivum, Oenanthe silaifolia (Androsacion alpinae): Achillea moschata, Androsace (very rare), Plantago altissima, Rumex pseudonatronatus alpina, Cerastium pedunculatum, Geum reptans, Hor- (very rare), Selinum dubium (Cnidium venosum), and nungia alpina subsp. brevicaulis (mainly on “intermedi- Urtica kioviensis. ate” bedrock), Oxyria digyna, Rumex scutatus, Trifolium (7c) Nutrient-rich, nitrophilous, wet riverbank fringes pallescens, and Viola comollia. [See also (11b)!] (Bidentetea tripartiti): Alopecurus aequalis, Barbarea vul- [For the alpine rock flora, see (11)!] garis, Bidens cernuus, B. frondosus (neophyte), B. tripar- (6e) Special habitats are alpine snowbeds (aa) on acid titus, Glyceria fluitans, Oxybasis (Chenopodium) rubra, soils (Salicion herbaceae): Arenaria biflora, Cardamine Persicaria dubia (mitis), P. hydropiper, P. lapathifolia, Po- alpina, Cerastium cerastoides, Gnaphalium supinum, tentilla supina, Ranunculus sceleratus, Rorippa amphibia, Ranunculus pygmaeus, Sagina saginoides, Salix herba- R. palustris, Rumex palustris, and Veronica catenata. M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 23

(8) Dry, montane, calcicolous pine forests (Erico-Pinion noplectus lacustris, Scutellaria galericulata, Spargani- sylvestris): um spp., Spirodela polyrhiza, Stratiotes aloides, Trapa (8a) General: Pinus sylvestris, Sorbus aria; Amelanchier natans, Typha spp., Utricularia spp., and Zannichellia ovalis, Cotoneaster integerrima, C. tomentosus, Genista palustris. radiata (S Alps); Arabidopsis lyrata (Cardaminopsis pe- (9b) Stream-sides (Calthion): Caltha palustris, Car- traea), Carex ornithopoda subsp. ornithopoda, Coronilla damine amara, Cirsium oleraceum, Epilobium hirsutum, vaginalis, Daphne cneorum, Epipactis atrorubens, Erica Geum rivale, Hypericum tetrapterum, Mentha aquatica, carnea, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Laserpitium siler, Myosotis palustris agg., Ranunculus flammula, Scirpus Leontodon incanus, Polygala chamaebuxus, Rubus sax- sylvaticus, Scrophularia umbrosa, Tephroseris crispa, Ve- atilis, Sesleria caerulea, Thesium alpinum, Viola collina, ronica anagallis-aquatica, and V. beccabunga. and Viscum laxum subsp. laxum. (9c) Dwarf galingales alliance, dwarf rush communities, (8b) Austrian pine forest (Seslerio-Pinetum nigrae) (NE poikilohydrous swards on pond banks, wet trails, etc. Alps only): Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, Anthericum ramo- (Nanocyperion): Carex bohemica, Centaurium pulchel- sum, Anthyllis montana subsp. jacquinii (very rare), Car- lum, Centunculus (Anagallis) minimus, Coleanthus subti- duus defloratus subsp. glaucus, Euphorbia saxatilis, Ga- lis (very rare), Cyperus fuscus, Elatine hexandra, E. trian- lium austriacum, G. lucidum, Leucanthemum adustum dra, Eleocharis acicularis, E. ovata, Gnaphalium uligino- subsp. margaritae, Melampyrum subalpinum, Noccaea sum, Gypsophila muralis, Juncus articulatus, J. bufonius, (Thlaspi) montana, Phyteuma orbiculare, Polygala ama- Limosella aquatica, Myosurus minimus, Peplis (Lythrum) ra subsp. amara, and Thalictrum minus. portula, Plantago uliginosa (P. major subsp. intermedia), (8c) South Alpic Austrian pine forests (Fraxino orni-Pin- Stellaria alsine, and Veronica anagalloides. etum nigrae) (SE Alps only): Fraxinus ornus, Pinus nigra subsp. nigra; Asperula aristata, A. purpurea, Chamae- (10) Swamps, mires: cytisus purpureus, Crepis froelichiana subsp. dinarica. (10a) Carrs (fenwood, swamp forests) and fens (differ- – Note: Autochthonous sites of Pinus nigra subsp. nigra ent communities, viz., Salicion cinereae, Salicion auri- (Austrian pine) in our area are restricted to the very tae, Alnion glutinosae, and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fus- eastern margin of the NE Calcareous Alps (between Vi- cae): Alnus glutinosa, Betula humilis (rare), B. pubescens, enna and the “Viennese” Schneeberg) and local sites in Frangula alnus, Salix aurita, Calla palustris, Carex elon- the SE Alps (Karawanken/Karavanke and Julian Alps), gata, C. nigra, C. pauciflora, Comarum palustre, Dryop- both considered as a relic from pre-glacial times, the teris cristata, Epilobium palustre, Eriophorum angustifo- main range of distribution extending in the western part lium, Galium uliginosum, Lythrum salicaria, Pedicularis of the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, this tree species palustris, Peucedanum palustre, Pinguicula vulgaris, Po- is frequently planted because of its drought resistance tentilla erecta, Primula farinosa, Salix cinerea, S. repens, and, in former times, was cultivated (instead of natural Stachys palustris, Thelypteris palustris, and Trichopho- broad-leaf forests) for obtaining resin. rum alpinum. (8d) Subcontinental acid Scots pine forests (Dicra- (10b) Calcareous fens (Caricion davallianae): Carex dav- no-Pinion): Pinus sylvestris; Arabidopsis (Cardaminopsis) alliana, Crepis paludosa, Epipactis palustris, E. latifoli- arenosa, Atocion (Silene) rupestre, Chimaphila umbellata um, Parnassia palustris, and Tofieldia calyculata. (very rare), Diphasiastrum (Lycopodium) complanatum, (10c) Extremely acid and nutrient-poor raised bogs (Ox- Festuca ovina, Goodyera repens, and Pyrola chlorantha. ycocco-Sphagnetea): Andromeda polifolia, Betula nana (8e) Scots pine forests on serpentinic (ophiolithic) bed- (rare boreal relic), Drosera anglica, D. rotundifolia, Erio- rocks (Festuco eggleri-Pinetum sylvestris; in Styria, rare): phorum vaginatum, Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum Avenula (Helictochloa) adsurgens, Festuca eggleri, Knau- palustre), Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. uliginosum, and tia norica, Poa stiriaca, and Pulmonaria stiriaca. [See V. oxycoccos. also (11c) for rock vegetation!] (11) Montane, subalpine, and alpine rock (rupestrian) (9) Wetland: and scree vegetation (Asplenietea trichomanis, Thlaspi- (9a) Lakes and lake-sides, rivers, streams (Lemnetea, etea rotundifolii): Potametea, Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea): Alisma spp., (11a) General: Anemone baldensis, Aquilegia einseleana Berula erecta, Callitriche spp., Carex elata, Ceratophyl- (S Alps), Asplenium ceterach (mainly in the S Alps), A. lum spp., Elatine spp., Equisetum fluviatile, Eriophorum viride, Athamanta cretensis, Campanula praesignis (NE scheuchzeri, Glyceria maxima, Hippuris vulgaris, Hot- Alps only), Carex rupestris, Cystopteris fragilis, Hieraci- tonia palustris, Lemna minor, Lycopus europaeus, My- um humile, H. porrifolium, Kernera saxatilis, Moehrin- riophyllum spp., Najas spp., Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea gia bavarica subsp. bavarica, M. glaucovirens, M. mark- alba, Nymphoides peltata, Oenanthe aquatica, Persicaria grafii, Potentilla caulescens, Rhamnus pumila, Saxifraga amphibia, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, hostii, Scrophularia canina agg. (mainly in the S Alps), Potamogeton spp., Ranunculus sect. Batrachium, Schoe- Valeriana saxatilis, and Woodsia pulchella. 24 vol. 42 (1)

(11b) On South-Alpic rocks and scree (calcifuge species Carex humilis, Centaurea jacea subsp. angustifolia (pan- designated by *): Adenophora liliifolia (in Austria as a nonica), C. paniculata, Chamaecytisus austriacus, Ch. de-alpine very rare relict in moist meadows), Androsace ratisbonensis, Crambe tataria (very local), Cuscuta ep- brevis*, A. vandellii*, Artemisia atrata, A. nitida, Biscute- ithymum, Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. pontederae, lla cichoriifolia, Bupleurum petraeum, Campanula ber- Dorycnium germanicum, Draba (Erophila) verna s. lat., tolae*, C. carnica, C. morettiana, C. raineri, Cerastium Elymus hispidus, Eryngium campestre, Erysimum diffu- subtriflorum, Cytisus emeriflorus, Grafia golaka, Knau- sum, E. odoratum, Euphorbia cyparissias, E. seguieriana, tia persicina, K. velutina, Ligusticum lucidum, Moehrin- Festuca rupicola, F. valesiaca, Fragaria viridis, Galatella gia bavarica subsp. insubrica and M. dielsiana (both Ju- (Aster) linosyris, Galium glaucum, Genista pilosa, Glob- dicarian endemics), Molopospermum peloponnesiacum*, ularia bisnagarica (punctata), Helianthemum nummu- Oxytropis fetida, Paederota bonarota, Phyteuma hedra- larium subsp. obscurum (H. ovatum), Helictotrichon de- ianthifolium*, Ph. scorzonerifolium*, Physoplexis como- sertorum subsp. basalticum (very rare), Hesperis tristis, sa, Primula latifolia*, Sagina glabra*, Scabiosa veleno- Himantoglossum adriaticum, Holosteum umbellatum, vskyana, Scutellaria alpina, Veronica fruticulosa, Viola Hypochaeris maculata, Inula ensifolia, I. oculus-christi, cenisia, and V. dubyana. Iris pumila, Jurinea mollis, Koeleria macrantha, Lathy- (11c) On ophiolithic (serpentinic) rocks: Asplenium rus pannonicus, Linaria genistifolia, Linum flavum, L. ×adulterinum, A. cuneifolium, Noccaea goesingensis, tenuifolium, Marrubium peregrinum, Medicago falcata, Notholaena marantae, Potentilla crantzii subsp. serpen- M. minima, Melica ciliata, Muscari neglectum, M. ten- tini, Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. serpentini, and Ve- uiflorum, Myosotis ramosissima, Nonea erecta (pulla), ronica scardica (streams). Odontites lutea, Onobrychis arenaria, Onosma arenar- (11d) A very special habitat are half-caves (Chenopodium ia (very rare), O. visianii (rare), Ophrys apifera (rare), O. foliosum, Blitum virgatum): Hackelia deflexa, Heliosper- holoserica, O. sphegodes, Orchis militaris, Ornithogalum ma veselskyi, Hornungia (Hymenolobus) pauciflora, Sax- comosum (pannonicum), Oxytropis pilosa, Petrorha- ifraga arachnoidea (Judicarian endemic), S. petraea, and gia saxifraga, Phelipanche caesia (very rare), Phleum Sisymbrium austriacum. phleoides, Pimpinella saxifraga subsp. nigra, Polygala (11e) Alluvial scree vegetation (now extremely rare, comosa, P. major, Prunella grandiflora, Pulsatilla gran- present in Austria only in very few rivers, e.g., the Lech dis, P. pratensis subsp. nigricans, Ranunculus illyricus, and Isel and Schwarzach rivers in Tyrol, as well as at the Rapistrum perenne, Salvia austriaca, S. nemorosa, San- southern foot of the Alps in Friuli (in the Tagliamen- guisorba minor, Scabiosa ochroleuca, S. canescens, Scor- to river): Chlorocrepis (Tolpis) staticifolia, Chondrilla zonera hispanica, S. purpurea, Senecio jacobaea, Seseli chondrilloides, Epilobium fleischeri (western East Alps), annuum, S. hippomarathrum, Silene otites, S. multiflora, Euphorbia kerneri (endemic on the southeast edge of S. viscosa, Stachys recta, Stipa capillata, S. pennata agg., the Alps), Hippophaë rhamnoides, Leontodon berinii (S Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma, Tephroseris integrifolia, Alps), and Myricaria germanica. Teucrium chamaedrys, Thesium linophyllum, Thymus pannonicus agg., Trinia glauca, Verbascum phoeniceum, 2.4.3 Anthropogenic vegetation V. lychnitis, Veronica prostrata subsp. prostrata, and V. (12) Dry grassland (mainly Festuco-Brometea, several (Pseudolysimachion) spicata. – (See also 1b!) quite different communities), including other “steppe- (12b) Calcicolous rock steppes and shallow soil turfs in like” vegetation. The anthropogenic nature of these hab- the Pannonian region and in the Southern Alps (+ des- itats in the Pannonian eastern part of Austria is general- ignates taxa only in the S Alps): Argyrolobium zanonii+, ly more or less questionable: at least to some extent, they Bupleurum baldense+, Campanula pyramidalis+, C. are natural. sibirica, Cytisus emeriflorus+, Dianthus lumnitzeri (lo- (12a): More or less Pannonian grassland (primary edaph- cal), Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (local), Fumana ic steppes and secondary “steppes” in place of original procumbens, Genista sericea+, Helianthemum canum, dry forests; mainly Cirsio-Brachypodion pinneti and Fes- Hornungia petraea, Knautia illyrica+, Potentilla incana tucetalia valesiacae). Many species are mentioned here (arenaria), Scabiosa hladnikiana+, S. vestina+, Scorzon- because they are characteristic of NE Austria, most of era austriaca, Seseli elatum agg., S. kochii+, Teucrium them growing in pastures (“Puszta”) called Pannonian montanum, Thesium divaricatum+, and Thymus praecox. (secondary) “steppes”, which are mainly preserved in (12c) Inner Alpic “steppes” (Ononido rotundifoliae-Pin- nature reserves. Most of the Pannonian steppes are on ion and Stipo-Poion xerophilae): Achillea tomentosa, carbonatic bedrocks (but see also 12e): Achillea pannon- Astragalus exscapus, A. monspessulanus, A. vesicarius ica, Adonis vernalis, Artemisia campestris, A. pontica, subsp. pastellianus, Carex liparocarpus, Cleistogenes A. pancicii (very rare Pannonian endemic), Asperula (Kengia) serotina (acidophilous), Dracocephalum aus- cynanchica, Astragalus austriacus, A. exscapus (very triacum, Ephedra distachya, Fumana ericifolia+, Helian- rare), A. onobrychis, A. vesicarius subsp. vesicarius (very themum apenninum, Heteropogon contortus, Onobrychis rare), Brachypodium pinnatum, Cerastium pumilum agg., arenaria subsp. taurerica, Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 25 helvetica, Phleum phleoides, Scabiosa triandra (gramun- (13b) More or less nutrient-rich montane meadows (Poly- tia), Stipa capillata, and S. pennata agg. gono-Trisetion): Achillea millefolium, Centaurea pseu- (12d) Pannonian saline steppes and marshes in North dophrygia, Chaerophyllum aureum, Festuca nigrescens, Burgenland (Puccinellio-Salicornietea): Artemisia san- Geranium phaeum subsp. lividum, Heracleum sphondy- tonicum, Atriplex intracontinentalis (A. littoralis agg.; lium, Persicaria bistorta (Bistorta officinalis), Pimpinella very rare), A. prostrata, Bolboschoenus maritimus s. str., major, Rhinanthus alectorolophus, Trifolium pratense, Bupleurum tenuissimum, Camphorosma annua, Cen- Trisetum flavescens, Trollius europaeus,and Veronica taurium littorale subsp. uliginosum, Chenopodium che- chamaedrys. nopodioides, Crypsis aculeata, Cyperus pannonicus, Fes- (13c) Submontane more or less dry calcareous or poikil- tuca pseudovina, Iris spuria (very rare), Juncus gerardii, ohydrous meadows (Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenathere- Lepidium cartilagineum, Lotus tenuis, Oxybasis (Cheno- tum and Filipendulo vulgaris-Arrhenatheretum): An- podium) glauca, Plantago maritima, P. tenuiflora (very thyllis vulneraria, Avenula (Homalotrichon) pubescens, rare), Puccinellia peisonis, Salicornia prostrata, Schoeno- Briza media, Centaurea jacea subsp. jacea, C. scabiosa, plectus tabernaemontani, Scorzonera parviflora, Spergu- Filipendula vulgaris, Galium boreale, Knautia arvensis, laria maritima, Suaeda pannonica, S. prostrata, Tarax- Ranunculus bulbosus, Rhinanthus minor, Salvia praten- acum bessarabicum, Trifolium fragiferum, Triglochin sis, Tragopogon orientalis, Trifolium montanum, and Ve- maritima, and Tripolium pannonicum (Aster tripolium). ronica vindobonensis. (12e) Acid Pannonian steppes (e.g., on the western margin (13d) Nutrient-rich pastures (Cynosurion): Bellis peren- of Weinviertel; Koelerio-Phleetalia phleoidis p. p.; more nis, Carum carvi, Cynosurus cristatus, Euphrasia offici- likely to 4.2.2 azonal vegetation): Achillea nobilis, A. se- nalis, Lolium perenne, Prunella vulgaris, Scorzoneroides tacea, Agrostis vinealis, Anacamptis (Orchis) morio, Ar- (Leontodon) autumnalis, Trifolium repens, and Veronica temisia austriaca, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Cleistogenes serpyllifolia. (Kengia) serotina (mainly in the S), Cruciata pedemon- (13e) Nutrient-poor pastures (calcareous or *acidic): An- tana, Cytisus procumbens, Eremogone graminifolia (Are- thoxanthum odoratum*, Carlina acaulis, Galium pumi- naria procera subsp. glabra; very rare), Gagea bohemica, lum, Luzula campestris*, Ononis spinosa, Pilosella offici- Iris humilis subsp. arenaria (very rare), Myosotis stricta, narum (Hieracium pilosella)*, Plantago media, Saxifraga Potentilla argentea, Scleranthus perennis (siliceous rocks), bulbifera, S. granulata*, and Thymus pulegioides*. S. polycarpos (rare), Sedum (Petrosedum) rupestre, Veroni- (13f ) Montane acidic pastures (Nardetalia) are charac- ca dillenii, V. verna, and Vicia lathyroides. terised by Antennaria dioica, Arnica montana, Botrychi- (12f ) Colline sand vegetation, including sand dunes along um lunaria, Calluna vulgaris, Carex pallescens, C. pilu- the Morava river; most of these species rare to very rare; lifera, Cirsium acaule (W and S), Deschampsia cespitosa, Koelerio-Corynephoretea, Festucetalia vaginatae; more Genista tinctoria, Gymnadenia conopsea, Nardus stricta, likely to 4.2.2 azonal vegetation): Anthemis ruthenica Pilosella (Hieracium) lactucella, Polygala vulgaris, Pseu- (rare), Armeria elongata (also on siliceous rocks), Bassia dorchis albida, and Veronica officinalis. (Kochia) laniflora (very rare), Corynephorus canescens (13g) Moist to wet meadows (Molinietalia) (many of the (rare), Dianthus collinus (local), Equisetum ramosissi- following species have become rare, and especially those mum, Eryngium planum (very rare), Festuca vaginata left in the Pannonian Basin are of high botanical and (very rare), Filago arvensis, F. minima, Helichrysum are- conservational value): Achillea aspleniifolia, A. ptar- narium (rare), Jasione montana, Plantago arenaria, Sax- mica (not Pannonian), Anacamptis (Orchis) palustris ifraga tridactylitis (also frequently semi-ruderal), Silene (rare), Carex panicea, C. tomentosa, Cirsium canum, C. conica (rare), Spergula morisonii (rare), Trinia kitaibelii palustre, C. rivulare, Dianthus superbus subsp. superbus (ucrainica) (very rare), and Vulpia myuros. (rare), Equisetum palustre, Euphorbia villosa (illyrica) (rare), Euphrasia kerneri (rare), Gentiana pneumonan- (13) Meadows and pastures (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea): the (rare), Gladiolus palustris (rare), Holcus lanatus, In- Most of these species are widespread and common to ula britannica, Iris sibirica, Juncus inflexus, Laserpitium Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, and therefore prutenicum, Liparis loeselii (rare), Lychnis flos-cuculi, only a few examples are given here, mainly from Lysimachia nummularia, L. vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, (13a) Colline to submontane more or less nutrient-rich Ophioglossum vulgatum (rare), Potentilla erecta, Ranun- meadows (Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum): Achillea collina, culus repens, Sanguisorba officinalis, Scorzonera humilis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Campanula patula, Colchicum Selinum carvifolia, Serratula tinctoria, Spiranthes aes- autumnale, Crepis biennis, Dactylis glomerata, Galium tivalis (rare), Symphytum officinale, Succisa pratensis, album, Geranium pratense, Lathyrus pratensis, Leon- Taraxacum sect. Palustria, Valeriana dioica, and Veron- todon hispidus, Leucanthemum ircutianum, Lotus cor- ica (Pseudolysimachion) maritima (longifolia) (rare). niculatus, Medicago lupulina, Plantago lanceolata, Poa (13h) Subalpine and alpine pastures, in Austria common- pratensis, Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Taraxacum ly called “Almen” (Poo alpinae-Trisetetalia), are wide- sect. Ruderalia, and Veronica arvensis. spread though regionally diminishing in recent times 26 vol. 42 (1)

due to reductions of alpine dairy farming and livestock Arabidopsis thaliana, Arnoseris minima (very rare), raising (cattle breeding): Aconitum napellus, Alchemilla Galeopsis tetrahit, Raphanus raphanistrum, Scleranthus spp., Anthoxanthum alpinum, Campanula scheuchzeri, annuus, Trifolium arvense, and Veronica agrestis. Cirsium spinosissimum, Crepis aurea, Crocus albiflorus, Euphrasia minima, Festuca nigrescens, Persicaria (Bis- (16) Ruderal communities (Artemisietea vulgaris and torta) vivipara, Phleum alpinum agg., Plantago alpina, Sisymbrietalia). (Neophytes are designated by an aster- Poa alpina, Potentilla aurea, Ranunculus montanus, isk*.) Rumex alpinus (strongly nitrophilous, dominant in Ru- (16a) General. Acer negundo*, Ailanthus altissima*, Bud- micetum alpinae), Sagina saginoides, Scorzoneroides (Le- dleja davidii*, Lycium barbarum*, and Robinia pseuda- ontodon) helvetica, Senecio cordatus (W), S. subalpinus cacia* (causing nitrogen accumulation in the soil and (E), Trifolium badium, Veratrum album, and Veronica thus giving rise to a ruderal flora); Artemisia vulgaris, serpyllifolia subsp. humifusa. Asperugo procumbens, Atriplex sagittata, Ballota nigra, Bassia (Kochia) scoparia, Berteroa incana, Blitum (Che- (14) Forest clearings (Epilobietea angustifolii), [differ- nopodium) bonus-henricus, Bromus sterilis, Carduus ent communities dependent on pH, moisture, and age acanthoides, Chelidonium majus, Conium maculatum, (because of vegetational succession)]. Populus tremula, Crepis foetida (rhoeadifolia), Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Echi- Rubus idaeus, R. sect. Rubus, Salix caprea, Sambucus um vulgare, Fumaria schleicheri (rare), Galeopsis angus- racemosa, and Sorbus aucuparia; Atropa belladonna, tifolia (railroad gravel), Helminthotheca echioides (rare), Calamagrostis epigejos, Centaurium erythraea, Cirsium Hyoscyamus niger, Lactuca serriola, Leonurus cardiaca, arvense, Digitalis grandiflora, Epilobium angustifolium, Lepidium (Cardaria) draba, L. campestre, Malva neglec- Erechtites hieraciifolia (neophyte), Eupatorium cannabi- ta, Onopordum acanthium, Oxybasis (Chenopodium) ur- num, Fragaria vesca, Galeopsis pubescens, G. speciosa, bica (very rare), Potentilla (Duchesnea) indica*, Reseda Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Hypericum hirsutum, H. per- luteola, Sisymbrium loeselii (urbanophilous), and Tussi- foratum, Juncus effusus, Pteridium aquilinum, Rumex lago farfara. acetosella, Senecio nemorensis subsp. fuchsii (S. ovatus), (16b) Trampled turfs (Polygono-Poetea annuae p. p.): Stachys alpina, and Verbascum densiflorum. Erodium cicutarium, Hordeum murinum, Lepidium cor- onopus (Coronopus squamatus) (rare), Lolium perenne, (15) Arable land, including vineyards (Stellarietea medi- Matricaria discoidea (matricarioides)*, Plantago major, ae s. str.). Some common species and some endangered Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare s. lat., and Potentilla species, most of the latter characteristic of the Pannoni- anserina, including pavement cracks (fissures): Cheno- an region. podium vulvaria, Cynodon dactylon, Dysphania (Che- (15a) Basiphilous (alkaline), mainly in cereal fields (Cau- nopodium) pumilio*, Eragrostis minor, E. multicaulis*, calidion lappulae etc.): Adonis aestivalis (rare), A. flam- Herniaria glabra, H. hirsuta, Lepidium ruderale, Sagina mea (rare), Androsace maxima (rare), Anagallis foemi- procumbens, and Spergularia rubra. na, Anthemis (Cota) austriaca, Buglossoides incrassata subsp. splitgerberi, Bupleurum rotundifolium (rare), 2.5 NATURE RESERVES, NATIONAL PARKS Camelina microcarpa, Caucalis platycarpa, Ceratoceph- ala orthoceras (very rare), Conringia orientalis (rare), Nature conservation, not only maintaining habitats in Consolida regalis, Descurainia sophia (common), Dipl- close to natural conditions, but also protecting tradi- otaxis muralis, Erysimum repandum, Euphorbia heli- tional anthropogenic biocoenoses with high biodiversi- oscopia, Fumaria vaillantii, F. rostellata (rare), Galium ty, is an important commitment of our times. spurium, G. tricornutum (very rare), Hibiscus trionum (rare), Kickxia elatine, K. spuria, Lamium amplexicaule, 2.5.1 Austria. The national parks (NP) in Austria are Lathyrus tuberosus, Legousia speculum-veneris (rare), comparatively young, 15 to 35 years old only. There are Neslia paniculata, Ranunculus arvensis (rare), Scandix six of them acknowledged by IUCN. The largest one is pecten-veneris (very rare), Sherardia arvensis, Sinapis the NP “Hohe Tauern”, situated on both flanks of the arvensis, Sisymbrium orientale, Stachys annua, Valeri- main ridge (divide) of the Central Alps, in the source anella carinata, Veronica triloba, V. polita, V. praecox, V. regions of the rivers Isel and Möll on the southern flank triphyllos, and Viola arvensis (very common). and Salzach and Mur on the northern flank. This -na (15b) Nutrient-rich fields and gardens: Amaranthus pow- tional park stretches 100 km from east to west and 40 ellii, A. retroflexus, Chenopodiastrum (Chenopodium) km from north to south. It consists of Tyrolian, Salz- hybridum, Chenopodium album, Mercurialis annua, So- burgian, and Carinthian parts, with a total area of 1856 lanum nigrum, S. villosum (rare), Thlaspi arvense, and km2 (1212 km2 core area), and includes a variety of Urtica urens. communities ranging from the montane up to the nival (15c) Acidophilous (missing or rare in the Pannonian belt (3d, 4, 5) that owe their existence to the presence region): Anthemis arvensis, Aphanes australis (rare), of different bedrock types ranging from strongly sili- M. A. Fischer: Excursion Flora for Austria and all the Eastern Alps 27 ceous gneiss to different schists, primarily the Bündner- (Swiss pine) forests (5c). The “Biosphärenpark Wiener- schiefer (Grisons slate) with a remarkably rich flora (see wald” includes most of the Vienna Woods west of Vi- above). The highest mountains are Großglockner (3798 enna, small parts of it belonging to Vienna, but most to m asl, the highest peak of Austria), Großvenediger (3657 Lower Austria. It includes soft mountains (the submon- m asl), and Ankogel (3246 m asl), all covered with large tane to lower montane belt) of flysch sandstone bedrocks glaciers. A very unusual special habitat is the Special (partly more or less calcareous, partly more or less si- Reserve “Gamsgrube”, which represents a wind-borne liceous) in its northern sectors (up to 893 m asl, 2, 3a, sand steppe of calcareous micaceous schists inhabited c), but in its the southern part covers the northeastern- by alpine cushions of Silene acaulis with Salix serpilli- most end of the Calcareous Alps (up to 834 m asl, 2, 3a, folia, Saxifraga biflora, S. rudolphiana, Artemisia genipi, b), there comprising primary forests of autochthonous and Braya alpina. – The NP Neusiedler“ See – Seewin- Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) (8). The northeastern rim of kel”, situated within the Pannonian region (1) in N Bur- the Alps forms the western margin of the Pannonian re- genland, is bi-national, as it is continued in the adjacent gion (1, 12a). Comprising montane to alpine belts (from area of Hungary. It comprises the lake Neusiedler See (in 580 to 2704 m asl), the “Großes Walsertal” is located in Hungarian: Fertö), 320 km2 large, and parts of the adja- Vorarlberg on the border between the western Calcare- cent plain “Seewinkel” (90 km2 of protected areas). The ous Alps and the flysch zone of Bregenzer Wald. Seewinkel extends from the eastern shore to the Hun- The only Austrian wilderness reserve is located garian part. This national park is, besides the lake area, in the Calcareous Northern Alps in Lower Austria on botanically characterised by Pannonian grassland (12a) the border with Styria. This is the Wildnisgebiet Dür- and saline halophile vegetation (salt steppes, 12d) and renstein-Lassingtal (including “Rothwald“), a primary small saline lakes, interspersed with large vineyard are- mountain forest which has never been logged, although as. – The NP Donau-Auen“ ” (Danube River Floodplanes, it has been used for hunting on account of having suf- riparian forests) is 93 km2 large and consists of a Vien- fered greatly from game damage that seriously endan- nese part and a Lower Austrian part. Extending mainly gered its continued existence. The size of this natural in the planar belt along the left bank of the Danube be- upper-montane spruce-fir-beech forest (3a, d) is 24 km2. tween Vienna and the city of Hainburg on the Slovakian According to IUCN standards, it can be classified partly border, it includes riverside forests remarkably close to as a “wilderness“ and partly even as a “strict nature re- the natural condition (7) with different wetland commu- serve“. nities (9). Floristically significant are some single relict Additionally, there are many small nature reserves specimens of Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris, the ancestor in Austria, established mainly to protect the Pannoni- of the grape-vine. – The NP Gesäuse“ ” in (Upper) Styria an “steppes” (12a). They include riverside forests along is 110 km2 large and the NP “Kalkalpen” in Upper Aus- the March river (on the border between Slovakia and the tria is 208 km2 large. Both of them are situated within Czech Republic, hopefully a future national park (7b), the Northern Calcareous Alps, including montane to al- raised bogs and fens (10), moist meadows (13g), and pine belts (3a, d, e) and housing many endemics of this upper montane (3d), subalpine (5), and alpine (6) veg- region (see above, chapter 2.2). – With an area of 13 km2, etation. Mainly for touristic purposes, several so-called the smallest of the Austrian national parks is the NP nature parks provide some degree of protection of land- “Thayatal” (c. 300–450 m asl) in northern Lower Aus- scape and biotopes. tria (Fig. 1B), which is bi-national because it is continued beyond the border with the Czech Republic, where its 2.5.2 Alpic Bavaria. The National park Berchtesgaden larger part (Národní park Podyjí in Czech) is situated. It (on the eastern edge of the German Alps close to Salz- extends along the Thaya (Dyje) river and includes mon- burg, 208 km2, 603–2713 m asl) belongs to the North- tane silicicolous forests (3c), but also a hill alongside an ern Calcareous Alps and Exterior Alps. In addition to impressive narrow river sward (“Umlaufberg”) with dry it, the nature reserve “Nagelfluhkette” is located across Pannonian vegetation (1) on gneiss bedrock. the border from the northern part of the Bregenzer Wald There exist in Austria 195 natural forest reserves in Vorarlberg. The Hochgrat (1834 m asl) is the highest (“Naturwaldreservate”), which preserve the natural de- peak in this nature reserve, which lies on bedrock of velopment of forest communities (process conservation). Nagelfluh (a Palaeogene conglomerate). In addition to them, the country also has three bio- sphere reserves (“Biosphärenparks”; acknowledged by 2.5.3 Liechtenstein. The Principality contains some UNESCO): Kärntner Nockberge (in northern Carin- mountain forest reserves, but mainly several wetland thia) with an adjacent southern part of Lungau (Salz- (fen) nature reserves, the most important one being the burg region) in the Gurktaler Alpen (southeastern Cen- “Ruggeller Riet”. tral Alps), housing mainly montane to alpine vegetation (up to 2440 m asl; 4, 5a, 6d) on petrologically varied 2.5.4 E Alpic Italy. The largest nature reserve in the NE substrates, including comparatively large Pinus cembra Italian Alps, i.e., within our area, is the Parco Nazion- 28 vol. 42 (1)

ale dello Stelvio / Nationalpark Stilfser Joch, compris- Adler W, Oswald K & Fischer R. 1994. Exkursionsflo- ing the Ortler-Gruppe/Gruppo Ortles-Cevedale, whose ra von Österreich. Bestimmungsbuch für alle in Östere- highest peak is the Ortler/Ortles (3905 m asl), which is ich wildwachsenden sowie die wichtigsten kultivierten the second highest mountain of the Eastern Alps and Gefäßpflanzen (Farnpflanzen und Samenpflanzen) mit is the meeting place of several provinces: South Tyrol/ Angaben über ihre Ökologie und Verbreitung. Ulmer Bozen, Trentino/Trento, and Brescia and Sondrio (these Verlag, Stuttgart, Vienna. two in the Lombardy region). The mountains consist of Aeschimann D, Lauber K, Moser DM & Theuril- siliceous bedrocks (quartz phyllite and phyllite gneiss), lat J-P. 2004. Flora alpina. Ein Atlas sämtlicher 4500 and also carbonates (limestone and dolomite). ThePar - Gefäßpflanzen der Alpen. 3 vols. Haupt Verlag, Bern, co Nazionale delle Dolomiti Bellunesi in the province Stuttgart, Vienna. of Belluno (Veneto region) is located mainly within the Aigner S, Egger G, Essl F, Karrer G & Theiss M. carbonate ranges of the Southern Dolomites. There are 2004. Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen Österre- several “nature parks“, more or less equivalent to nation- ichs: Grünland, Grünlandbrachen und Trockenrasen; al parks, for example the Parco Naturale Paneveggio – Hochstauden- und Hochgrasfluren; Schlagfluren und Pale di San Martino in the Dolomites (Trento province) Waldsäume. Umweltbundesamt, Vienna. and the Parco regionale dell’Adamello and Parco natu- Amann G. 2016. Aktualisierte Rote Liste der Farn- und rale Adamello-Brenta (Trento and Brescia provinces). Blütenpflanzen Vorarlbergs. Bucher Verlag, Hohenems. Argenti C & Lasen C. 2004. Lista Rossa della flora va- 2.5.5 Switzerland: E Grisons. The Swiss National Park scolare della provincia di Belluno. Agenzia Regionale (Schweizerischer Nationalpark/Parc Naziunal Svizzer) per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Vene- is the oldest national park of the Alps (in existence since to, Regione Veneto. 1914) and the largest Swiss nature reserve. Situated in Berger R & Ehrendorfer F (eds.). 2011. Ökosystem Engadin (canton Graubünden) between Zernez and the Wien. Die Naturgeschichte einer Stadt. Vol 2. Böhlau Italian border with an area of 170 km2, it extends main- Verlag, Vienna. ly from the upper-montane to subalpine belts [1400 to Bernhardt K-G. 1994–2002. Die Pflanzengesellschaf- 3174 (Piz Pisoc) m asl] and is dominated by Inner-Alpic ten des Fürstentums Liechtenstein I.–IX. Berichte der forests of larch (Larix decidua) with Pinus cembra (5c) Botanisch-Zoologischen Gesellschaft Liechtenstein-Sar- and pine forests of Pinus uncinata and P. mugo (5b) on gans-Werdenberg (Vaduz bzw. Schaan) 21–29. carbonate rocks. Bernhardt K-G & Borgmann P. 2002. Die Pflan- zengesellschaften des Fürstentums Liech­tenstein X. 2.5.6 Alpic Slovenia. The Triglav National Park (Tri- Zwergstrauchheiden und Borstgrastriften (Calluno- glavski narodni park) in the Julian Alps is the only Ulicetea). Berichte der Botanisch-Zoologischen Gesell- national park of Slovenia and has an area of 838 km2. schaft Liechtenstein-Sargans-Werdenberg (Schaan) 29: Triglav (2864 m asl) is the highest mountain of Slove- 337–359. nia and its heraldic symbol. The park encompasses the Borsdorf A (ed.). 2005. Das neue Bild Österreichs. source areas of the rivers Soča/Isonzo and Sava and is Strukturen und Entwicklungen im Alpen­raum und in dominated by the montane to alpine vegetation and flo- den Vorländern. Österreichische Akademie der Wis- ra of the SE Calcareous Alps (3f, 6a, b, 11b). It includes senschaften, Vienna. the lake Bohinjsko jezero and a few smaller alpine lakes. Brandes D & Gatto F. 2005. 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Rezime

U susret Ekskurzionoj flori Austrije i čitavih istočnih Alpa

Manfred A. Fischer

vaj rad predstavlja, s jedne strane, najavu drugog volumena četvrtog izdanja Ekskurzione flore Austrije Ouvećanog obuhvatanjem preostalog dela istočnih Alpa (poglavlje 1) i, sa druge strane, grubi prikaz flore istočnih Alpa povezan sa glavnim tipovima vegetacije (poglavlje 2). Geografski obuhvata, pored Austrije, čitave istočne Alpe od doline Rajne u Švajcarskoj do doline Vipave u JZ Sloveniji. Volumen 1 sadrži uglavnom sveobuhvatna uvodna poglavlja kao što su uvod u morfologiju biljaka, taksonomiju i nomenklaturu, kao i prikaz ekomorfologije i ekologije staništa, prikaz tipova vegetacija (fitocenologija) i florističke specifičnosti pojedinih regiona, grubi prikaz florističkih istraživanja, detaljan rečnik koji uključuje i značenje epiteta itd., kao i nekoliko crteža biljaka karakterističnih za datu floru. Struktura ključeva koji su koncentrisani u drugom volumenu je objašnjena: pored opisa osobina, za svaki takson je dat i obiman prikaz ekoloških i geografskih podataka, kao i informacije o prisustvu na crvenim listama uključenih zemalja, upotrebi biljaka, taksonomskim problemima. Nazivi rodova su dati ne samo na nemačkom, već i na retoromanskom, italijanskom i slovenačkom jeziku. U drugom poglavlju prikazane su odlike nekih važnih horotipova, uključujući endemite, kao i floristički diverzitet u skladu sa glavnim i najkarakterističnijim vegetacijskim tipovima.

Ključne reči: flora, Alpi, horotipovi, endemizam, ključevi za identifikaciju, bečki dijakritički metod, vegetacija. 34 vol. 42 (1)