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Population Dynamics in Rural Areas Freed from Onchocerciasis in West Africa

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Population Dynamics in Rural Areas Freed from Onchocerciasis in West Africa POPULATION DYNAMICS IN RURAL AREAS FREED FROM ONCHOCERCIASIS IN WEST AFRICA BENIN (CEFORP), BURKINA FASO (UERD), COTE D'IVOIRE (ENSEA), GHANA (RIPS), GUINEA (DNSI), MALI (DNSI), NIGER (DSCN), SENEGAL (DPS), TOGO (URD) SYNTHESIS OF NATIONAL MONOGRAPHS COORDINATION ANDRÉ QUESNEL (CICRED) EDITING ON BEHALF OF POPULATION RESEARCH CENTRES KOKOU VIGNIKIN, BENJAMIN ZANOU, KOFFI N'GUESSAN EDITING ON BEHALF OF CICRED ERIC VILQUIN COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN NATIONAL RESEARCH IN DEMOGRAPHY (CICRED) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES - COOPERATION ET FRANCOPHONIE 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms ...................................................................................…. VII Preface by Gérard Ciparisse ....................................................…. VIII Presentation by André Quesnel ................................................… 1 List of National Reports ...........................................................….. 9 Introduction ...............................................................................…. 11 Data Sources ..............................................................................… 13 Chapter 1. – Presentation of the Study Area.............................. 19 I. – Variations in the Physical Environment ....................... 20 1. The Relief .........................................................… 21 2. A Rather Dry Climate ........................................... 22 3. Varied Vegetation .............................................… 22 4. Hydrographics ..................................................... 23 5. Soils and Agricultural Potential ............................ 24 II. – Human Environment and Population History .............. 26 Chapter 2. – Problem and Approah ............................................ 29 I. – Some Aspects of the Population Problem in Oncho- Freed Rural Zones ........................................………… 29 II. – The Study, a First Step: Strategy and Limits ............... 32 1. Definition of the Onchocerciasis Reference Zone: The ORZ’s in the "North" and in the "South" ....... 32 2. Statistical Units and Indicators ........................…. 33 3. Limits of the Study ............................................… 34 IV Chapter 3. – Demographic Dynamics and Population of the ORZ’s .....……………………………………………………………. 35 I. – The Population of the ORZ’s in the “North” .............… 35 1. Demographic Growth Accentuating Population 36 Differences ............................................…………. 2. Densification of Old Population Zones Around 44 Agro-Industrial Centres ................................……. 3. Redistribution of the Population and Emigration 46 towards the Coastal Regions ...........................…. II. – The Population of the ORZ’s of the “South” ............…. 52 1. Moderate Population Growth in Old Settlements and High Growth Rates in the Valleys Protected from Onchocerciasis .......................……………… 53 2. Immigration Zone or Relay Zone towards Coastal Countries? The Case of Burkina Faso ..…………. 57 3. Border Continuities and Discontinuities of the Population …………………………………………… 63 III. – The Population of the ORZ’s in Guinea and Senegal .. 64 1. Low Population Growth in the Rural Areas …….. 67 2. High Migration Causes Problems in Consolidating the Population ..........……………………………… 68 Chapter 4. – Population, Mobility and Economic Development of the Area ............................................................................…. 79 I. – The Economic Environment ....................................… 79 1. Agriculture: Predominance of Food and Cotton Crops ....................................................…………. 79 2. Fishing: A Marginal Activity ..........……………….. 80 3. Livestock Farming: Extensive Livestock Farming Involving Herd Movements ……………………….. 80 4. Mining Resources and Industry: A Largely Unexploited Potential ......................................…. 81 II. – Population, Mobility and Economic Activities .........…. 81 1. The Northern ORZ's ............................................ 81 2. The Southern ORZ's ........................................… 85 3. The Case of the ORZ's in Guinea and Senegal .. 89 III. – Densification of Domestic Units and Transformation of Economic Activities .................................................... 92 V IV. – New Mobilities and Changes in Agrarian Systems: The Example of Burkina Faso .................................… 95 1. Population and Agricultural Colonization of the Valleys in Burkina Faso ....................................... 95 2. Inversion of Migration .......................................... 96 3. Mobility and Participation of Young People in the 98 Development of Rural Areas ............................... Conclusion .................................................................................… 101 Bibliography ..............................................................................…. 107 Annex. A Brief History of the OCP ...........................................…… 111 List of Maps .................................................................................…. 125 List of Tables ................................................................................… 126 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of this report and of the national studies and the institutions that took part in the project "Population Dynamics of Oncho-freed Rural Areas in West Africa" would like to thank: • CICRED (Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography) for its sustained effort in developing relations between research institutions; • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) for its financial support in the realization of the national studies; • The French Ministry of Cooperation for supporting this report and its publication; • Mr Francis Gendreau, Chairman of the CICRED Council, for his continued interest in African population research; • Mr Philippe Collomb, Director of CICRED and principal promoter of this project; • Mr André Quesnel, Head of Research at ORSTOM (Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération)a), the project coordinator; • Mr Eric Vilquin for his constructive comments and editorial work; • All the people involved in the project, particularly Mr Yacine Merghoub, Ms Hartati Ayral and Ms Nelly Puyraud-Plancher. Thank you. a) "Institut de recherche sur le développement (IRD)" since 1998 VII Onchocerciasis in Western Africa ACRONYMS AREA Onchocerciasis Area covered by the study. The AREA covers Eastern Senegal, Northern and Central Guinea, Southern Mali, Northern and Central Côte d'Ivoire, Southern, Central and Western Burkina Faso, Northern Togo, Northern Ghana, Northern Benin and South-western Niger (Map 2) AVV Aménagement des Vallées des Voltas (Burkina Faso - Development of the Voltas Valleys (Burkina Faso) CEFORP Centre d’Étude et de Formation en matière de Population (Benin) CERPOD Centre de Recherches Population et Développement (Mali) CICRED Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography DHS Demographic Health Survey DNSI Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique (Mali) Division Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique (Guinée) DPS Direction de la Prévision et de la Statistique (Senegal) DSCN Direction de la Statistique et des Comptes Nationaux (Niger) EAP Enquête Agricole Permanente (Guinea) ENSEA École Nationale de Statistique et d’Économie Appliquées (Côte d’Ivoire) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations G P C General Population Census GPHC General Population and Housing Census IDA Institute for Development Anthropology (Binghamton, NY, United States) INS Institut National de la Statistique (Côte d’Ivoire) OCP Onchocerciasis Control Programme ONAT Office National pour l’Aménagement du Territoire (Burkina Faso) ORSTOMb) Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération ORZ Onchocerciasis Reference Zone for each country RIPS Regional Institute for Population Studies (Ghana) SDAA Land Tenure Service, FAO SNIS Système National d’Informations Sanitaires (Guinea) SNSA Service National de Statistiques Agricoles (Guinea) UERD Unité d’Enseignement et de Recherche en Démographie (Burkina Faso) UNDP United Nations Development Programme URD Unité de Recherche Démographique (Togo) W H O World Health Organization b) Cf. note a). PREFACE In response to the recommendations made at the ministerial conference on population and sustainable development of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) zone in West Africa, held from 12th to 14th April 1994 at the World Bank head office in Paris, FAO was asked to prepare a plan of action for the sustainable socio-economic development of the valleys freed from the disease in the 11 countries participating in the programme. The Organization undertook a dual approach: the re-elaboration of a list of natural resources in the areas affected by onchocerciasis using the latest data processing techniques; and the reinterpretation of the recommendations made based on studies by the Institute for Development Anthropology (IDA, N.Y.) in terms of the populating of the OCP valleys. Prior to formulating policies regulating the settlement of smallholders in these areas, FAO felt that it was necessary to obtain information on the socio- demographic situation in the valleys and on its internal dynamics to ensure the sustainable development of the natural resources of these areas. Therefore, at the
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